Using an Expected Loss Function to Identify Best
High Schools for Recruitment
Sonia M. Bartolomei-Suárez1 , David González-Barreto2 and Antonio A. González-Quevedo 3
Abstract - An objective of the strategic plan of the
University of Puerto Rico Mayagüez (UPRM) is to
identify and attract the best possible prospective students
from high schools to the College of Engineering. To
address this objective a good first step is to identify the
high schools that produce, over a period of years, the
students that better executed within our institution. The
student performance (SP) at undergraduate level is
currently available in databases on the institutional
research office. In this work, the SP is combined through
indicators to develop an index per high school based on
the performance of their students in UPRM College of
Engineering. The performance index (PI) is based on the
concept of the expected loss function. In this function the
actual performance for each indicator is compared
against an expected or targeted value. The PI includes the
distance between the actual and the targeted
performance for all defined indicators, thus the objective
is to minimize this index. The better schools will results in
indexes that are very low, indicating very good SP for
their respective students. The PI is a tool that can be used
both by the UPRM admission office and by high schools
to do benchmarking among them. This paper presents a
case study for the high schools that supply students to the
UPRM engineering college for a period of six years. The
defined indicators for the case study includes: graduation
GPA, average time to degree, and graduation rate.
Index Terms – Prospective
performance index, loss function.
students,
recruitment,
INTRODUCTION
value of the IGS is 400. The weight of the GPA is 50%,
while the weight for each of the two aptitude tests is 25%.
Each academic department or program determines
each year the minimum value of the IGS for the entering
students. In general terms, no other measurement is used to
admit a student in the first year of university studies. For the
engineer class of 2004-2005, the minimum IGS fluctuated
from to 313 for Surveying to 342 for Computer Engineering.
PERFORMANCE OF OUR ENGINEERING STUDENTS IN THEIR
HIGH SCHOOLS
This study presents the best high schools, private and public,
from the perspective of the student performance at the
University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez. The high schools
that were included in the study have sent more than 50
students who have graduated from our School of Engineering
in the past ten years (1995-2005). This study was generated
using data obtained from the Office of Institutional Research
and Planning of our university.
The 15 public high schools that have the greatest
number of engineering graduates in the past ten years are
shown in Figure 1. The top three schools: CROEM (397
students), Patria Latorre (182 students) and Eugenio María
de Hostos (158 students) are in our geographic region, the
Western part of Puerto Rico. As a matter of fact, eleven of
the fifteen public high schools are located in our geographic
region. Only two of the fifteen schools are located in the
capital city of San Juan, which is the largest city in Puerto
Rico. These schools are the University Gardens High School
(146 students) and the High School of the University of
Puerto Rico (108 students).
CROEM, Mayagüez
397
Patria Latorre, San Sebastian
182
Eugenio María de Hostos, Mayagüez
156
Efrain Sánchez Hidalgo, Moca
149
University Gardens, Río Piedras
146
Blanca Malaret, Sabana Grande
143
Luis Muñoz Marin, Yauco
Escuelas Públicas
A study of our entering student profile demonstrates that a
large number of them come from the Western part of the
island of Puerto Rico, our geographic region. (1) The school
of engineering is interested in attracting good students from
all the geographic areas of Puerto Rico. With this goal in
mind, this study was developed to identify the best schools in
the island based on the performance of the engineering
students in our university.
140
Miguel Meléndez Muñoz, Cayey
127
Lola Rodríguez de Tió, San Germán
126
Benito Cerezo, Aguadilla
112
Luis Muñoz Marin, Añasco
112
Dr. Carlos González, Aguada
DESCRIPTION OF ADMISSION CRITERIA
109
Secundaria UPR, Río Piedras
108
Domingo Aponte Collazo, Lares
106
Ramón José Dávila, Coamo
The admission index, which is called the IGS, is composed
of the high school grade point average, the verbal aptitude
test score and the mathematics aptitude test score from the
College Board Entrance Examination. The highest possible
106
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Cantidad de Estudiantes
FIGURE 1
FIRST 15 PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS WITH 50 OR MORE GRADUATES AT UPRM
FOR THE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (YEARS 1995-2005).
1
Sonia M. Bartolomei-Suárez, Associate Dean of Academic Affairs, School of Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, [email protected]
David González-Barreto, Associate Professor, Industrial Engineering Department, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, [email protected]
3
Antonio González-Quevedo , Professor, Civil Engineering and Surveying Department, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, [email protected]
2
Coimbra, Portugal
September 3 – 7, 2007
International Conference on Engineering Education – ICEE 2007
400
450
The top 15 private high schools that send more than
50 students to the College of Engineering at UPRM who
graduate are shown in Figure 2. The top private high school
is Notre Dame in the city of Caguas with 262 graduates. In
second place is Immaculate Conception High School in
Mayagüez with 182 graduates, followed by Colegio San José
in San Juan with 145 graduates. Eight of the 15 schools are
located in the metropolitan area of San Juan.
