NATIONAL HIGHER EDUCATION RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Higher Education as a Source of Economic Growth:
Input-Output Analysis
Final Report
Research Team
Ooi Koon Peng
Ong Wooi Leng
Chan Huan Chiang
Penang Institute
(Formerly known as Socio-Economic & Environmental Research Institute)
10, Jalan Brown, 10350 Pulau Pinang
Tel: 04 –228 3306 Fax: 04 –226 7042
Email: [email protected] Website: www.seri.com.my
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................................... 2
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................ 4
LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. 5
LIST OF APPENDICES ....................................................................................................................... 6
GLOSSARY ........................................................................................................................................... 7
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................... 8
PART 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 10
1.1
The business of higher education .......................................................................................... 10
1.2
Macro level analysis of higher education .............................................................................. 10
1.3
Malaysian input-output tables ............................................................................................... 11
1.4
Research questions ................................................................................................................ 12
1.5
Outline of this report ............................................................................................................. 12
PART 2 METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................................. 13
2.1
The case for the input-output analytical approach ................................................................ 13
2.2
The input-output framework ................................................................................................. 14
2.3
Derivation of input coefficients for higher education ........................................................... 15
2.4
Calculating output, income, and employment multipliers..................................................... 17
2.4.1
Simple output multiplier ............................................................................................... 17
2.4.2
Total output multiplier.................................................................................................. 19
2.4.3
The import multiplier ................................................................................................... 20
2.4.4
Simple income multiplier ............................................................................................. 21
2.4.5
Total income multiplier ................................................................................................ 22
2.4.6
Type I and Type II income multipliers ......................................................................... 22
2.4.7
The employment multipliers ........................................................................................ 23
2.5
Summary of the various input-output multipliers ................................................................. 24
PART 3 CONTRIBUTION OF HIGHER INSTITUTIONS THE ECONOMIC GROWTH .... 28
3.1
Macroeconomic impacts of higher institutions ..................................................................... 28
3.2
Direct and indirect impacts of higher institutions on the economy of Malaysia ................... 31
3.2.1
Simple output multipliers ............................................................................................. 31
3.2.2
Total output multipliers ................................................................................................ 32
3.3
Leakages abroad from components purchased by higher institutions ................................... 33
3.4
Contribution of foreign students............................................................................................ 34
PART 4 INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT GENERATIONS ....................................................... 36
4.1
Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 36
2
4.2
Income and employment multipliers ..................................................................................... 36
4.3
Analysis of income and employment multiplier effects ........................................................ 36
4.4
4.3.1
Analysis of income multiplier effects .......................................................................... 36
4.3.2
Analysis of employment multiplier effects .................................................................. 37
Income and employment effects between higher education and other industries ................. 38
PART 5 STRUCTURAL CHANGES OF HIGHER INSTITUTIONS ......................................... 43
PART 6 CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY ISSUES ......................................................................... 45
6.1
The context of higher education investments ........................................................................ 45
6.2
Methodological approaches................................................................................................... 45
6.3
Simple and total output multipliers ....................................................................................... 46
6.4
Income multipliers................................................................................................................. 47
6.5
Employment multipliers ........................................................................................................ 47
6.6
Higher education as an economic sector ............................................................................... 48
6.7
Research issues ...................................................................................................................... 50
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................... 51
APPENDICES ..................................................................................................................................... 52
APPENDIX A ...................................................................................................................................... 53
APPENDIX B ...................................................................................................................................... 54
APPENDIX C ...................................................................................................................................... 59
APPENDIX D ...................................................................................................................................... 61
APPENDIX E ...................................................................................................................................... 67
APPENDIX F ....................................................................................................................................... 75
APPENDIX G ...................................................................................................................................... 78
3
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1: Description of Malaysian Input-Output Tables.................................................................... 11
Table 2.1: Scaling of input coefficients of private higher institutions .................................................. 16
Table 3.1: Domestic and imported input of public higher education .................................................... 31
Table 3.2: Domestic and imported input of private higher education ................................................... 32
Table 3.3: Simple and total output multipliers for public and private higher education ....................... 33
Table 3.4: Output required as a result of a change in the expenditure by a typical foreign student ...... 35
Table 4.1: Income and employment multiplier of private and public higher education ....................... 37
Table 4.2: Comparison of income multiplier effects for selected industries with reference to private
higher education .................................................................................................................. 39
Table 4.3: Comparison of income multiplier effects for selected industries with reference to public
higher education .................................................................................................................. 40
Table 4.4: Employment multiplier effects of higher education ............................................................. 41
4
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1: Structure of a typical Input-output table ............................................................................. 14
Figure 3.2: Forward and backward linkages of private higher education ............................................. 29
Figure 3.3: Forward and backward linkages of public higher education .............................................. 30
Figure 3.4: Input composition of public and private higher education ................................................. 33
Figure 5.1: Input elements of education industry from 1987 to 2005 ................................................... 43
5
LIST OF APPENDICES
Table A.1: Input coefficients of private and public higher institutions ................................................. 53
Table B.1: Leontief Inverse of private and public higher education (Domestic) .................................. 54
Table B.2: Simple and total output multiplier (inclusion of household consumption) ......................... 55
Table B.3: Domestic, import and total output multiplier ...................................................................... 57
Table C.1: Import coefficient of private higher education .................................................................... 59
Table C.2: Import coefficients of public higher education.................................................................... 60
Table D.1: Forward and backward linkages of private higher education .............................................. 61
Table D.2: List of industries of backward and forward linkages for private higher education model .. 63
Table D.3: Values of forward and backward linkages of public higher education ............................... 64
Table D.4: List of industries of backward and forward linkages for public higher education model ... 66
Table E.1: Simple and total income multiplier of private higher education.......................................... 67
Table E.2: Direct, indirect and total income multiplier effects of private higher education ................. 69
Table E.2: Simple and total income multiplier of public higher education ........................................... 71
Table E.4: Direct, indirect and total income multiplier effects of public higher education .................. 73
Table F.1: Classifications of 94 categories to 16 categories ................................................................. 75
Table F.2: Simple and total employment multiplier.............................................................................. 77
Table G.1: Leontief inverse matrix of public higher education model, (I-A)-1 ..................................... 78
Table G.2: Output generated as a result of the expenditure by a typical foreign student .................... 102
6
GLOSSARY
Production Function: The process adopted in which inputs are combined and converted into outputs.
Business model: Strategies and procedures devised by businesses to maximise profits and achieve
long term sustainability.
Multiplier: The direct, indirect and induced economic impacts measured in how much increase in
Ringgit across all industry sectors following one Ringgit of initial investment in the reference
industry.
Input-output table: Rows and columns showing sales and purchases of intermediate inputs from
industry i to industry j to facilitate production by industry j.
Direct linkage: Industry i selling to industry j.
Indirect linkage: Industry i buying from another industry in order to facilitate its sale to industry j.
Induced linkage: Changes to household consumption of output from industries resulting from
increase sales of industry i that led to higher incomes or employment of workers.
Final demand: Sales to finish products to satisfy consumption, investments and exports.
Intermediate demand: Sales of components inputs from one industry to another industry.
Power industry: An industry that buys large amounts of inputs from other industries giving it power
as a lead industry upon which other industries depend on.
Sensitive industry: An industry that sells a lot of inputs to other industries and will thus be sensitive
to how much these other industries will buy as they are affected by economic circumstance.
Type I and Type II multipliers: Type I and Type II multipliers measure changes to income (or
employment) resulting from each Ringgit (or worker) increase in income (or employment) directly
and indirectly as a result from the initial RM 1 investment to the reference industry.
7
ABSTRACT
The impact of public and private higher education in Malaysia is examined by calculating
simple, total, Type I and Type II input-output multipliers. The table published by the Department of
Statistics distinguishes between private and public delivery of education but makes no distinction
between higher schools and college or universities. Adjustments had therefore to be made to the
input-output coefficients to reflect higher education using expenditure data of Universiti Sains
Malaysia as a baseline.
Input-output coefficients reflect fixed (i.e., non-substitutable) inputs to production output,
often referred to as the Leontief production function which is constant returns to scale but is able to
accommodate a large number of industry inputs. This enabled a comprehensive view of inter industry
linkages and therefore useful in the assessment of economic inputs. The table analysed contained 94
industry sectors showing sales and purchases between them.
The simple multipliers show direct and indirect impacts. The numbers show (backward links)
and forward sales for both public and private higher education and these were found to be slightly
below the median among the 94 industries, indicating that higher education is not a powerful (buys a
lot from other industries) nor is it a sensitive (sells a lot to other industries) industry. In this regard, it
is not a high impact industrial sector of the economy. Leakages due to imported inputs were also
analysed and it was found that public higher education show a noticeably high import content.
Ignoring such imported leakage, real estate is the main input component used by higher education in
Malaysia.
Type I and Type II income and employment multipliers were calculated after treating the
household sector as an additional, i.e., 95th sector that will also have inter-industry connections with
the other industries. Income and employment multipliers show the increase in employment income
and increase in numbers employed that are induced by the increase in industry sales that occurred
because of the initial RM1 investment made on the higher education sector.
Education in general and higher education in particular are public as well as private goods. It
is a public good because an educated society has a higher literacy rate and potentially more
productive. Collective social benefits will increase with increase in the supply of education. It is also
a private good, because an individual investing in education by paying for and attending courses in
order to attain higher qualifications can potentially earn a much higher lifetime income. In this
connection, the question arises in Malaysia over its coexistence of both public and private delivery of
higher education and adopting different production functions as revealed by their input-output
8
linkages with other industry sectors. This dual delivery evolved from legislations made in during the
90s that replaced the 1961 Education Act that began to allow private higher education delivery in the
country. By doing so, the social purpose of providing higher education as a collective social benefit in
the quest of nation building can be pursued alongside democratized (open to all) education provisions
as a market product.
Such a circumstance leads to several research questions that will need further investigations:
will the dual delivery system converge into single delivery system not in terms of whether it will be a
public or private sector business but whether the new delivery system will be modelled closely to
current public higher education model or the current private model? Will higher education in
Malaysia foster closer interconnections with the other industry sectors, in other words result in higher
multiplier values when similar analysis is conducted using new input-output tables. How do the
current inter industry connections between higher education and other industry sectors in Malaysia
compare against best practices found in other countries as revealed by their input-output coefficients?
This will allow a view as to the best possible expansion path for Malaysia’s higher education sector in
which its Leontief production function are adjusted over time and evolved into a best-practice model.
9
PART 1
1.1
INTRODUCTION
The business of higher education
This study on the impact of higher education on the economy was commissioned by the
National Higher Education Research Institute. Conceptually, making the link between a specific
sector and the rest of the economy is a tall order, because how weak or how strong this link is will
depend on the complex interconnections of sales and purchases across business and industry. The
interest of inter business linkages between education and the rest of the economy has both a micro as
well as macro view that unfortunately cannot be achieved in a single study. Higher education is a
business. The business of achieving its organizational aspiration will involve investments as well as
everyday spending. Expenditures on inputs and the output of private higher education becomes a
formula called the production function. The formula applied by any one institute of higher education
will depend on its business model that is developed according to the institutional strategy of the
individual organisation. A study pursued along these lines will be a micro level study in which the
aim would be to explore prospects of inter business linkages whereby tweaking strategies might lead
to changing inputs and alter the pattern of the industrial cluster involving higher education. Such a
study will be an industry outlook that envisions social and business development possibilities in the
light of current and recommended policies.
1.2
Macro level analysis of higher education
The macro level analysis, on the other hand, that was adopted by this study looked at data
compiled on inter-industry input-output tables compiled by Malaysia’s Department of Statistics.
Macro analysis is chosen to ensure economy-wide inclusiveness, not possible had the study been done
by polling from a selected sample of institutions. When higher education buys from another sector of
the economy, two things happen. First that sector will have to produce more to meet this supply
request from higher education. Second, higher production will also require additional inputs from yet
other sectors. Increased sales in these other sectors will require them also to increase production
which will then lead to more buying of inputs across the industry. Every new purchase from higher
education thus creates direct, indirect as well as induced impacts on the economy. Households also
make additional consumption purchases due to income effects and employment creations resulting
from increased investments into higher education. It all starts with higher education spending the first
Ringgit. The total accumulated buying and selling in the economy that spins off from this Ringgit
becomes the multiplier, which can then be used as a measure of the total impact resulting from that
one Ringgit of spending.
Upon making the decision to approach this study using input-output analysis the
methodological issues were immediately addressed. The theoretical basis of input-output methods has
10
gone through many decades of development since it was proposed by Wassily Leontief in 1941 for
which he was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1973. Instead of a
production function which would be somewhat unique to individual organization, the Leontief
production function is the sum of fixed coefficients (inputs per unit of output) representing inputs of
purchases from all included sectors of the economy. The Leontief production function is
characteristically non substitutable in terms of inputs and constant returns to scale. This limitation is
offset by the ability to include a wide variety of inputs not possible with the more popular CobbDouglas of CES production functions.
Input-output analysis has its antecedence in classical economics. The French economists
Francois Quesnay in his Tableau Economique or economic table (published in 1758) constructed a
hypothetical table representing the relationship between output and expenditures of farmers,
landowners and manufacturers. Later, Leon Walrus developed a general equilibrium model
demonstrating the interdependence of markets comprising many different industries.
1.3
Malaysian input-output tables
In Peninsular Malaysia, although the Department of Statistics compiled its first input-output
tables for the year 1960, the tables were not officially published. Only input-output tables for the
years of 1965 and 1970 were compiled and released to the public. From 1970 onwards, the inputoutput tables were modelled after the United Nations System of Nation Accounts 1968. With the joint
collaboration with the Economic Planning Unit (EPU), the Department then began to assemble the
Malaysian input-output tables for the year 1971. The first comprehensive set of Malaysian inputoutput tables (inclusive of Sabah and Sarawak) was subsequently published for the year of 1978. It
was the collaborative effort of the Department of Statistics, the EPU and the United Nation
Development Program (UNDP). Table 1.1 shows the different number of industries/commodities and
availability of private and public education breakdown in various issues of Malaysian input-output
tables over the years.
Table 1.1: Description of Malaysian Input-Output Tables
No.
I-O Year
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1978
1983
1987
1991
2000
2005
Year of
Publication
1987
1988
1994
2002
2005
2010
nxn
industries/commodities
60 x 60
60 x 60
60 x 60
92 x 92
94 x 94
120 x 120
Availability of private and public
education
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
11
1.4
Research questions
In the attempt to address the issue of the link between higher education and the rest of
Malaysia’s economy, the following research questions were addressed in this study:
a) What are the direct, indirect and induced impacts of one dollar rise of investment (or
consumption) in higher education in Malaysia?
b) How much of the above impacts will occur within the Malaysia’s economy and how much of
it will be leaked to industries abroad?
c) What are the other industries (in Malaysia and abroad) that have strong backward linkages to
higher education in Malaysia? These are industries that are dependent on the performance of
higher education in Malaysia, because they sell to higher education which form an important
intermediate market for those industries.
d) What are the other industries (in Malaysia and abroad) that have strong forward linkages to
higher education in Malaysia? These are industries whose performances are important to
higher education in Malaysia, because these industries form an important market for higher
education.
1.5
Outline of this report
This report is divided into five parts. Part 1 introduces the development of input-output
analysis as well as the research needs of this study. Part 2 reports on the methodology and outlines the
input-output framework adopted in the study. Input-output coefficients for higher education were
derived and using the Leontief inverse function, the output, import as well as income and employment
multipliers could then be calculated.
In Part 3, the prospective contributions made by higher education to Malaysia’s economic
growth are discussed. An assessment was made of the macro view of the overall economy and then
the inter-industry linkages between higher education and the other sectors in the economy were
established. Since Malaysia is a highly open economy in which exports plus imports together form
nearly two times the size of Malaysia’s gross domestic product (GDP) leakages of the multiplier
effects resulting from purchases made by higher education from industries located abroad were also
analysed.
Part 4 is dedicated to analysis of income and employment generation based on Total, Type I
and Type II multipliers, following which possible changes to the inter-industry links between private
higher education and the economy resulting from structural transformation were considered in Part 5.
Finally policy issues identified in this study are listed in Part 6.
12
PART 2
2.1
METHODOLOGY
The case for the input-output analytical approach
The Input-Output approach was dismissed by sceptics in most cases due to the restrictive
assumptions in its calculations. Among others, the model assumes constant returns to scale (that is,
input coefficients are independent of the level of output) when an exogenous demand is made upon an
industry.1 Furthermore the input coefficients are also fixed for each industry meaning that using less
of one type of input and more of another through substitution is not possible. This is not always true
in reality. If for example the pattern of incremental investment deviates from the norm (for example if
incremental investment focuses only on developing infrastructure for higher institutions or only on
hiring highly qualified lecturers) the use of a reference input-output table would not be able to
accurately reveal the actual impact produced. Instead the input-output model assumes that
investments are proportionate to the input coefficients. Many have also argued that the advancement
of technology and innovation may also have rendered past input-output tables obsolete since
innovation will likely alter the type of inputs used in production.
A comparison of the input-output table for the year 2000 and the input-output table for the
year 2005 verified the fact that input coefficients did vary over time. Within five years, the gross input
of higher education institutions had increased from RM13, 563,769.00 to RM 21, 794, 245.00, but the
total intermediate input coefficient, together with many of its components, had not remained the same.
In fact, it shifted from 0.1364 to 0.2869, suggesting a proportionally higher intermediate transaction
than primary input spending.2 The static nature of input-output analysis can thus to be overcome by
repeating the analysis using tables from different years to examine changes over time.
The input-output analytical approach, however, remains as the most pragmatic way forward.
First, it allowed for impact forecasting on a national scale by imbedding into the model a matrix that
represented the interdependency of all the industries in Malaysia. Second, this approach took into
account of the wealth of data by levying on official information diligently compiled in the form of
input-output tables. Third, the input-output model revealed the direct, indirect and induced linkages
amongst industries, making both “intra-industry” analysis between private and public higher
institutions and “inter-industry” analysis between higher institutions and the other industries possible.
Fourth, when “closed in” with information on income and employment, this method was able to
project values of income and employment multipliers, thus increasing the breadth of this research’s
scope and painting a more in-depth picture of the higher education industry in Malaysia today.
1
Hewings Geoffrey J.D., Regional Input-output Analysis, Sage Publication, 1985, pg 28.
Department of Statistics Malaysia, Input-output Tables 2000, 2000, Table 17; Department of Statistics Malaysia, Inputoutput Tables 2005, 2005, Table 23. This point will be further explored in Part 4.
2
13
Investment on higher education industry was far from being an instantaneous project3 and
under circumstances such as demand and price fluctuation over time4, an impeccably accurate
forecasting mechanism will be impossible.5 But again, application of the model at different points in
time allowed us to circumvent the problem. The input-output analytical approach also offered
flexibility that made altering some parameters possible in order to satisfy the scope of this research.
2.2
The input-output framework
Figure 2.1: Structure of a typical Input-output table
Industries
1
Industries
2
1
0.2 0.3
2
0.4 0.1
3
4
Final Demand Total Output
5
6
3
A
4
B
E
5
6
Primary Inputs
Total Input
0.1 0.2
C
D
The raw input-output table shows all the direct linkages amongst industries in the economy; a
row of the table shows the sales made by a selected industry to the other industries whereas a column
of the table shows the purchases made by a selected industry from the other industries. It is the latter
that we are particularly interested in here for further analysis. By dividing all these intermediate
transactions (section A in Figure 2.1) by the total input (section D in Figure 2.1), we would arrive at a
table containing the percentage of total inputs required from each industry for a Ringgit’s worth of
production. This is theoretically sound as industry j’s demand for inputs from other industries will
have been related to the amount of outputs produced by industry j. With reference to Figure 2.1, 0.3
and 0.1 Ringgit’s worth of output for example, are needed from industry 1 and industry 2 respectively
In the research paper “The Economic Impact of Colleges and Universities”, the authors, John J. Siegfried, Allen R.
Sanderson and Peter McHenry, have argued that it is impossible to identify a period of time over which the difference
between the presence and the absence of a college can be discerned because most colleges start small and grow slowly over
time in the United States. There is no reason to suggest why the higher institutions in Malaysia would defy this trend.
4 Sajal Lahiri’s notion of scale-dependent coefficients and The Hudson and Jorgenson’s translogarithmic production function
had respectively asserted that the level of demand and the relative level of price determined the value of input coefficients.
5 Gerking had long challenged, in multiple papers, the notion of the input-output model being developed without error.
3
14
for a Ringgit’s worth of final output produced by industry 2. Looking down the columns then, we
would know how a Ringgit’s worth of output required of a selected industry is being assembled from
different industries or through the use of labour – information on labour can typically be gleaned by
analysing the components of primary inputs (section C in Figure 2.1).
Assuming that these coefficients do not vary with the scale of production (i.e., constant
returns to scale), we have in essence arrived at the “recipe” for production. It goes without saying, of
course, that the accuracy of this “recipe” depends on its deviation from the reference input-output
table as the scale of production changes. The question is: if 0.3 Ringgit’s worth of output is purchased
from industry 1 by industry 2 when a Ringgit’s worth of output is required of industry 2, how likely is
it that say, 300 Ringgit’s worth of output are purchased from industry 1 by industry 2 when 1000
Ringgit’s worth of output is required of industry 2? By having this nonetheless, we have the ability to
make estimation on the inter-industry transactions that will happen when a known volume of
exogenous demand is placed upon a selected industry. This is only a start because this piece of
valuable information can be further processed to portray the indirect linkages amongst all the
industries, local industries’ reliance on import and the creation of income and employment as a
corollary of production activities.
2.3
Derivation of input coefficients for higher education
This study was focused on the impact of private and public higher education on the Malaysian
economy. Unfortunately, the input-output table for the year 2000 published by Malaysia’s
Department of Statistics contained only details on public and private institutions but did not segregate
them further between schools and tertiary education. The first task of this study was therefore, to
produce two columns of private and public higher institutions by adjusting the input coefficients
provided in the input-output table for the year 2000.
15
Table 2.1: Scaling of input coefficients of private higher institutions
Activity
listed in
the I/O
2000 table
Private
Education –
Input
Coefficient
Hotel and
Restaurants
0.0118777
Transport
0.0104356
Total
Coefficient
(A)
Activity
listed in
USM’s
spending
data
USM’s
spending
amount
(B)
USM’s
Input
Coefficient
(C)
Scaled
Input
Coefficient
(E)
Scale
Factor
(D)
0.009796812
0.0223133
Travelling
Expenses
and
Delivery
17198062
0.01840417
0.82480715
0.008607357
Formulae and Clarifications:
(A): The addition of both input coefficients of Hotel and Restaurants and Transport as listed in column 1
(B): The actual spending made by USM based on the details obtained
(C): The ratio of USM’s spending on Travelling Expenses and Delivery to its total spending of RM 934,465,523
(D): The ratio of USM’s input coefficient to total coefficient (A)
(E): The product of each input coefficient and scale factor (D)
All 94 input coefficients of both private and public education listed in the Input-output 2000
tables. Table 2.1 were scaled using a two-pronged method: first, they were matched against the 9
categories listed in USM’s spending data. Second, their input coefficients were scaled by the
corresponding USM input coefficients. Theoretically, it seemed almost as if the input coefficients of
USM had been used as weights for the activities found in the input-output table – because it
represented higher educational institution. In the example given above, the scaled input coefficients of
the two items were found to be more than those of the actual Input-output 2000 tables by a factor of
approximately 0.82. We thus assumed that private higher education spends less in those items as
compared to private education as a whole. The same process was applied on public higher education
and the two columns were then substituted into the original input-output table for further adjustments.
The substitution occurred separately for both because our aim was to trace the relationships between
private higher education and the other industries (inclusive of public education in this case) and vice
versa.
This step necessarily assumed that USM’s spending pattern was representative of the
contribution of higher institutions to the economy. Spending details of higher institutions are highly
confidential materials – they were hardly accessible for the purpose of research. The input-output
table for the year 2000 was chosen in preference over the input-output table for the year 2005 because
the latter, albeit being the latest and most updated, merged both private and public institutions into a
single sector.
16
There was also an issue in accurately collapsing the 94 industries listed in the Input-output
table 2000 into the 16 categories (fewer) according to USM’s spending data. Here, uncertainty
persists in less obvious cases. For example, USM’s spending on delivery and travelling individually
would contribute to the transport industry in Malaysia. How can we decide then, the exact proportion
of contribution to the transport industry each made? Although this problem could be solved by
merging the delivery and travelling expenses into a single category (as shown above), this was done at
the cost of achieving higher precision because then the scale factor for both delivery and travelling
expenses would be identical and not according to their respective weights.
2.4
Calculating output, income, and employment multipliers
2.4.1
Simple output multiplier
Recall that a raw input-output table portrays only the direct linkages among industries. In
reality, the interactions among industries are more complicated than what the direct flows of output
seemed to suggest. For example, where an industry did not have a direct linkage with another industry
in the economy, this second industry may draw benefit from the expansion of the first industry if there
was a third industry that bound the two together. That would occur if the second industry sold to the
third industry, which in turn, sold to the first industry. We call this an indirect linkage. Direct and
indirect linkages can be numerically shown by making X, the final demand, as the subject of the
equation as follow:
AX + Y = X
[1]
Y = X – AX
Y = (I – A)X
X = (I – A)-1Y
[2]
∆X = (I – A) ∆Y
-1
X = (I + A + A2 + A3 + A4 …… + A∞)Y
[3]
X = (I)Y + (A + A2 + A3 + A4 …… + A∞)Y
[4]
A is the square matrix of the inter-industry flow expressed in terms of coefficient per dollar of output
(section A in Figure 2.1); X is the gross output by industries (section E in Figure 2.1); Y is the final
demand (section B in Figure 2.1); I is an identity matrix.
I is associated with the initial output effect on the economy because it reflects the initial
Ringgit’s worth of an industry’s output needed to satisfy the final demand as shown in Equation [4].
Direct linkages (or what we interpret directly from the values of input coefficients, A) show only the
first round of spending. Indirect linkages or the subsequent rounds of spending are taken into account
by the expanded mathematical expression, (A2 + A3 + A4 …… + A∞), in Equation [3]. If we total up all
17
the entries of any column, we would arrive at what is known as the simple output multiplier.
Formally, it was the ratio of direct and indirect effects to the initial output effect alone, obtained from
a model in which households are exogenous. That figure stated the total value of production of all
industries that was necessary to produce a Ringgit’s worth of final demand for that industry’s output.
To illustrate this concept further, we can draw information from Table 2.1 and assume that
the economy has only two industries, A and B, with the following input coefficients:
A=
And the Leontief Inverse, according to the formula, would be:
(I – A)-1 =
If we use ΔY and ΔX to represent changes in final demand and changes in gross output
respectively, from equation [2], we know that ΔX = (I – A)-1ΔY. Therefore mathematically, a ΔY of
(a Ringgit’s worth of final demand for the output of industry 1 and none for the output of
industry 2) would give rise to ΔX of
and ΔY of
(a Ringgit’s worth of final demand for
the output of sector 2 and none for the industry of sector 1) would give rise to ΔX of
.
From the Leontief Inverse, it is shown that additional outputs of RM 1.5 from industry 1 and
RM 0.667 from industry 2 were required for a Ringgit’s worth of final demand for the output of
industry 1 and additional outputs of RM 0.5 from industry 1 and RM 1.333 from industry 2 were
required for a Ringgit’s worth of final demand for the output of industry 2. Note that the amount of
RM 1.5 represented RM 1 from industry 1 to satisfy the initial Ringgit of final demand plus an
additional RM 0.5 from intra- and inter-industry transaction.
More formally, if we represented the elements of (I – A)-1 as αij, where i and j refer to the row
and column of an element α in a matrix respectively, then the output multiplier of a selected industry
j, Oj, can be calculated from the formula:
Oj =
[4]
As a proof, if j refers to 2 in this case, then simply, O2 = α12 + α22 = 0.5 + 1.333 = 1.833
18
2.4.2
Total output multiplier
The model that we had dealt previously depended on the existence of an exogenous industry
and the kinds of transactions that constituted the activity of this industry were consumption purchases
by households, sales to government, gross private domestic investment and net export. In fact, the
exclusion of households from the productive industries may be considered as a strain on economic
theory because an increase in labour inputs due to increased output would lead to an increase in the
amounts spent by households as a group of consumers. This in turn, leads to an increase of demand on
industrial output and the cyclical pattern continues.
To reflect the fact that additional outputs were necessary to satisfy the anticipated increase in
consumer spending, the household industry can be moved from the final-demand column to the
interrelated production table, thus making it one of the endogenous industry. This is generally known
as closing the model with respect to households. This would require a row and a column for the new
household industry – the former showing the how labour services is used as an input by the other
industries and the latter showing the consumption pattern of private consumers. Finally, the element
in the (n+1) row and the (n+1) column would represent the household purchases of labour services.
Resuming the previous example, let’s assume the augmented matrix Ā to be as follow:
Ā=
Hence, (I – Ā)-1 would be:
(I – Ā)-1 =
(I – A)-1 =
In the above matrix, we let the industry 1’s payment for labour services to be 0.1; industry 2’s
payment for labour services to be 0.2; households’ spending on industry 1 to be 0.15; households’
spending on industry 2 to be 0.05 and households’ payment for labour services, to be 0.1.
In a model with household endogenous, the value of each element was higher because the
added impact of more household consumption due to increased income was explicitly taken into
consideration in the model. For example, instead of 0.667, industry 1 would now purchase 0.723 from
industry 2 with respect to a change in final demand – only now the final demand is exclusive of that
from households. In the calculation of total output multiplier though, we would not include the last
19
element, the household industry, in the summation because we were only interested in the total output
effect. This was unlike that of simple output multiplier where the approach was to total up the whole
column. If we denoted total output multiplier as
j,
the total output multiplier for industry 1 would
thus be:
Ō1 =
Therefore, a Ringgit’s worth of final demand for industry 1’s output and none for industry 2
would result in a ΔX of 2.307 (1.584 + 0.723). This figure was in direct comparison to the simple
output multiplier of 2.167. The general formula for the total output multiplier, for industry j, is given
by:
Ōj =
[5]
As a proof, if j refers to 2 in this case, then, Ō2 =
2.4.3
12
+
22 =
0.594+1.396 = 1.99
The import multiplier
The total multiplying effect would actually be much larger than what the above calculations
show. Imports had already been winnowed out from the intermediate input coefficients as a separate
component of primary inputs (section C of Figure 2.1). That is to say, the 0.3 worth of output
purchased by industry 2 from industry 1 did not include inputs purchased from foreign countries. No
country was absolutely self-sufficient because industries in a country usually did rely on foreign
import that fed into domestic production. The only question here is, to what extent was the
dependency? The answer can be found by analysing the import multiplier.
The total multiplying effect, one that necessarily transcended across the boundaries of a
country, had also to include information on imports purchased from each sector as well. Fortunately,
the amount of import purchased from each industry can be gleaned directly from the input-output
table. Adding this to the inputs purchased from domestic industries, we would then arrive at the total
input requirement needed for production. We may find for example that industry 2 purchases not only
0.3 worth of output from industry 1 for a unit of production but more due to the inclusion of import.
The calculation of total output multiplier was identical to the steps and formulae mentioned above.
Import multiplier was then calculated by subtracting domestic output multiplier from total output
multiplier.
20
2.4.4
Simple income multiplier
Industries do not restrict their purchases to only the other industries; they also purchase
labour from the economy. Rather than just translating changes in final demand into total value of
industrial output, as in the previous section, it is also of importance to translate changes in final
demand into the creation of income.
An approach to calculate this would be to convert each of the elements in any column of (I –
A)-1, which measured the value of direct and indirect output, into Ringgit’s worth of household
income via household input coefficients. These coefficients that made up the (n+1) row, previously
used to close the model with respect to households, represented income paid to workers per Ringgit’s
worth of industrial output.
