Scenario-based e-Learning
Application of templates and models for
SE e-learning
Todorka Glushkova,
[email protected]
6-th WorkShop SEERE, Ravda’06
Best Practice Guide for content
developers, Carnegie Mellon University
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Structure of the e-content;
Planning and standardization in the e-Lesson
development process:
- structure of development team;
- identification of materials;
- sharing and storage of SCOs into Content Repositories;
Determination of SCOs.
Structure and creation of tests.
Sequencing and navigation;
Templates and models.
The main goals
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To look at the main 10 templates of the Best
Practice guide
To parameterize them and create a series of
different templates according to didactic aims
(Goals &Tasks Model);
To create a series of models for the structure
of e-learning packages.
Template 1
“Single SCO, single asset”
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This is the main structure. Root Aggregation (RA)
contains one SCO and one asset.
Using: The template can be used as a part of
different models.
Content structure diagram:
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Rules:
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BEHAVIORS
SCORM FUNCTION
1. To complete RA the learner
must complete the SCO
Rollup: All: satisfied, completed
Template 2
“ SCO with assets”
The template 2 can be used in the creation of learning
resources with a single structure, containing some
Assets – pictures, graphics, music… and a final test.
The LMS doesn’t use the results from the test but the
system stores them for future analysis.
 We can parameterize the template by the following
parameters:
- number_of_assets – type Integer, default value is 4
and number_of_asset=number of questions in the test
-1.
- Has_test – type Boolean, default value=“Yes”.
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If we use default values of the parameters: Pattern_2(4,yes).
We mark that Pattern_1=Pattern_2(1,no)
BEHAVIORS
SCORM FUNCTION
1. To complete RA the learner must Rollup: All: satisfied, completed
complete the SCO
2. To complete the SCO it must No SCORM Function
complete the test in
Asset
_number_of_assets
Template 3
“The Black Box”
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The template 3 includes one SCO with a set of links. In
the LMS this structure is called “The Black Box”
We can use this template to present new knowledge
when the learner must to achieve a perfect test score.
This template presents a typical CBT lesson.
We can transform every CBT-lesson to SCORMbased using this template.
The actions from “The Black Box” are not Sequenced
and they don’t describe the rules and are not managed
by the LMS. We can parameterize the template in a
similar way as Template_2. By using of default values:
Pattern_3(4, yes).
BEHAVIORS
SCORM FUNCTION
1. To complete RA the learner must Rollup: All: satisfied, completed
complete the SCO
Template 4
“Multiple SCOs with Assets ”
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The template 4 includes two SCOs in the RA that are
instances from Template 2.
We can parameterize this template as:
- Number_of_SCOs -(default value is 2);
- (SCO_num, Pattern_num). For example (1, 2(3, yes))
means that the first SCO is an instance of Pattern_2(3,yes).
BEHAVIORS
SCORM FUNCTION
1. To complete the RA must complete RA:Rollup: All: satisfied,
all of SCOs.
completed
2. To complete all of SCOs we must
No SCORM Function
complete successfully all of tests from
Asset-(number_of_assets) for every
SCOs that
has_test =yes.
3. The learner don’t start SCO_n
while SCO-(n-1) is not complete,
n≤(number_of_SCOs)
SCO-(n-1): If not complete,
Deny Forward Progress
4.The learner can return to the
previous SCOs at any time.
RA: Forward only = false
Template 5
“Remediating Using Objectives”
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This template allows a learner to get additional information from
informational SCOs when he makes a mistake on a SCO-test.
The LMS manages this process with the Objective mechanism.
We can parameterize this template:
- Number_of_SCOs – (default value is 3);
- Has_test – (default value “Yes”). When Has_test=“yes”, the
Questions= (Number_of_SCOs – 1)= number of Objective
variables.
- (OBJ_n, min_value_n), (n< Number_of_SCOs).
- (SCO-n, pattern_num ), n< Number_of_SCOs and
pattern_num<5. Default value (SCO1,pattern_2(1,no));
(SCO2,pattern_2(3,no));
- Set (SCO_Number_of_SCOs(Asset_k); OBJ_k),
к<Number_of_SCOs.