Notre Dame High School, Caguas
262
Academia de la Inmaculada Concepción, Mayagüez
182
Colegio San José, Río Piedras
Colegio Ponceño
145
Colegio San Ignacio, Río Piedras
122
Academia San José, Guaynabo
Academia Discípulos de Cristo, Bayamón
121
Colegio San Antonio, Río Piedras
Colegio San Antonio, Río Piedras
117
Colegio Marista, Guaynabo
96
343
342
Notre Dame High School, Caguas
340
Colegio San José, Río Piedras
340
90
Colegio Santo Tomás de Aquino, Bayamón
340
Colegio San Agustín, Cabo Rojo
90
Academia de la Inmaculada Concepción, Mayagüez
340
Academia Santa María, Ponce
88
Cupeyville School, Río Piedras
340
Colegio San Antonio Abad, Humacao
88
Colegio María Auxiliadora, Carolina
87
Colegio San Carlos, Aguadilla
86
Colegio Evagélico Capitán Correa, Arecibo
82
Carvin School, Carolina
77
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Vocacional Antonio Lucchetti, Arecibo
340
Leonídes Morales Rodríguez, Lajas
340
Emilio R. Delgado, Corozal
339
337
337
Domingo Aponte Collazo, Lares
337
Juan Quirindongo Morell, Vega Baja
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
337
Ponce High School, Ponce
336
Asunción Rodríguez, Guayanilla
336
Juan Antonio Corretjer, Ciales
333
339
338
336
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
343
The top fifteen public high schools with the shortest time to
graduate with a bachelor’s of science degrees in engineering
from 1991-2006 are shown in Figure 5. The top school in
this category is the UPR High School in San Juan with 5.59
years. In second place is Ana J. Candelas School in Cidra
with 5.65 years. In third place there is a tied with 5.79 years
for Ramón José Dávila in Coamo with Patria Latorre School
in San Sebastián. Among the fifteen top public high schools
in this category, two are from the metropolitan area of San
Juan, five are from the Western region, three are from the
Southern region, four are from the Central region, and one
from the Eastern region.
338
Patria Latorre, San Sebastían
339
PERFORMANCE OF THE STUDENTS AT THE COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING
340
337
339
Colegio Evagélico Capitán Correa, Arecibo
It can be concluded that the first four charts show high
school students characteristics as they enter the university. In
the next section, the student performance in the College of
Engineering will be analyzed.
339
Luis Muñoz Marin, Añasco
339
Colegio San José, Caguas
FIGURE 4
PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS WITH THE HIGHEST IGS FOR GRADUATES
OF THE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING WITHIN 1995-2005
341
Ramón José Dávila, Coamo
Eladio Tirado López, Aguada
Academia Santa María, Ponce
IGS
341
Secundaria UPR, Río Piedras
Carmen Belén Veiga, Juana Díaz
339
335
The top 15 public high schools with the highest
admission index (IGS) for students of the College of
Engineering at UPRM from 1995-2005 whom graduate are
shown in Figure 3. The top public high schools are Antonio
Luchetti Vocational School in Arecibo followed by the UPR
High School (both with the same IGS of 341 points).
Following these two schools are Ramón José Dávila in
Coamo, Leonides Morales Rodríguez in Lajas and Emilio R.
Delgado in Corozal with an average IGS of 340. These
fifteen top public high schools are distributed throughout
Puerto Rico.
Carmen Bozello de Huyke, Arroyo
340
Carvin School, Carolina
Colegio San Conrado, Ponce
FIGURE 2
FIRST 15 PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS WITH 50 OR MORE GRADUATES AT UPRM
FOR THE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (YEARS 1995-2005)
University Gardens, Río Piedras
Colegio Marista, Guaynabo
Colegio San Antonio Abad, Humacao
Cantidad de Estudiantes
Escuelas Públicas
343
American Military, Guaynabo
Escuelas Privadas
E scu ela s P riva da s
The top 15 private high schools with the highest
admission index (IGS) for students of the College of
Engineering at UPRM from 1995-2005 whom graduate are
shown in are shown in Figure 4. The top two schools are
tied with and IGS of 343 and they are Colegio Ponceño in
the city of Ponce and San José Academy in the city of
Guaynabo. Following is Colegio San Antonio with an
average IGS of 342. The cities represented in these 15
schools are Caguas (3), Ponce (3), Guaynabo (2), San Juan
(2), and Bayamón, Mayagüez, Carolina, Arecibo, Humacao
all with one school.