In the example used above, if we assumed that the two sectors have returns to labour of 0.1
and 0.2 respectively. Direct and indirect income created can be calculated as follow:
(I – A)-1 =
V=
V (I – A)-1 =
V (I – A)-1 = (0.2834 0.3166)
A closer look at the mathematics would reveal how direct and indirect income created by an
exogenous demand was accounted for. Again, the figure 1.5 in the Leontief Inverse can be interpreted
as the direct and indirect transaction from Industry A to itself to meet a Ringgit’s worth of exogenous
demand for the output from Industry A. If Industry A pays 0.1 to its workers for a Ringgit’s worth of
exogenous demand for the output produced, then logically, the mathematical expression of
would reveal the income paid to the workers of Industry A. Likewise, the figure 0.667 represented the
direct and indirect transactions from Industry B to Industry A that met a Ringgit’s worth of exogenous
demand for the output from Industry A. If Industry B paid 0.2 to its workers for a Ringgit’s worth of
exogenous demand for the output produced, then the mathematical expression
showed
the income paid to workers of Industry B. Adding up both values would allow us to obtain simple
income multiplier of Industry A.
If we denote simple household income multiplier for sector j as Hj, then:
Hj =
As a proof, if j refers to 2 in this case, then simply, J2 = α31. a12+ α32. a22 = 0.3166
21
2.4.5
Total income multiplier
The above picture, however, was yet not complete because the matrix had not taken into
account that wages and salaries received by employees that would then be spent purchasing more
goods and service, thereby generating demand for additional output and by extension, creates
additional income. To calculate this induced income effects, we have to do the same for the elements
in (I – Ā)-1. As before, using an over bar to denote the multiplier derived from Ā, in which household
is endogenous to the matrix, the parallel of Hj is:
j=
We have, from previous sections, the following two matrices:
Ā=
(I – Ā)-1 =
Following our numerical example,
1
= (0.1) (1.584) + (0.2) (0.723) + (0.1) (0.337) = 0.337
2=
(0.1) (0.549) + (0.2) (1.396) + (0.1) (0.376) = 0.376
Note that these total income multipliers are equal to the first two elements of the last row of (I
– Ā)-1. This is a mathematical property resulting from the inverse of matrix Ā. But recall too that any
element in (I – Ā)-1 measures the direct, indirect and induced effects on sector i’s output of a Ringgit’s
worth of demand for industry j’s output. Thus,
measures the direct, indirect and induced effects
on the output of household industry, labour services, when there is a Ringgit’s worth of demand for
industry j’s output. Therefore alternatively, the formula for total income multiplier is:
j=
2.4.6
Type I and Type II income multipliers
With output multipliers it was fairly clear that the initial effect of a Ringgit’s worth of final
demand for the output of industry j is that industry j’s production must increase by a Ringgit (and
subsequently of course, more than a Ringgit). But for income, there was another option of what
should be logically termed the initial effect of new demand because a Ringgit’s worth of new output
from sector j also means an additional income payment of
to workers in industry j. Therefore
22
could be viewed as the initial income effect of demand for industry j’s output. If this was the
case, then we have two more multipliers to adopt for analysis: Type I and Type II.
Type I income multiplier had the direct and indirect income effects, or the simple income
multiplier, as a numerator and used as a denominator not the initial Ringgit’s worth of output but
rather its initial labour income effect,
If we denoted Yj as Type I income multiplier for
industry j, then:
Yj =
Following our numerical example,
Y1 = (0.2834/0.1) = 2.834
Y2 = (0.3166/0.2) = 1.583
If instead, direct, indirect and induced income effects, or the total income multiplier, were used as a
numerator, then Type II income multiplier can be found. If we denote
j
as Type II income multiplier,
then:
j=
Following our numerical example,
1
= (0.337/0.1) = 3.77
2
= (0.376/0.2) = 1.88
2.4.7
The employment multipliers
To calculate employment multipliers, it was necessary to estimate the number of workers
employed in an industry relative to that industry’s value of output. Note that unlike the (n+1)
(household) row, these labour coefficients were computed in physical, not monetary, terms.
Details on the number of workers hired in different industries were obtained from the
Department of Statistics in Malaysia. However, they were not segregated into the 94 industries of the
input-output table for the year 2009. Instead, they were only classified into 16 industries following the
23
Malaysian Standard Industrial Classification (MSIC) 2000. In light of this, the 94 industries of out
input-output table had to be reclassified to fit into the 16 MSIC codes.
With the reclassified 16×16 input-output matrix, the input coefficients of employment were
calculated by dividing the number of employees of an industry by the value of the output produced.
This gave us the value of an employee for a Ringgit’s worth of output. If we assumed X1 to be RM
1,000,000 and e1, the number of workers in industry 1, to be 3,000. Then the physical labour input
coefficient, wn+1,i, is simply 0.003 (e1/X1).
The calculations of simple, total, Type I and Type II employment multipliers paralleled those
of income multipliers described above. The only thing was that physical labour input coefficients,
wn+1,j, was used here instead of monetary labour input coefficients, an+1,j. If we denoted Ej,
j,
Wj,
j
as simple employment multiplier, total employment multiplier, Type I employment multiplier and
Type II employment multiplier respectively, then the formulae are as follow:
Ej =
j
Wj =
2.5
=
j
=
Summary of the various input-output multipliers
There are ten different types of multipliers in total that we will summarise here:
1. Simple output multiplier
n
O j   ij
i 1
The simple output multiplier measures how much additional output would be required for a
Ringgit’s worth of final demand for the output of private and public higher education institution. It
can be obtained by summing up the column entries of Leontief Inverse. The analysis can be found in
Section 3.2.
2. Total output multiplier
n 1
O j   ij
i 1
The total output multiplier, on the other hand, describes the amount of additional output
needed resulting from a Ringgit’s worth of final demand for the output of private and public higher
education institution but also takes into account the induced effect of household income generation
through payment for labour services and associated with consumer expenditures or goods produced
24
by the various sectors. This is explained by the element (n+1) row and the element (n+1) column
which represent the household purchases of labour services. The findings of this multiplier are
presented in Section 3.2.
3. Simple income (household) multiplier
n
H j   an1,i ij
i 1
The amount of additional direct and indirect income created for every Ringgit’s worth of
output produced is measured by the simple household income multiplier. The analysis of how much
income to be created across different industries when investments are made in higher education is
presented in Section 4.3.
4. Total income (household) multiplier
n 1
H j   an1,i ij
i 1
Alternatively, the total household income multiplier explains how much additional income to
be created as a result of the spending by household sector on goods and services produced. In other
words, it measures the direct, indirect and induced income effects on output purchased by household
sector when there is a Ringgit’s worth of new demand. The analysis of these effects can be found in
Section 4.3 and Section 4.4.
5. Type I income multiplier
Yi 
Hj
a n1,i
The Type I income multiplier measures the change of direct and indirect income generated by
the industry with respect to a change in the initial (direct) income payment to workers in the industry.
In short, it can be calculated by taking the ratio of simple household income multiplier to initial
labour income. The results of this analysis can be obtained in Section 4.3 and Section 4.4.
6. Type II income multiplier
Yj 
Hj
a n 1,i
The Type II income multiplier, conversely, assesses the direct, indirect and induced income
generated by the industry with regard to a Ringgit change in initial labour income. It can be estimated
by taking the ratio of total household income multiplier to initial labour income. This analysis is
provided in Section 4.3 and Section 4.4.
25
7. Simple employment (household) multiplier
n
E j  Wn1,i ij
i 1
From the employment perspective, the simple household employment multiplier is used to
gauge the number of additional jobs to be created for every Ringgit’s worth of output produced. The
analysis of the number of job vacancies made available across different industries is discussed in
Section 4.3 and Section 4.4.
8. Total employment (household) multiplier
n 1
E j  Wn1,i ij
i 1
As for the total household employment multiplier, it measures the number of additional jobs
to be created as a result of the expenditure by household sector on goods and services produced. In
other context, this multiplier is also taken into account of direct, indirect and induced employment
effects for every Ringgit of new demand. The result and analysis is shown in Section 4.3 and Section
4.4.
9. Type I employment multiplier
Wj 
Ej
wn1,i
The Type I employment multiplier describes the change of direct and indirect employment
generated by the industry with respect to a change in the initial (direct) vacancies available in the
industry. In brief, it can be calculated by taking the ratio of simple household employment multiplier
to initial vacancies available. The results of this analysis can be obtained in Section 4.3 and Section
4.4.
10. Type II employment multiplier
Wj 
Ej
Wn1,i
The Type II employment multiplier, on the other hand, assesses the direct, indirect and
induced employment generated by the industry with regard to a Ringgit change in initial vacancies
available. It can be estimated by taking the ratio of total household employment multiplier to initial
vacancies available. This analysis is deliberated in Section 4.3 and Section 4.4.
26
Where
i and j are indices for rows and columns of the input-output matrix contains n number
of sectors or industries.
 ij are elements of the ( I  A) 1 inverse matrix and  ij are elements of the
augmented inverse matrix that includes the household sector as an additional
industry. The coefficient of the household sector is a n 1,i .
These few pieces of information are all that are needed to calculate all ten different
combinations according to their formulae in order to address different issue, i.e., the direct and
indirect impacts of output resulting from investments or the induced impacts caused by additional
household spending as well as the creation of additional employment.
27
PART 3
CONTRIBUTION OF HIGHER INSTITUTIONS THE ECONOMIC
GROWTH
3.1
Macroeconomic impacts of higher institutions
If the government has a fixed amount of money to spend, a comparison of output multipliers
across different industries would show where this spending would produce the greatest level of
output. Recall from Part 2.3 that output multiplier shows the total value of production that is
necessary to satisfy a unit of exogenous demand. An industry with a large output multiplier therefore
would indicate that it has strong backward linkages compared to industries with smaller multiplier
values because it purchases substantially more from the other industries.
The ability to absorb outputs produced by the other industries grants this high multiplier
industry a measure of indispensability. Should the industry choose to push the brakes and halt its
production totally, its suppliers would confront a sudden fall in demand. Of course, this extremism
seldom happens in reality. Even so, when an industry that has a high output multiplier decides to take
a breather and scales down its level of production, its interconnected chain of suppliers would surely
be affected. For this supremacy the industry wields in the market, it is also known as a power
industry. Of course, a detailed analysis of its input coefficients (origin of supply) would still be
necessary to judge whether it is associated to just a few key industries or indeed, many.
Yet, this only tells half of the story. If tracing along a typical column of an input-output table
shows the purchases made by an industry from the others (i.e., backward linkages), then tracing along
a typical row of an input-output table shows the sales made by an industry to the others (i.e. forward
linkages). The row total of these coefficients would be able to illustrate a selected industry’s forward
linkages to the other industries. Although this figure does not qualify as a multiplier of any sort
(unless investments for all the other sectors’ investment remain constant) it does serve to show the
link of an industry with the others in a reverse order.
Its analysis too, proves to be the opposite of that of output multiplier. A high row total
indicates that an industry has strong forward linkages to the other industries; it sells substantially to
satisfy the demand of its products or services. This is not necessarily a negative attribute (its
performance may be bolstered during a boom, say) but it does mean that the industry is more
susceptible to fluctuations in the economy – whilst a power industry seems to be sitting as a
determinant of fluctuation. Due to that, an industry with strong forward linkages is termed as a
sensitive industry. Again, while the figure of row total equips us with a yardstick for comparative
analysis, a final verdict would require a detailed assessment of the sales made by an industry to the
others.
28
Our attempt was to classify industries according to the value of their forward and backward
linkages depending on whether these values were above or below the medians (that is whether they
fall into the top 50% or bottom 50 of all industries). The median values were arbitrary lines drawn
from the sample of all output multipliers calculated from the input-output table. The median was
preferred over mean as a measurement of central tendency simply due to the presence of extreme
values. With the two median values, all the 94 industries were segregated into four quadrants and the
industries of each quadrant were presented in Appendix D, Table D.2 (private higher education) and
D.4 (public higher education).
As indicated by the red star, Figure 3.2 shows that private higher institutions with output
multiplier and row total of 1.8010 and 1.0366 respectively were both lower than the median values of
2.6176 and 1.5758 calculated from all the industries (see Appendix D: Table D.1). This suggests that
private higher institutions have relatively low forward and backward linkages; backward linkages
were in fact, too distant from the median line compared to forward linkages. This result is very similar
to that of public higher institutions whereby the output multiplier and row total were 1.8030 and
1.0199 and the median values were 2.6176 and 1.2401, accordingly (see Appendix D: Table D.3). By
this analysis, private and public higher institutions appear to be not powerful and sensitive.
Figure 3.2: Forward and backward linkages of private higher education
29
If the value of output is the sole consideration of the Malaysian Government, based on the
figures then, the two industries studied would not be a preferred choice for investment – not even for
a partial investment. Many others would not hesitate to assert too that higher institutions are valuable
because they are characteristically stable and less prone to economic fluctuation than other industries.
This argument seems to resonate with the reasonable output multiplier (indication of backward
linkage) and low row total (indication of forward linkage) calculated in this study.
Figure 3.3: Forward and backward linkages of public higher education
The top positions of the output multiplier are still, by and large, dominated by manufacturing
industries, with a few exceptions of transcendental service industries such as Radio and TV
broadcasting, Recycling, Electricity and Gas and Hotels & Restaurants. This may be due to the fact
that manufacturing industries have proportionally higher intermediate output transaction than that of
primary inputs. The same goes for those service industries. Both industries studied in this paper defy
this trend because they invest heavily on human resources and not on tangible goods and services.
Therefore, their linkages with other industries appear to be weaker. Based on this study, the ratios of
intermediate output transaction and primary input are 0.31 to 0.69 and 0.35 to 0.65 for higher private
education and higher public education respectively (see Appendix A: Table A.1).
Given that the output multipliers of the both industries are low relative to others this should
not lead us into dismissing them as not being important to the economy. The truth is that the sizes of
output multiplier may not indicate the actual contribution made by these industries to national growth
30
because by examining only their coefficients (i.e. per unit output) we have not taken into account the
industries’ level of output.
3.2
Direct and indirect impacts of higher institutions on the economy of Malaysia
3.2.1
Simple output multipliers
Recall from Section 2.4.1 that the simple output multiplier measures the additional direct and
indirect output required from respective industries in order to satisfy a unit of final demand. The
multipliers can be analysed from how much the input were consumed locally and abroad. The
decompositions of the simple output multiplier (SOM) into its domestic and imported components for
selected industries on the basis of their strong backward linkages with public and private higher
education are shown on Tables 3.1 and 3.2 for public and private higher education, respectively. The
breakdown between the domestic and imported components of the multipliers results from the input
sourcing by industries in Malaysia from either domestic or imported locations. The choice between
the two is not necessary due to preference but oftentimes; imported inputs give an indicator of
“missing industries”, in other words, input components that can be obtained from local sources. The
numbers shown here, however, will indicate how much of the multiplier will benefit local industries
in terms of business sales and how much might instead impact on industries abroad.
Table 3.1: Domestic and imported input of public higher education
Industry
Output Multiplier
Domestic
1.4228
Education - Public
1.0002
Real estate
Industry
Output Multiplier
Import
0.3801
Industry
Output Multiplier
SOM
1.8030
Business services
0.0404
Education - Public
1.0002
0.0911
Paper & board industries
0.0376
Real estate
0.0947
Printing
0.0595
Manufacture radio, TV etc.
0.0258
Printing
0.0759
Wholes.&retail trade
0.0563
0.0238
Wholes.&retail trade
0.0732
Electricity & gas
0.0448
Manufacture industries
chemic.
Building, construction
0.0172
Business services
0.0578
Business services
0.0173
Wholes.&retail trade
0.0169
0.0522
Hotels & restaurants
0.0170
Petrol & coal industries
0.0166
Paper & board
industries
Electricity & gas
Paper & board
industries
Transport
0.0146
Printing
0.0164
Manufacture radio, TV
etc.
0.0276
0.0132
Transport
Manufacture motor
vehicle
0.1024
0.0130
Iron & steel industries
Transport
0.0143
Communication
0.0118
0.0520
0.0879
SOM – simple output mutliplier
Table 3.1 and Table 3.2 show the top ten output-generating industries from initial RM 1
investment made in the respective industries for public higher education and private higher education,
respectively. The total simple output multipliers of private and public higher education made up about
1.8010 and 1.8030 of additional output generated that resulted from one Ringgit’s worth of final
demand made by public and private higher education, respectively. The small differences of the total
31
simple output multipliers between public and private higher education would not imply much. While
domestic output multipliers show larger impact in private higher education (1.4595) compared to
public higher education (1.4228), public higher education (0.3801) recorded to have higher import
multiplier than that of private higher education.
Table 3.2: Domestic and imported input of private higher education
Industry
Output Multiplier
Domestic
1.4595
Education - Private
1.0001
Real estate
0.0908
Printing
0.0797
Wholes.&retail trade
Import
0.3415
Industry
Output Multiplier
SOM
1.8010
Paper & board industries
0.0487
Education - Private
1.0218
0.0326
Real estate
0.0950
0.0224
Printing
0.0855
0.0512
Manufacture radio, TV
etc.
Manufacture industries
chemic.
Education - Private
0.0217
Paper & board industries
0.0730
Electricity & gas
0.0310
Business services
0.0208
Wholes.&retail trade
0.0663
Communication
0.0285
Petrol & coal industries
0.0157
Electricity & gas
0.0379
Paper & board
industries
Business services
0.0243
Wholes.&retail trade
0.0152
Business services
0.0366
0.0158
Iron & steel industries
0.0114
0.0355
Hotels & restaurants
0.0156
Transport
0.0112
Manufacture radio, TV
etc.
Communication
0.0155
Crude petrol, natural gas
& coal
0.0112
Petrol & coal industries
0.0279
Transport
Industry
Output Multiplier
0.0340
SOM – simple output mutliplier
Also, it should not be too surprising to see the education industry forking out supply of
1.0218 and 1.0002 (that is, above the amount of 1) for private and public higher institutions but less
than 0.1 for the rest. The fact was that the 1.0000 of both 1.0218 and 1.0002 were allocated to satisfy
the new unit of final demand whilst only the remaining of 0.0218 and 0.0002 accounted for inter- and
intra-industry use. Therefore, it seemed to suggest, superficially, that inter- and intra-industry
transactions for private as well as public higher institutions were in reality, only miniscule.
3.2.2
Total output multipliers
In addition to the simple output multiplier, the total output multipliers were also calculated.
These differ from simple output multiplier in that the input-output table of inter-industry linkages has
an additional row and column that includes the household sector as one of the industries. The
household row (with coefficients an1, j ) shows sales (employment salaries) to each of the other
industry sectors and the household column (with coefficients ai ,n1 ) shows household consumption
from each of the other industries.
The total multipliers for both public and private higher education are shown in Table 3.3.
Notice that total multipliers 4.5871 for private and 4.5851 for public higher education are
32
substantially much larger than simple multipliers because on top of the direct and indirect impacts
resulting from the initial one Ringgit’s worth of investments into either public or private higher
education, the induced impacts are also measured by the total multipliers. Induced impacts are the
result of increased household consumption across the industry from additional incomes and
employment.
Table 3.3: Simple and total output multipliers for public and private higher education
Higher Education
Private Higher Education
Public Higher Education
3.3
Simple Output Multiplier
Private
Public
Higher
Higher
Education
Education
1.8010
1.8030
Total Output Multiplier
Public
Private Higher
Higher
Education
Education
4.5871
4.5851
Leakages abroad from components purchased by higher institutions
Analysis of output multiplier alone does not take into account the use of inputs imported from
countries abroad to meet production requirements needed to satisfy a given unit of final demand.
Some of the impacts discussed therefore may not be occur within the boundaries of Malaysia. In this
study, the domestic output multiplier is found to be 1.4595 (Figure 3.4). This means that for a unit of
final demand made upon private higher institutions, out of the 1.8010 value of output produced, only
1.4595 would be localised within the Malaysian economy. The import multiplier amounted to 0.3415.
This at least paints a slightly more optimistic picture than public higher institution where a higher rate
of leakage was detected. Out of 1.8030 value of output produced by public higher institutions, only
1.4228 would be retained in the local economy. 0.3801 would flow out of the Malaysian economy.
Figure 3.4: Input composition of public and private higher education
33
3.4
Contribution of Foreign Students
In our multiplier analysis, ∆X multiplier value is driven by specifying ∆Y, in which ∆Y, RM
1 change in public higher education and therefore the multiplier calculated ∆X will be how many time
more than one. In analysing foreign student expenditure in the economy, ∆Y will be the total
expenditure per student in the economy across the different sectors. The resulting impact or ∆X is
calculated exactly the same way.
In this example, it is estimated that a typical foreign student spends RM 30,000 a year in a
public higher institution. Of these, RM 15,000 is spent on tuition fee, RM 6,000 on real estate activity
or rental, RM 2,000 on Manufacture radio, TV etc or electronic devices and the remaining RM 7,000
on food, printing, transport, communication, health and recreation. The input-output model can be
used to analyse the impact of this spending by foreign student in terms of final demand in the rest of
the economy. To recall, the new output generated (∆X) for the sum of expenditure made by a typical
foreign student can be calculated through the multiplication of Leontief inverse matrix, that is (I-A)-1,
with the final demand, which is the amount of expenses by a typical foreign student or (∆Y). In short,
∆X = (I-A)-1 (∆Y). The 94 x 94 Leontief inverse matrix can be obtained from Appendix G: Table G.1.
The amount of new output required as a result of the expenses by a typical foreign student is
summarised in Table 3.4. On the whole, a total of RM 30,000 spending made by a typical foreign
student would require approximately additional RM 15,250’s worth of output in order to satisfy the
exogenous increase in the expenditure of foreign student. In other words, a total impact of about 1.5
times worth of new output would be needed from the whole economy as a result of the total
expenditure of RM 30, 000 made by a typical international student. Out of RM 45,247.03 new output
required, over RM 30,000’s worth of new output would be required outside the higher education
industry. With the exclusion of higher education, the result shows that other industries plays a vital
role in generating sufficient amount of new output so as to fulfil the amount of new demand
consumed by an international student.
Note that while sectors such as higher education, real estate and manufacture of radio, TV etc.
were estimated to have the major expenses made by a typical foreign student, the effects in terms of
new necessary output required would not be as large as those sectors with smaller expenses. For
instance, more than two-fold of additional output were needed from the activities of electricity & gas
(RM 1,805.77), livestock breeding (RM 660.54), printing (RM 1,376.26), manufacture oils & fats
(RM 738.32), and paper & board industries (RM 663.59) if RM 600, RM 300, RM 400, RM 300 and
RM 200’s worth of new output were to generate, accordingly. This may suggest that a typical foreign
student would regard these goods and services as their necessity merchandises. By looking at the
linkages analysis in Section 3.1, with the exception of electricity & gas, all other industries were
34
seemed to have very strong backward and forward linkages, thus suggesting very powerful and
sensitive industries.
Other industries, on the other hand, would require an additional total of about RM 6,800’s
worth of output so as to facilitate the amount of new demand needed by the foreign student. It was
also found that wholesale & retail trade (RM 1,530.37), agriculture other (RM 661.93), petrol & coal
industries (RM 625.76) and business services (RM 534.06) were estimated to generate the greatest
impacts if the final demand of RM 30,000 were to be met (See Appendix G: Table G.2).
Table 3.4: Output required as a result of a change in the expenditure made by a typical foreign
student
Industry
Higher education
Real estate
Manufacture radio, TV etc.
Grain mills
Dairy production
Electricity & gas
Transport
Communication
Fishing
Meat & meat production
Printing
Livestock breeding etc.
Crude petrol, natural gas & coal
Pres. of seafood
Manufacture oils and fats
Health - Public
Preservation of fruits &veg.
Bakeries
Paper & board industries
Recreation
Entertainment
Others (sum of 73 industries)
Total (sum of 94 industries)
Foreign Student
Expenditure (RM)
(∆Y)
15,000.00
6,000.00
2,000.00
1,000.00
600.00
600.00
600.00
600.00
400.00
400.00
400.00
300.00
300.00
300.00
300.00
300.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
100.00
0.00
30,000.00
Output Required
(RM)
(∆X)
15,008.77
8,770.00
2,207.54
1,071.93
792.46
1,805.77
1,140.91
1,048.26
663.95
468.30
1,376.26
660.54
609.07
313.63
738.32
301.14
222.44
227.24
663.59
217.62
128.66
6,810.63
45,247.03
35
PART 4
4.1
INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT GENERATIONS
Introduction
To further examine how much private and public higher education contributes to the
country’s economy, it is also possible to estimate the amount of additional income and jobs across
different industries. Note that income and employment generations do not depend on industries which
have high or low investments. As indicated in the previous section, despite private and public higher
education are found to be fairly stable industries and less volatile due to economic fluctuation, it does
not follow that income and employment opportunities generations will have similar effects as output
is created. Hence, the decision on how much investment to make may also be made as the basic of the
magnitude of income created or the number of additional employment from private and public higher
education investments.
This chapter provides an in depth analysis on how much income to be generated and how
many job opportunities created from private and public higher education investments by also
examining the direct, indirect and induced income and employment multipliers.
4.2
Income and employment multipliers
The income and employment multipliers have been described in details in Sections 2.4.4
through 2.4.7. They differ from output multipliers discussed in Part 3 by the treating the household
sector as an additional industry denoted by the coefficients an1, j for a total of n industries. There are
several types of income and employment multipliers but their analysis all revolves around induced
impacts on the economy in terms of changes in terms of increased household incomes resulting from
initial investments made in the reference industry which is public and private higher education in this
case. See Section 2.5 (pages 23-26) for the computational procedures and Appendix E for the results.
4.3
Analysis of income and employment multiplier effects
4.3.1
Analysis of income multiplier effects
The income and employment multipliers of private and public higher education are shown in
Table 4.1. The simple income multipliers show additional incomes generated as an induced impact
above the direct and indirect impacts that were produced from the initial RM 1 investments made to
the reference industry (i.e., public and private higher education). The simple income multiplier is 85
cents per private higher education and 69 cents per public higher education. What these numbers
mean are that after RM1 has been invested into private and public higher education respectively, the
household sector receives an additional induced income rise by 85 cents and 69 cents respectively in
terms of new income generated. Private higher education was thus found to have a stronger impact on
36
income generation compared to public higher education. The total income multipliers of private and
public higher education constituted about 1.97 and 1.94 of new income generated that resulted from
the additional Ringgit’s worth of final demand made by private and public higher education,
respectively. The difference between the simple and total income multiplier is due to the amount of
direct and indirect impacts that input-output model generates. The simple income multiplier has n
number of industry sector. The input-output model used to calculate the total income multiplier has
n+ 1 sectors in which the additional sector is the household sector selling its services as labour inputs
and buying from industries as consumption. Since the household sector is a large industry as reflected
by the relatively high input coefficients, the total multiplier appears large when compared to simple
multipliers.
Table 4.1: Income and employment multiplier of private and public higher education
Effect
Income
Employment
Multiplier
Simple
Total
Type I
Type II
Simple
Total
Type I
Type II
Higher Education
Private
Public
0.8513
0.6940
1.9706
1.9435
1.3361
1.3208
3.0929
3.0504
0.0001
0.0001
1.01285
1.01287
While the simple and total income multipliers shows the additional or new income generated
as a result of RM 1 investments made in the reference industry, Type I and Type II multipliers show
by how much has incomes risen (in terms of magnitude) from such RM 1 investments. As shown in
Table 4.1, Type I and Type II income multipliers did not differ as much between private and public
higher education. Likewise, private higher education show higher values of Type I and Type II
income multipliers, suggesting the importance of secondary effects in generating income to the
economy. For every Ringgit change in initial income payment to the workers, the direct and indirect
income change of private higher education is multiplied by 1.34, whereas public higher education was
estimated to produce 1.32 times (i.e., 1 plus 0.34 and 1 plus 0.32 times) more than the initial level of
income after factoring the induced impacts that resulted from the initial RM 1 of investments in the
reference industry.
4.3.2
Analysis of employment multiplier effects
Employment multipliers are calculated very similarly to income multipliers and differ only in
terms of the coefficients used in the input-output model that represents labour content (in terms of
persons working) instead of wages. The simple employment multipliers thus show additional jobs
created that resulted from the initial RM 1 investments into higher education.
37
The numbers on Table 4.1 show employment created in the economy based only on
employment multipliers for higher education without breaking down between the private and public
sectors. Employment data that separate between private and public higher education were not
available. The simple employment multiplier for higher education appear very small i.e. one new job
to be made available for every RM 10,000’s worth of change in the final demand (i.e., the multiplier
number is 0.0001 for RM 1 investment). When the model is closed by inclusion of the household
sector, it is also predicted that as many employed persons would be needed in order to satisfy RM
10,000’s worth of new demand of household sector given that the total employment multiplier is
similar to the simple employment multiplier. The employment induced effect in higher institutions is
extremely insignificant, implying that higher institutions are not effective in creating new
employment in the economy. The Type I and Type II employment multipliers which show how much
more jobs are created beyond the initial number of jobs, it was formed that for each new job created
in higher institutions, there will be approximately 1.01 additional jobs created in all sectors
throughout the economy.
4.4
Income and employment effects between higher education and other industries
In section 4.4, our intention is to show two things. First we will show how the multipliers add
up as we move from simple through total and thus the Type I and Type II multipliers so that readers
can gauge the change in the numbers and interpret them accordingly when different types of
multipliers are examined. Second, the different types of multipliers are examined across a selection of
different industries so that readers can compare the magnitudes of impacts (from simple, total and
Type I and Type II) given by the multipliers for different industries.
The numbers given on Table 4.2 show the various multipliers that result from RM 1 increase
of spending on final demand in the respective industries one at a time. The numbers for the preceding
sectors and the corresponding numbers for the other industries are shown here alongside for
comparison as if RM 1 investments had been spent in those other industries instead respectively.
Table 4.3 is similar to Table 4.2 except that the input-output coefficient matrix is referenced to public
higher education in Table 4.3 instead of private higher education as the case for Table 4.2. The reason
for this difference is that the original input-output table was referenced only to education in general
that is, it included both schools as well as institute of higher learning. Since the interest in this paper
has been on both public and private higher education, the input-output table was modified so that the
coefficients reflect only higher education without the inclusion of schools. Thus, Table 4.2, private
higher education is one sector alongside public education as a whole inclusive of public schools and
in Table 4.3; public higher education is one sector alongside private education as a whole inclusive of
private schools.
38
Table 4.2: Comparison of income multiplier effects for selected industries with reference to
private higher education
Mathematical Operations
Value
Added
Entries
Simple
income
multiplier
– direct
income
Industries
Dairy production
Manufacture oils and fats
Printing
Manufacture industries chemic.
Manufacture drugs & medicines
Petrol & coal industries
Manufacture industries mach.
Manufacture household machinery
Manufacture radio, TV etc.
Electricity & gas
Waterworks
Building & construction
Wholesale & retail trade
Hotels & restaurants
Transport
Communication
Banks
Insurance
Real estate
Ownership dwellings
Business services
Private Higher Education
Health - Private
Health - Public
Pr. non-profit inst.