- Read (SCO_k, OBJ_k)
BEHAVIORS
SCORM FUNCTION
1. To complete RA must completethe Post-Test from
SCO- (Number_of_SCOs)
RA:Rollup: All: satisfied, completed
All SCO-k: isRolledUp=false, k< Number_of_SCOs
SCO- (Number_of_SCOs): isRolledUp=true
2. Learner must complete SCO-(k-1) before SCO-k,
k< Number_of_SCOs
RA: Flow=true;
Choice = false
3. To complete SCO- Number_of_SCOs must pass all
OBJs
No SCORM Function
4. If make a mistake of OBJ-k read SCO-k
SCO- (Number_of_SCOs): set OBJ-k
SCO-k:skip if OBJ-k passed
5. Allow 2 attempts for every SCOs
All SCOs : Attempt Limit=2
6. The learner has 2 attempt to pass the Post-test
No SCORM Function
Template 6
“Pre- and Post-Test Sequencing”
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This template allows us to use a pre-test and a post-test. According to the
answers of students from the pre-test, OBJs are passed or failed. If the
student passes the pre-test he can pass to post-test; if he makes a mistake
he must see the informational SCOs. LMS doesn’t manage results from the
post-test.
We can parameterized this template:
- Number_of_SCOs.
- Has_pre_test- default value is “yes”.
- Has_post_test- default value - “yes”.
- (OBJ_n, min_value_n), (n<= Number_of_SCOs).
- (SCO-n, pattern_num ), 1<n<= Number_of_SCOs+1 and
pattern_num<=5. [(SCO-2,pattern_2(0,no)); (SCO-3,pattern_2(0,no))];
- Set (SCO-1(Asset-k); OBJ-k) Default values: Set(SCO-1(Asset-1),
OBJ-1), Set(SCO-1(Asset-2), OBJ-2)
- Read (SCO-k+1, OBJ-k) Default values: Read(SCO-2,OBJ-1),
Read(SCO-3,OBJ-2).
Example: Topic “Introduction to SE”
• Number_of_SCOs=9;
• Has_pre_test=”yes”;
• Has_post_test=”yes”;
• (OBJ-n,1);
• (SCO-n,pattern_2(0,no)), 2<n<10;
• Set(SCO-1(Asset-k); OBJ-k), 1<k<9;
• Read(SCO-k+1, OBJ-k), 1<k<9;
Aggr1
Topic 1
SCO-1
Pre-test
SCO-2
Asset-1
Asset-2
Asset-3
Asset-4
Asset-5
Asset-7
SCO-3
OBJ-1
OBJ-2
SCO-4
OBJ-3
SCO-5
OBJ-4
SCO-6
OBJ-5
SCO-7
OBJ-6
OBJ-7
SCO-8
OBJ-8
SCO-9
OBJ-9
SCO-10
SCO-11
Posttest
Asset11_
1
Asset11_
2
Asset11_
3
Asset11_
4
Asset11_
5
Asset11_
6
Asset11_
7
Asset11_
8
Asset-6
Asset-8
Asset-9
Asset11_
9
Template 7
“Pre- and Post-Test Sequencing – 2”
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The informational SCOs are grouped in a separate Aggregation. The
learner must give answers to the test-Items from the pre-test. If he
makes a mistake he must see the respective informational SCOs from
the Aggregation. Finally, he must make a post-test. The LMS manages
the results from pre- and post-tests by OBJs.
The parameterization of the template is similar to Temlate 6.
• Example 2: For the same topic, if we group
informational SCOs (from SCO3 to SCO11) in
Aggr-B:
Aggr1-RA
Topic 1
SCO-1
Pre-test
SCO-2
Post-test
Aggr-B
SCO-3
SCO-8
Asset-4
SCO-4
SCO-9
Asset11
Asset-5
Asset-6
SCO-5
SCO-10
Asset12
Asset-7
Asset-8
SCO-6
SCO-11
Asset13
Asset-1
Asset-2
Asset-3
Asset-9
Asset10
SCO-7
Asset14
OBJ-10
OBJ-11
OBJ-12
OBJ-13
OBJ-14
OBJ-15
OBJ-16
OBJ-17
Asset15
OBJ-1
OBJ-2
OBJ-3
OBJ-4
OBJ-5
OBJ-6
OBJ-7
OBJ-8
OBJ-9
OBJ-18
Asset16
Asset17
Asset18
Template 8
“Remediating Using Objectives – 2 ”
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The template 8 allows the LMS to control the access of the
learner to the final test. He can’t pass to it if he hasn’t
completed the learning process in Aggr 1. The LMS
manages the results from the tests by OBJs.
