Answers to Assignment #1
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Observations are facts derived from the environment by using the five senses. Ex: The book is yellowish.
In inferences are conclusions or predictions based on your observations. Ex: The rock is old.
Your senses can be extended (made more precise) by using instruments. Ex: The book is 22cm.
Classification is organizing observations in a meaningful way. Ex: The book is science fiction.
Mass- the amount of ___matter______ in an object.
Volume- the amount of ____ space_________ an object occupies.
The ___density_____ of any given substance will remain the same regardless of the size, shape, or mass of the
sample.
As the pressure increases, the density of a substance will ___ increase__________.
As the temperature increases, the density ___decrease__________.
Water expands when it __freezes____________ causing density to ____decrease__________.
Most changes are ___cyclic________, which means that they are predictable (repeating pattern).
Dynamic Equilibrium means __changes_____ are occurring but overall they ___balance_______ out.
Most substances are densest as a ___ solid__________.
Water is densest at __ 4___ degrees Celsius, when it is a ___ liquid_________.
Objects more dense than water _____sink _______, less dense will ___ float __________.
Because the Earth bulges slightly at the equator and is slightly flattened at the poles it is called an ___ oblate
_______ ___ spheroid ___________.
The equatorial diameter is ___ greater __________ than the polar diameter.
A person would weigh slightly _ more___ at the poles because he/she is __closer ________ to the center of the
Earth.
The best model of the Earth’s shape is a __ Perfect sphere (ping-pong ball) _________.
Evidence for a round earth: photos from space (best evidence), ships disappear slowly over the horizon, Earth’s
shadow on the moon is curved (lunar eclipse), Polaris = latitude, gravity measurements are difference.
The altitude of Polaris (North Star) above the horizon is the same as the observer’s __ latitude ___________.
Polaris is located above the Earth’s ___ axis _______ of ______ rotation_______.
You can only see Polaris in the ___ northern _______ hemisphere –always have to look __ north _____ to see
Polaris.
As a persons latitude increases, the altitude of Polaris ___increases________.
If you’re at 90°N, then Polaris is _90◦__ above the horizon- If you are at 0° then Polaris is _0_° .
26. ___ Latitude ____ Lines run left to right (horizontal) but measures distances __north ______ and
___south_____ of the equator.
27. ____ Longitude _________ Lines run up and down (vertically) but measure east and west of the Prime Meridian.
28. Approximate latitude of NY is _ 41 ___ to 45°N, 72 to __ 79 __°W.
29. Longitude is based on earth’s rotation of 15°/hr and the sun’s apparent motion.
30. If you travel west time becomes less, if you travel east, time will increase!
31. The closer the isolines (contour, isobar, isotherm) the ____greater (steeper) __________ the slope (gradient).
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Contour lines always bend at a stream forming a “V” that points in the opposite direction of flow.
Contour Interval – the elevation increase between two contour lines, Ocean/ sea level = 0.
Streams always flow from ___ high ______to___ low______ elevation.
Hydrosphere = water (oceans) Lithosphere = Crust (continental/oceanic) Atmosphere = Layers of gasses.
190. Rocks are classified based on _______ origin (how they are formed) _____________.
191. Igneous rocks form from the ____ solidification ___________ (crystallization) of molten material (lava or
magma.)
192. Igneous exhibit intergrown/interlocking mineral crystals.
193. Vesicular texture – gas pockets (porous). An example would be the rock __________Pumice, Scoria,
etc_________.
194. If an igneous rock cools extremely fast, the rock will exhibit a _______ glassy _____ texture.
195. When an igneous rock cools fast, _____________ small_____________ crystals form.
196. When an igneous rock cools slowly, ___________ large_______________ crystals form.
197. Intrusive = ______ below _______ ground.
198. Extrusive = ______ above _______ ground.
199. Mafic rocks are ____dark colored_________ with a ______ high_______ density.
200. Felsic rocks are _______ light colored ______ with a _______ low ______ density.
201. Clastic sedimentary rocks are formed by the _______ compaction ____ and ______ cementation____ of
sediments.
202. Bioclastic – form from the compaction and cementation of _____ organic matter______.
203. Crystalline sedimentary rocks form from the ______ evaporation____ of water and _______ precipitation
______ of dissolved mineral from a solution.
204. Only rock type to contain fossils - ______ sedimentary_______.
205. Metamorphic rocks from pre-existing rocks that have been altered due ___ heat ____ and/or___
pressure_________.
206. _____ Metamorphic ________ rocks may be foliated (banding.)
207. Key words for Metamorphic rocks are ; foliation, re-crystallize, distorted structure.
208. Mineral properties such as cleavage and hardness depend on the ______ internal arrangement____ of the
molecules.
209. The most common mineral is _____ quartz________ (composed of silicon and oxygen.)
210. Cleavage- the tendency for a mineral to break along ________ smooth__,_________ flat ____ surfaces.
211. Hardness – the ______ resistance _______ to being ________ scratched _____.
242. Folds, faults, _______ tilts_______ provide evidence that the earth’s crust has moved.
243. Earthquake is a sudden movement along a fault, usually happens at ______ plate boundaries_____.
244. ______ Tsunamis________ (tidal wave) caused by underwater earthquake.
245. Fossils of marine life found at high elevation are evidence of _______ uplift_______.
246. Evidence of continental drift (pangea) – The puzzle like appearance of the continents (South America/Africa)
South America and Africa have same: fossils, rock layers. Climactic evidence (i.e. glacier in Africa?)
247. Mid-Ocean ridges (spreading center) are areas where ____________ new crust__ ______________ is being
created as tectonic plates move apart.