Radio & TV broadcasting
Rep. motor vehicles
Public administration
Direct
0.2306
0.0948
0.3056
0.2515
0.3565
0.2245
0.5456
0.1218
0.1842
0.6343
0.5011
0.3180
0.7354
0.3547
0.3475
0.5837
0.7888
0.6369
0.5555
0.9849
0.4902
0.6371
0.4752
0.5452
0.3847
0.2221
0.3371
0.5165
Indirect
0.3384
0.6758
0.2528
0.3560
0.2510
0.4156
0.1188
0.1154
0.1274
0.1855
0.2682
0.2703
0.1111
0.3071
0.2451
0.1239
0.0929
0.1980
0.2618
0.0089
0.1603
0.2141
0.1644
0.1129
0.3862
0.5199
0.1985
0.2216
Total
income
multipliersimple
income
multiplier
Induced
0.7480
1.0133
0.7342
0.7988
0.7988
0.8416
0.8736
0.3119
0.4097
1.0780
1.0116
0.7735
1.1131
0.8701
0.7792
0.9303
1.1594
1.0978
1.0747
1.3067
0.8552
1.1193
0.8411
0.8652
1.0136
0.9756
0.7042
0.9705
Total
income
multiplier
Simple
income
multiplier
/ direct
income
Total
income
multiplier
/ direct
income
Total
1.3170
1.7840
1.2927
1.4063
1.4063
1.4816
1.5380
0.5492
0.7213
1.8978
1.7809
1.3618
1.9596
1.5319
1.3719
1.6379
2.0412
1.9327
1.8920
2.3004
1.5057
1.9706
1.4808
1.5233
1.7845
1.7176
1.2398
1.7086
Type I
2.4676
8.1263
1.8274
2.4154
1.7043
2.8510
1.2178
1.9478
1.6917
1.2925
1.5352
1.8501
1.1511
1.8660
1.7052
1.2123
1.1178
1.3109
1.4713
1.0090
1.3270
1.3361
1.3460
1.2070
2.0040
3.3403
1.5888
1.4289
Type II
5.7123
18.8113
4.2301
5.5914
3.9452
6.5996
2.8190
4.5090
3.9160
2.9920
3.5539
4.2827
2.6646
4.3195
3.9474
2.8062
2.5876
3.0347
3.4058
2.3357
3.0718
3.0929
3.1159
2.7941
4.6389
7.7324
3.6778
3.3077
On Table 4.2, private higher education was found to cause a fairly high impact in terms of
total income generation. The total income multiplier of private higher education was 1.97, of which
0.64 are direct income, 0.21 are indirect income and 1.12 are induced-income. These figures are
rather close to those found in public higher education i.e. the total income multiplier was 1.94, of
which direct income, indirect income and induced income figures are 0.64, 0.20 and 1.10
respectively (see Table 4.3).
Based on the results of private higher education, industries such as grain mills (20.12),
manufacture oils and fats (18.81), rubber process (18.80) and preservation of seafood (11.19) are
recorded to have the highest value of direct, indirect and induced income effects relative to the
respective initial income effects (see Appendix E: Table E.1). These results are somewhat similar to
that of public higher education where grain mills (20.07), manufacture oils and fats (18.77), rubber
process (18.75) and preservation of seafood (11.17) are estimated to create approximately identical
amounts of additional income in response to a unit change in initial income payment (see Appendix
39
E: Table E.3). However, it was estimated that income effect of these industries in private higher
education model would likely generate marginally greater effects compared to those in public higher
education, suggesting more income could be earned from an initial amount of payment to labour by
private higher education.
Another interesting point to note is that even though there were many industries that we can
identify with high total income multiplier values, the additional direct and indirect incomes these
industries create are actually less than the induced incomes generated later on. Induced incomes are
created by additional consumption by households after they receive additional direct and indirect
incomes. Based on numbers obtained in the Type II multipliers (Table E.2 in Appendix E), it was
found that manufacture oils and fats (1.0133), preservation of seafood (0.9643), rubber processing
(0.9202) and grain mills (0.7866) were indeed high income-generating industries that potentially
drives the growth of household consumption in the economy and thus the gross output as a whole.
Table 4.3: Comparison of income multiplier effects for selected industries with reference to
public higher education
Mathematical Operations
Value
Added
Entries
Simple
income
multiplier
– direct
income
Industries
Dairy production
Manufacture oils and fats
Printing
Manufacture industries chemic.
Manufacture drugs & medicines
Petrol & coal industries
Manufacture industries mach.
Manufacture household machinery
Manufacture radio, TV etc.
Electricity & gas
Waterworks
Building, construction
Wholesale & retail trade
Hotels & restaurants
Transport
Communication
Banks
Insurance
Real estate
Business services
Public higher education
Health - Private
Health - Public
Pr. non-profit inst.
Radio & TV broadcasting
Rep. motor vehicles
Recycling
Public administration
Direct
0.2306
0.0948
0.3056
0.2515
0.3565
0.2245
0.5456
0.1218
0.1842
0.6343
0.5011
0.3180
0.7354
0.3547
0.3475
0.5837
0.7888
0.6369
0.5555
0.4902
0.6371
0.4752
0.5452
0.3847
0.2221
0.3371
0.2880
0.5165
Indirect
0.3383
0.6758
0.2528
0.3560
0.2510
0.4155
0.1188
0.1154
0.1274
0.1854
0.2678
0.2703
0.1111
0.3071
0.2451
0.1239
0.0929
0.1980
0.2617
0.1602
0.2044
0.1644
0.1129
0.3861
0.5198
0.1985
0.2301
0.2215
Total
income
multipliersimple
income
multiplier
Induced
0.7450
1.0091
0.7312
0.7955
0.7955
0.8381
0.8700
0.3107
0.4080
1.0733
1.0069
0.7703
1.1085
0.8666
0.7760
0.9265
1.1546
1.0933
1.0702
0.8517
1.1020
0.8376
0.8617
1.0093
0.9715
0.7013
0.6785
0.9665
Total
income
multiplier
Simple
income
multiplier
/ direct
income
Total
income
multiplier
/ direct
income
Total
1.3139
1.7798
1.2896
1.4030
1.4030
1.4782
1.5344
0.5479
0.7196
1.8930
1.7759
1.3585
1.9550
1.5283
1.3686
1.6340
2.0364
1.9282
1.8874
1.5021
1.9435
1.4773
1.5197
1.7800
1.7134
1.2369
1.1966
1.7045
Type I
2.4676
8.1262
1.8273
2.4153
1.7042
2.8509
1.2178
1.9477
1.6916
1.2923
1.5345
1.8500
1.1510
1.8659
1.7052
1.2122
1.1178
1.3109
1.4711
1.3269
1.3208
1.3460
1.2070
2.0037
3.3398
1.5887
1.7989
1.4288
Type II
5.6988
18.7672
4.2201
5.5782
3.9359
6.5841
2.8124
4.4983
3.9068
2.9844
3.5438
4.2724
2.6583
4.3093
3.9381
2.7996
2.5815
3.0275
3.3975
3.0645
3.0504
3.1085
2.7876
4.6274
7.7133
3.6692
4.1545
3.2999
40
Among the various services industries, it was found that for every Ringgit’s worth of new
spending in private higher education, banks were found to have the highest value in terms of total
income multiplier effects, i.e. 2.03 of which 0.79 was from the direct effect, 0.09 from the indirect
effect and 1.15 the induced income effect. Note that the direct income payment to labour of this
industry was comparatively high.
The employment multiplier effects of higher education were expectedly very small. For every
RM 10,000’s worth of new output, colleges and universities in the economy is able to produce only
1.2 new and direct employment appointments in the economy. Other industries, such as other
community, social & personal service activities and private households with employed persons was
found to generate higher numbers in terms of employment i.e. 8.6 and 1.7 direct employment
appointments, correspondingly for every RM 10,000 new goods and services produced by the
industries (Table 4.4).
Table 4.4: Employment multiplier effects of higher education
Industries
Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry
Fishing
Mining and Quarrying
Manufacturing
Electricity, Gas and Water Supply
Construction
Wholesale and Retail Trade, Repair of
Motor Vehicles, Motorcycles and
Personal and Household Goods
Hotels and Restaurants
Transport, Storage and Communications
Financial Intermediation
Real Estate, Renting and Business
Activities
Higher Education
Health and Social Work
Other Community, Social and Personal
Service Activities
Private Households With Employed
Persons
Public Administration and Defence;
Compulsory Social Security
Direct
0.000031
0.000022
0.000001
0.000004
0.000055
0.000001
Indirect
0.000007
0.000007
0.000002
0.000008
0.000007
0.000007
Induced
0.000000001
0.000000001
0.000000000
0.000000000
0.000000001
0.000000000
Total
0.000038
0.000029
0.000003
0.000012
0.000062
0.000008
Type I
1.2090
1.2992
4.0033
2.9071
1.1272
6.4645
Type II
1.2090
1.2992
4.0034
2.9071
1.1272
6.4646
0.000034
0.000030
0.000011
0.000008
0.000005
0.000011
0.000007
0.000004
0.000000001
0.000000001
0.000000000
0.000000000
0.000039
0.000042
0.000018
0.000011
1.1332
1.3647
1.6136
1.5184
1.1332
1.3647
1.6136
1.5185
0.000016
0.000119
0.000098
0.000005
0.000002
0.000007
0.000000000
0.000000003
0.000000002
0.000020
0.000121
0.000105
1.2939
1.0128
1.0687
1.2939
1.0129
1.0687
0.000857
0.000018
0.000000020
0.000876
1.0215
1.0215
0.000171
0.000036
0.000000005
0.000207
1.2105
1.2106
0.000013
0.000008
0.000000000
0.000021
1.6069
1.6069
Even though colleges and universities were anticipated to generate fairly low amounts of
additional employment opportunities among the industries in the economy, construction and mining
& quarrying were found to create the highest number of employment opportunities for every new
direct employment created in the economy. Table 4.4 shows that for each new job created, there
would be about 6.5 vacancies and 4 vacancies to be made available in construction and mining &
quarrying respectively. This seems to explain the actual nature of these industries, whereby many
labours are required to build houses and to execute mining activities. As a result, the larger the
41
employment per RM 10,000’s worth of new output, the smaller the wage level. This therefore
suggests that higher education employees are more productive with fewer people doing each RM
10,000’s worth of output.
42
PART 5
STRUCTURAL CHANGES OF HIGHER INSTITUTIONS
The limitation of the input-output model is that it is capable of capturing only a static picture
of the economy. To inject some degree of dynamism into this picture and seek to decipher its
underlying trend, it is necessary to probe into the structure of higher institutions over a period of time.
This paper also argues that having this projection would allow future structural shifts to be better
anticipated. The hurdle here is that the details found in many of the input-output tables in the past
three decades had regrettably not made the distinction between public and private education
institutions; they leave no trace on its private or public origins and present the figures as lump sums.
Though the scope of research is then larger than what this study has intended, it is nonetheless
relevant for analysis. We have shown previously that changing complexities of the other industries in
the economy does affect the total value of production (output multiplier) given an exogenous demand
created by higher institutions as an industry.
Figure 5.1: Input elements of education industry from 1987 to 2005
In Malaysia, a version of input-output table typically takes years to be compiled and
published. At best we could, Figure 5.1 illustrates key inputs of the education industry over the past
two and a half decades. In the chart, primary input refers mainly to emolument and is an indication of
industry’s purchase of labour; imported commodities shows amount of supply purchased by an
industry from industries abroad; total intermediate input illustrates the inter-industry commodity
transactions that happen within the frontiers of a local economy.
Apart from the year 1987, import remained fairly constant, hovering at an approximate
average of 0.06. New legalisations allowing private higher education during the mid-nineties and the
subsequent flourishing of private institutions may have been the factor behind such an increase. But
43
this figure, relative to the other two, appears to be only miniscule in scale. That may just prove
Malaysia’s self-sufficiency in this industry. That aside, the total intermediate output and primary input
seem to be drifting in reverse. From a purely mathematical view, this shows that, within the local
economy, the purchase of commodities has increased proportionally more than that of labour. This
argument is all the more evident when imported commodities are counted on top of the purchase of
local commodities. The purchase of commodities and labours has, from a ratio of 0.1251 to 0.8749,
through the course of time, gradually narrowed to 0.3531 to 0.6469.
The reasons behind this phenomenon may be too complex to explain, for there are far too
many variables affecting the proportion of commodities and labours purchased simultaneously. For
instance, if the price of commodities have increased more than the salary of workers, assuming the
spending behaviour of higher institutions remains constant, it is only inevitable that a higher
proportion of input is attributed to the purchase of commodities. It would also be mistake to use this
statistic in order to claim that the purchase of labour has fallen since 1987. All that we are saying is
that the purchase of labours is less than that of commodities used as input components for production.
The purchase of labour could have increased (indeed it has), but the increase in the purchase of
commodities has merely been larger.
Nonetheless, this has definite implications on the output multiplier of the industry. Assuming
that the distribution of inputs remains fairly similar to what we have analysed previously, the increase
in the proportion of commodities purchased will only serve to increase the output multiplier (both
domestic and total) because now, higher institutions are more intensely linked to the other industries
than before – its backward linkage to the other industries is thus, stronger. This may make higher
institutions a more attractive avenue for investment if nothing else but the value of total production is
used as a yardstick to decide which industry should ultimately receive federal grants.
Conjectures on the trend of income multiplier though, cannot be made with the same
certainty. True, movements of direct and indirect income should be in tandem with that of interindustry transactions as income is assumed to have been created when such transactions occur.
However, they are also driven by another factor – the proportion of inputs spent on purchasing
labours. Based on the bar chart, it is clear that the latter has decreased. These two conflicting variables
make a verdict hard to come by. The same can be said for the employment multiplier. It would also be
an impossibility to speculate the trend of induced effects because we would then need to grasp the
elusive consumption behaviour of crowds; such an analysis is often only possible with the privilege of
hindsight.
44
PART 6
6.1
CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY ISSUES
The context of higher education investments
There could be two reasons why private higher institutions have come under closer scrutiny
of late. First, in line with Tenth Malaysia Plan’s reliance on the private sector to act as the vanguard
for unleashing GDP growth of up to 6%, it is in policy makers’ interest to see how private higher
institutions may add to that equation. Private higher institutions have been receiving very limited
funds from the federal government and all too often, many hinge so comfortable on that premise to
dismiss the importance of making a related impact analysis. However, under the Public-Private
Partnership Programme (PPP) of the Tenth Malaysia Plan, a facilitation fund of RM20b will be
pledged to finance private sector projects in the next five years. Given Malaysia’s proclivity to socioeconomic development and exploration of new sources of growth, investment in the private higher
institutions by the federal government may be seen as a real possibility. The Malaysian government
has in fact financed the formation of many private higher institutions in the past and there is an
absence of reason to suggest that there will not be a replay of such an episode in the near future. Also,
given the restriction of quota-based admissions to public higher institutions, private higher institutions
have increasingly appealed to the masses as viable alternatives.
Even if that does not ultimately materialise, it is only timely to see how private higher
institutions have fared vis-à-vis public higher education since the enactment of Private Higher
Education Act in 1996. Studies have hitherto been, by and large, devoted to grasp the relationship
between the both6 but none has, like this study, delved into the realm of quantitative analysis to
consider the linkages between private higher institutions and the other industries in the economy.
6.2
Methodological approaches
The typical approach to a study attempting to link the higher education industry with the rest
of the economy would be to begin with a sampling of higher education institutions. The aim would be
to make an assessment of the business model they adopt in which, in order to produce graduates, they
would require various kinds of inputs that would come from other industries found in the economy.
Such approach would be rich in its ability to reveal variations in business strategies and in
turn variations in the kinds of inputs leading to variations in the way higher education in Malaysia
will impact on the economy. Such an approach would, however, be only qualitative since it will be
impossible to achieve a complete representation of higher education as an industry nor will it be able
Wan Chang Da’s study of the higher institutions in 2007 for example, attempted to draw conclusions on whether public
and private higher institutions in Malaysia are by nature, competing, complementary or hybrid through a series of
comparative analysis on student enrolment, faculty and programmes offered.
6
45
to completely trace all the business inter linkages between higher education and all other sectors in
the country’s economy. More complicated is the fact that a full understanding of how higher
education as a business would be difficult to achieve given the secrecy and confidentiality shrouding
business strategies because individual institutions competing against one another would likely be
protective of their business.
The more macro approach adopted in this study follows conventional economic impact
assessment methodology by using the input-output model. This model forms part of the system of
national accounts that most nations, including Malaysia, assemble in accordance to conventions
prescribed by the statistical office of the United Nations. The input-output table not only makes a
complete accounting of the education share of the total economic production of the country but
through the Leontief inverse equation the direct, indirect as well as induced (increased household
consumption and employment creation) impacts could also be further analysed. The drawback,
however, is the static nature of the input-output framework as well as the fixed coefficient and
constant returns to scale production function that is not amenable to dynamics and technological
changes. Extensions have been made in the modeling approach to overcome these issues but they lie
outside the scope of this paper.
6.3
Simple and total output multipliers
There are a total of ten different types of multipliers all of which are calculated in this study
to indicate various types of impacts on the Malaysian economy resulting from one Ringgit of
investments made to higher education (public and private) in the country.
The simple output multiplier was calculated for domestic, imported and their combined total.
For public higher education, the numbers are 1.42, 0.38 and 1.80 respectively while for private higher
education, the simple output multipliers are 1.46, 0.34 and 1.80. This means that one Ringgit of initial
investments in public higher education will generate RM 1.42 of direct and indirect impacts and about
RM 1.46 of impacts if the investments had been made from private higher education. However, after
factoring out leakages due to imported inputs, the direct and indirect inputs to the local economy is
more similar between public and private higher education.
As could be expected, real estate, printing, wholesale and retail business as well as utilities
are the sectors most closely inter-connected with higher education. However, because public higher
education use a much larger amount of imported inputs compared to private higher education, those
sectors do not show up as prominently in the total when the simple output multiplier was calculated
for public higher education.
46
Compared to the other industrial sectors, both public and private education falls slightly
below the median (i.e., the level that separates the top and bottom 50% of the total number of
industries) in the strength of their forward and backward linkages, suggesting that higher education is
not a powerful or a sensitive industry.
The total output multipliers for public and private higher education are almost identical,
4.5851 and 4.5871 respectively. These measure the induced impacts on the economy that occur on the
top of the direct and indirect impacts measured by simple multipliers. Total multipliers are therefore
substantially larger than simple multipliers.
6.4
Income multipliers
Income multipliers measure the direct and indirect impacts in the form of additional incomes
generated due to the initial RM 1 investment into either public or private higher education. The simple
income multipliers calculated were RM 0.85 and RM 0.69 for private and public higher education
respectively and the total income multipliers were RM 1.97 and RM 1.94. The total multipliers differ
from simple multipliers by the use of different input-output tables: the simple using tables containing
94 industry sectors and the total multiplier uses tables containing 95 sectors, the 95th sector being the
household sector.
To understand better what these numbers mean, simple and total income multipliers can be
expressed as Type I and Type II income multipliers respectively by weighing these numbers by the
change of initial incomes received by workers. The Type I multipliers obtained were RM 1.34 and
RM 1.32 for private and public higher education, meaning to say that every one Ringgit of additional
income will further induced another 34 cents and 32 cents respectively when households undergo
additional consumption. Type II income multipliers that incorporate direct, indirect and induced
linkages, with the inclusive of household sector as an industry, will reveal additional impacts, these
amounting to RM 3.09 and RM 3.05 in total for private and public higher education respectively.
Tables 4.2 and 4.3 in Part 4 shows the decomposition of the total multiplier into their direct, indirect
and induced components, beginning with the value added entries and adding up to the total.
It was not possible to separate between private and public higher education in the analysis of
employment multipliers. The reason was employment data did not distinguish between the two and
therefore the analysis conducted was limited to treating higher education as a whole.
6.5
Employment multipliers
Employment multipliers have only very small values because RM 1 of output will only need a
small amount of labour input. For convenience, by scaling the multiplier value, interpretation is
47
therefore easier in terms of employment creation per RM 10,000 of investment. Specifically the direct
impact in terms of the additional employment creation per Ringgit of investment was 1.19 workers
per RM 10,000 investment and indirect impacts and another 0.02 worker per RM 10,000 investment
giving us a total of 1.21 workers. The Type I and Type II employment multipliers were almost
identical in which for each additional person employed, there is potential to induce another 0.013
person per RM 10,000’s worth of new output.
6.6
Higher education as an economic sector
Higher education is a service sector. Its inter industry links with the rest of the economy are
not expected to be high. This study found that forward and backward multipliers of both public and
private higher education are slightly below the median (50% above and 50 % below) among 90
industry sectors and therefore they neither are powerful (buys a lot from other sectors) nor are they
sensitive (sells a lot to other sectors) industries. In other words, promoting higher education will not
boost performance in other industries through inter-industry linkages.
Power and sensitivity comparisons of an economic sector are useful for policy intervention
considerations amidst economic upturns and downturns. A declining power sector has the tendency to
drag down other sectors and therefore policy intervention on power sectors will have greater effects
on the rest of the economy. Meanwhile a sensitive sector is more easily pushed up or dragged down
depending on how the other sectors of the economy perform. Given that the higher education sector
has slightly below median levels of power and sensitivity indices, it does not represent a target sector
for policy intervention for the purposes at managing economic performance.
Instead, the role of higher education in the economy is more concerned with its social
importance. First, higher education brings life-long benefits to its clients as past studies have shown
significantly higher life-time income earning potential among graduates compared to non-degree
holders. Second, nations with larger proportions of graduates show greater capacity for economic
advancements and growth.
These twin benefits suggest that higher education may be viewed, on the other hand, as a
private good, that is sold to customers for private consumption and benefits. Higher education can
also be viewed, on the other hand, as a public good in which collective spending as a community will
also bring collective benefits in the form of a high knowledge level of economy. For this reason a
given economy will attempt to strike a balance between public as well as private delivery of education
so that collective social benefits can be achieved as a nation while at the same time, there are
sufficient private provisions to cater for market consumption. Access to education becomes
democratised.
48
In Malaysia, democratised education is achieved by the provision of public higher education
at a high rate of government subsidy in pursuit of collective social benefits. At the same time, private
higher education was made legally possible since the mid nineties to allow such a service to be
brought and consumed as a private good for private benefits.
The question then arises as to whether a dual (public and private) delivery of higher education
can coexist in which there is a public pricing system alongside a private one? Also, given dual
pricing, will each adopt its own production function? This study found that public higher education
has a higher import component compared to private higher education. As such, will imports made by
public education reduce or will private higher education increase imports over time leading to a
convergence of the production functions of both towards a more common one.
Market convergence is usually the preferred economic option, because two markets
coexisting leads to price distortions that will eventually result on quality and other issues in the
delivery of a product or service. Already, private and public university graduates have been
segmented in terms of racial polarisation, differential perceptions among recruiters in the job market,
their command of English which appears to an essential requisite for many types of jobs, including
the access to co-curricular activities which has received much lower emphasis among private
institutions.
More important is the fact that two markets cannot both be as efficient at the same time.
Differences in production efficiency can occur across the border because distance, customs and
immigration controls can prevent one service delivery from emulating another which is more
efficient. However, in one country rule and regulations should not be so prohibitive that they prevent
business from making adjustments that would converge to the most efficient model. According to
microeconomic theory, short-run cost functions should fall in the long-run to the bottom of the
average cost curve.
Real estate was found to remain as the major backward link input component which means
that Malaysia’s property sector has an additional role to play in facilitating the construction of higher
education premises. This is not just putting up buildings but will involve also town planning layouts
and communications infrastructure so that the synergy between higher education and industry, student
housing and transport, supporting services can also be integrated into a unified urban whole.
While public universities in Malaysia tend to have large campus grounds, it is conceivable
that private universities need not follow the same model although many have modest size campuses of
their own. There are many distinguish universities that blend seamlessly into the urban space of many
49
cities such as NYU in New York, LSE in London and countless other examples. Shifting focus from
the hardware of higher education provision to software such as from buildings to knowledge
transmission would effectively offer the production function in terms of inputs.
6.7
Research issues
Most economic impact studies adopt the input-output model as this study has done. The
Department of Statistics in Malaysia has produced many input-output tables for the country over the
past fifty years giving us temporal snapshots of the changing structure of the country’s economy.
Alas, having different number of industry sectors as well as different classification of industries make
comparisons of tables from two different periods difficult. For instance, some years have private and
public education as separate industries while in other years both are lumped together as one.
Malaysia’s input-output tables do not distinct between higher education and schools and therefore
more accurate analysis will be possible if the data provided are more refined. This study had to make
adjustments using a base line institution to adjust the data to distinguish between the input-output
coefficients of higher education and schools.
This study has barely scratched the surface in analyzing inter-industry structure, its changing
patterns through time along the path of economic growth that the country has taken. One critically
important feature that fell out of the terms of reference of this study was how higher education
production and delivery in Malaysia might compare alongside those of other countries.
The aim is to benchmark the nature of the industry link between higher education and the rest
of the economy with similar links found in countries abroad, especially those that are considered best
practices. This can be done by comparing input coefficients (i.e., the Leontief production function)
calculated for Malaysia against coefficients found in countries from various other countries. Finally,
business model research at the micro or firm level would also be a worthwhile research venture.
50
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Department of Statistics, M. (1987). Input-Output Tables 1987. Department of Statistics, Malaysia.
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Department of Statistics, M. (2000). Input-Output Tables 2000. Department of Statistics, Malaysia.
Department of Statistics, M. (2005). Input-Output Tables 2005. Department of Statistics, Malaysia.
Department of Statistics, Malaysia. (2010). Labour Force Survey Report . Department of Statistics,
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G., S. (2006). Privatization Of Higher Education In Malaysia. Forum on Public Policy .
Hewings, G. J. (1985). Regional Input-Output Analysis. Sage Publications.
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2011, from http://midf.com.my/project/midf/media/2010/06/15/112910-319.pdf
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to the Malaysian Economy? Multiplier Analysis Using I-O Technique. International Journal of
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Miller, R. E., Polenske, K. R., & Rose, A. Z. (1989). Frontiers of Input-Output Analysis. New York:
Oxford University Press.
Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development. (2011). Higher Education in Regional and
City Development - State of Penang, Malaysia. OECD Publishing.
Ruiz-Mercado, A. L. (2006). Estimate of Multipliers for the Puerto Rican Economy. Inter Metro
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Siegfried, J. J., Sanderson, A. R., & McHenry, P. (2007). The Economic Impact of Colleges and
Universities. ScienceDirect .
Wan, C. D. (2007). Public and Private Higher Education Institutions in Malaysia: Competing,
Complementary or Crossbreeds as Education Providers. Kajian Malaysia .
Wang, E. C. (1997). Patterns and Sources of Structural Change in Taiwan: An Analysis of InputOutput Coefficients. Journal of Asian Economics .
51
APPENDICES
52
APPENDIX A
ACTIVITY
Agriculture other
Rubber planting
Oil Palm estates
Coconut
Tea estates
Livestock breeding etc.
Forestry & logging
Fishing
Crude petrol, natural gas & coal
Metal ore mining
Stone, clay & sand quarrying
Meat & meat production
Dairy production
Preservation of fruits &veg.
Pres. of seafood
Manufacture oils and fats
Grain mills
Bakeries
Manufacture confect.
Manufacture of ice
Manufacture other food
Manufacture animal feeds
Prod. wine and spirits
Prod. of soft drinks
Manufacture tobacco
Manuf, yarns, cloth
Manufacture knitted fabrics
Manufacture other textiles
Manufacture wearing appar.
Leather industries
Manufacture footwear
Sawmills
Manufacture oth. wooden pr.
Manufacture of furniture
Paper & board industries
Printing
Manufacture industries chemic.
Manufacture paints & lacq.
Manufacture drugs & medicines
Manufacture soap etc.
Oth. chem. industries
Petrol & coal industries
Rubber proc.
Rubber industries
Manufacture plastic products
China & glass industries
Manufacture clay products
Manufacture cement etc.
Oth. non-met. Manufacture
Iron & steel industries
Manufacture non-ferrous metals
Manufacture of other fabricated
metals & fixtures
79
0.000005
0.000000
0.000067
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000132
0.000000
0.007307
0.000004
0.000052
0.000259
0.000145
0.000026
0.000099
0.000075
0.000168
0.000119
0.000067
0.000076
0.000651
0.000019
0.000108
0.000195
0.000019
0.000651
0.000151
0.000515
0.001861
0.000037
0.000044
0.000112
0.000032
0.000085
0.007524
0.075242
0.000168
0.000023
0.000065
0.000025
0.000024
0.004190
0.000010
0.000170
0.000261
0.000012
0.000047
0.000008
0.000066
0.000133
0.000033
80
0.000000
0.000013
0.000016
0.000000
0.000005
0.000051
0.000025
0.000000
0.001088
0.000001
0.000014
0.000018
0.001488
0.000011
0.000014
0.000069
0.000017
0.000019
0.000001
0.000000
0.000153
0.000075
0.000001
0.000003
0.000002
0.001331
0.000057
0.001960
0.007323
0.000017
0.000011
0.000038
0.000153
0.000028
0.002181
0.055840
0.000080
0.000063
0.000212
0.000048
0.000059
0.000428
0.000005
0.000134
0.000064
0.000044
0.000022
0.000001
0.000014
0.000050
0.000015
0.000684
0.000034
ACTIVITY
Structural metal industries
Oth. metal industries
Manufacture industries mach.
Manufacture household machinery
Manufacture radio, TV etc.
Manufacture electrical appliances
etc.
Manufacture other electrical mach,.
Ship- & boat building
Manufacture motor vehicle
Manufacture cycles, motorc.
Manufacture oth. transp. eq.
Manufacture instr. & clocks
Other manufacturing
Electricity & gas
Waterworks
Building, construction
Wholes.&retail trade
Hotels & restaurants
Transport
Communication
Banks
Oth. financial inst.
Insurance
Real estate
Ownership dwellings
Business services
Education - Private
Education - Public
Health - Private
Health - Public
Pr. non-profit inst.
Entertainment
Radio & TV broadcasting
Recreation
Rep. motor veh.
Other repair
Recycling
Other private services
Public administration
Public order
Defence
Other public administration
Total Intermediate Input
Direct Purchase Abroad
Domestic Services
Commodities Taxes (Dom.)
Commodities Taxes (Imports)
Imported Commodities
Value Added
- Compensation Of Employee
- Operating Surplus
Total Input
Higher Education Public
INPUT COEFFICIENTS, 94
SECTORS (ACT x ACT)
Higher Education Private
Higher Education Public
INPUT COEFFICIENTS, 94
SECTORS (ACT x ACT)
Higher Education Private
Table A.1: Input coefficients of private and public higher institutions
79
0.000078
0.000118
0.000452
0.007201
0.001505
80
0.000025
0.000045
0.002851
0.000478
0.000787
0.001453
0.000180
0.000220
0.002911
0.000014
0.000201
0.000071
0.001656
0.020495
0.003653
0.005216
0.036621
0.009797
0.008607
0.022533
0.000872
0.000016
0.000629
0.071628
0.000000
0.009402
0.000015
0.000033
0.000017
0.000000
0.000000
0.000107
0.000000
0.000269
0.003298
0.000006
0.000001
0.000024
0.000177
0.000000
0.000000
0.000250
0.311494
0.000000
0.000000
0.006931
0.000998
0.043448
0.637130
0.611633
0.025497
1.000000
0.000220
0.000081
0.000048
0.000685
0.000005
0.000035
0.000047
0.006534
0.034161
0.005148
0.000858
0.044242
0.011135
0.007269
0.007372
0.000000
0.000019
0.000537
0.071628
0.000000
0.010551
0.000024
0.000014
0.000032
0.000002
0.000000
0.000785
0.000000
0.000251
0.001178
0.000009
0.000001
0.004834
0.000223
0.000000
0.000000
0.000307
0.285724
0.000000
0.000000
0.006359
0.001571
0.069216
0.637130
0.619842
0.017288
1.000000
53
APPENDIX B
ACTIVITY
Agriculture other
Rubber planting
Oil Palm estates
Coconut
Tea estates
Livestock breeding etc.
Forestry & logging
Fishing
Crude petrol, natural gas & coal
Metal ore mining
Stone, clay & sand quarrying
Meat & meat production
Dairy production
Preservation of fruits &veg.
Pres. of seafood
Manufacture oils and fats
Grain mills
Bakeries
Manufacture confect.
Manufacture of ice
Manufacture other food
Manufacture animal feeds
Prod. wine and spirits
Prod. of soft drinks
Manufacture tobacco
Manuf, yarns, cloth
Manufacture knitted fabrics
Manufacture other textiles
Manufacture wearing appar.
Leather industries
Manufacture footwear
Sawmills
Manufacture oth. wooden pr.
Manufacture of furniture
Paper & board industries
Printing
Manufacture industries chemic.
Manufacture paints & lacq.
Manufacture drugs & medicines
Manufacture soap etc.
Oth. chem. industries
Petrol & coal industries
Rubber proc.