The parameterization of the template:
• Number_of_SCOs .
• Has_test- if the value is “No”, the Pattern_8 is similar of Pattern_2 (Asset>SCOs; SCOs->Aggeregations).
-Att_Limit –max number of attempts in the final test.
-(OBJ_n, min_value_n), (n<= Number_of_SCOs).
- (SCO-n, pattern_num), n<= Number_of_SCOs. Default values (SCO1,pattern_2(1,no)); (SCO-2,pattern_2(3,no));
- Set (SCO-last(Asset-k); OBJ-k), к<=Number_of_SCOs,
last=(Number_of_SCOs+1). Default values: Set(SCO-3(Asset-1),OBJ-1),
Set(SCO-3(Asset-2), OBJ-2).
- Read (SCO-k), OBJ_k), к<=Number_of_SCOs.
• Example 3: The topic “Management of the software quality” :
- Number_of_SCOs=4;
- Has_test=”yes”;
- Att_limit=3;
- (OBJ-1,0.7);(OBJ-2,0.7);(OBJ-3,0.7);(OBJ-4,0.7)
- (SCO-1, pattern_2(0,no)); (SCO-2,pattern_2(3,no)); (SCO-3,
pattern_2(0,no)); (SCO-4,pattern2(0,no)).
- Set (SCO-5(Asset-k), OBJ-k) за k=1,2,3,4.
- Read(SCO-k, OBJ-k) за k=1,2,3,4.
RA
Topic 4
SCO-5-Test
Aggr.1
SCO-1
SCO-3
SCO-2
SCO-4
Asset-5-1
Asset-5-2
Asset-5-3
Asset-1
OBJ-1
Asset-2
Asset-3
OBJ-2
OBJ-3
OBJ-4
Asset-5-4
Template 9
“Basic Three-Way Branching”
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We can use the intra-SCO rules that are similar of the traditional CBT lessons.
According to the choice of the learner, OBJ set a value from [ -1;1] and the
LMS branches out the learning process according to this value. We could
make a parameterization of the template according to the number of choices.
Template 10
“Pre- and Post-Test Sequencing with New
Content for Remediation ”
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We can use this template in the final stage of the learning
process for control of the student’s knowledge. According
to the behavior of the learner and the result from the pretest, he can pass directly to the final test or see additional
information and take the final test again.
The parameterization:
- Num_SCOs_A
- Num_SCOs_B, OBJs=(Num_SCOs_A+Num_SCOs_B)=n
- (OBJ_n, min_value_n), n=(Num_SCOs_A+Num_SCOs_B).
-(SCO-k, pattern_num), k<=n
-Set (SCO-A; OBJ-p), p<=Num_SCOs_A.
-Set (SCO-C; OBJ-p), Num_SCOs_A<p<=Num_SCOs_B.
- Read (SCO-k, OBJ_k)
The models
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We could make different combinations from
templates and structure various learning
resources as e-lessons, e- courses, epackages.
By parameterization of the templates and the
models we can generate various different elearning resources according to the educational
aims and tasks of the authors of e-content.
The Best practices Guide for Content
Developers proposes some basic models.
Model
“Remediation Multiple Aggregation ”
Model
“Mastery Testing Multiple Aggregations ”
Model
“Pre-Post-Testing Sequencing with
Aggregations”
Model
“Traditional CBT-Branching with Multiple
Decisions ”
Conclusions
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The parameterization of the basic templates from the
Best Practice Guide allows us to create different
variants of e-learning resources;
The change of the abstract level in the templates
and models allows for generation of different levels
of e-content: lessons, modules, courses, packages.
Communication between authors and the system for
determination of the values of parameters allows the
system to generate dynamically the concrete model
of e-content.
The plans and future work
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To develop a model for interactions between
educational aims and the set of templates and
models. (When the author defines the aims of the teaching, the
system will suggest the most suitable templates and models for creation of
e-content-PA).
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To develop a XML-based language for
describing of the patterns, models an learning
scenarios.
Thank you for your attention.