Rubber industries
Manufacture plastic products
China & glass industries
Manufacture clay products
79
0.001031
0.000051
0.000499
0.000049
0.000005
0.000918
0.003122
0.000957
0.012856
0.000029
0.000472
0.000695
0.000298
0.000196
0.000190
0.001180
0.000901
0.000189
0.000131
0.000121
0.001649
0.000370
0.000190
0.000399
0.000026
0.001156
0.000294
0.000592
0.002392
0.000068
0.000058
0.000921
0.000122
0.000204
0.024293
0.079651
0.002147
0.001595
0.000083
0.000131
0.001119
0.012150
0.000032
0.000635
0.000944
0.000360
0.000180
80
0.001118
0.000107
0.000562
0.000056
0.000010
0.001037
0.003347
0.001050
0.006219
0.000042
0.000808
0.000505
0.001992
0.000207
0.000141
0.001477
0.000875
0.000132
0.000076
0.000044
0.001683
0.000502
0.000090
0.000238
0.000010
0.004533
0.000585
0.006103
0.009664
0.000136
0.000033
0.001020
0.000312
0.000179
0.021822
0.075409
0.003025
0.001683
0.001583
0.000209
0.001368
0.010229
0.000044
0.000697
0.001509
0.000709
0.000276
ACTIVITY
Manufacture cement etc.
Oth. non-met. Manufacture
Iron & steel industries
Manufacture non-ferrous metals
Manufacture of other fabricated
metals & fixtures
Structural metal industries
Oth. metal industries
Manufacture industries mach.
Manufacture household machinery
Manufacture radio, TV etc.
Manufacture electrical appliances
etc.
Manufacture other electrical mach,.
Ship- & boat building
Manufacture motor vehicle
Manufacture cycles, motorc.
Manufacture oth. transp. eq.
Manufacture instr. & clocks
Other manufacturing
Electricity & gas
Waterworks
Building, construction
Wholes.&retail trade
Hotels & restaurants
Transport
Communication
Banks
Oth. financial inst.
Insurance
Real estate
Ownership dwellings
Business services
Education - Private
Education - Public
Health - Private
Health - Public
Pr. non-profit inst.
Entertainment
Radio & TV broadcasting
Recreation
Rep. motor veh.
Other repair
Recycling
Other private services
Public administration
Public order
Defence
Other public administration
Domestic Output Multiplier
Higher Education
- Public
DOMESTIC INPUT
COEFFICIENTS, 94 SECTORS
(ACT x ACT)
Higher Education
- Private
Higher Education
- Public
DOMESTIC INPUT
COEFFICIENTS, 94
SECTORS (ACT x ACT)
Higher Education
- Private
Table B.1: Leontief Inverse of private and public higher education (Domestic)
79
0.000433
0.000740
0.001679
0.000618
80
0.000790
0.001203
0.003470
0.000725
0.000859
0.000529
0.000897
0.000932
0.008357
0.002902
0.000307
0.000716
0.001246
0.003887
0.001957
0.002253
0.001873
0.003047
0.000482
0.004560
0.000068
0.000267
0.000247
0.002700
0.031029
0.004994
0.008327
0.051168
0.015570
0.015482
0.028465
0.002110
0.000456
0.001365
0.090845
0.000000
0.015796
1.000073
0.000166
0.000102
0.000002
0.000130
0.000420
0.000001
0.000384
0.003787
0.000023
0.000003
0.000154
0.000972
0.000000
0.000000
0.000849
1.459516
0.001050
0.003563
0.000303
0.001948
0.000104
0.000189
0.005547
0.012939
0.046591
0.006730
0.017023
0.061067
0.017981
0.014829
0.014277
0.001380
0.000607
0.001526
0.091954
0.000000
0.036859
0.000093
1.000187
0.000125
0.000006
0.000134
0.001021
0.000001
0.000372
0.001812
0.000030
0.000004
0.005802
0.001067
0.000000
0.000000
0.000970
1.528101
54
Table B.2: Simple and total output multiplier (inclusion of household consumption)
ACTIVITY
Agriculture other
Rubber planting
Oil Palm estates
Coconut
Tea estates
Livestock breeding etc.
Forestry & logging
Fishing
Crude petrol, natural gas & coal
Metal ore mining
Stone, clay & sand quarrying
Meat & meat production
Dairy production
Preservation of fruits &veg.
Pres. of seafood
Manufacture oils and fats
Grain mills
Bakeries
Manufacture confect.
Manufacture of ice
Manufacture other food
Manufacture animal feeds
Prod. wine and spirits
Prod. of soft drinks
Manufacture tobacco
Manuf, yarns, cloth
Manufacture knitted fabrics
Manufacture other textiles
Manufacture wearing appar.
Leather industries
Manufacture footwear
Sawmills
Manufacture oth. wooden pr.
Manufacture of furniture
Paper & board industries
Printing
Manufacture industries chemic.
Manufacture paints & lacq.
Manufacture drugs & medicines
Manufacture soap etc.
Oth. chem. industries
Petrol & coal industries
Rubber proc.
Rubber industries
Manufacture plastic products
China & glass industries
Manufacture clay products
Manufacture cement etc.
Oth. non-met. Manufacture
Iron & steel industries
Manufacture non-ferrous metals
Manfacture of other fabricated metals & fixture.
Structural metal industries
Oth. metal industries
Manufacture industries mach.
Manufacture radio, TV etc.
Manufacture household machinery
Simple Output Multiplier
Total Output Multiplier
Private
Higher
Education
1.6908
1.1985
1.6275
1.1389
1.6751
3.2114
1.6117
1.9545
1.3842
2.6350
1.9505
3.5155
3.1472
2.9821
2.7459
3.5139
2.6752
2.7727
3.1018
2.0183
2.7522
3.2150
2.1403
3.1720
2.4998
2.9524
2.7977
2.6897
3.0058
3.1504
2.9626
2.4113
2.6193
2.8428
2.8819
2.8011
2.9129
3.1487
2.4578
2.8628
2.1601
2.3567
2.6176
2.3136
2.7599
2.2353
2.4536
2.6250
2.7911
3.7451
3.5076
3.2723
3.2750
3.2436
2.1871
3.6711
3.9194
Private
Higher
Education
4.6648
4.6857
4.6582
4.6841
4.6473
4.6391
4.6553
4.6545
4.6735
4.5851
4.6251
4.6351
4.6005
4.6307
4.6418
4.6248
4.6521
4.6167
4.4247
4.5955
4.5839
4.6303
4.4175
4.5762
4.1402
4.5946
4.5899
4.5748
4.5872
4.5819
4.4967
4.6264
4.6069
4.5680
4.5790
4.5594
4.5938
4.5703
4.6073
4.5994
4.6262
4.6454
4.5291
4.5890
4.5685
4.6256
4.6178
4.6249
4.5964
4.5358
4.5589
4.4991
4.5724
4.5736
4.6198
4.5444
4.5454
Public
Higher
Education
1.6909
1.1985
1.6276
1.1389
1.6752
3.2114
1.6117
1.9546
1.3844
2.6352
1.9508
3.5157
3.1473
2.9822
2.7460
3.5140
2.6753
2.7728
3.1019
2.0186
2.7525
3.2151
2.1403
3.1722
2.4998
2.9525
2.7978
2.6898
3.0060
3.1505
2.9627
2.4114
2.6194
2.8428
2.8820
2.8012
2.9130
3.1488
2.4579
2.8629
2.1602
2.3568
2.6176
2.3137
2.7600
2.2354
2.4537
2.6252
2.7912
3.7453
3.5077
3.2724
3.2751
3.2437
2.1872
3.6713
3.9195
Public
Higher
Education
4.6608
4.6818
4.6542
4.6801
4.6434
4.6351
4.6514
4.6506
4.6695
4.5812
4.6211
4.6311
4.5966
4.6267
4.6379
4.6208
4.6481
4.6128
4.4209
4.5916
4.5800
4.6264
4.4137
4.5724
4.1367
4.5907
4.5860
4.5709
4.5833
4.5780
4.4929
4.6225
4.6030
4.5642
4.5751
4.5555
4.5899
4.5664
4.6034
4.5955
4.6223
4.6415
4.5253
4.5851
4.5646
4.6217
4.6139
4.6209
4.5925
4.5319
4.5550
4.4952
4.5685
4.5698
4.6159
4.5406
4.5415
55
ACTIVITY
Manufacture electrical appliances etc.
Manufacture other electrical mach,.
Ship- & boat building
Manufacture motor vehicle
Manufacture cycles, motorc.
Manufacture oth. transp. eq.
Manufacture instr. & clocks
Other manufacturing
Electricity & gas
Waterworks
Building, construction
Wholes.&retail trade
Hotels & restaurants
Transport
Communication
Banks
Oth. financial inst.
Insurance
Real estate
Ownership dwellings
Business services
Higher Education - Private
Higher Education - Public
Health - Private
Health - Public
Pr. non-profit inst.
Entertainment
Radio & TV broadcasting
Recreation
Rep. motor veh.
Other repair
Recycling
Other private services
Public administration
Public order
Defence
Other public administration
Private Consumption
Simple Output Multiplier
Total Output Multiplier
Private
Higher
Education
3.1773
3.3346
2.6126
3.1145
3.6294
2.0425
3.1943
3.1327
1.8254
2.2306
2.8338
1.5692
2.5690
2.5995
2.0817
1.3989
1.8299
1.7415
1.7043
1.0429
2.2937
1.8010
1.4362
2.2108
2.1177
2.4343
2.0513
2.7399
1.9008
2.7089
2.3310
3.2238
2.2606
2.0967
1.6107
2.4285
2.1468
Private
Higher
Education
4.5552
4.5523
4.6054
4.2320
4.5407
4.6382
4.5639
4.5459
4.6354
4.5925
4.5701
4.6180
4.5832
4.5734
4.5514
4.6086
4.5924
4.6307
4.1752
4.6927
4.5930
4.5871
4.6596
4.6146
4.6102
4.5289
4.4777
4.6034
4.5584
4.3921
4.4675
4.4454
4.5170
4.5309
4.6265
4.5968
4.5365
4.6946
Public
Higher
Education
3.1774
3.3347
2.6127
3.1146
3.6295
2.0426
3.1944
3.1328
1.8262
2.2325
2.8340
1.5693
2.5691
2.5996
2.0818
1.3990
1.8300
1.7416
1.7047
1.0429
2.2939
2.1258
1.8030
2.2110
2.1178
2.4348
2.0516
2.7403
1.9009
2.7090
2.3311
3.2240
2.2608
2.0969
1.6107
2.4286
2.1470
Public
Higher
Education
4.5513
4.5485
4.6015
4.2284
4.5368
4.6343
4.5600
4.5420
4.6313
4.5883
4.5662
4.6141
4.5793
4.5696
4.5476
4.6047
4.5885
4.6268
4.1716
4.6888
4.5891
4.5667
4.5851
4.6107
4.6063
4.5250
4.4739
4.5994
4.5545
4.3883
4.4637
4.4416
4.5132
4.5270
4.6226
4.5929
4.5326
4.6907
56
Table B.3: Domestic, import and total output multiplier
ACTIVITY
Agriculture other
Rubber planting
Oil Palm estates
Coconut
Tea estates
Livestock breeding etc.
Forestry & logging
Fishing
Crude petrol, natural gas & coal
Metal ore mining
Stone, clay & sand quarrying
Meat & meat production
Dairy production
Preservation of fruits &veg.
Pres. of seafood
Manufacture oils and fats
Grain mills
Bakeries
Manufacture confect.
Manufacture of ice
Manufacture other food
Manufacture animal feeds
Prod. wine and spirits
Prod. of soft drinks
Manufacture tobacco
Manuf, yarns, cloth
Manufacture knitted fabrics
Manufacture other textiles
Manufacture wearing appar.
Leather industries
Manufacture footwear
Sawmills
Manufacture oth. wooden pr.
Manufacture of furniture
Paper & board industries
Printing
Manufacture industries chemic.
Manufacture paints & lacq.
Manufacture drugs & medicines
Manufacture soap etc.
Oth. chem. industries
Petrol & coal industries
Rubber proc.
Rubber industries
Manufacture plastic products
China & glass industries
Manufacture clay products
Manufacture cement etc.
Oth. non-met. Manufacture
Iron & steel industries
Manufacture non-ferrous metals
Manufacture of other fabricated metals &
fixtures
Structural metal industries
Oth. metal industries
Manufacture industries mach.
Manufacture household machinery
Manufacture radio, TV etc.
Manufacture electrical appliances etc.
Manufacture other electrical mach,.
Public Higher Education
Domestic
Import
Total
0.0010
0.0022
0.0032
0.0001
0.0004
0.0005
0.0005
0.0019
0.0024
0.0001
0.0000
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0009
0.0004
0.0014
0.0022
0.0046
0.0069
0.0010
0.0004
0.0014
0.0054
0.0111
0.0165
0.0000
0.0009
0.0009
0.0002
0.0013
0.0015
0.0005
0.0004
0.0009
0.0020
0.0008
0.0028
0.0002
0.0003
0.0005
0.0001
0.0004
0.0005
0.0012
0.0053
0.0065
0.0008
0.0005
0.0013
0.0001
0.0001
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0012
0.0015
0.0027
0.0004
0.0002
0.0006
0.0001
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0000
0.0003
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0025
0.0055
0.0080
0.0005
0.0009
0.0014
0.0020
0.0045
0.0066
0.0083
0.0017
0.0100
0.0001
0.0001
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0006
0.0028
0.0034
0.0002
0.0002
0.0004
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
0.0146
0.0376
0.0522
0.0595
0.0164
0.0759
0.0020
0.0238
0.0257
0.0012
0.0019
0.0031
0.0002
0.0017
0.0019
0.0002
0.0003
0.0005
0.0009
0.0052
0.0061
0.0087
0.0166
0.0253
0.0000
0.0002
0.0003
0.0005
0.0009
0.0014
0.0010
0.0059
0.0069
0.0003
0.0014
0.0017
0.0001
0.0005
0.0006
0.0002
0.0009
0.0011
0.0004
0.0014
0.0018
0.0017
0.0143
0.0160
0.0005
0.0110
0.0115
0.0002
0.0004
0.0008
0.0033
0.0014
0.0018
0.0006
0.0021
0.0008
0.0008
0.0059
0.0093
0.0070
0.0258
0.0006
0.0092
0.0010
0.0012
0.0067
0.0126
0.0084
0.0276
0.0012
0.0113
Private Higher Education
Domestic
Import
Total
0.0010
0.0021
0.0032
0.0001
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0018
0.0023
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0009
0.0004
0.0013
0.0031
0.0045
0.0076
0.0010
0.0003
0.0013
0.0129
0.0111
0.0240
0.0000
0.0008
0.0008
0.0005
0.0007
0.0011
0.0007
0.0004
0.0011
0.0003
0.0005
0.0008
0.0002
0.0003
0.0005
0.0002
0.0003
0.0005
0.0012
0.0049
0.0061
0.0009
0.0004
0.0013
0.0002
0.0001
0.0003
0.0001
0.0001
0.0002
0.0001
0.0000
0.0001
0.0016
0.0012
0.0029
0.0004
0.0002
0.0005
0.0002
0.0001
0.0003
0.0004
0.0000
0.0004
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0012
0.0027
0.0038
0.0003
0.0048
0.0051
0.0006
0.0002
0.0008
0.0024
0.0005
0.0029
0.0001
0.0001
0.0002
0.0001
0.0000
0.0001
0.0009
0.0030
0.0039
0.0001
0.0001
0.0003
0.0002
0.0002
0.0004
0.0243
0.0487
0.0730
0.0797
0.0059
0.0855
0.0021
0.0224
0.0246
0.0016
0.0017
0.0033
0.0001
0.0001
0.0002
0.0001
0.0002
0.0004
0.0011
0.0052
0.0063
0.0122
0.0157
0.0279
0.0000
0.0002
0.0003
0.0006
0.0007
0.0014
0.0009
0.0040
0.0049
0.0004
0.0007
0.0011
0.0002
0.0003
0.0005
0.0004
0.0003
0.0008
0.0007
0.0006
0.0013
0.0017
0.0114
0.0131
0.0006
0.0103
0.0109
0.0009
0.0005
0.0009
0.0009
0.0084
0.0029
0.0019
0.0030
0.0013
0.0005
0.0058
0.0087
0.0069
0.0326
0.0002
0.0074
0.0022
0.0010
0.0067
0.0096
0.0153
0.0355
0.0021
0.0104
57
ACTIVITY
Ship- & boat building
Manufacture motor vehicle
Manufacture cycles, motorc.
Manufacture oth. transp. eq.
Manufacture instr. & clocks
Other manufacturing
Electricity & gas
Waterworks
Building, construction
Wholes.&retail trade
Hotels & restaurants
Transport
Communication
Banks
Oth. financial inst.
Insurance
Real estate
Ownership dwellings
Business services
Education - Private
Education - Public
Health - Private
Health - Public
Pr. non-profit inst.
Entertainment
Radio & TV broadcasting
Recreation
Rep. motor veh.
Other repair
Recycling
Other private services
Public administration
Public order
Defence
Other public administration
Output Multiplier
Public Higher Education
Domestic
Import
Total
0.0003
0.0004
0.0007
0.0017
0.0023
0.0041
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
0.0001
0.0005
0.0006
0.0002
0.0079
0.0081
0.0078
0.0064
0.0143
0.0448
0.0072
0.0520
0.0065
0.0007
0.0072
0.0038
0.0172
0.0211
0.0563
0.0169
0.0732
0.0170
0.0030
0.0200
0.0132
0.0117
0.0250
0.0130
0.0059
0.0189
0.0012
0.0019
0.0031
0.0005
0.0008
0.0012
0.0013
0.0012
0.0025
0.0911
0.0036
0.0947
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0173
0.0404
0.0578
0.0001
0.0000
0.0001
1.0002
0.0000
1.0002
0.0001
0.0001
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0000
0.0001
0.0010
0.0002
0.0012
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0004
0.0003
0.0007
0.0017
0.0004
0.0020
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0018
0.0018
0.0058
0.0000
0.0058
0.0010
0.0001
0.0011
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0009
0.0002
0.0011
1.4228
0.3801
1.8030
Private Higher Education
Domestic
Import
Total
0.0005
0.0004
0.0009
0.0046
0.0036
0.0082
0.0001
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
0.0005
0.0008
0.0002
0.0008
0.0011
0.0027
0.0025
0.0052
0.0310
0.0068
0.0379
0.0050
0.0007
0.0057
0.0083
0.0046
0.0129
0.0512
0.0152
0.0663
0.0156
0.0025
0.0181
0.0155
0.0112
0.0267
0.0285
0.0056
0.0340
0.0021
0.0017
0.0038
0.0005
0.0005
0.0010
0.0014
0.0010
0.0023
0.0908
0.0042
0.0950
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0158
0.0208
0.0366
1.0001
0.0217
1.0218
0.0002
0.0000
0.0002
0.0001
0.0000
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0000
0.0001
0.0004
0.0002
0.0006
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0004
0.0002
0.0006
0.0038
0.0003
0.0041
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0016
0.0016
0.0002
0.0000
0.0002
0.0010
0.0001
0.0011
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0008
0.0001
0.0010
0.3415
1.4595
1.8010
58
APPENDIX C
Table C.1: Import coefficient of private higher education
Sectors
Manufacture Other Food
Manufacture soap etc.
Oth. chem. industries
Petrol & coal industries
Manufacture of other fabricated metals & fixtures
Manufacture household machinery
Other manufacturing
Manuf, yarns, cloth
Manufacture knitted fabrics
Paper & board industries
Printing
Business services
Education - Private
Total Import Coefficient
Import
Coefficient
0.000051
0.000010
0.000002
0.000111
0.000982
0.001092
0.002341
0.000023
0.001085
0.002775
0.000950
0.014948
0.170512
0.194882
Total Import
Coefficient
Scale Factor
0.000051
4.503176
0.004537
0.619052
0.004834
3.586688
0.185461
0.194882
0.124418
Scaled
Import
Coefficient
0.000227
0.000006
0.000001
0.000069
0.000608
0.000676
0.001449
0.000084
0.003890
0.009954
0.003409
0.001860
0.021215
0.043448
59
Table C.2: Import coefficients of public higher education
Activity
Agriculture other
Dairy production
Preservation of fruits &veg.
Pres. of seafood
Meat & meat production
Grain mills
Bakeries
Manufacture other food
Prod. of soft drinks
Livestock breeding etc.
Forestry & logging
Stone, clay & sand quarrying
Manufacture oils and fats
Manufacture animal feeds
Sawmills
Manufacture oth. wooden pr.
Manufacture industries chemic.
Manufacture paints & lacq.
Manufacture soap etc.
Oth. chem. industries
Petrol & coal industries
Rubber industries
China & glass industries
Manufacture clay products
Oth. non-met. Manufacture
Iron & steel industries
Manufacture non-ferrous metals
Manufacture of other fabricated metals & fixtures
Manufacture industries mach.
Manufacture household machinery
Manufacture radio, TV etc.
Manufacture electrical appliances etc.
Manufacture other electrical mach,.
Ship- & boat building
Manufacture motor vehicle
Manufacture oth. transp. eq.
Manufacture instr. & clocks
Building, construction
Other manufacturing
Manuf, yarns, cloth
Manufacture knitted fabrics
Manufacture other textiles
Manufacture wearing appar.
Paper & board industries
Printing
Manufacture drugs & medicines
Business services
Total
Import
Coefficient
0.000019
0.000042
0.000164
0.000213
0.000211
0.000107
0.000002
0.003959
0.000001
0.000018
0.000002
0.000025
0.000000
0.000031
0.000065
0.000029
0.000125
0.000045
0.000015
0.000249
0.000314
0.000052
0.000002
0.000033
0.000000
0.000029
0.000003
0.000035
0.000423
0.000014
0.000104
0.000540
0.001243
0.000000
0.000000
0.000121
0.007344
0.018131
0.006839
0.000197
0.000000
0.000530
0.000152
0.000423
0.001986
0.000176
0.014002
0.058014
Total Import
Coefficient
Scaled
Factor
0.004717
0.089216
0.035831
0.687029
0.003464
0.014002
0.058014
7.567117
1.283157
Scaled
Import
Coefficient
0.000002
0.000004
0.000015
0.000019
0.000019
0.000010
0.000000
0.000353
0.000000
0.000013
0.000001
0.000017
0.000000
0.000021
0.000045
0.000020
0.000086
0.000031
0.000010
0.000171
0.000215
0.000036
0.000001
0.000023
0.000000
0.000020
0.000002
0.000024
0.000291
0.000010
0.000072
0.000371
0.000854
0.000000
0.000000
0.000083
0.005046
0.012456
0.004698
0.001487
0.000002
0.004014
0.001147
0.003202
0.015028
0.001331
0.017967
0.069216
60
APPENDIX D
Table D.1: Forward and backward linkages of private higher education
ACTIVITY
Agriculture other
Rubber planting
Oil Palm estates
Coconut
Tea estates
Livestock breeding etc.
Forestry & logging
Fishing
Crude petrol, natural gas & coal
Metal ore mining
Stone, clay & sand quarrying
Meat & meat production
Dairy production
Preservation of fruits &veg.
Pres. of seafood
Manufacture oils and fats
Grain mills
Bakeries
Manufacture confect.
Manufacture of ice
Manufacture other food
Manufacture animal feeds
Prod. wine and spirits
Prod. of soft drinks
Manufacture tobacco
Manuf, yarns, cloth
Manufacture knitted fabrics
Manufacture other textiles
Manufacture wearing appar.
Leather industries
Manufacture footwear
Sawmills
Manufacture oth. wooden pr.
Manufacture of furniture
Paper & board industries
Printing
Manufacture industries chemic.
Manufacture paints & lacq.
Manufacture drugs & medicines
Manufacture soap etc.
Oth. chem. industries
Petrol & coal industries
Rubber proc.
Rubber industries
Manufacture plastic products
China & glass industries
Manufacture clay products
Manufacture cement etc.
Oth. non-met. Manufacture
Iron & steel industries
Manufacture non-ferrous metals
Manufacture of other fabricated metals & fixtures
Structural metal industries
Oth. metal industries
Forward Linkage
Backward Linkage
Median = 1.5758
4.6593
1.8827
2.7825
1.0243
1.0123
2.3743
3.4517
2.0602
6.8426
1.6435
1.8658
1.3845
1.6768
1.3119
1.2129
5.6526
1.6117
1.1736
1.6534
1.1160
2.0720
1.9916
1.3060
1.0517
1.0511
2.4137
1.3272
1.2299
1.3281
1.2491
1.0682
1.6919
1.1624
1.1638
5.7747
1.5634
11.0501
1.5196
1.5899
1.2357
3.1692
9.7837
1.2669
2.0024
3.5140
1.8037
1.1926
1.7173
1.4635
8.8210
6.5847
1.3921
1.4814
3.4732
Median = 2.6176
1.6908
1.1985
1.6275
1.1389
1.6751
3.2114
1.6117
1.9545
1.3842
2.6350
1.9505
3.5155
3.1472
2.9821
2.7459
3.5139
2.6752
2.7727
3.1018
2.0183
2.7522
3.2150
2.1403
3.1720
2.4998
2.9524
2.7977
2.6897
3.0058
3.1504
2.9626
2.4113
2.6193
2.8428
2.8819
2.8011
2.9129
3.1487
2.4578
2.8628
2.1601
2.3567
2.6176
2.3136
2.7599
2.2353
2.4536
2.6250
2.7911
3.7451
3.5076
3.2723
3.2750
3.2436
61
ACTIVITY
Manufacture radio, TV etc.
Manufacture electrical appliances etc.
Manufacture other electrical mach,.
Ship- & boat building
Manufacture motor vehicle
Manufacture cycles, motorc.
Manufacture oth. transp. eq.
Manufacture instr. & clocks
Other manufacturing
Electricity & gas
Waterworks
Building, construction
Wholes.&retail trade
Hotels & restaurants
Transport
Communication
Banks
Oth. financial inst.
Insurance
Real estate
Ownership dwellings
Business services
Education - Higher private
Education - Public
Health - Private
Health - Public
Pr. non-profit inst.
Entertainment
Radio & TV broadcasting
Recreation
Rep. motor veh.
Other repair
Recycling
Other private services
Public administration
Public order
Defence
Other public administration
Forward Linkage
Median = 1.5758
9.2965
1.2428
3.7110
1.2814
2.8977
1.9041
1.5430
1.8898
1.7007
6.0609
1.5511
3.3917
10.3541
2.7342
5.5767
3.2587
1.5758
1.3878
1.4544
2.8850
1.0000
7.6232
1.0366
1.0266
1.0505
1.0077
1.0127
1.1312
1.0016
1.1327
1.2414
1.0140
2.0663
1.2527
1.1442
1.0001
1.0067
1.1406
Backward Linkage
Median = 2.6176
3.6711
3.1773
3.3346
2.6126
3.1145
3.6294
2.0425
3.1943
3.1327
1.8254
2.2306
2.8338
1.5692
2.5690
2.5995
2.0817
1.3989
1.8299
1.7415
1.7043
1.0429
2.2937
1.8010
1.4362
2.2108
2.1177
2.4343
2.0513
2.7399
1.9008
2.7089
2.3310
3.2238
2.2606
2.0967
1.6107
2.4285
2.1468
62
Table D.2: List of industries of backward and forward linkages for private higher education model
Backward Linkages
High
Low
Meat & meat production
Preservation of fruits &veg.
Pres. of seafood
Bakeries
Prod. of soft drinks
Manufacture knitted fabrics
Manufacture other textiles
Manufacture wearing appar.
Leather industries
Manufacture footwear
Manufacture oth. wooden pr.
Manufacture of furniture
Printing
Manufacture paints & lacq.
Manufacture soap etc.
Oth. non-met. Manufacture
Manufacture of other fabricated metals & fixtures
Structural metal industries
Manufacture electrical appliances etc.
Radio & TV broadcasting
Rep. motor veh.
Coconut
Tea estates
Manufacture of ice
Prod. wine and spirits
Manufacture tobacco
Rubber proc.
Manufacture clay products
Ship- & boat building
Manufacture oth. transp. eq.
Waterworks
Banks
Oth. financial inst.
Insurance
Ownership dwellings
Higher Education - Private
Education - Public
Health - Private
Health - Public
Pr. non-profit inst.
Entertainment
Recreation
Other repair
Other private services
Public administration
Public order
Defence
Other public administration
Low
Livestock breeding etc.
Metal ore mining
Dairy production
Manufacture oils and fats
Grain mills
Manufacture confect.
Manufacture other food
Manufacture animal feeds
Manuf, yarns, cloth
Paper & board industries
Manufacture industries chemic.
Manufacture plastic products
Manufacture cement etc.
Iron & steel industries
Manufacture non-ferrous metals
Oth. metal industries
Manufacture household machinery
Manufacture radio, TV etc.
Manufacture other electrical mach,.
Manufacture motor vehicle
Manufacture cycles, motorc.
Manufacture instr. & clocks
Other manufacturing
Building, construction
Recycling
Agriculture other
Rubber planting
Oil Palm estates
Forestry & logging
Fishing
Crude petrol, natural gas & coal
Stone, clay & sand quarrying
Sawmills
Manufacture drugs & medicines
Oth. chem. industries
Petrol & coal industries
Rubber industries
China & glass industries
Manufacture industries mach.
Electricity & gas
Wholes.&retail trade
Hotels & restaurants
Transport
Communication
Real estate
Business services
High
Forward Linkages
63
Table D.3: Values of forward and backward linkages of public higher education
ACTIVITY
Agriculture other
Rubber planting
Oil Palm estates
Coconut
Tea estates
Livestock breeding etc.
Forestry & logging
Fishing
Crude petrol, natural gas & coal
Metal ore mining
Stone, clay & sand quarrying
Meat & meat production
Dairy production
Preservation of fruits &veg.
Pres. of seafood
Manufacture oils and fats
Grain mills
Bakeries
Manufacture confect.
Manufacture of ice
Manufacture other food
Manufacture animal feeds
Prod. wine and spirits
Prod. of soft drinks
Manufacture tobacco
Manuf, yarns, cloth
Manufacture knitted fabrics
Manufacture other textiles
Manufacture wearing appar.
Leather industries
Manufacture footwear
Sawmills
Manufacture oth. wooden pr.
Manufacture of furniture
Paper & board industries
Printing
Manufacture industries chemic.
Manufacture paints & lacq.
Manufacture drugs & medicines
Manufacture soap etc.
Oth. chem. industries
Petrol & coal industries
Rubber proc.
Rubber industries
Manufacture plastic products
China & glass industries
Manufacture clay products
Manufacture cement etc.
Oth. non-met. Manufacture
Iron & steel industries
Manufacture non-ferrous metals
Manufacture of other fabricated metals & fixtures
Structural metal industries
Oth. metal industries
Manufacture industries mach.
Manufacture household machinery
Manufacture radio, TV etc.
Forward Linkage
Median = 1.2401
2.3920
1.5093
1.9349
1.0073
1.0021
2.2064
2.6674
1.9148
2.9211
1.0664
1.4446
1.2084
1.3681
1.1177
1.0805
3.0835
1.3237
1.1103
1.1853
1.1119
1.4954
1.8890
1.2298
1.0421
1.0506
1.4195
1.1259
1.0644
1.2401
1.0345
1.0401
1.3866
1.1008
1.1073
2.4838
1.4450
2.8879
1.1714
1.0601
1.0870
1.4576
4.0108
1.1678
1.6820
1.8463
1.4855
1.0993
1.5251
1.2551
2.6996
1.2180
1.1474
1.2632
1.8722
1.4836
1.4580
1.4401
Backward Linkage
Median = 2.6176
1.6909
1.1985
1.6276
1.1389
1.6752
3.2114
1.6117
1.9546
1.3844
2.6352
1.9508
3.5157
3.1473
2.9822
2.7460
3.5140
2.6753
2.7728
3.1019
2.0186
2.7525
3.2151
2.1403
3.1722
2.4998
2.9525
2.7978
2.6898
3.0060
3.1505
2.9627
2.4114
2.6194
2.8428
2.8820
2.8012
2.9130
3.1488
2.4579
2.8629
2.1602
2.3568
2.6176
2.3137
2.7600
2.2354
2.4537
2.6252
2.7912
3.7453
3.5077
3.2724
3.2751
3.2437
2.1872
3.9195
3.6713
64
ACTIVITY
Ship- & boat building
Manufacture motor vehicle
Manufacture cycles, motorc.
Manufacture oth. transp. eq.
Manufacture instr. & clocks
Other manufacturing
Electricity & gas
Waterworks
Building, construction
Wholes.&retail trade
Hotels & restaurants
Transport
Communication
Banks
Oth. financial inst.
Insurance
Real estate
Ownership dwellings
Business services
Education - Private
Higher Education - Public
Health - Private
Health - Public
Pr. non-profit inst.
Entertainment
Radio & TV broadcasting
Recreation
Rep. motor veh.
Other repair
Recycling
Other private services
Public administration
Public order
Defence
Other public administration
Forward Linkage
Median = 1.2401
1.1777
1.7163
1.7271
1.0342
1.1073
1.3202
4.3495
1.3973
2.0959
6.5308
2.1678
2.9801
2.3287
1.2394
1.2543
1.1803
2.3398
1.0000
3.2812
1.0102
1.0199
1.0187
1.0070
1.0113
1.0724
1.0015
1.0783
1.1789
1.0096
1.0037
1.2466
1.1287
1.0001
1.0067
1.1153
Backward Linkage
Median = 2.6176
2.6127
3.1146
3.6295
2.0426
3.1944
3.1328
1.8262
2.2325
2.8340
1.5693
2.5691
2.5996
2.0818
1.3990
1.8300
1.7416
1.7047
1.0429
2.2939
2.1258
1.8030
2.2110
2.1178
2.4348
2.0516
2.7403
1.9009
2.7090
2.3311
3.2240
2.2608
2.0969
1.6107
2.4286
2.1470
65
Table D.4: List of industries of backward and forward linkages for public higher education model
Backward Linkages
High
Low
Meat & meat production
Preservation of fruits &veg.
Pres. of seafood
Bakeries
Prod. of soft drinks
Manufacture knitted fabrics
Manufacture other textiles
Manufacture wearing appar.
Leather industries
Manufacture footwear
Manufacture oth. wooden pr.
Manufacture of furniture
Printing
Manufacture paints & lacq.
Manufacture soap etc.
Oth. non-met. Manufacture
Manufacture of other fabricated metals & fixtures
Structural metal industries
Manufacture electrical appliances etc.
Radio & TV broadcasting
Rep. motor veh.
Coconut
Tea estates
Manufacture of ice
Prod. wine and spirits
Manufacture tobacco
Rubber proc.
Manufacture clay products
Ship- & boat building
Manufacture oth. transp. eq.
Waterworks
Banks
Oth. financial inst.
Insurance
Ownership dwellings
Higher Education - Public
Education - Private
Health - Private
Health - Public
Pr. non-profit inst.
Entertainment
Recreation
Other repair
Other private services
Public administration
Public order
Defence
Other public administration
Low
Livestock breeding etc.
Metal ore mining
Dairy production
Manufacture oils and fats
Grain mills
Manufacture confect.
Manufacture other food
Manufacture animal feeds
Manuf, yarns, cloth
Paper & board industries
Manufacture industries chemic.
Manufacture plastic products
Manufacture cement etc.
Iron & steel industries
Manufacture non-ferrous metals
Oth. metal industries
Manufacture household machinery
Manufacture radio, TV etc.
Manufacture other electrical mach,.
Manufacture motor vehicle
Manufacture cycles, motorc.
Manufacture instr. & clocks
Other manufacturing
Building, construction
Recycling
Agriculture other
Rubber planting
Oil Palm estates
Forestry & logging
Fishing
Crude petrol, natural gas & coal
Stone, clay & sand quarrying
Sawmills
Manufacture drugs & medicines
Oth. chem. industries
Petrol & coal industries
Rubber industries
China & glass industries
Manufacture industries mach.
Electricity & gas
Wholes.&retail trade
Hotels & restaurants
Transport
Communication
Real estate
Business services
High
Forward Linkages
66
APPENDIX E
Table E.1: Simple and total income multiplier of private higher education
Industries
Direct
Agriculture other
Rubber planting
Oil Palm estates
Coconut
Tea estates
Livestock breeding etc.
Forestry & logging
Fishing
Crude petrol, natural gas & coal
Metal ore mining
Stone, clay & sand quarrying
Meat & meat production
Dairy production
Preservation of fruits &veg.
Pres. of seafood
Manufacture oils and fats
Grain mills
Bakeries
Manufacture confect.
Manufacture of ice
Manufacture other food
Manufacture animal feeds
Prod. wine and spirits
Prod. of soft drinks
Manufacture tobacco
Manuf, yarns, cloth
Manufacture knitted fabrics
Manufacture other textiles
Manufacture wearing appar.
Leather industries
Manufacture footwear
Sawmills
Manufacture oth. wooden pr.
Manufacture of furniture
Paper & board industries
Printing
Manufacture industries chemic.
Manufacture paints & lacq.
Manufacture drugs & medicines
Manufacture soap etc.
Oth. chem. industries
Petrol & coal industries
Rubber proc.
Rubber industries
Manufacture plastic products
China & glass industries
Manufacture clay products
Manufacture cement etc.
Oth. non-met. Manufacture
Iron & steel industries
Manufacture non-ferrous metals
Manufacture of other fabricated metals & fixtures
Structural metal industries
Oth. metal industries
Manufacture industries mach.
Manufacture household machinery
0.7112
0.9243
0.7436
0.9482
0.7338
0.2608
0.7374
0.5679
0.8340
0.3085
0.5779
0.1641
0.2306
0.1711
0.1516
0.0948
0.0688
0.3019
0.1805
0.5084
0.2241
0.1201
0.4685
0.1703
0.1777
0.2328
0.2916
0.3229
0.2576
0.2163
0.2054
0.2414
0.2444
0.2720
0.2636
0.3056
0.2515
0.2041
0.3565
0.2492
0.5071
0.2245
0.0862
0.3701
0.3241
0.4752
0.3779
0.3032
0.2562
0.1161
0.2014
0.2502
0.2800
0.2384
0.5456
0.1218
Simple Income
Multiplier
0.8518
0.9626
0.8668
0.9664
0.8331
0.5886
0.8381
0.8506
0.8775
0.6317
0.7652
0.6217
0.5689
0.4749
0.7334
0.7707
0.5983
0.5707
0.4867
0.8123
0.6171
0.2918
0.7401
0.4624
0.3852
0.4943
0.4426
0.5212
0.4700
0.5500
0.5065
0.7708
0.7189
0.5893
0.5198
0.5584
0.6075
0.5309
0.6075
0.5085
0.7416
0.6401
0.6999
0.6283
0.5137
0.7146
0.6984
0.6418
0.6418
0.3252
0.3446
0.4247
0.4635
0.4584
0.6644
0.2372
Total Income
Multiplier
1.9719
2.2283
2.0065
2.2371
1.9285
1.3624
1.9402
1.9689
2.0314
1.4623
1.7714
1.4391
1.3170
1.0994
1.6976
1.7840
1.3849
1.3210
1.1267
1.8805
1.4285
0.6755
1.7132
1.0704
0.8917
1.1442
1.0246
1.2066
1.0879
1.2732
1.1724
1.7844
1.6641
1.3641
1.2033
1.2927
1.4063
1.2289
1.4063
1.1771
1.7167
1.4816
1.6201
1.4544
1.1891
1.6541
1.6167
1.4856
1.4857
0.7529
0.7977
0.9831
1.0730
1.0610
1.5380
0.5492
Type I
1.1976
1.0414
1.1657
1.0192
1.1353
2.2567
1.1365
1.4978
1.0522
2.0475
1.3243
3.7886
2.4676
2.7750
4.8359
8.1263
8.6912
1.8903
2.6968
1.5977
2.7539
2.4297
1.5796
2.7161
2.1673
2.1229
1.5176
1.6142
1.8247
2.5428
2.4657
3.1933
2.9411
2.1668
1.9722
1.8274
2.4154
2.6011
1.7043
2.0405
1.4625
2.8510
8.1199
1.6976
1.5851
1.5038
1.8482
2.1166
2.5051
2.8005
1.7108
1.6972
1.6556
1.9223
1.2178
1.9478
Type II
2.7724
2.4107
2.6985
2.3594
2.6281
5.2241
2.6309
3.4673
2.4357
4.7398
3.0655
8.7701
5.7123
6.4237
11.1944
18.8113
20.1190
4.3757
6.2428
3.6984
6.3748
5.6244
3.6565
6.2874
5.0170
4.9141
3.5130
3.7366
4.2239
5.8861
5.7078
7.3920
6.8082
5.0159
4.5655
4.2301
5.5914
6.0213
3.9452
4.7234
3.3855
6.5996
18.7964
3.9298
3.6692
3.4812
4.2784
4.8995
5.7989
6.4828
3.9602
3.9288
3.8324
4.4499
2.8190
4.5090
67
Industries
Direct
Manufacture radio, TV etc.
Manufacture electrical appliances etc.
Manufacture other electrical mach,.
Ship- & boat building
Manufacture motor vehicle
Manufacture cycles, motorc.
Manufacture oth. transp. eq.
Manufacture instr. & clocks
Other manufacturing
Electricity & gas
Waterworks
Building, construction
Wholes.&retail trade
Hotels & restaurants
Transport
Communication
Banks
Oth. financial inst.
Insurance
Real estate
Ownership dwellings
Business services
Private Higher Education
Education - Public
Health - Private
Health - Public
Pr. non-profit inst.
Entertainment
Radio & TV broadcasting
Recreation
Rep. motor veh.
Other repair
Recycling
Other private services
Public administration
Public order
Defence
Other public administration
0.1842
0.1977
0.2450
0.3863
0.1937
0.1683
0.5654
0.2614
0.2869
0.6343
0.5011
0.3180
0.7354
0.3547
0.3475
0.5837
0.7888
0.5892
0.6369
0.5555
0.9849
0.4902
0.6371
0.8296
0.4752
0.5452
0.3847
0.4766
0.2221
0.6135
0.3371
0.5101
0.2880
0.4188
0.5165
0.7455
0.3943
0.5162
Simple Income
Multiplier
0.3116
0.3845
0.4086
0.5018
0.3844
0.4874
0.6770
0.4238
0.5034
0.8198
0.7693
0.5883
0.8465
0.6618
0.5926
0.7075
0.8818
0.8454
0.8349
0.8173
0.9938
0.6504
0.8513
0.9002
0.6397
0.6580
0.7709
0.8135
0.7420
0.8220
0.5356
0.6886
0.5181
0.6752
0.7381
0.8703
0.5939
0.7155
Total Income
Multiplier
0.7213
0.8900
0.9459
1.1615
0.8899
1.1282
1.5672
0.9810
1.1653
1.8978
1.7809
1.3618
1.9596
1.5319
1.3719
1.6379
2.0412
1.9570
1.9327
1.8920
2.3004
1.5057
1.9706
2.0838
1.4808
1.5233
1.7845
1.8832
1.7176
1.9028
1.2398
1.5941
1.1994
1.5630
1.7086
2.0146
1.3747
1.6563
Type I
1.6917
1.9450
1.6682
1.2991
1.9849
2.8956
1.1974
1.6213
1.7546
1.2925
1.5352
1.8501
1.1511
1.8660
1.7052
1.2123
1.1178
1.4347
1.3109
1.4713
1.0090
1.3270
1.3361
1.0851
1.3460
1.2070
2.0040
1.7070
3.3403
1.3398
1.5888
1.3499
1.7990
1.6122
1.4289
1.1674
1.5062
1.3862
Type II
3.9160
4.5023
3.8616
3.0072
4.5949
6.7029
2.7718
3.7532
4.0616
2.9920
3.5539
4.2827
2.6646
4.3195
3.9474
2.8062
2.5876
3.3211
3.0347
3.4058
2.3357
3.0718
3.0929
2.5119
3.1159
2.7941
4.6389
3.9515
7.7324
3.1015
3.6778
3.1248
4.1644
3.7321
3.3077
2.7023
3.4866
3.2088
68
Table E.2: Direct, indirect and total income multiplier effects of private higher education
Industries
Agriculture other
Rubber planting
Oil Palm estates
Coconut
Tea estates
Livestock breeding etc.
Forestry & logging
Fishing
Crude petrol, natural gas & coal
Metal ore mining
Stone, clay & sand quarrying
Meat & meat production
Dairy production
Preservation of fruits &veg.
Pres. of seafood
Manufacture oils and fats
Grain mills
Bakeries
Manufacture confect.
Manufacture of ice
Manufacture other food
Manufacture animal feeds
Prod. wine and spirits
Prod. of soft drinks
Manufacture tobacco
Manuf, yarns, cloth
Manufacture knitted fabrics
Manufacture other textiles
Manufacture wearing appar.
Leather industries
Manufacture footwear
Sawmills
Manufacture oth. wooden pr.
Manufacture of furniture
Paper & board industries
Printing
Manufacture industries chemic.
Manufacture paints & lacq.
Manufacture drugs & medicines
Manufacture soap etc.
Oth. chem. industries
Petrol & coal industries
Rubber proc.
Rubber industries
Manufacture plastic products
China & glass industries
Manufacture clay products
Manufacture cement etc.
Oth. non-met. Manufacture
Iron & steel industries
Manufacture non-ferrous metals
Manufacture of other fabricated metals & fixtures
Structural metal industries
Oth. metal industries
Manufacture industries mach.
Manufacture household machinery
Manufacture radio, TV etc.
Manufacture electrical appliances etc.
Manufacture other electrical mach,.
Ship- & boat building
Manufacture motor vehicle
Direct
0.7112
0.9243
0.7436
0.9482
0.7338
0.2608
0.7374
0.5679
0.8340
0.3085
0.5779
0.1641
0.2306
0.1711
0.1516
0.0948
0.0688
0.3019
0.1805
0.5084
0.2241
0.1201
0.4685
0.1703
0.1777
0.2328
0.2916
0.3229
0.2576
0.2163
0.2054
0.2414
0.2444
0.2720
0.2636
0.3056
0.2515
0.2041
0.3565
0.2492
0.5071
0.2245
0.0862
0.3701
0.3241
0.4752
0.3779
0.3032
0.2562
0.1161
0.2014
0.2502
0.2800
0.2384
0.5456
0.1218
0.1842
0.1977
0.2450
0.3863
0.1937
Indirect
0.1406
0.0383
0.1232
0.0182
0.0993
0.3278
0.1007
0.2827
0.0436
0.3232
0.1874
0.4576
0.3384
0.3038
0.5817
0.6758
0.5294
0.2688
0.3062
0.3039
0.3930
0.1717
0.2715
0.2922
0.2075
0.2614
0.1510
0.1983
0.2124
0.3337
0.3011
0.5294
0.4745
0.3173
0.2563
0.2528
0.3560
0.3268
0.2510
0.2593
0.2345
0.4156
0.6137
0.2582
0.1896
0.2394
0.3205
0.3386
0.3856
0.2091
0.1432
0.1745
0.1835
0.2199
0.1188
0.1154
0.1274
0.1868
0.1637
0.1155
0.1908
Induced
1.1200
1.2657
1.1397
1.2707
1.0954
0.7739
1.1020
1.1184
1.1538
0.8306
1.0062
0.8174
0.7480
0.6244
0.9643
1.0133
0.7866
0.7503
0.6400
1.0681
0.8114
0.3837
0.9731
0.6080
0.5065
0.6499
0.5820
0.6854
0.6179
0.7232
0.6659
1.0135
0.9453
0.7748
0.6835
0.7342
0.7988
0.6980
0.7988
0.6686
0.9751
0.8416
0.9202
0.8261
0.6754
0.9396
0.9183
0.8438
0.8439
0.4276
0.4531
0.5584
0.6095
0.6027
0.8736
0.3119
0.4097
0.5055
0.5373
0.6598
0.5055
Total
1.9719
2.2283
2.0065
2.2371
1.9285
1.3624
1.9402
1.9689
2.0314
1.4623
1.7714
1.4391
1.3170
1.0994
1.6976
1.7840
1.3849
1.3210
1.1267
1.8805
1.4285
0.6755
1.7132
1.0704
0.8917
1.1442
1.0246
1.2066
1.0879
1.2732
1.1724
1.7844
1.6641
1.3641
1.2033
1.2927
1.4063
1.2289
1.4063
1.1771
1.7167
1.4816
1.6201
1.4544
1.1891
1.6541
1.6167
1.4856
1.4857
0.7529
0.7977
0.9831
1.0730
1.0610
1.5380
0.5492
0.7213
0.8900
0.9459
1.1615
0.8899
Type I
1.1976
1.0414
1.1657
1.0192
1.1353
2.2567
1.1365
1.4978
1.0522
2.0475
1.3243
3.7886
2.4676
2.7750
4.8359
8.1263
8.6912
1.8903
2.6968
1.5977
2.7539
2.4297
1.5796
2.7161
2.1673
2.1229
1.5176
1.6142
1.8247
2.5428
2.4657
3.1933
2.9411
2.1668
1.9722
1.8274
2.4154
2.6011
1.7043
2.0405
1.4625
2.8510
8.1199
1.6976
1.5851
1.5038
1.8482
2.1166
2.5051
2.8005
1.7108
1.6972
1.6556
1.9223
1.2178
1.9478
1.6917
1.9450
1.6682
1.2991
1.9849
Type II
2.7724
2.4107
2.6985
2.3594
2.6281
5.2241
2.6309
3.4673
2.4357
4.7398
3.0655
8.7701
5.7123
6.4237
11.1944
18.8113
20.1190
4.3757
6.2428
3.6984
6.3748
5.6244
3.6565
6.2874
5.0170
4.9141
3.5130
3.7366
4.2239
5.8861
5.7078
7.3920
6.8082
5.0159
4.5655
4.2301
5.5914
6.0213
3.9452
4.7234
3.3855
6.5996
18.7964
3.9298
3.6692
3.4812
4.2784
4.8995
5.7989
6.4828
3.9602
3.9288
3.8324
4.4499
2.8190
4.5090
3.9160
4.5023
3.8616
3.0072
4.5949
69
Industries
Manufacture cycles, motorc.
Manufacture oth. transp. eq.
Manufacture instr. & clocks
Other manufacturing
Electricity & gas
Waterworks
Building, construction
Wholes.&retail trade
Hotels & restaurants
Transport
Communication
Banks
Oth. financial inst.
Insurance
Real estate
Ownership dwellings
Business services
Private Higher Education
Education - Public
Health - Private
Health - Public
Pr. non-profit inst.
Entertainment
Radio & TV broadcasting
Recreation
Rep. motor veh.
Other repair
Recycling
Other private services
Public administration
Public order
Defence
Other public administration
Direct
0.1683
0.5654
0.2614
0.2869
0.6343
0.5011
0.3180
0.7354
0.3547
0.3475
0.5837
0.7888
0.5892
0.6369
0.5555
0.9849
0.4902
0.6371
0.8296
0.4752
0.5452
0.3847
0.4766
0.2221
0.6135
0.3371
0.5101
0.2880
0.4188
0.5165
0.7455
0.3943
0.5162
Indirect
0.3191
0.1116
0.1624
0.2165
0.1855
0.2682
0.2703
0.1111
0.3071
0.2451
0.1239
0.0929
0.2561
0.1980
0.2618
0.0089
0.1603
0.2141
0.0706
0.1644
0.1129
0.3862
0.3370
0.5199
0.2085
0.1985
0.1785
0.2301
0.2564
0.2216
0.1248
0.1996
0.1993
Induced
0.6408
0.8902
0.5572
0.6619
1.0780
1.0116
0.7735
1.1131
0.8701
0.7792
0.9303
1.1594
1.1116
1.0978
1.0747
1.3067
0.8552
1.1193
1.1836
0.8411
0.8652
1.0136
1.0697
0.9756
1.0808
0.7042
0.9055
0.6813
0.8878
0.9705
1.1443
0.7809
0.9408
Total
1.1282
1.5672
0.9810
1.1653
1.8978
1.7809
1.3618
1.9596
1.5319
1.3719
1.6379
2.0412
1.9570
1.9327
1.8920
2.3004
1.5057
1.9706
2.0838
1.4808
1.5233
1.7845
1.8832
1.7176
1.9028
1.2398
1.5941
1.1994
1.5630
1.7086
2.0146
1.3747
1.6563
Type I
2.8956
1.1974
1.6213
1.7546
1.2925
1.5352
1.8501
1.1511
1.8660
1.7052
1.2123
1.1178
1.4347
1.3109
1.4713
1.0090
1.3270
1.3361
1.0851
1.3460
1.2070
2.0040
1.7070
3.3403
1.3398
1.5888
1.3499
1.7990
1.6122
1.4289
1.1674
1.5062
1.3862
Type II
6.7029
2.7718
3.7532
4.0616
2.9920
3.5539
4.2827
2.6646
4.3195
3.9474
2.8062
2.5876
3.3211
3.0347
3.4058
2.3357
3.0718
3.0929
2.5119
3.1159
2.7941
4.6389
3.9515
7.7324
3.1015
3.6778
3.1248
4.1644
3.7321
3.3077
2.7023
3.4866
3.2088
70
Table E.2: Simple and total income multiplier of public higher education
Industries
Direct
Agriculture other
Rubber planting
Oil Palm estates
Coconut
Tea estates
Livestock breeding etc.
Forestry & logging
Fishing
Crude petrol, natural gas & coal
Metal ore mining
Stone, clay & sand quarrying
Meat & meat production
Dairy production
Preservation of fruits &veg.
Pres. of seafood
Manufacture oils and fats
Grain mills
Bakeries
Manufacture confect.
Manufacture of ice
Manufacture other food
Manufacture animal feeds
Prod. wine and spirits
Prod. of soft drinks
Manufacture tobacco
Manuf, yarns, cloth
Manufacture knitted fabrics
Manufacture other textiles
Manufacture wearing appar.
Leather industries
Manufacture footwear
Sawmills
Manufacture oth. wooden pr.
Manufacture of furniture
Paper & board industries
Printing
Manufacture industries chemic.
Manufacture paints & lacq.
Manufacture drugs & medicines
Manufacture soap etc.
Oth. chem. industries
Petrol & coal industries
Rubber proc.
Rubber industries
Manufacture plastic products
China & glass industries
Manufacture clay products
Manufacture cement etc.
Oth. non-met. Manufacture
Iron & steel industries
Manufacture non-ferrous metals
Manufacture of other fabricated metals & fixtures
Structural metal industries
Oth. metal industries
Manufacture industries mach.
Manufacture household machinery
Manufacture radio, TV etc.
Manufacture electrical appliances etc.
Manufacture other electrical mach,.
Ship- & boat building
0.7112
0.9243
0.7436
0.9482
0.7338
0.2608
0.7374
0.5679
0.8340
0.3085
0.5779
0.1641
0.2306
0.1711
0.1516
0.0948
0.0688
0.3019
0.1805
0.5084
0.2241
0.1201
0.4685
0.1703
0.1777
0.2328
0.2916
0.3229
0.2576
0.2163
0.2054
0.2414
0.2444
0.2720
0.2636
0.3056
0.2515
0.2041
0.3565
0.2492
0.5071
0.2245
0.0862
0.3701
0.3241
0.4752
0.3779
0.3032
0.2562
0.1161
0.2014
0.2502
0.2800
0.2384
0.5456
0.1218
0.1842
0.1977
0.2450
0.3863
Simple Income
Multiplier
0.8518
0.9626
0.8668
0.9664
0.8331
0.5885
0.8381
0.8505
0.8775
0.6317
0.7652
0.6217
0.5689
0.4749
0.7333
0.7706
0.5983
0.5706
0.4867
0.8123
0.6170
0.2918
0.7401
0.4624
0.3852
0.4942
0.4426
0.5212
0.4700
0.5500
0.5064
0.7708
0.7189
0.5893
0.5198
0.5584
0.6075
0.5309
0.6075
0.5085
0.7416
0.6400
0.6999
0.6283
0.5137
0.7146
0.6984
0.6417
0.6418
0.3252
0.3446
0.4247
0.4635
0.4583
0.6644
0.2372
0.3116
0.3845
0.4086
0.5018
Total Income
Multiplier
1.9673
2.2232
2.0018
2.2319
1.9240
1.3592
1.9356
1.9643
2.0266
1.4588
1.7672
1.4357
1.3139
1.0968
1.6936
1.7798
1.3817
1.3179
1.1241
1.8760
1.4250
0.6739
1.7092
1.0679
0.8896
1.1414
1.0221
1.2038
1.0854
1.2702
1.1696
1.7802
1.6602
1.3609
1.2005
1.2896
1.4030
1.2260
1.4030
1.1743
1.7126
1.4782
1.6163
1.4510
1.1863
1.6502
1.6129
1.4821
1.4822
0.7511
0.7959
0.9808
1.0705
1.0585
1.5344
0.5479
0.7196
0.8879
0.9437
1.1588
Type I
Type II
1.1976
1.0414
1.1657
1.0192
1.1353
2.2567
1.1365
1.4978
1.0522
2.0474
1.3242
3.7885
2.4676
2.7749
4.8357
8.1262
8.6911
1.8902
2.6967
1.5976
2.7537
2.4296
1.5795
2.7160
2.1672
2.1228
1.5175
1.6141
1.8246
2.5427
2.4656
3.1932
2.9410
2.1668
1.9722
1.8273
2.4153
2.6011
1.7042
2.0404
1.4625
2.8509
8.1197
1.6976
1.5850
1.5038
1.8481
2.1164
2.5050
2.8003
1.7107
1.6971
1.6555
1.9222
1.2178
1.9477
1.6916
1.9449
1.6681
1.2991
2.7659
2.4051
2.6922
2.3539
2.6220
5.2118
2.6248
3.4592
2.4300
4.7285
3.0582
8.7494
5.6988
6.4086
11.1681
18.7672
20.0719
4.3654
6.2281
3.6896
6.3595
5.6111
3.6479
6.2726
5.0052
4.9025
3.5047
3.7278
4.2139
5.8723
5.6942
7.3747
6.7923
5.0041
4.5547
4.2201
5.5782
6.0071
3.9359
4.7122
3.3776
6.5841
18.7524
3.9206
3.6606
3.4730
4.2683
4.8879
5.7852
6.4673
3.9509
3.9195
3.8234
4.4394
2.8124
4.4983
3.9068
4.4916
3.8525
3.0001
71
Manufacture motor vehicle
Manufacture cycles, motorc.
Manufacture oth. transp. eq.
Manufacture instr. & clocks
Other manufacturing
Electricity & gas
Waterworks
Building, construction
Wholes.&retail trade
Hotels & restaurants
Transport
Communication
Banks
Oth. financial inst.
Insurance
Real estate
Ownership dwellings
Business services
Private Education
Public Higher Education
Health - Private
Health - Public
Pr. non-profit inst.
Entertainment
Radio & TV broadcasting
Recreation
Rep. motor veh.
Other repair
Recycling
Other private services
Public administration
Public order
Defence
Other public administration
0.1937
0.1683
0.5654
0.2614
0.2869
0.6343
0.5011
0.3180
0.7354
0.3547
0.3475
0.5837
0.7888
0.5892
0.6369
0.5555
0.9849
0.4902
0.4854
0.6371
0.4752
0.5452
0.3847
0.4766
0.2221
0.6135
0.3371
0.5101
0.2880
0.4188
0.5165
0.7455
0.3943
0.5162
0.3844
0.4874
0.6770
0.4238
0.5034
0.8196
0.7690
0.5882
0.8465
0.6618
0.5926
0.7075
0.8817
0.8454
0.8349
0.8172
0.9938
0.6504
0.6940
0.8415
0.6397
0.6580
0.7708
0.8134
0.7419
0.8220
0.5356
0.6886
0.5181
0.6752
0.7381
0.8703
0.5939
0.7155
0.8878
1.1256
1.5636
0.9787
1.1625
1.8930
1.7759
1.3585
1.9550
1.5283
1.3686
1.6340
2.0364
1.9524
1.9282
1.8874
2.2951
1.5021
1.6027
1.9435
1.4773
1.5197
1.7800
1.8786
1.7134
1.8983
1.2369
1.5903
1.1966
1.5593
1.7045
2.0099
1.3715
1.6523
1.9849
2.8955
1.1974
1.6213
1.7545
1.2923
1.5345
1.8500
1.1510
1.8659
1.7052
1.2122
1.1178
1.4347
1.3109
1.4711
1.0090
1.3269
1.4297
1.3208
1.3460
1.2070
2.0037
1.7069
3.3398
1.3398
1.5887
1.3498
1.7989
1.6121
1.4288
1.1674
1.5061
1.3861
4.5840
6.6870
2.7653
3.7443
4.0520
2.9844
3.5438
4.2724
2.6583
4.3093
3.9381
2.7996
2.5815
3.3133
3.0275
3.3975
2.3303
3.0645
3.3019
3.0504
3.1085
2.7876
4.6274
3.9420
7.7133
3.0942
3.6692
3.1175
4.1545
3.7231
3.2999
2.6960
3.4784
3.2012
72
Table E.4: Direct, indirect and total income multiplier effects of public higher education
Industries
Agriculture other
Rubber planting
Oil Palm estates
Coconut
Tea estates
Livestock breeding etc.
Forestry & logging
Fishing
Crude petrol, natural gas & coal
Metal ore mining
Stone, clay & sand quarrying
Meat & meat production
Dairy production
Preservation of fruits &veg.
Pres. of seafood
Manufacture oils and fats
Grain mills
Bakeries
Manufacture confect.
Manufacture of ice
Manufacture other food
Manufacture animal feeds
Prod. wine and spirits
Prod. of soft drinks
Manufacture tobacco
Manuf, yarns, cloth
Manufacture knitted fabrics
Manufacture other textiles
Manufacture wearing appar.
Leather industries
Manufacture footwear
Sawmills
Manufacture oth. wooden pr.
Manufacture of furniture
Paper & board industries
Printing
Manufacture industries chemic.
Manufacture paints & lacq.
Manufacture drugs & medicines
Manufacture soap etc.
Oth. chem. industries
Petrol & coal industries
Rubber proc.
Rubber industries
Manufacture plastic products
China & glass industries
Manufacture clay products
Manufacture cement etc.
Oth. non-met. Manufacture
Iron & steel industries
Manufacture non-ferrous metals
Manufacture of other fabricated metals & fixtures
Structural metal industries
Oth. metal industries
Manufacture industries mach.
Manufacture household machinery
Manufacture radio, TV etc.
Manufacture electrical appliances etc.
Manufacture other electrical mach,.
Ship- & boat building
Manufacture motor vehicle
Direct
0.7112
0.9243
0.7436
0.9482
0.7338
0.2608
0.7374
0.5679
0.8340
0.3085
0.5779
0.1641
0.2306
0.1711
0.1516
0.0948
0.0688
0.3019
0.1805
0.5084
0.2241
0.1201
0.4685
0.1703
0.1777
0.2328
0.2916
0.3229
0.2576
0.2163
0.2054
0.2414
0.2444
0.2720
0.2636
0.3056
0.2515
0.2041
0.3565
0.2492
0.5071
0.2245
0.0862
0.3701
0.3241
0.4752
0.3779
0.3032
0.2562
0.1161
0.2014
0.2502
0.2800
0.2384
0.5456
0.1218
0.1842
0.1977
0.2450
0.3863
0.1937
Indirect
0.1406
0.0383
0.1232
0.0182
0.0993
0.3277
0.1007
0.2827
0.0435
0.3231
0.1873
0.4576
0.3383
0.3038
0.5817
0.6758
0.5294
0.2687
0.3062
0.3038
0.3930
0.1717
0.2715
0.2921
0.2075
0.2614
0.1509
0.1983
0.2124
0.3337
0.3010
0.5294
0.4744
0.3173
0.2562
0.2528
0.3560
0.3268
0.2510
0.2593
0.2345
0.4155
0.6137
0.2582
0.1896
0.2394
0.3205
0.3385
0.3856
0.2091
0.1432
0.1744
0.1835
0.2199
0.1188
0.1154
0.1274
0.1868
0.1637
0.1155
0.1907
Induced
1.1154
1.2605
1.1350
1.2655
1.0909
0.7707
1.0975
1.1138
1.1491
0.8271
1.0020
0.8140
0.7450
0.6219
0.9603
1.0091
0.7834
0.7472
0.6373
1.0637
0.8080
0.3821
0.9691
0.6055
0.5044
0.6472
0.5796
0.6825
0.6154
0.7202
0.6632
1.0094
0.9414
0.7716
0.6807
0.7312
0.7955
0.6951
0.7955
0.6658
0.9711
0.8381
0.9165
0.8227
0.6726
0.9357
0.9145
0.8403
0.8404
0.4259
0.4513
0.5561
0.6070
0.6002
0.8700
0.3107
0.4080
0.5034
0.5351
0.6571
0.5034
Total
1.9673
2.2232
2.0018
2.2319
1.9240
1.3592
1.9356
1.9643
2.0266
1.4588
1.7672
1.4357
1.3139
1.0968
1.6936
1.7798
1.3817
1.3179
1.1241
1.8760
1.4250
0.6739
1.7092
1.0679
0.8896
1.1414
1.0221
1.2038
1.0854
1.2702
1.1696
1.7802
1.6602
1.3609
1.2005
1.2896
1.4030
1.2260
1.4030
1.1743
1.7126
1.4782
1.6163
1.4510
1.1863
1.6502
1.6129
1.4821
1.4822
0.7511
0.7959
0.9808
1.0705
1.0585
1.5344
0.5479
0.7196
0.8879
0.9437
1.1588
0.8878
Type I
1.1976
1.0414
1.1657
1.0192
1.1353
2.2567
1.1365
1.4978
1.0522
2.0474
1.3242
3.7885
2.4676
2.7749
4.8357
8.1262
8.6911
1.8902
2.6967
1.5976
2.7537
2.4296
1.5795
2.7160
2.1672
2.1228
1.5175
1.6141
1.8246
2.5427
2.4656
3.1932
2.9410
2.1668
1.9722
1.8273
2.4153
2.6011
1.7042
2.0404
1.4625
2.8509
8.1197
1.6976
1.5850
1.5038
1.8481
2.1164
2.5050
2.8003
1.7107
1.6971
1.6555
1.9222
1.2178
1.9477
1.6916
1.9449
1.6681
1.2991
1.9849
Type II
2.7659
2.4051
2.6922
2.3539
2.6220
5.2118
2.6248
3.4592
2.4300
4.7285
3.0582
8.7494
5.6988
6.4086
11.1681
18.7672
20.0719
4.3654
6.2281
3.6896
6.3595
5.6111
3.6479
6.2726
5.0052
4.9025
3.5047
3.7278
4.2139
5.8723
5.6942
7.3747
6.7923
5.0041
4.5547
4.2201
5.5782
6.0071
3.9359
4.7122
3.3776
6.5841
18.7524
3.9206
3.6606
3.4730
4.2683
4.8879
5.7852
6.4673
3.9509
3.9195
3.8234
4.4394
2.8124
4.4983
3.9068
4.4916
3.8525
3.0001
4.5840
73
Industries
Manufacture cycles, motorc.
Manufacture oth. transp. eq.
Manufacture instr. & clocks
Other manufacturing
Electricity & gas
Waterworks
Building, construction
Wholes.&retail trade
Hotels & restaurants
Transport
Communication
Banks
Oth. financial inst.
Insurance
Real estate
Ownership dwellings
Business services
Education - Private
Public higher education
Health - Private
Health - Public
Pr. non-profit inst.
Entertainment
Radio & TV broadcasting
Recreation
Rep. motor veh.
Other repair
Recycling
Other private services
Public administration
Public order
Defence
Other public administration
Direct
0.1683
0.5654
0.2614
0.2869
0.6343
0.5011
0.3180
0.7354
0.3547
0.3475
0.5837
0.7888
0.5892
0.6369
0.5555
0.9849
0.4902
0.4854
0.6371
0.4752
0.5452
0.3847
0.4766
0.2221
0.6135
0.3371
0.5101
0.2880
0.4188
0.5165
0.7455
0.3943
0.5162
Indirect
0.3190
0.1116
0.1624
0.2165
0.1854
0.2678
0.2703
0.1111
0.3071
0.2451
0.1239
0.0929
0.2561
0.1980
0.2617
0.0089
0.1602
0.2086
0.2044
0.1644
0.1129
0.3861
0.3369
0.5198
0.2085
0.1985
0.1785
0.2301
0.2564
0.2215
0.1248
0.1996
0.1993
Induced
0.6382
0.8866
0.5549
0.6592
1.0733
1.0069
0.7703
1.1085
0.8666
0.7760
0.9265
1.1546
1.1070
1.0933
1.0702
1.3013
0.8517
0.9087
1.1020
0.8376
0.8617
1.0093
1.0652
0.9715
1.0764
0.7013
0.9017
0.6785
0.8841
0.9665
1.1396
0.7776
0.9369
Total
1.1256
1.5636
0.9787
1.1625
1.8930
1.7759
1.3585
1.9550
1.5283
1.3686
1.6340
2.0364
1.9524
1.9282
1.8874
2.2951
1.5021
1.6027
1.9435
1.4773
1.5197
1.7800
1.8786
1.7134
1.8983
1.2369
1.5903
1.1966
1.5593
1.7045
2.0099
1.3715
1.6523
Type I
2.8955
1.1974
1.6213
1.7545
1.2923
1.5345
1.8500
1.1510
1.8659
1.7052
1.2122
1.1178
1.4347
1.3109
1.4711
1.0090
1.3269
1.4297
1.3208
1.3460
1.2070
2.0037
1.7069
3.3398
1.3398
1.5887
1.3498
1.7989
1.6121
1.4288
1.1674
1.5061
1.3861
Type II
6.6870
2.7653
3.7443
4.0520
2.9844
3.5438
4.2724
2.6583
4.3093
3.9381
2.7996
2.5815
3.3133
3.0275
3.3975
2.3303
3.0645
3.3019
3.0504
3.1085
2.7876
4.6274
3.9420
7.7133
3.0942
3.6692
3.1175
4.1545
3.7231
3.2999
2.6960
3.4784
3.2012
74
APPENDIX F
Table F.1: Classifications of 94 categories to 16 categories
Industries, 94 sectors
Agriculture other
Rubber planting
Oil Palm estates
Coconut
Tea estates
Livestock breeding etc.
Forestry & logging
Rubber proc.
Fishing
Crude petrol, natural gas & coal
Metal ore mining
Stone, clay & sand quarrying
Petrol & coal industries
Meat & meat production
Dairy production
Preservation of fruits &veg.
Pres. of seafood
Manufacture oils and fats
Grain mills
Bakeries
Manufacture confect.
Manufacture of ice
Manufacture other food
Manufacture animal feeds
Prod. wine and spirits
Prod. of soft drinks
Manufacture tobacco
Manuf, yarns, cloth
Manufacture knitted fabrics
Manufacture other textiles
Manufacture wearing appar.
Leather industries
Manufacture footwear
Sawmills
Manufacture oth. wooden pr.
Manufacture of furniture
Paper & board industries
Printing
Manufacture industries chemic.
Manufacture paints & lacq.
Manufacture drugs & medicines
Manufacture soap etc.
Oth. chem. industries
Rubber industries
Manufacture plastic products
China & glass industries
Manufacture clay products
Manufacture cement etc.
Oth. non-met. Manufacture
Iron & steel industries
Manufacture non-ferrous metals
Manfacture of other fabricated metals & fixture.
Structural metal industries
Oth. metal industries
Manufacture industries mach.
Manufacture household machinery
Activity
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
43
8
9
10
11
42
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
Industries, 16 sectors
Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry
Fishing
Mining and Quarrying
Manufacturing
75
Industries, 94 sectors
Manufacture radio, TV etc.
Manufacture electrical appliances etc.
Manufacture other electrical mach,.
Ship- & boat building
Manufacture motor vehicle
Manufacture cycles, motorc.
Manufacture oth. transp. eq.
Manufacture instr. & clocks
Other manufacturing
Electricity & gas
Waterworks
Building, construction
Wholes.&retail trade
Rep. motor veh.
Other repair
Hotels & restaurants
Entertainment
Recreation
Transport
Communication
Radio & TV broadcasting
Banks
Oth. financial inst.
Insurance
Real estate
Ownership dwellings
Business services
Education - Private (Higher)
Education - Public (Higher)
Health - Private
Health - Public
Pr. non-profit inst.
Recycling
Other private services
Public administration
Public order
Defence
Other public administration
Activity
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
87
88
70
84
86
71
72
85
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
89
90
91
92
93
94
Industries, 16 sectors
Electricity, Gas and Water Supply
Construction
Wholesale and Retail Trade, Repair of Motor
Vehicles, Motorcycles and Personal and
Household Goods
Hotels and Restaurants
Transport, Storage and Communications
Financial Intermediation
Real Estate, Renting and Business
Education
Health and Social Work
Other Community, Social and Personal
Service Activities
Private Households With Employed Persons
Public Administration and Defence;
Compulsory Social Security
76
Table F.2: Simple and total employment multiplier
Industries
Direct
Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry
Fishing
Mining and Quarrying
Manufacturing
Electricity, Gas and Water Supply
Construction
Wholesale and Retail Trade, Repair of Motor
Vehicles, Motorcycles and Personal and
Household Goods
Hotels and Restaurants
Transport, Storage and Communications
Financial Intermediation
Real Estate, Renting and Business Activities
Higher Education
Health and Social Work
Other Community, Social and Personal Service
Activities
Private Households With Employed Persons
Public Administration and Defence; Compulsory
Social Security
0.000031
0.000022
0.000001
0.000004
0.000055
0.000001
Simple
Output
Multiplier
0.000038
0.000029
0.000003
0.000012
0.000062
0.000008
0.000034
0.000030
0.000011
0.000008
0.000016
0.000119
0.000098
Total Output
Multiplier
Type I
Type II
0.000038
0.000029
0.000003
0.000012
0.000062
0.000008
1.209002
1.299154
4.003350
2.907072
1.127163
6.464483
1.209029
1.299184
4.003440
2.907138
1.127188
6.464629
0.000039
0.000042
0.000018
0.000011
0.000020
0.000121
0.000105
0.000039
0.000042
0.000018
0.000011
0.000020
0.000121
0.000105
1.133150
1.364673
1.613588
1.518430
1.293907
1.012846
1.068668
1.133176
1.364704
1.613625
1.518464
1.293936
1.012869
1.068692
0.000857
0.000171
0.000876
0.000207
0.000876
0.000207
1.021525
1.210523
1.021548
1.210551
0.000013
0.000021
0.000021
1.606891
1.606927
77
APPENDIX G
Oil Palm estates
Coconut
Tea estates
Livestock breeding
etc.
Forestry & logging
Fishing
Agriculture other
Rubber planting
Oil Palm estates
Coconut
Tea estates
Livestock breeding etc.
Forestry & logging
Fishing
Crude petrol, natural gas & coal
Metal ore mining
Stone, clay & sand quarrying
Meat & meat production
Dairy production
Preservation of fruits &veg.
Pres. of seafood
Manufacture oils and fats
Grain mills
Bakeries
Manufacture confect.
Manufacture of ice
Manufacture other food
Manufacture animal feeds
Prod. wine and spirits
Prod. of soft drinks
Manufacture tobacco
Manuf, yarns, cloth
Manufacture knitted fabrics
Manufacture other textiles
Manufacture wearing appar.
Leather industries
Manufacture footwear
Sawmills
Manufacture oth. wooden pr.
Manufacture of furniture
Paper & board industries
Printing
Manufacture industries chemic.
Manufacture paints & lacq.
Manufacture drugs & medicines
Manufacture soap etc.
Oth. chem. industries
Petrol & coal industries
Rubber proc.
Rubber industries
Manufacture plastic products
China & glass industries
Manufacture clay products
Manufacture cement etc.
Oth. non-met. Manufacture
Iron & steel industries
Rubber planting
Industry
Agriculture other
Table G.1: Leontief inverse matrix of public higher education model, (I-A)-1
1.082821
0.000032
0.005465
0.000006
0.000001
0.000332
0.005191
0.000332
0.008602
0.000015
0.000288
0.000055
0.000018
0.000033
0.000385
0.012752
0.000100
0.000030
0.000008
0.000010
0.000187
0.000132
0.000163
0.000032
0.000002
0.000057
0.000016
0.000026
0.000065
0.000002
0.000005
0.001427
0.007651
0.000225
0.001050
0.000255
0.071864
0.000211
0.000007
0.000128
0.001517
0.018180
0.000015
0.000375
0.011425
0.000165
0.000032
0.000094
0.000166
0.000424
0.000177
1.000074
0.003159
0.000005
0.000001
0.000237
0.001551
0.000121
0.003442
0.000012
0.000291
0.000045
0.000015
0.000025
0.000049
0.008443
0.000081
0.000013
0.000006
0.000005
0.000145
0.000091
0.000109
0.000024
0.000001
0.000025
0.000009
0.000012
0.000035
0.000001
0.000002
0.000374
0.000208
0.000024
0.000492
0.000222
0.047565
0.000147
0.000181
0.000069
0.000857
0.005904
0.000024
0.000177
0.002771
0.000237
0.000067
0.000063
0.000151
0.000412
0.000251
0.000955
1.004476
0.000012
0.000001
0.000412
0.002863
0.000257
0.022745
0.000091
0.000898
0.000108
0.000035
0.000052
0.000073
0.011954
0.000187
0.000044
0.000015
0.000011
0.000303
0.000182
0.000162
0.000056
0.000003
0.000134
0.000022
0.000021
0.000097
0.000003
0.000009
0.001325
0.000101
0.000084
0.001348
0.000514
0.066756
0.001084
0.000011
0.000153
0.002178
0.056613
0.000343
0.016534
0.009467
0.000364
0.000101
0.002345
0.002525
0.003577
0.000067
0.000008
0.000850
1.000003
0.000000
0.000095
0.000578
0.000080
0.001110
0.000007
0.000149
0.000029
0.000008
0.000013
0.000034
0.002271
0.000051
0.000008
0.000004
0.000004
0.000078
0.000042
0.000031
0.000015
0.000001
0.000048
0.000005
0.000051
0.000025
0.000001
0.000001
0.000124
0.000469
0.000041
0.000251
0.000233
0.012612
0.000052
0.000002
0.000027
0.000273
0.001776
0.000003
0.000110
0.000282
0.000091
0.000011
0.000260
0.000709
0.000266
0.000406
0.000076
0.000754
0.000023
1.000002
0.000376
0.002887
0.000522
0.009118
0.000023
0.000237
0.000188
0.000051
0.000073
0.000236
0.002048
0.000324
0.000043
0.000022
0.000048
0.000446
0.000155
0.000044
0.000093
0.000003
0.000394
0.000029
0.000449
0.000154
0.000007
0.000022
0.001193
0.004496
0.000422
0.001171
0.000974
0.009217
0.000458
0.000009
0.000087
0.000755
0.022957
0.000030
0.001132
0.005993
0.000422
0.000042
0.000537
0.000650
0.002201
0.015032
0.000079
0.010239
0.000043
0.000028
1.302962
0.003683
0.006395
0.011779
0.000034
0.000552
0.002142
0.000428
0.000582
0.008774
0.026705
0.006219
0.000229
0.000125
0.000165
0.006508
0.473613
0.000183
0.000205
0.000009
0.000232
0.000040
0.000096
0.000381
0.000007
0.000019
0.003693
0.000247
0.000185
0.005698
0.001127
0.007685
0.000296
0.005198
0.001088
0.002967
0.027488
0.000058
0.001062
0.002188
0.001367
0.000345
0.000536
0.000768
0.001806
0.000118
0.000022
0.000103
0.000006
0.000001
0.000099
1.028363
0.000142
0.023442
0.000020
0.000137
0.000055
0.000018
0.000022
0.000059
0.000293
0.000095
0.000033
0.000008
0.000021
0.000131
0.000049
0.000012
0.000031
0.000002
0.000102
0.000008
0.000104
0.000056
0.000002
0.000011
0.000360
0.001043
0.000153
0.000589
0.000254
0.000581
0.000148
0.000006
0.000070
0.001021
0.063263
0.000009
0.000330
0.000548
0.000137
0.000023
0.000070
0.000126
0.001132
0.001277
0.000051
0.000720
0.000013
0.000002
0.000261
0.002142
1.104343
0.076546
0.000059
0.000473
0.000117
0.000102
0.000064
0.001197
0.001919
0.000395
0.000334
0.000031
0.020749
0.000653
0.000122
0.000044
0.000406
0.000004
0.003003
0.000102
0.003814
0.000760
0.000028
0.000015
0.000847
0.002325
0.000206
0.001700
0.000541
0.008662
0.000253
0.000013
0.000140
0.003390
0.209203
0.000022
0.000420
0.001565
0.000297
0.000078
0.000239
0.000385
0.001908
78
Rubber planting
Oil Palm estates
Coconut
Tea estates
Livestock breeding
etc.
Forestry & logging
Fishing
Manufacture non-ferrous metals
Manufacture of other fabricated
metals & fixtures
Structural metal industries
Oth. metal industries
Manufacture industries mach.
Manufacture household machinery
Manufacture radio, TV etc.
Manufacture electrical appliances
etc.
Manufacture other electrical mach,.
Ship- & boat building
Manufacture motor vehicle
Manufacture cycles, motorc.
Manufacture oth. transp. eq.
Manufacture instr. & clocks
Other manufacturing
Electricity & gas
Waterworks
Building, construction
Wholes.&retail trade
Hotels & restaurants
Transport
Communication
Banks
Oth. financial inst.
Insurance
Real estate
Ownership dwellings
Business services
Education - Private
Education - Public
Health - Private
Health - Public
Pr. non-profit inst.
Entertainment
Radio & TV broadcasting
Recreation
Rep. motor veh.
Other repair
Recycling
Other private services
Public administration
Public order
Defence
Other public administration
Agriculture other
Industry
0.000156
0.000100
0.000164
0.000060
0.000646
0.000236
0.000325
0.000340
0.000047
0.000328
0.000768
0.000523
0.000676
0.000542
0.000685
0.000059
0.000503
0.000870
0.000321
0.000199
0.000071
0.000208
0.001023
0.000535
0.001158
0.000998
0.000025
0.000089
0.000593
0.000391
0.000301
0.000154
0.000257
0.001019
0.001284
0.004122
0.002592
0.001439
0.000451
0.000518
0.001276
0.000708
0.002219
0.001788
0.001136
0.000463
0.000578
0.002570
0.001051
0.001092
0.000189
0.000969
0.001017
0.002157
0.001489
0.003188
0.000248
0.000486
0.000111
0.001682
0.000149
0.000039
0.000136
0.000186
0.005002
0.000712
0.001307
0.029748
0.001997
0.005962
0.001531
0.000573
0.000183
0.000525
0.001432
0.000000
0.002924
0.000025
0.000019
0.000064
0.000001
0.000004
0.000025
0.000000
0.000087
0.001391
0.000034
0.000002
0.000076
0.000069
0.000004
0.000000
0.000351
0.000170
0.000166
0.000061
0.000215
0.000097
0.000025
0.000052
0.000146
0.004277
0.000477
0.000613
0.008599
0.001703
0.002746
0.000947
0.000273
0.000071
0.000295
0.000482
0.000000
0.001417
0.000012
0.000012
0.000019
0.000012
0.000001
0.000015
0.000000
0.000026
0.000085
0.000010
0.000001
0.000025
0.000054
0.000000
0.000000
0.001640
0.000239
0.000556
0.000153
0.001059
0.000144
0.000038
0.000137
0.000473
0.007988
0.000721
0.005924
0.042056
0.003978
0.009847
0.003368
0.001043
0.000319
0.001273
0.001901
0.000000
0.005159
0.000037
0.000030
0.000091
0.000001
0.000005
0.000048
0.000000
0.000124
0.000236
0.000048
0.000004
0.000045
0.000088
0.000000
0.000000
0.000171
0.000679
0.000159
0.000128
0.004004
0.000031
0.000094
0.000027
0.000331
0.002291
0.000840
0.000415
0.006103
0.001112
0.001849
0.000704
0.000109
0.000051
0.000214
0.000321
0.000000
0.001206
0.000008
0.000009
0.000014
0.000000
0.000001
0.000011
0.000000
0.000019
0.000783
0.000007
0.000001
0.000014
0.000027
0.000000
0.000000
0.000609
0.016691
0.001507
0.002709
0.035202
0.000059
0.002312
0.000371
0.001104
0.013908
0.003039
0.001306
0.032394
0.007259
0.008806
0.006661
0.000380
0.000438
0.003351
0.001850
0.000000
0.003771
0.000040
0.000044
0.000071
0.000001
0.000005
0.000086
0.000000
0.000101
0.014946
0.000038
0.000002
0.000080
0.000161
0.000002
0.000000
0.004110
0.000727
0.001728
0.000724
0.005374
0.000056
0.000115
0.000164
0.000902
0.015992
0.002780
0.010098
0.095695
0.013494
0.048292
0.008765
0.001865
0.000799
0.004039
0.007021
0.000000
0.010504
0.000086
0.000065
0.001798
0.001678
0.000019
0.000130
0.000001
0.000307
0.003176
0.000109
0.000359
0.000160
0.000306
0.000000
0.000000
0.000418
0.008886
0.000471
0.001445
0.006362
0.000019
0.001230
0.000165
0.000243
0.002126
0.000342
0.000760
0.037045
0.002007
0.005169
0.001130
0.000266
0.000187
0.000160
0.001412
0.000000
0.003478
0.000029
0.000016
0.000079
0.000000
0.000004
0.000021
0.000000
0.000106
0.004060
0.000042
0.000001
0.000028
0.000064
0.000001
0.000000
0.000112
0.007820
0.000850
0.012547
0.003112
0.000044
0.001084
0.000220
0.000661
0.018978
0.001556
0.004118
0.068265
0.004251
0.010495
0.002912
0.000753
0.000395
0.000717
0.003540
0.000000
0.005210
0.000060
0.000070
0.000147
0.000001
0.000009
0.000047
0.000000
0.000197
0.002513
0.000077
0.000002
0.000051
0.000154
0.000001
0.000000
0.000178
79
Manufacture oils and
fats
Preservation of fruits
&veg.
0.000612
0.000276
0.000405
0.000033
0.000003
0.000521
0.001690
0.000621
0.025017
0.000433
1.013624
0.000293
0.000082
0.000108
0.000094
0.000990
0.000481
0.000069
0.000038
0.000029
0.000667
0.000231
0.000057
0.000146
0.000013
0.000227
0.000033
0.000103
0.000368
0.000007
0.000030
0.000719
0.000638
0.000175
0.001371
0.001230
0.002081
0.000574
0.000022
0.000136
0.007856
0.057100
0.000105
0.004637
0.000845
0.000686
0.000476
0.002936
0.001482
0.005039
0.000265
0.013952
0.000066
0.007800
0.000314
0.000134
0.596503
0.003822
0.027677
0.014216
0.000034
0.000504
1.133164
0.002734
0.034275
0.006471
0.020315
0.007363
0.000676
0.000418
0.000560
0.030285
0.216873
0.000339
0.000430
0.000013
0.000309
0.000054
0.000149
0.000717
0.000010
0.000016
0.002122
0.000274
0.000200
0.015360
0.001280
0.005486
0.000323
0.002403
0.000707
0.003086
0.030324
0.000041
0.000906
0.002822
0.001809
0.000232
0.000463
0.000672
0.002145
0.000316
0.021031
0.000073
0.017656
0.000036
0.000198
0.001256
0.014678
0.001581
0.012994
0.000130
0.000666
0.000543
1.254710
0.002019
0.000722
0.046351
0.013100
0.029547
0.011632
0.000050
0.046261
0.000542
0.001522
0.000474
0.000014
0.000474
0.000123
0.000049
0.002166
0.000022
0.000015
0.002270
0.000404
0.000305
0.100858
0.001045
0.006311
0.002320
0.000249
0.000581
0.004341
0.026656
0.000032
0.001051
0.003870
0.011205
0.000193
0.000568
0.000836
0.009332
0.013597
0.046634
0.000098
0.064170
0.000028
0.000092
0.001434
0.004694
0.006691
0.012125
0.000078
0.000547
0.000614
0.010514
1.005734
0.001134
0.166721
0.002267
0.003643
0.000516
0.000142
0.021404
0.000577
0.000250
0.000548
0.000008
0.000177
0.000029
0.000051
0.000361
0.000005
0.000010
0.000871
0.000491
0.000184
0.027235
0.000892
0.012942
0.000994
0.000179
0.000982
0.002612
0.029163
0.000039
0.001561
0.003947
0.019514
0.000099
0.000421
0.000582
0.005719
0.000839
0.003280
0.000056
0.001193
0.000029
0.000027
0.001283
0.003089
0.580902
0.045329
0.000051
0.000524
0.000796
0.000460
0.000861
1.007538
0.003135
0.002067
0.000336
0.000107
0.013581
0.006262
0.000518
0.000102
0.000358
0.000008
0.001706
0.000087
0.002027
0.000923
0.000021
0.000016
0.000915
0.001333
0.000220
0.012800
0.000961
0.005638
0.000348
0.000034
0.000274
0.002792
0.120811
0.000025
0.000657
0.002118
0.000761
0.000122
0.000389
0.000592
0.004176
0.000582
0.003430
0.000515
0.509602
0.000025
0.000003
0.000523
0.003139
0.002558
0.045580
0.000085
0.000766
0.000214
0.000295
0.001031
0.003668
1.987076
0.000669
0.000236
0.000048
0.000069
0.001749
0.000227
0.000186
0.000330
0.000006
0.000158
0.000030
0.000039
0.000308
0.000005
0.000011
0.000944
0.000122
0.000114
0.008492
0.000735
0.043236
0.000692
0.000107
0.008332
0.004204
0.119014
0.000187
0.008847
0.005499
0.004796
0.000106
0.001336
0.001491
0.002816
0.000228
0.000151
0.000558
0.000307
0.002821
0.000199
0.000656
0.000320
0.000628
0.000635
0.000803
0.000377
0.000558
0.000316
0.000916
0.000132
0.000344
Pres. of seafood
0.000895
0.000130
0.000811
0.000048
0.000004
0.000756
0.005020
0.000903
0.043424
1.023886
0.007009
0.000431
0.000162
0.000157
0.000155
0.001905
0.000708
0.000113
0.000068
0.000043
0.001016
0.000412
0.000136
0.000217
0.000024
0.000471
0.000063
0.000159
0.000657
0.000015
0.000137
0.003624
0.001049
0.000338
0.002507
0.001730
0.003984
0.003364
0.000038
0.000238
0.017764
0.088544
0.000062
0.001781
0.001588
0.003545
0.001746
0.006915
0.008145
0.017486
0.000422
Dairy production
0.000192
0.000018
0.000136
0.000011
0.000001
0.000167
0.000429
0.000193
1.015431
0.000007
0.000071
0.000093
0.000029
0.000034
0.000021
0.000351
0.000154
0.000017
0.000011
0.000018
0.000208
0.000068
0.000015
0.000046
0.000004
0.000063
0.000008
0.000040
0.000088
0.000002
0.000009
0.000153
0.000028
0.000076
0.001974
0.000462
0.000901
0.000915
0.000006
0.000033
0.000465
0.005798
0.000008
0.000245
0.000383
0.000072
0.000025
0.000099
0.000106
0.000915
0.000211
Meat & meat
production
Stone, clay & sand
quarrying
Agriculture other
Rubber planting
Oil Palm estates
Coconut
Tea estates
Livestock breeding etc.
Forestry & logging
Fishing
Crude petrol, natural gas & coal
Metal ore mining
Stone, clay & sand quarrying
Meat & meat production
Dairy production
Preservation of fruits &veg.
Pres. of seafood
Manufacture oils and fats
Grain mills
Bakeries
Manufacture confect.
Manufacture of ice
Manufacture other food
Manufacture animal feeds
Prod. wine and spirits
Prod. of soft drinks
Manufacture tobacco
Manuf, yarns, cloth
Manufacture knitted fabrics
Manufacture other textiles
Manufacture wearing appar.
Leather industries
Manufacture footwear
Sawmills
Manufacture oth. wooden pr.
Manufacture of furniture
Paper & board industries
Printing
Manufacture industries chemic.
Manufacture paints & lacq.
Manufacture drugs & medicines
Manufacture soap etc.
Oth. chem. industries
Petrol & coal industries
Rubber proc.
Rubber industries
Manufacture plastic products
China & glass industries
Manufacture clay products
Manufacture cement etc.
Oth. non-met. Manufacture
Iron & steel industries
Manufacture non-ferrous metals
Manufacture of other fabricated
metals & fixtures
Structural metal industries
Metal ore mining
Industry
Crude petrol, natural
gas & coal
Continue
80
Manufacture oils and
fats
Preservation of fruits
&veg.
0.007425
0.004471
0.002613
0.001819
0.005672
0.002540
0.002596
0.001839
0.056537
0.022268
0.003476
0.002374
0.038206
0.015136
0.002459
0.001150
0.020528
0.009098
0.002293
0.002398
0.004802
0.002312
0.001658
0.001790
0.005068
0.000491
0.000932
0.001705
0.000023
0.000705
0.000400
0.001977
0.002272
0.000341
0.000764
0.008470
0.003405
0.012521
0.001447
0.000241
0.000571
0.000279
0.002603
0.000000
0.008669
0.000065
0.000274
0.000028
0.000000
0.000005
0.000034
0.000000
0.000035
0.000723
0.000009
0.000001
0.000053
0.000121
0.000000
0.000000
0.000241
0.000610
0.004069
0.000892
0.011518
0.000100
0.000105
0.000317
0.000963
0.043580
0.001917
0.134349
0.081243
0.015222
0.069477
0.010921
0.003379
0.001294
0.006454
0.021949
0.000000
0.047986
0.000168
0.000296
0.000241
0.000002
0.000039
0.000204
0.000001
0.000292
0.008768
0.000091
0.000012
0.000275
0.000971
0.000000
0.000000
0.001389
0.000588
0.001654
0.000981
0.007921
0.000076
0.000106
0.000187
0.000658
0.024261
0.001388
0.021845
0.048634
0.010636
0.078587
0.009989
0.001902
0.000728
0.004305
0.013098
0.000000
0.026331
0.000152
0.000468
0.000143
0.000002
0.000023
0.000155
0.000000
0.000186
0.006346
0.000055
0.000004
0.000182
0.000575
0.000000
0.000000
0.000783
0.000839
0.001792
0.000862
0.003481
0.000074
0.000128
0.000240
0.001264
0.041894
0.007570
0.008858
0.119100
0.013355
0.039387
0.008949
0.001972
0.000834
0.002848
0.006768
0.000000
0.019750
0.000120
0.000130
0.000988
0.000769
0.000019
0.000144
0.000001
0.000365
0.001985
0.000135
0.000166
0.000178
0.000332
0.000000
0.000000
0.001551
0.000385
0.001894
0.000270
0.001444
0.000279
0.000056
0.000463
0.001294
0.039666
0.002311
0.010720
0.086543
0.008901
0.016559
0.005869
0.001918
0.000551
0.001012
0.004215
0.000000
0.019375
0.000091
0.000099
0.000192
0.000015
0.000012
0.000123
0.000001
0.000261
0.000556
0.000098
0.000012
0.000126
0.000219
0.000000
0.000000
0.001039
0.000326
0.001152
0.000360
0.001343
0.000212
0.000050
0.000301
0.000835
0.019615
0.002486
0.005475
0.121047
0.008181
0.020899
0.005075
0.001871
0.000603
0.000796
0.004666
0.000000
0.007831
0.000093
0.000062
0.000257
0.000008
0.000013
0.000083
0.000001
0.000348
0.000593
0.000137
0.000005
0.000092
0.000208
0.000000
0.000000
0.000414
0.004357
0.001314
0.006942
0.002747
0.000131
0.000612
0.000296
0.000955
0.029546
0.004176
0.007478
0.122162
0.008997
0.032177
0.005544
0.002384
0.000661
0.001082
0.005417
0.000000
0.009766
0.000104
0.000097
0.000262
0.000003
0.000015
0.000090
0.000001
0.000356
0.001797
0.000139
0.000004
0.000108
0.000251
0.000001
0.000000
0.000918
0.000517
0.000956
0.000595
0.001735
0.000120
0.000086
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0.005871
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0.000447
0.001089
0.003301
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0.010192
0.000066
0.000077
0.000145
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0.000009
0.000084
0.000000
0.000205
0.000575
0.000075
0.000003
0.000101
0.000165
0.000000
0.000000
0.000889
Pres. of seafood
0.004463
0.005596
0.004003
0.003963
Dairy production
Stone, clay & sand
quarrying
0.000422
0.002401
0.002179
0.000816
Meat & meat
production
Metal ore mining
Oth. metal industries
Manufacture industries mach.
Manufacture household machinery
Manufacture radio, TV etc.
Manufacture electrical appliances
etc.
Manufacture other electrical mach,.
Ship- & boat building
Manufacture motor vehicle
Manufacture cycles, motorc.
Manufacture oth. transp. eq.
Manufacture instr. & clocks
Other manufacturing
Electricity & gas
Waterworks
Building, construction
Wholes.&retail trade
Hotels & restaurants
Transport
Communication
Banks
Oth. financial inst.
Insurance
Real estate
Ownership dwellings
Business services
Education - Private
Education - Public
Health - Private
Health - Public
Pr. non-profit inst.
Entertainment
Radio & TV broadcasting
Recreation
Rep. motor veh.
Other repair
Recycling
Other private services
Public administration
Public order
Defence
Other public administration
Crude petrol, natural
gas & coal
Industry
81
Agriculture other
Rubber planting
Oil Palm estates
Coconut
Tea estates
Livestock breeding etc.
Forestry & logging
Fishing
Crude petrol, natural gas & coal
Metal ore mining
Stone, clay & sand quarrying
Meat & meat production
Dairy production
Preservation of fruits &veg.
Pres. of seafood
Manufacture oils and fats
Grain mills
Bakeries
Manufacture confect.
Manufacture of ice
Manufacture other food
Manufacture animal feeds
Prod. wine and spirits
Prod. of soft drinks
Manufacture tobacco
Manuf, yarns, cloth
Manufacture knitted fabrics
Manufacture other textiles
Manufacture wearing appar.
Leather industries
Manufacture footwear
Sawmills
Manufacture oth. wooden pr.
Manufacture of furniture
Paper & board industries
Printing
Manufacture industries chemic.
Manufacture paints & lacq.
Manufacture drugs & medicines
Manufacture soap etc.
Oth. chem. industries
Petrol & coal industries
Rubber proc.
Rubber industries
Manufacture plastic products
China & glass industries
Manufacture clay products
Manufacture cement etc.
Oth. non-met. Manufacture
Iron & steel industries
Manufacture non-ferrous metals
Manufacture of other fabricated
metals & fixtures
Prod. of soft drinks
Prod. wine and spirits
Manufacture animal
feeds
Manufacture other
food
Manufacture of ice
Manufacture confect.
Bakeries
Industry
Grain mills
Continue
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0.000583
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0.057113
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0.010091
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0.000165
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0.000708
0.002116
0.000543
0.030889
0.000091
0.022449
0.000019
0.000057
0.002469
0.002215
0.013073
0.008103
0.000032
0.000482
0.004225
0.000806
0.001073
0.019735
0.058503
0.012372
0.000321
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0.000315
0.013179
1.080667
0.000225
0.000138
0.000006
0.000195
0.000040
0.000073
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0.000005
0.000017
0.001594
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0.000178
0.004022
0.000773
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0.000680
0.005161
0.019029
0.000093
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0.003869
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0.000502
0.000715
0.002028
0.000321
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0.000036
0.001202
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0.000168
0.000485
0.004014
0.001070
0.007390
0.000155
0.000768
0.000293
0.000925
0.000125
0.000421
0.003020
0.002746
0.004537
0.000593
0.000033
0.036564
0.000218
1.188520
0.000137
0.000005
0.000139
0.000029
0.000028
0.000454
0.000005
0.000007
0.000690
0.000294
0.000160
0.024306
0.000509
0.003119
0.000635
0.000018
0.000221
0.002666
0.017135
0.000016
0.000504
0.001432
0.051216
0.000108
0.000302
0.000502
0.012706
0.001681
0.014251
0.000078
0.007695
0.000040
0.000202
0.002673
0.009149
0.003213
0.011062
0.000157
0.001115
0.003098
0.019342
0.045371
0.002608
0.020088
0.006473
0.022495
0.001609
0.000088
0.053170
0.001045
0.000686
1.004834
0.000011
0.000273
0.000049
0.000048
0.000679
0.000008
0.000019
0.001437
0.000369
0.000260
0.054988
0.000908
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0.000073
0.000199
0.000189
0.000142
0.000160
0.000166
0.000818
0.000688
82
Structural metal industries
Oth. metal industries
Manufacture industries mach.
Manufacture household machinery
Manufacture radio, TV etc.
Manufacture electrical appliances
etc.
Manufacture other electrical mach,.
Ship- & boat building
Manufacture motor vehicle
Manufacture cycles, motorc.
Manufacture oth. transp. eq.
Manufacture instr. & clocks
Other manufacturing
Electricity & gas
Waterworks
Building, construction
Wholes.&retail trade
Hotels & restaurants
Transport
Communication
Banks
Oth. financial inst.
Insurance
Real estate
Ownership dwellings
Business services
Education - Private
Education - Public
Health - Private
Health - Public
Pr. non-profit inst.
Entertainment
Radio & TV broadcasting
Recreation
Rep. motor veh.
Other repair
Recycling
Other private services
Public administration
Public order
Defence
Other public administration
Prod. of soft drinks
Prod. wine and spirits
Manufacture animal
feeds
Manufacture other
food
Manufacture of ice
Manufacture confect.
Bakeries
Grain mills
Industry
0.000354
0.001867
0.000932
0.001425
0.000905
0.000481
0.011124
0.004764
0.003702
0.001767
0.000570
0.013585
0.005535
0.001364
0.001323
0.000557
0.000736
0.000718
0.003476
0.002494
0.000483
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0.002959
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0.000000
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0.000440
83
Agriculture other
Rubber planting
Oil Palm estates
Coconut
Tea estates
Livestock breeding etc.
Forestry & logging
Fishing
Crude petrol, natural gas & coal
Metal ore mining
Stone, clay & sand quarrying
Meat & meat production
Dairy production
Preservation of fruits &veg.
Pres. of seafood
Manufacture oils and fats
Grain mills
Bakeries
Manufacture confect.
Manufacture of ice
Manufacture other food
Manufacture animal feeds
Prod. wine and spirits
Prod. of soft drinks
Manufacture tobacco
Manuf, yarns, cloth
Manufacture knitted fabrics
Manufacture other textiles
Manufacture wearing appar.
Leather industries
Manufacture footwear
Sawmills
Manufacture oth. wooden pr.
Manufacture of furniture
Paper & board industries
Printing
Manufacture industries chemic.
Manufacture paints & lacq.
Manufacture drugs & medicines
Manufacture soap etc.
Oth. chem. industries
Petrol & coal industries
Rubber proc.
Rubber industries
Manufacture plastic products
China & glass industries
Manufacture clay products
Manufacture cement etc.
Oth. non-met. Manufacture
Iron & steel industries
Manufacture non-ferrous metals
Manufacture of other fabricated metals
& fixtures
Structural metal industries
Sawmills
Manufacture
footwear
Leather industries
Manufacture wearing
appar.
Manufacture other
textiles
Manufacture knitted
fabrics
Manuf, yarns, cloth
Industry
Manufacture tobacco
Continue
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0.004665
0.001308
0.000828
0.016388
0.003781
0.000044
0.000004
0.001360
0.005640
0.000837
0.017212
0.000240
0.001092
0.000407
0.000133
0.000151
0.000148
0.009919
0.000647
0.000108
0.000054
0.000039
0.000939
0.000553
0.000182
0.000188
0.000026
0.022846
0.000152
0.001158
0.001058
0.003240
1.036430
0.001206
0.000517
0.000844
0.019828
0.001384
0.051638
0.003559
0.000044
0.000303
0.008433
0.017926
0.005444
0.092699
0.048681
0.000638
0.000302
0.000885
0.001354
0.003702
0.000516
0.000884
0.000102
0.000454
0.000025
0.000002
0.000396
0.510263
0.000474
0.020669
0.000025
0.000275
0.000213
0.000054
0.000081
0.000075
0.001215
0.001103
0.000064
0.000026
0.000027
0.000507
0.000169
0.000040
0.000105
0.000006
0.000182
0.000021
0.000109
0.000247
0.000004
0.000014
1.042620
0.000861
0.000172
0.010594
0.000605
0.003200
0.000471
0.000018
0.000283
0.011149
0.052361
0.000038
0.000929
0.001149
0.000219
0.000078
0.000215
0.000325
0.001275
0.000266
0.000073
0.000225
0.000137
0.000398
0.000135
0.000353
0.000263
0.000433
0.000316
0.000379
0.008154
0.000910
0.000356
0.000822
0.000697
0.000435
84
Oth. metal industries
Manufacture industries mach.
Manufacture household machinery
Manufacture radio, TV etc.
Manufacture electrical appliances etc.
Manufacture other electrical mach,.
Ship- & boat building
Manufacture motor vehicle
Manufacture cycles, motorc.
Manufacture oth. transp. eq.
Manufacture instr. & clocks
Other manufacturing
Electricity & gas
Waterworks
Building, construction
Wholes.&retail trade
Hotels & restaurants
Transport
Communication
Banks
Oth. financial inst.
Insurance
Real estate
Ownership dwellings
Business services
Education - Private
Education - Public
Health - Private
Health - Public
Pr. non-profit inst.
Entertainment
Radio & TV broadcasting
Recreation
Rep. motor veh.
Other repair
Recycling
Other private services
Public administration
Public order
Defence
Other public administration
0.000474
0.000649
0.005072
0.001154
0.000203
0.001095
0.000363
0.001206
0.000042
0.000037
0.000091
0.000692
0.015050
0.001090
0.004854
0.052974
0.006069
0.028927
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0.001895
0.001880
0.016998
0.002571
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0.000275
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0.000377
0.001123
0.074283
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0.006473
0.080277
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0.001215
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0.000000
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0.000187
0.002441
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0.048676
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0.000108
0.000113
0.000005
0.000007
0.000076
0.000001
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0.000315
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0.000002
0.000069
0.000135
0.000000
0.000000
0.000288
0.003145
0.001436
0.002853
0.004291
0.000495
0.001582
0.000269
0.001316
0.000089
0.000087
0.000595
0.004711
0.027549
0.002765
0.008219
0.062691
0.007148
0.016293
0.009075
0.003224
0.000451
0.001242
0.003246
0.000000
0.012466
0.000065
0.000074
0.000144
0.000009
0.000009
0.000118
0.000000
0.000198
0.000513
0.000071
0.000004
0.000090
0.000157
0.000000
0.000000
0.000422
0.002476
0.001512
0.002785
0.003288
0.000202
0.002674
0.000178
0.000903
0.000128
0.000043
0.000528
0.021379
0.025515
0.002776
0.007094
0.071775
0.011511
0.011963
0.013083
0.005213
0.000431
0.000526
0.003509
0.000000
0.006743
0.000065
0.000068
0.000161
0.000008
0.000009
0.000158
0.000001
0.000468
0.000366
0.000081
0.000005
0.000093
0.000156
0.000000
0.000000
0.000225
0.011825
0.004713
0.004763
0.007952
0.000374
0.007543
0.000492
0.003082
0.000194
0.000134
0.002739
0.007473
0.026116
0.003081
0.010581
0.097309
0.010924
0.037059
0.008766
0.003281
0.000621
0.001434
0.004830
0.000000
0.015041
0.000090
0.000078
0.000395
0.000196
0.000014
0.000129
0.000001
0.000303
0.000909
0.000110
0.000048
0.000132
0.000227
0.000000
0.000000
0.000473
0.010215
0.004327
0.004533
0.003312
0.000477
0.002349
0.000314
0.002317
0.000190
0.000083
0.000693
0.002513
0.046645
0.005483
0.017417
0.081430
0.014038
0.019985
0.014317
0.003447
0.000870
0.002472
0.005622
0.000000
0.060334
0.000134
0.000142
0.000203
0.000004
0.000018
0.000240
0.000001
0.000275
0.000757
0.000092
0.000006
0.000275
0.000349
0.000000
0.000000
0.001748
Sawmills
Manufacture
footwear
Leather industries
Manufacture wearing
appar.
Manufacture other
textiles
Manufacture knitted
fabrics
Manuf, yarns, cloth
Manufacture tobacco
Industry
0.001660
0.001922
0.003896
0.001505
0.004656
0.001011
0.001333
0.004581
0.000037
0.000660
0.000183
0.000704
0.027641
0.001936
0.004011
0.054319
0.008075
0.053657
0.004559
0.002642
0.000370
0.000826
0.002932
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0.010328
0.000059
0.000071
0.000120
0.000001
0.000008
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0.000000
0.000174
0.002482
0.000062
0.000001
0.000101
0.000140
0.000000
0.000000
0.000331
85
Agriculture other
Rubber planting
Oil Palm estates
Coconut
Tea estates
Livestock breeding etc.
Forestry & logging
Fishing
Crude petrol, natural gas & coal
Metal ore mining
Stone, clay & sand quarrying
Meat & meat production
Dairy production
Preservation of fruits &veg.
Pres. of seafood
Manufacture oils and fats
Grain mills
Bakeries
Manufacture confect.
Manufacture of ice
Manufacture other food
Manufacture animal feeds
Prod. wine and spirits
Prod. of soft drinks
Manufacture tobacco
Manuf, yarns, cloth
Manufacture knitted fabrics
Manufacture other textiles
Manufacture wearing appar.
Leather industries
Manufacture footwear
Sawmills
Manufacture oth. wooden pr.
Manufacture of furniture
Paper & board industries
Printing
Manufacture industries chemic.
Manufacture paints & lacq.
Manufacture drugs & medicines
Manufacture soap etc.
Oth. chem. industries
Petrol & coal industries
Rubber proc.
Rubber industries
Manufacture plastic products
China & glass industries
Manufacture clay products
Manufacture cement etc.
Oth. non-met. Manufacture
Iron & steel industries
Manufacture non-ferrous metals
Manufacture of other fabricated metals
& fixtures
Manufacture soap
etc.
Manufacture drugs &
medicines
Manufacture paints &
lacq.
Manufacture
industries chemic.
Printing
Paper & board
industries
Manufacture of
furniture
Industry
Manufacture oth.
wooden pr.
Continue
0.000533
0.000062
0.000704
0.000027
0.000002
0.000436
0.392306
0.000780
0.017435
0.000048
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0.000087
0.000565
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0.000465
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0.000029
0.000034
0.000535
0.000189
0.000059
0.000111
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0.000280
0.000079
0.000071
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1.012687
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0.000086
0.000143
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0.000015
0.000013
0.021950
0.000331
0.001818
1.178048
0.001220
0.009310
0.003123
0.000036
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0.041644
0.000032
0.000713
0.002951
0.000345
0.000187
0.000424
0.000600
0.001586
0.000233
0.000734
0.000059
0.001149
0.000040
0.000003
0.000653
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0.000730
0.011019
0.000070
0.000964
0.000339
0.000197
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0.000092
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0.191414
1.043607
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0.000027
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0.000115
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0.000024
0.000004
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0.000891
0.059706
0.000138
0.003616
0.000218
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0.000765
0.193251
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0.000111
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0.000370
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0.000013
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0.000118
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0.000840
1.166121
0.000650
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0.001251
0.018400
0.090418
0.000046
0.001705
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0.001379
0.000202
0.000606
0.000739
0.003200
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0.000088
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0.026042
0.000119
0.003040
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0.000116
0.000052
0.000038
0.001178
0.000710
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0.000197
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0.000009
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0.000178
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0.351726
1.019640
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0.001476
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0.000128
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0.000185
0.000994
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0.005759
0.002084
0.000217
0.000052
0.006383
0.000379
0.011166
0.000209
0.000015
0.000421
0.000075
0.000055
0.001224
0.000014
0.000016
0.001292
0.000283
0.000237
0.047408
0.001092
0.013252
0.000437
1.012110
0.000498
0.001968
0.043823
0.000030
0.000702
0.007200
0.038946
0.000197
0.000508
0.000740
0.003168
0.001165
0.000780
0.000112
0.006268
0.000034
0.000012
0.000657
0.015746
0.000692
0.013528
0.000109
0.001184
0.000298
0.000120
0.000126
0.000148
0.018574
0.000594
0.000152
0.000062
0.000028
0.002697
0.000281
0.006859
0.000149
0.000012
0.000234
0.000038
0.000056
0.000463
0.000006
0.000012
0.001371
0.000158
0.000194
0.044120
0.000910
0.055219
0.000606
0.000496
1.042451
0.082893
0.025890
0.000044
0.000845
0.007298
0.030188
0.000181
0.000385
0.000555
0.002510
0.000297
0.000984
0.007181
0.000230
0.000234
0.000200
0.000346
0.000252
0.000176
86
0.010345
0.008114
0.003787
0.004240
0.003878
0.001811
0.002525
0.000742
0.012673
0.000163
0.000292
0.001111
0.003603
0.022673
0.002983
0.005547
0.075564
0.009377
0.039237
0.014184
0.004228
0.000506
0.001294
0.003768
0.000000
0.008975
0.000069
0.000067
0.000164
0.000004
0.000010
0.000167
0.000000
0.000237
0.001016
0.000086
0.000009
0.000101
0.000171
0.000018
0.000000
0.000319
0.000434
0.002432
0.001078
0.004050
0.004915
0.000708
0.001434
0.000307
0.001353
0.000057
0.000103
0.000473
0.001170
0.045314
0.003962
0.008879
0.085023
0.008408
0.016522
0.006307
0.004052
0.000572
0.001421
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0.000000
0.016113
0.000089
0.000115
0.000187
0.000001
0.000012
0.000101
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0.000096
0.000002
0.000110
0.000203
0.000000
0.000000
0.000476
0.000706
0.003030
0.001048
0.002761
0.003074
0.000508
0.002192
0.000393
0.001418
0.000069
0.000078
0.000223
0.002137
0.028315
0.003155
0.019899
0.085006
0.012683
0.026623
0.016474
0.004012
0.000678
0.001862
0.004644
0.000000
0.019229
0.000088
0.000086
0.000190
0.000002
0.000013
0.000219
0.000001
0.000268
0.000662
0.000096
0.000005
0.000170
0.000294
0.000000
0.000000
0.000656
0.000502
0.009397
0.004044
0.004913
0.001988
0.000804
0.001556
0.000413
0.001594
0.000379
0.000118
0.000244
0.001074
0.047092
0.004856
0.008399
0.076990
0.007702
0.024505
0.008132
0.005332
0.000527
0.001220
0.004090
0.000000
0.010354
0.000082
0.000131
0.000169
0.000002
0.000011
0.000109
0.000000
0.000232
0.000635
0.000087
0.000028
0.000092
0.000188
0.000000
0.000000
0.000432
0.003738
0.023150
0.008813
0.003948
0.001850
0.000484
0.001622
0.000318
0.001819
0.000799
0.000071
0.000251
0.002606
0.029289
0.003279
0.010548
0.082544
0.014347
0.020401
0.008768
0.003556
0.000615
0.001471
0.004260
0.000000
0.021529
0.000089
0.000090
0.000186
0.000004
0.000012
0.000143
0.000001
0.000255
0.000585
0.000093
0.000012
0.000155
0.000216
0.000000
0.000000
0.000635
0.000675
0.004729
0.003586
0.006980
0.003215
0.000557
0.002382
0.000301
0.001331
0.000111
0.000083
0.000306
0.011358
0.050460
0.008770
0.010564
0.075247
0.015439
0.017212
0.010960
0.004104
0.000644
0.001739
0.004511
0.000000
0.028191
0.000102
0.000148
0.000174
0.000762
0.000013
0.000175
0.000001
0.000240
0.000637
0.000085
0.000012
0.000192
0.000239
0.000000
0.000000
0.000819
Manufacture soap
etc.
Manufacture drugs &
medicines
Manufacture paints &
lacq.
Manufacture
industries chemic.
Printing
0.031996
0.005526
0.003491
0.005551
0.003631
0.003634
0.001385
0.000975
0.003597
0.000155
0.000513
0.000225
0.001100
0.030462
0.002686
0.010237
0.054323
0.008518
0.035184
0.006688
0.003595
0.000466
0.001627
0.003189
0.000000
0.014252
0.000064
0.000082
0.000123
0.000001
0.000009
0.000102
0.000000
0.000174
0.001972
0.000062
0.000004
0.000110
0.000164
0.000006
0.000000
0.000762
Paper & board
industries
Manufacture oth.
wooden pr.
Structural metal industries
Oth. metal industries
Manufacture industries mach.
Manufacture household machinery
Manufacture radio, TV etc.
Manufacture electrical appliances etc.
Manufacture other electrical mach,.
Ship- & boat building
Manufacture motor vehicle
Manufacture cycles, motorc.
Manufacture oth. transp. eq.
Manufacture instr. & clocks
Other manufacturing
Electricity & gas
Waterworks
Building, construction
Wholes.&retail trade
Hotels & restaurants
Transport
Communication
Banks
Oth. financial inst.
Insurance
Real estate
Ownership dwellings
Business services
Education - Private
Education - Public
Health - Private
Health - Public
Pr. non-profit inst.
Entertainment
Radio & TV broadcasting
Recreation
Rep. motor veh.
Other repair
Recycling
Other private services
Public administration
Public order
Defence
Other public administration
Manufacture of
furniture
Industry
0.000344
0.009207
0.002506
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0.001581
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0.000250
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0.000135
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0.000287
0.000539
0.000109
0.000004
0.000130
0.000209
0.000000
0.000000
0.000535
87
Agriculture other
Rubber planting
Oil Palm estates
Coconut
Tea estates
Livestock breeding etc.
Forestry & logging
Fishing
Crude petrol, natural gas & coal
Metal ore mining
Stone, clay & sand quarrying
Meat & meat production
Dairy production
Preservation of fruits &veg.
Pres. of seafood
Manufacture oils and fats
Grain mills
Bakeries
Manufacture confect.
Manufacture of ice
Manufacture other food
Manufacture animal feeds
Prod. wine and spirits
Prod. of soft drinks
Manufacture tobacco
Manuf, yarns, cloth
Manufacture knitted fabrics
Manufacture other textiles
Manufacture wearing appar.
Leather industries
Manufacture footwear
Sawmills
Manufacture oth. wooden pr.
Manufacture of furniture
Paper & board industries
Printing
Manufacture industries chemic.
Manufacture paints & lacq.
Manufacture drugs & medicines
Manufacture soap etc.
Oth. chem. industries
Petrol & coal industries
Rubber proc.
Rubber industries
Manufacture plastic products
China & glass industries
Manufacture clay products
Manufacture cement etc.
Oth. non-met. Manufacture
Iron & steel industries
Manufacture non-ferrous metals
Manufacture of other fabricated metals
& fixtures
Manufacture cement
etc.
Manufacture clay
products
China & glass
industries
Manufacture plastic
products
Rubber industries
Rubber proc.
Petrol & coal
industries
Industry
Oth. chem. industries
Continue
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0.001071
0.000978
0.003451
0.001510
0.003975
0.002916
0.000311
0.002184
0.000238
0.001147
0.000204
0.000059
0.001336
0.001374
0.044139
0.004270
0.020336
0.069658
0.009316
0.015891
0.010391
0.002745
0.000433
0.000589
0.003765
0.000000
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0.000073
0.000111
0.000152
0.000003
0.000010
0.000130
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0.000212
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0.000012
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0.000284
0.000575
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0.000180
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0.000123
0.000053
0.000257
0.001982
0.052864
0.002450
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0.010310
0.005060
0.001226
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0.000068
0.000127
0.000122
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0.000155
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0.000341
0.001334
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0.002552
0.008045
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0.000522
0.002854
0.000383
0.001877
0.000059
0.000079
0.000278
0.001655
0.068833
0.003774
0.056291
0.056337
0.010592
0.025946
0.007859
0.003281
0.000596
0.001877
0.005539
0.000000
0.019506
0.000095
0.000207
0.000135
0.000001
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0.000124
0.000000
0.000183
0.001132
0.000064
0.000005
0.000133
0.000261
0.000000
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0.000561
Manufacture cement
etc.
Manufacture clay
products
China & glass
industries
Manufacture plastic
products
Rubber industries
0.000578
0.004843
0.002361
0.002281
0.001826
0.001181
0.001033
0.000415
0.001603
0.000134
0.000169
0.000127
0.001148
0.014581
0.001972
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0.000000
0.000146
0.000778
0.000052
0.000005
0.000098
0.000145
0.000000
0.000000
0.000489
Rubber proc.
Oth. chem. industries
Structural metal industries
Oth. metal industries
Manufacture industries mach.
Manufacture household machinery
Manufacture radio, TV etc.
Manufacture electrical appliances etc.
Manufacture other electrical mach,.
Ship- & boat building
Manufacture motor vehicle
Manufacture cycles, motorc.
Manufacture oth. transp. eq.
Manufacture instr. & clocks
Other manufacturing
Electricity & gas
Waterworks
Building, construction
Wholes.&retail trade
Hotels & restaurants
Transport
Communication
Banks
Oth. financial inst.
Insurance
Real estate
Ownership dwellings
Business services
Education - Private
Education - Public
Health - Private
Health - Public
Pr. non-profit inst.
Entertainment
Radio & TV broadcasting
Recreation
Rep. motor veh.
Other repair
Recycling
Other private services
Public administration
Public order
Defence
Other public administration
Petrol & coal
industries
Industry
0.000479
0.001695
0.001162
0.003630
0.002185
0.000386
0.002357
0.000425
0.001752
0.000039
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0.000148
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0.000050
0.000002
0.000112
0.000241
0.000000
0.000000
0.000485
89
Agriculture other
Rubber planting
Oil Palm estates
Coconut
Tea estates
Livestock breeding etc.
Forestry & logging
Fishing
Crude petrol, natural gas & coal
Metal ore mining
Stone, clay & sand quarrying
Meat & meat production
Dairy production
Preservation of fruits &veg.
Pres. of seafood
Manufacture oils and fats
Grain mills
Bakeries
Manufacture confect.
Manufacture of ice
Manufacture other food
Manufacture animal feeds
Prod. wine and spirits
Prod. of soft drinks
Manufacture tobacco
Manuf, yarns, cloth
Manufacture knitted fabrics
Manufacture other textiles
Manufacture wearing appar.
Leather industries
Manufacture footwear
Sawmills
Manufacture oth. wooden pr.
Manufacture of furniture
Paper & board industries
Printing
Manufacture industries chemic.
Manufacture paints & lacq.
Manufacture drugs & medicines
Manufacture soap etc.
Oth. chem. industries
Petrol & coal industries
Rubber proc.
Rubber industries
Manufacture plastic products
China & glass industries
Manufacture clay products
Manufacture cement etc.
Oth. non-met. Manufacture
Iron & steel industries
Manufacture non-ferrous metals
Manufacture of other fabricated metals
& fixtures
Structural metal industries
Manufacture
household machinery
Manufacture
industries mach.
Oth. metal industries
Structural metal
industries
Manfacture of other
fabricated metals &
fixture.
Manufacture nonferrous metals
Iron & steel
industries
Industry
Oth. non-met.
Manufacture
Continue
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0.000548
0.016775
0.005226
0.000306
0.000048
0.000298
0.000017
0.000001
0.000265
0.001534
0.000309
0.002327
0.000024
0.000252
0.000140
0.000043
0.000057
0.000042
0.000799
0.000242
0.000091
0.000020
0.000012
0.000342
0.000130
0.000034
0.000079
0.000004
0.000267
0.000031
0.000242
0.000420
0.000008
0.000004
0.001261
0.000084
0.000162
0.003447
0.000652
0.003084
0.000235
0.000016
0.000192
0.000842
0.004442
0.000019
0.000536
0.000681
0.000217
0.000261
0.000137
0.000269
0.003582
0.001620
0.000850
0.000671
0.000938
0.000922
0.000800
0.000753
1.046331
0.001088
0.007228
1.063348
0.005330
0.001879
0.001452
0.002871
0.001400
0.002173
90
0.018664
0.007505
0.003301
0.003686
0.000333
0.010110
0.000243
0.001286
0.000173
0.000048
0.000469
0.001171
0.057661
0.002790
0.005147
0.089248
0.008144
0.016017
0.004690
0.003357
0.000500
0.000713
0.004243
0.000000
0.010840
0.000090
0.000130
0.000193
0.000002
0.000011
0.000079
0.000000
0.000261
0.000460
0.000101
0.000696
0.000092
0.000194
0.000000
0.000000
0.000334
0.034645
0.013816
0.004649
0.003703
0.000226
0.005347
0.000200
0.001103
0.000194
0.000033
0.000372
0.001037
0.027540
0.002002
0.005448
0.051293
0.006832
0.013441
0.004112
0.001680
0.000324
0.000706
0.002555
0.000000
0.007042
0.000052
0.000068
0.000112
0.000001
0.000007
0.000064
0.000000
0.000155
0.000333
0.000058
0.000432
0.000068
0.000118
0.000000
0.000000
0.000224
0.014562
0.006172
0.003751
0.002277
0.000394
0.002542
0.000243
0.001350
0.000104
0.000058
0.000204
0.001254
0.026362
0.003330
0.007452
0.077898
0.009468
0.014749
0.005666
0.002172
0.000482
0.000956
0.003562
0.000000
0.012917
0.000075
0.000075
0.000170
0.000001
0.000010
0.000093
0.000000
0.000233
0.000485
0.000088
0.000050
0.000102
0.000170
0.000000
0.000000
0.000380
0.016697
0.008643
0.004285
0.002229
0.000341
0.002381
0.000229
0.001117
0.000394
0.000049
0.000233
0.002907
0.030227
0.003886
0.009218
0.077168
0.009181
0.013778
0.006177
0.002384
0.000477
0.000881
0.003621
0.000000
0.012741
0.000076
0.000084
0.000168
0.000002
0.000010
0.000097
0.000000
0.000230
0.000447
0.000087
0.000057
0.000100
0.000172
0.000000
0.000000
0.000382
1.098500
0.039483
0.006814
0.002614
0.000328
0.004323
0.000225
0.001508
0.000470
0.000045
0.000651
0.002096
0.040338
0.004093
0.003811
0.088169
0.010042
0.014671
0.012831
0.003032
0.000486
0.000551
0.004095
0.000000
0.008636
0.000082
0.000101
0.000190
0.000001
0.000011
0.000155
0.000000
0.000264
0.000441
0.000100
0.000083
0.000095
0.000183
0.000000
0.000000
0.000281
0.014864
1.027022
0.008592
0.002396
0.000152
0.003048
0.000130
0.005186
0.000563
0.000023
0.002792
0.001016
0.014283
0.001585
0.005231
0.062104
0.007359
0.008661
0.008895
0.001380
0.000356
0.000574
0.002717
0.000000
0.005854
0.000052
0.000042
0.000133
0.000001
0.000008
0.000108
0.000000
0.000185
0.000281
0.000070
0.000014
0.000066
0.000122
0.000000
0.000000
0.000187
Manufacture
household machinery
Manufacture
industries mach.
Oth. metal industries
Structural metal
industries
Manfacture of other
fabricated metals &
fixture.
0.017026
0.007192
0.005239
0.001921
0.000521
0.002462
0.000533
0.002370
0.000113
0.000083
0.000361
0.001424
0.053952
0.003858
0.009356
0.075068
0.011124
0.038522
0.018327
0.002636
0.000611
0.002112
0.005700
0.000000
0.015289
0.000097
0.000182
0.000171
0.000002
0.000013
0.000217
0.000000
0.000243
0.001395
0.000085
0.000004
0.000131
0.000260
0.000000
0.000000
0.000462
Manufacture nonferrous metals
Oth. non-met.
Manufacture
Oth. metal industries
Manufacture industries mach.
Manufacture household machinery
Manufacture radio, TV etc.
Manufacture electrical appliances etc.
Manufacture other electrical mach,.
Ship- & boat building
Manufacture motor vehicle
Manufacture cycles, motorc.
Manufacture oth. transp. eq.
Manufacture instr. & clocks
Other manufacturing
Electricity & gas
Waterworks
Building, construction
Wholes.&retail trade
Hotels & restaurants
Transport
Communication
Banks
Oth. financial inst.
Insurance
Real estate
Ownership dwellings
Business services
Education - Private
Education - Public
Health - Private
Health - Public
Pr. non-profit inst.
Entertainment
Radio & TV broadcasting
Recreation
Rep. motor veh.
Other repair
Recycling
Other private services
Public administration
Public order
Defence
Other public administration
Iron & steel
industries
Industry
0.002502
0.002972
1.015740
0.027110
0.000110
0.005985
0.000149
0.001197
0.000093
0.000018
0.000180
0.000505
0.006401
0.001118
0.001796
0.102503
0.005266
0.010528
0.003577
0.000820
0.000456
0.000383
0.003563
0.000000
0.003129
0.000070
0.000027
0.000214
0.000001
0.000010
0.000053
0.000000
0.000290
0.000350
0.000116
0.000003
0.000053
0.000152
0.000000
0.000000
0.000127
91
Agriculture other
Rubber planting
Oil Palm estates
Coconut
Tea estates
Livestock breeding etc.
Forestry & logging
Fishing
Crude petrol, natural gas & coal
Metal ore mining
Stone, clay & sand quarrying
Meat & meat production
Dairy production
Preservation of fruits &veg.
Pres. of seafood
Manufacture oils and fats
Grain mills
Bakeries
Manufacture confect.
Manufacture of ice
Manufacture other food
Manufacture animal feeds
Prod. wine and spirits
Prod. of soft drinks
Manufacture tobacco
Manuf, yarns, cloth
Manufacture knitted fabrics
Manufacture other textiles
Manufacture wearing appar.
Leather industries
Manufacture footwear
Sawmills
Manufacture oth. wooden pr.
Manufacture of furniture
Paper & board industries
Printing
Manufacture industries chemic.
Manufacture paints & lacq.
Manufacture drugs & medicines
Manufacture soap etc.
Oth. chem. industries
Petrol & coal industries
Rubber proc.
Rubber industries
Manufacture plastic products
China & glass industries
Manufacture clay products
Manufacture cement etc.
Oth. non-met. Manufacture
Iron & steel industries
Manufacture non-ferrous metals
Manufacture of other fabricated metals
& fixtures
Manufacture instr. &
clocks
Manufacture oth.
transp. eq.
Manufacture cycles,
motorc.
Manufacture motor
vehicle
Ship- & boat building
Manufacture other
electrical mach,.
Manufacture
electrical appliances
etc.
Industry
Manufacture radio,
TV etc.
Continue
0.000312
0.000055
0.000943
0.000016
0.000001
0.000299
0.005399
0.000343
0.003291
0.000055
0.000558
0.000140
0.000051
0.000057
0.000104
0.002518
0.000251
0.000158
0.000022
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0.000345
0.000138
0.000054
0.000074
0.000004
0.000311
0.000068
0.000162
0.001143
0.000017
0.000004
0.005066
0.001503
0.001899
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0.000533
0.012198
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0.000182
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0.006620
0.000022
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0.001710
0.001068
0.003993
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0.000696
0.006872
0.001734
0.000591
0.000152
0.000730
0.000032
0.000003
0.000524
0.002355
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0.005408
0.000132
0.000450
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0.000078
0.000109
0.000076
0.001995
0.000472
0.000119
0.000037
0.000069
0.000653
0.000237
0.000063
0.000146
0.000008
0.000341
0.000047
0.000260
0.000587
0.000011
0.000037
0.000864
0.000177
0.000399
0.011146
0.000899
0.007435
0.000591
0.000023
0.000268
0.001330
0.008819
0.000061
0.002390
0.006689
0.001739
0.000350
0.000419
0.000763
0.019796
0.016779
0.000456
0.000260
0.001424
0.000025
0.000002
0.000461
0.006321
0.000462
0.005492
0.000097
0.000424
0.000212
0.000122
0.000084
0.000067
0.003785
0.000361
0.000084
0.000028
0.000019
0.000509
0.000200
0.000080
0.000107
0.000006
0.000680
0.000231
0.000043
0.004260
0.000055
0.000011
0.005211
0.000185
0.000221
0.013282
0.000679
0.019101
0.004282
0.000018
0.000218
0.005024
0.010026
0.000093
0.002452
0.008760
0.000715
0.000191
0.000378
0.000592
0.008268
0.013098
0.000323
0.000027
0.001432
0.000017
0.000001
0.000334
0.011884
0.000322
0.006322
0.000108
0.000966
0.000158
0.000063
0.000059
0.000051
0.003799
0.000260
0.000045
0.000020
0.000014
0.000360
0.000170
0.000069
0.000073
0.000005
0.000090
0.000025
0.000017
0.000346
0.000004
0.000008
0.015867
0.000184
0.000260
0.001400
0.000409
0.020071
0.002338
0.000010
0.000119
0.001198
0.010514
0.000014
0.000369
0.000493
0.001192
0.000126
0.001302
0.004968
0.048919
0.001233
0.000385
0.000709
0.000686
0.000021
0.000002
0.000427
0.004446
0.000383
0.004575
0.000076
0.000530
0.000178
0.000120
0.000070
0.000054
0.001800
0.000302
0.000086
0.000025
0.000016
0.000428
0.000192
0.000054
0.000092
0.000006
0.010830
0.000690
0.013294
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0.000167
0.000013
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0.000140
0.001137
0.005348
0.000653
0.008100
0.004740
0.000018
0.000198
0.004299
0.008741
0.000261
0.010119
0.017071
0.008170
0.000162
0.000510
0.000910
0.008863
0.001468
0.000560
0.000453
0.000610
0.000030
0.000003
0.000501
0.002759
0.000565
0.006817
0.000067
0.000510
0.000262
0.000146
0.000102
0.000075
0.001597
0.000441
0.000116
0.000036
0.000023
0.000620
0.000229
0.000066
0.000136
0.000009
0.001338
0.000124
0.001400
0.001085
0.000031
0.000013
0.000939
0.000216
0.000738
0.011665
0.000947
0.006347
0.006894
0.000024
0.000291
0.002346
0.012480
0.000167
0.007501
0.007046
0.001149
0.000159
0.000506
0.000808
0.015873
0.001451
0.000755
0.000099
0.001307
0.000043
0.000004
0.000708
0.004526
0.000774
0.006714
0.000103
0.000385
0.000364
0.000087
0.000136
0.000087
0.003472
0.000600
0.000071
0.000041
0.000031
0.000824
0.000284
0.000083
0.000168
0.000006
0.000204
0.000063
0.000021
0.001070
0.000011
0.000006
0.000735
0.000065
0.000125
0.028237
0.000538
0.016696
0.000597
0.000051
0.000189
0.001163
0.012152
0.000040
0.001625
0.000615
0.000236
0.000093
0.000415
0.001036
0.065642
0.000345
0.000475
0.000196
0.001025
0.000024
0.000002
0.000505
0.003356
0.000473
0.005514
0.000078
0.000534
0.000208
0.000102
0.000177
0.000117
0.002711
0.000346
0.000087
0.000028
0.000019
0.000542
0.000219
0.000065
0.000113
0.000007
0.000303
0.000102
0.000046
0.001795
0.000019
0.000012
0.000837
0.001311
0.000353
0.014010
0.000689
0.013161
0.000603
0.000021
0.000206
0.002409
0.008997
0.000078
0.003030
0.021908
0.009565
0.000414
0.000416
0.000717
0.003796
0.005372
0.003778
0.001388
0.001922
0.004597
0.000868
0.007884
0.002800
0.004010
92
0.001541
0.010865
0.011252
0.013404
0.015766
1.025371
0.004993
0.004145
0.014247
0.000169
0.003511
0.012234
0.002144
0.019993
0.002426
0.006108
0.121235
0.010314
0.015798
0.006213
0.001595
0.000619
0.000769
0.004731
0.000000
0.010837
0.000096
0.000062
0.000258
0.000002
0.000014
0.000099
0.000001
0.000350
0.000498
0.000137
0.000019
0.000106
0.000214
0.000000
0.000000
0.000339
0.016494
0.018693
0.008176
0.005064
0.014408
0.000233
1.034334
0.000165
0.001192
0.002975
0.000035
0.001726
0.001840
0.025103
0.002561
0.006965
0.081531
0.007887
0.010220
0.007012
0.002041
0.000454
0.000731
0.003512
0.000000
0.008100
0.000071
0.000067
0.000175
0.000001
0.000010
0.000096
0.000000
0.000243
0.000377
0.000092
0.000011
0.000079
0.000159
0.000000
0.000000
0.000259
0.006260
0.008203
0.003628
0.001939
0.000925
0.000237
0.001274
1.035361
0.000691
0.000142
0.000035
0.000120
0.000813
0.014607
0.001651
0.006322
0.038023
0.005464
0.008882
0.003797
0.001087
0.000272
0.000600
0.001953
0.000000
0.010248
0.000041
0.000043
0.000085
0.000001
0.000006
0.000061
0.000000
0.000117
0.000283
0.000043
0.000030
0.000067
0.000100
0.000000
0.000000
0.000293
0.000615
0.003774
0.002049
0.027016
0.006087
0.000173
0.004577
0.000168
1.223848
0.000437
0.000028
0.000367
0.000804
0.017239
0.001648
0.007423
0.089315
0.006544
0.011679
0.004015
0.001454
0.000458
0.000621
0.003536
0.000000
0.007171
0.000071
0.000050
0.000190
0.000001
0.000010
0.000064
0.000000
0.000259
0.000377
0.000101
0.000011
0.000071
0.000158
0.000000
0.000000
0.000236
0.002795
0.007848
0.006306
0.017007
0.002889
0.000255
0.004501
0.000314
0.123935
1.667776
0.000042
0.000311
0.001283
0.031481
0.003064
0.008939
0.119457
0.009724
0.023231
0.005528
0.002736
0.000654
0.001190
0.004943
0.000000
0.011423
0.000100
0.000086
0.000255
0.000002
0.000014
0.000092
0.000001
0.000347
0.000554
0.000135
0.000011
0.000108
0.000224
0.000000
0.000000
0.000363
0.001275
0.001860
0.001084
0.002355
0.001131
0.000170
0.001758
0.000558
0.000679
0.000345
1.001104
0.000099
0.001304
0.016649
0.001539
0.003922
0.047008
0.013614
0.008209
0.011129
0.001548
0.000399
0.001445
0.002449
0.000000
0.008597
0.000048
0.000046
0.000104
0.000004
0.000007
0.000145
0.000000
0.000150
0.000270
0.000053
0.000040
0.000102
0.000116
0.000000
0.000000
0.000252
Manufacture instr. &
clocks
Manufacture oth.
transp. eq.
Manufacture cycles,
motorc.
Manufacture motor
vehicle
Ship- & boat building
0.002853
0.014275
0.005799
0.002166
1.070170
0.000157
0.005353
0.000125
0.000800
0.001382
0.000024
0.000397
0.001024
0.013692
0.001525
0.001782
0.078236
0.005239
0.008175
0.004265
0.000937
0.000363
0.000313
0.002925
0.000000
0.003533
0.000059
0.000039
0.000165
0.000001
0.000008
0.000059
0.000000
0.000224
0.000305
0.000089
0.000005
0.000050
0.000126
0.000001
0.000000
0.000133
Manufacture other
electrical mach,.
Manufacture radio,
TV etc.
Structural metal industries
Oth. metal industries
Manufacture industries mach.
Manufacture household machinery
Manufacture radio, TV etc.
Manufacture electrical appliances etc.
Manufacture other electrical mach,.
Ship- & boat building
Manufacture motor vehicle
Manufacture cycles, motorc.
Manufacture oth. transp. eq.
Manufacture instr. & clocks
Other manufacturing
Electricity & gas
Waterworks
Building, construction
Wholes.&retail trade
Hotels & restaurants
Transport
Communication
Banks
Oth. financial inst.
Insurance
Real estate
Ownership dwellings
Business services
Education - Private
Education - Public
Health - Private
Health - Public
Pr. non-profit inst.
Entertainment
Radio & TV broadcasting
Recreation
Rep. motor veh.
Other repair
Recycling
Other private services
Public administration
Public order
Defence
Other public administration
Manufacture
electrical appliances
etc.
Industry
0.001270
0.008511
0.007959
0.019495
0.020232
0.000184
0.003155
0.000171
0.001152
0.003206
0.000029
1.046880
0.001568
0.020901
0.002008
0.007461
0.084245
0.007540
0.011620
0.004954
0.001493
0.000468
0.000765
0.003533
0.000000
0.010116
0.000072
0.000059
0.000181
0.000001
0.000010
0.000079
0.000000
0.000247
0.000381
0.000095
0.000005
0.000084
0.000164
0.000001
0.000000
0.000306
93
Waterworks
Building,
construction
Wholes.&retail
trade
Hotels &
restaurants
Transport
Communication
Agriculture other
Rubber planting
Oil Palm estates
Coconut
Tea estates
Livestock breeding etc.
Forestry & logging
Fishing
Crude petrol, natural gas & coal
Metal ore mining
Stone, clay & sand quarrying
Meat & meat production
Dairy production
Preservation of fruits &veg.
Pres. of seafood
Manufacture oils and fats
Grain mills
Bakeries
Manufacture confect.
Manufacture of ice
Manufacture other food
Manufacture animal feeds
Prod. wine and spirits
Prod. of soft drinks
Manufacture tobacco
Manuf, yarns, cloth
Manufacture knitted fabrics
Manufacture other textiles
Manufacture wearing appar.
Leather industries
Manufacture footwear
Sawmills
Manufacture oth. wooden pr.
Manufacture of furniture
Paper & board industries
Printing
Manufacture industries chemic.
Manufacture paints & lacq.
Manufacture drugs & medicines
Manufacture soap etc.
Oth. chem. industries
Petrol & coal industries
Rubber proc.
Rubber industries
Manufacture plastic products
China & glass industries
Manufacture clay products
Manufacture cement etc.
Oth. non-met. Manufacture
Iron & steel industries
Manufacture non-ferrous metals
Manufacture of other fabricated metals
& fixtures
Structural metal industries
Electricity & gas
Industry
Other
manufacturing
Continue
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94
Industry
Other
manufacturing
Electricity & gas
Waterworks
Building,
construction
Wholes.&retail
trade
Hotels &
restaurants
Transport
Communication
Oth. metal industries
Manufacture industries mach.
Manufacture household machinery
Manufacture radio, TV etc.
Manufacture electrical appliances etc.
Manufacture other electrical mach,.
Ship- & boat building
Manufacture motor vehicle
Manufacture cycles, motorc.
Manufacture oth. transp. eq.
Manufacture instr. & clocks
Other manufacturing
Electricity & gas
Waterworks
Building, construction
Wholes.&retail trade
Hotels & restaurants
Transport
Communication
Banks
Oth. financial inst.
Insurance
Real estate
Ownership dwellings
Business services
Education - Private
Education - Public
Health - Private
Health - Public
Pr. non-profit inst.
Entertainment
Radio & TV broadcasting
Recreation
Rep. motor veh.
Other repair
Recycling
Other private services
Public administration
Public order
Defence
Other public administration
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95
Insurance
Real estate
Ownership
dwellings
Business services
Education - Private
Higher Education Public
Agriculture other
Rubber planting
Oil Palm estates
Coconut
Tea estates
Livestock breeding etc.
Forestry & logging
Fishing
Crude petrol, natural gas & coal
Metal ore mining
Stone, clay & sand quarrying
Meat & meat production
Dairy production
Preservation of fruits &veg.
Pres. of seafood
Manufacture oils and fats
Grain mills
Bakeries
Manufacture confect.
Manufacture of ice
Manufacture other food
Manufacture animal feeds
Prod. wine and spirits
Prod. of soft drinks
Manufacture tobacco
Manuf, yarns, cloth
Manufacture knitted fabrics
Manufacture other textiles
Manufacture wearing appar.
Leather industries
Manufacture footwear
Sawmills
Manufacture oth. wooden pr.
Manufacture of furniture
Paper & board industries
Printing
Manufacture industries chemic.
Manufacture paints & lacq.
Manufacture drugs & medicines
Manufacture soap etc.
Oth. chem. industries
Petrol & coal industries
Rubber proc.
Rubber industries
Manufacture plastic products
China & glass industries
Manufacture clay products
Manufacture cement etc.
Oth. non-met. Manufacture
Iron & steel industries
Manufacture non-ferrous metals
Manufacture of other fabricated metals
& fixtures
Oth. financial inst.
Industry
Banks
Continue
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96
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Oth. metal industries
Manufacture industries mach.
Manufacture household machinery
Manufacture radio, TV etc.
Manufacture electrical appliances etc.
Manufacture other electrical mach,.
Ship- & boat building
Manufacture motor vehicle
Manufacture cycles, motorc.
Manufacture oth. transp. eq.
Manufacture instr. & clocks
Other manufacturing
Electricity & gas
Waterworks
Building, construction
Wholes.&retail trade
Hotels & restaurants
Transport
Communication
Banks
Oth. financial inst.
Insurance
Real estate
Ownership dwellings
Business services
Education - Private
Education - Public
Health - Private
Health - Public
Pr. non-profit inst.
Entertainment
Radio & TV broadcasting
Recreation
Rep. motor veh.
Other repair
Recycling
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Public order
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97
Health - Public
Entertainment
Radio & TV
broadcasting
Recreation
Rep. motor veh.
Other repair
Agriculture other
Rubber planting
Oil Palm estates
Coconut
Tea estates
Livestock breeding etc.
Forestry & logging
Fishing
Crude petrol, natural gas & coal
Metal ore mining
Stone, clay & sand quarrying
Meat & meat production
Dairy production
Preservation of fruits &veg.
Pres. of seafood
Manufacture oils and fats
Grain mills
Bakeries
Manufacture confect.
Manufacture of ice
Manufacture other food
Manufacture animal feeds
Prod. wine and spirits
Prod. of soft drinks
Manufacture tobacco
Manuf, yarns, cloth
Manufacture knitted fabrics
Manufacture other textiles
Manufacture wearing appar.
Leather industries
Manufacture footwear
Sawmills
Manufacture oth. wooden pr.
Manufacture of furniture
Paper & board industries
Printing
Manufacture industries chemic.
Manufacture paints & lacq.
Manufacture drugs & medicines
Manufacture soap etc.
Oth. chem. industries
Petrol & coal industries
Rubber proc.
Rubber industries
Manufacture plastic products
China & glass industries
Manufacture clay products
Manufacture cement etc.
Oth. non-met. Manufacture
Iron & steel industries
Manufacture non-ferrous metals
Manufacture of other fabricated metals
& fixtures
Health - Private
Industry
Pr. non-profit inst.
Continue
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98
Rep. motor veh.
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Oth. metal industries
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Manufacture household machinery
Manufacture radio, TV etc.
Manufacture electrical appliances etc.
Manufacture other electrical mach,.
Ship- & boat building
Manufacture motor vehicle
Manufacture cycles, motorc.
Manufacture oth. transp. eq.
Manufacture instr. & clocks
Other manufacturing
Electricity & gas
Waterworks
Building, construction
Wholes.&retail trade
Hotels & restaurants
Transport
Communication
Banks
Oth. financial inst.
Insurance
Real estate
Ownership dwellings
Business services
Education - Private
Education - Public
Health - Private
Health - Public
Pr. non-profit inst.
Entertainment
Radio & TV broadcasting
Recreation
Rep. motor veh.
Other repair
Recycling
Other private services
Public administration
Public order
Defence
Other public administration
Pr. non-profit inst.
Industry
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99
Public
administration
Public order
Defence
Other public
administration
Agriculture other
Rubber planting
Oil Palm estates
Coconut
Tea estates
Livestock breeding etc.
Forestry & logging
Fishing
Crude petrol, natural gas & coal
Metal ore mining
Stone, clay & sand quarrying
Meat & meat production
Dairy production
Preservation of fruits &veg.
Pres. of seafood
Manufacture oils and fats
Grain mills
Bakeries
Manufacture confect.
Manufacture of ice
Manufacture other food
Manufacture animal feeds
Prod. wine and spirits
Prod. of soft drinks
Manufacture tobacco
Manuf, yarns, cloth
Manufacture knitted fabrics
Manufacture other textiles
Manufacture wearing appar.
Leather industries
Manufacture footwear
Sawmills
Manufacture oth. wooden pr.
Manufacture of furniture
Paper & board industries
Printing
Manufacture industries chemic.
Manufacture paints & lacq.
Manufacture drugs & medicines
Manufacture soap etc.
Oth. chem. industries
Petrol & coal industries
Rubber proc.
Rubber industries
Manufacture plastic products
China & glass industries
Manufacture clay products
Manufacture cement etc.
Oth. non-met. Manufacture
Iron & steel industries
Manufacture non-ferrous metals
Manufacture of other fabricated metals & fixtures
Structural metal industries
Other private
services
Industry
Recycling
Continue
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0.000064
0.000136
0.000009
0.000140
0.000033
0.000032
0.000344
0.000007
0.000014
0.000819
0.000116
0.000165
0.002975
0.001015
0.007800
0.000765
0.000021
0.000294
0.001962
0.019729
0.000482
0.001548
0.000973
0.000711
0.000326
0.002025
0.006202
0.479748
0.014879
0.001609
0.000976
0.002114
0.000050
0.001531
0.000101
0.000009
0.001544
0.001135
0.001826
0.009670
0.000063
0.001323
0.000841
0.000410
0.000343
0.000200
0.004173
0.001469
0.000332
0.000112
0.000090
0.002116
0.000610
0.000163
0.000851
0.000021
0.000431
0.000145
0.000147
0.002166
0.000029
0.000045
0.000864
0.000239
0.000217
0.002099
0.003657
0.003387
0.000385
0.000087
0.004322
0.000859
0.016013
0.000033
0.000596
0.001112
0.001024
0.000427
0.001332
0.001934
0.003994
0.000405
0.002816
0.001047
0.002464
0.000115
0.000962
0.000127
0.000018
0.002017
0.001927
0.002371
0.014541
0.000040
0.000657
0.001178
0.000974
0.000462
0.000353
0.002407
0.002087
0.000353
0.000155
0.000105
0.004129
0.001141
0.000164
0.000607
0.000031
0.000937
0.000547
0.000350
0.003514
0.000097
0.000027
0.000824
0.000398
0.000259
0.008613
0.034378
0.002633
0.000976
0.000094
0.000340
0.000917
0.014347
0.000057
0.001346
0.001034
0.000518
0.000255
0.000599
0.000963
0.003091
0.000507
0.000400
0.000684
0.002617
0.000098
0.000992
0.000089
0.000021
0.001867
0.001084
0.001733
0.009857
0.000028
0.000429
0.001413
0.002586
0.000732
0.000310
0.002621
0.002852
0.001840
0.000196
0.000068
0.004648
0.000870
0.000119
0.000442
0.000009
0.002932
0.004705
0.000329
0.004692
0.000716
0.000013
0.000686
0.000475
0.000117
0.002457
0.006231
0.002071
0.000662
0.000062
0.000447
0.000699
0.019605
0.000040
0.001492
0.000968
0.000418
0.000161
0.000384
0.000626
0.002435
0.000268
0.000290
0.000813
0.002053
0.000201
0.001190
0.000045
0.000020
0.001539
0.001739
0.001877
0.018600
0.000050
0.000732
0.001917
0.002895
0.001137
0.001812
0.003123
0.002491
0.001333
0.000155
0.000060
0.004634
0.000665
0.000097
0.000520
0.000009
0.002612
0.000118
0.003214
0.000725
0.000031
0.000018
0.001354
0.000320
0.000255
0.002842
0.005735
0.003369
0.001278
0.000143
0.000382
0.001161
0.039483
0.000076
0.002830
0.002119
0.000789
0.000243
0.000678
0.001138
0.005262
0.000430
0.000561
0.002363
0.001506
0.000160
0.000779
0.000074
0.000014
0.001308
0.001692
0.001472
0.018325
0.000053
0.000960
0.000833
0.000311
0.000320
0.000339
0.001856
0.001267
0.000346
0.000109
0.000068
0.003160
0.001174
0.000118
0.000353
0.000033
0.000699
0.000250
0.000331
0.002103
0.000046
0.000029
0.000862
0.000394
0.000273
0.006111
0.015332
0.003038
0.000829
0.000060
0.000338
0.000833
0.016505
0.000072
0.002321
0.000919
0.000626
0.000473
0.000816
0.001266
0.003270
0.000376
0.000518
0.000759
100
Other private
services
Public
administration
Public order
Defence
Other public
administration
Oth. metal industries
Manufacture industries mach.
Manufacture household machinery
Manufacture radio, TV etc.
Manufacture electrical appliances etc.
Manufacture other electrical mach,.
Ship- & boat building
Manufacture motor vehicle
Manufacture cycles, motorc.
Manufacture oth. transp. eq.
Manufacture instr. & clocks
Other manufacturing
Electricity & gas
Waterworks
Building, construction
Wholes.&retail trade
Hotels & restaurants
Transport
Communication
Banks
Oth. financial inst.
Insurance
Real estate
Ownership dwellings
Business services
Education - Private
Education - Public
Health - Private
Health - Public
Pr. non-profit inst.
Entertainment
Radio & TV broadcasting
Recreation
Rep. motor veh.
Other repair
Recycling
Other private services
Public administration
Public order
Defence
Other public administration
Recycling
Industry
0.009882
0.004193
0.002453
0.003121
0.000435
0.005242
0.000277
0.001530
0.000100
0.000064
0.000301
0.000845
0.051304
0.008095
0.008588
0.092565
0.009375
0.017259
0.005772
0.004368
0.000556
0.000999
0.004456
0.000000
0.013146
0.000096
0.000140
0.000201
0.000001
0.000012
0.000095
0.000000
0.000273
0.000538
0.000105
1.000312
0.000106
0.000207
0.000000
0.000000
0.000414
0.001316
0.001429
0.002051
0.002187
0.003347
0.002886
0.000720
0.003192
0.000098
0.000476
0.000295
0.004935
0.040599
0.007393
0.029245
0.025324
0.032176
0.014713
0.018691
0.001551
0.003839
0.005762
0.077830
0.000000
0.023944
0.000176
0.000322
0.000300
0.000029
0.000111
0.000296
0.000001
0.000329
0.002501
0.000278
0.000004
1.170458
0.003195
0.000000
0.000000
0.001144
0.001208
0.003728
0.003832
0.004235
0.000804
0.004101
0.001948
0.003434
0.000135
0.000186
0.000341
0.012118
0.038921
0.005278
0.012140
0.027399
0.040368
0.032939
0.032437
0.001021
0.000807
0.002770
0.057140
0.000000
0.057289
0.000179
0.000264
0.000235
0.000008
0.000086
0.000858
0.000001
0.000242
0.005756
0.000037
0.000005
0.012230
1.002440
0.000000
0.000000
0.001915
0.000944
0.004488
0.001279
0.002262
0.000667
0.002151
0.010545
0.002637
0.000148
0.000435
0.000187
0.006204
0.022170
0.005349
0.007803
0.016175
0.028228
0.027842
0.015653
0.000531
0.000325
0.000540
0.013153
0.000000
0.015247
0.000060
0.000103
0.000077
0.000006
0.000021
0.000274
0.000000
0.000124
0.004965
0.000081
0.000003
0.011964
0.000564
1.000000
0.000000
0.000519
0.001797
0.019999
0.009517
0.003052
0.000710
0.002082
0.048248
0.028248
0.001857
0.006812
0.000405
0.003084
0.020758
0.006070
0.013565
0.034190
0.013966
0.018720
0.013390
0.000589
0.000353
0.000626
0.007563
0.000000
0.017725
0.000062
0.000092
0.000097
0.000010
0.000014
0.000204
0.000000
0.000131
0.005129
0.000044
0.000004
0.001798
0.052619
0.000045
1.006701
0.000615
0.001189
0.006284
0.005436
0.003962
0.000706
0.003109
0.001732
0.004111
0.000139
0.000197
0.000311
0.009423
0.031283
0.005296
0.016980
0.019050
0.023479
0.029741
0.019397
0.000772
0.000869
0.004096
0.032983
0.000000
0.074997
0.000150
0.000194
0.000163
0.000008
0.000054
0.000757
0.000001
0.000187
0.014921
0.000341
0.000005
0.006454
0.020882
0.000000
0.000000
1.002180
101
Table G.2: Output generated as a result of the expenditure by a typical foreign student
Industry
Education - Public
Real estate
Manufacture radio, TV etc.
Grain mills
Dairy production
Electricity & gas
Transport
Communication
Fishing
Meat & meat production
Printing
Livestock breeding etc.
Crude petrol, natural gas & coal
Pres. of seafood
Manufacture oils and fats
Health - Public
Preservation of fruits &veg.
Bakeries
Paper & board industries
Recreation
Entertainment
Agriculture other
Rubber planting
Oil Palm estates
Coconut
Tea estates
Forestry & logging
Metal ore mining
Stone, clay & sand quarrying
Manufacture confect.
Manufacture of ice
Manufacture other food
Manufacture animal feeds
Prod. wine and spirits
Prod. of soft drinks
Manufacture tobacco
Manuf, yarns, cloth
Manufacture knitted fabrics
Manufacture other textiles
Manufacture wearing appar.
Leather industries
Manufacture footwear
Sawmills
Manufacture oth. wooden pr.
Manufacture of furniture
Manufacture industries chemic.
Manufacture paints & lacq.
Manufacture drugs & medicines
Manufacture soap etc.
Oth. chem. industries
Petrol & coal industries
Rubber proc.
Rubber industries
Manufacture plastic products
China & glass industries
Manufacture clay products
Foreign Student
Expenditure (RM)
(∆Y)
15,000.00
6,000.00
2,000.00
1,000.00
600.00
600.00
600.00
600.00
400.00
400.00
400.00
300.00
300.00
300.00
300.00
300.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
100.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Output Required (RM)
(∆X)
15,008.77
8,770.00
2,207.54
1,071.93
792.46
1,805.77
1,140.91
1,048.26
663.95
468.30
1,376.26
660.54
609.07
313.63
738.32
301.14
222.44
227.24
663.59
217.62
128.66
661.93
2.27
211.94
1.69
0.48
95.66
0.93
11.65
10.39
14.19
97.62
242.34
3.72
9.65
0.45
44.95
9.63
33.94
149.97
2.03
0.70
37.95
14.22
9.14
148.67
33.38
9.67
8.56
46.42
625.76
1.15
24.75
46.09
25.78
11.76
102
Industry
Manufacture cement etc.
Oth. non-met. Manufacture
Iron & steel industries
Manufacture non-ferrous metals
Manufacture of other fabricated metals & fixtures
Structural metal industries
Oth. metal industries
Manufacture industries mach.
Manufacture household machinery
Manufacture electrical appliances etc.
Manufacture other electrical mach,.
Ship- & boat building
Manufacture motor vehicle
Manufacture cycles, motorc.
Manufacture oth. transp. eq.
Manufacture instr. & clocks
Other manufacturing
Waterworks
Building, construction
Wholes.&retail trade
Hotels & restaurants
Banks
Oth. financial inst.
Insurance
Ownership dwellings
Business services
Education - Private
Health - Private
Pr. non-profit inst.
Radio & TV broadcasting
Rep. motor veh.
Other repair
Recycling
Other private services
Public administration
Public order
Defence
Other public administration
Total
Foreign Student
Expenditure (RM)
(∆Y)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
30,000.00
Output Required (RM)
(∆X)
10.81
25.12
68.98
26.95
13.96
20.06
106.92
94.87
58.28
29.86
123.79
24.78
67.70
5.59
4.75
10.39
172.00
157.20
148.78
1,530.37
494.89
72.01
15.06
47.92
0.00
534.06
4.47
7.74
12.24
0.28
45.79
1.37
0.26
95.23
72.42
0.01
0.00
56.27
45,247.03
103