342
IGS
FIGURE 3
PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS WITH THE HIGHEST IGS FOR GRADUATES
OF THE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING WITHIN 1995-2005
Coimbra, Portugal
September 3 – 7, 2007
International Conference on Engineering Education – ICEE 2007
344
RIO PIEDRAS-SECUNDARIA UPR
5.65
CIDRA-ACADEMICA ANA J CANDELAS
COAMO-RAMON JOSE DAVILA
5.79
SAN SEBASTIAN-PATRIA LATORRE
5.79
HUMACAO-ANA ROQUE
5.83
5.87
ARROYO-CARMEN BOZELLO DE HUYKE
E s c u e la s P ú b lic a s
Domingo Aponte Collazo School in Lares with an average
GPA of 3.07. Among the 15 public high schools with the
highest UPRM graduation GPA, two are from the
metropolitan area of San Juan, eight are from the Western
region, two are from the Southern region, two are from the
Central region, and one from the Eastern region.
5.59
RIO PIEDRAS-SECUNDARIA UPR
OROCOVIS-JOSE ROJAS CORTES
5.97
SAN GERMAN-LOLA RODZ DE TIO
CAYEY-MIGUEL MELENDEZ MUNOZ
5.97
LARES-DOMINGO APONTE COLLAZO
JUANA DIAZ-CARMEN BELEN VEIGA
3.22
3.13
3.07
COAMO-RAMON JOSE DAVILA
5.97
3.06
SAN SEBASTIAN-PATRIA LATORRE
AGUADILLA-BENITO CEREZO
3.05
6.00
3.05
MAYAGUEZ-JOSE DE DIEGO
LARES-DOMINGO APONTE COLLAZO
Escuelas Públicas
6.00
AIBONITO-DR JOSE N. GANDARA
6.03
RIO PIEDRAS-UNIVERSITY GARDENS
6.04
YAUCO-LUIS MUNOZ MARIN
HUMACAO-ANA ROQUE
6.09
SAN GERMAN-LOLA RODZ DE TIO
3.04
AGUADILLA-BENITO CEREZO
3.04
RIO PIEDRAS-UNIVERSITY GARDENS
3.04
ANASCO-LUIS MUNOZ MARIN
3.04
MAYAGUEZ-CROEM
6.12
3.03
CAYEY-MIGUEL MELENDEZ MUNOZ
5.30
5.40
5.50
5.60
5.70
5.80
5.90
6.00
6.10
3.02
6.20
Tiempo Promedio
FIGURE 5
TOP 15 PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS WITH THE LOWEST AVERAGE TIME TO
COMPLETE THE BACHELOR’S DEGREE IN ENGINEERING (1991-2006)
SABANA GRANDE-BLANCA MALARET
3.01
AIBONITO-DR JOSE N. GANDARA
3.01
ARROYO-CARMEN BOZELLO DE HUYKE
3.00
2.85
2.90
2.95
3.00
3.05
3.10
3.15
3.20
3.25
GPA Promedio
The top fifteen private high schools with the
shortest time to graduate with a bachelor’s of science degrees
in engineering from 1991-2006 are shown in Figure 6. The
shortest time belongs to Colegio San Antonio Abad in
Humacao with 5.48 years. In second place is Colegio San
Conrado in Ponce with 5.52 years and in third place is
Colegio Espiritú Santo in San Juan with 5.55 years. Among
the fifteen top private high schools in this category, six are
from the metropolitan area of San Juan, three are from the
Western region, three are from the Southern region, two are
from the Central region, and one from the Eastern region.
HUMACAO-COL SAN ANTONIO ABAD
5.52
RIO PIEDRAS-COL ESPIRITU SANTO
5.55
PONCE-COL PONCENO
5.62
CAGUAS-COL SAN JOSE
5.66
RIO PIEDRAS-COL SAN ANTONIO
5.66
AGUADILLA-COL SAN CARLOS
5.67
SAN GERMAN-COL SAN JOSE
5.70
RIO PIEDRAS-COL SAN IGNACIO
5.75
CAGUAS-NOTRE DAME HIGH SCHOOL
RIO PIEDRAS-COL ESPIRITU SANTO
5.76
MAYAGUEZ-ACAD LA INMACULADA
5.78
GUAYNABO-COL SAGRADOS CORAZONES
5.40
5.50
5.60
5.70
5.80
5.90
Tiempo Promedio
FIGURE 6
TOP 15 PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS WITH THE LOWEST AVERAGE TIME TO
COMPLETE THE BACHELOR’S DEGREE IN ENGINEERING (1991-2006)
3.20
3.19
RIO PIEDRAS-COL SAN ANTONIO
3.15
SAN GERMAN-COL SAN JOSE
5.90
5.30
3.21
HUMACAO-COL SAN ANTONIO ABAD
5.88
PONCE-ACAD SANTA MARIA
3.21
PONCE-COL SAN CONRADO
5.87
CAROLINA-CARVIN SCHOOL
3.22
MAYAGUEZ-ACAD LA INMACULADA
5.80
RIO PIEDRAS-COL SAN JOSE
3.23
AGUADILLA-COL SAN CARLOS
6.00
Escuelas Privadas
Escuelas Privadas
The top seventeen private high schools that showed
the highest UPRM graduation grade point average (GPA) for
students who entered the Faculty of Engineering and
graduated from it (1991-2006) are shown in Figure 8. The
top private school in this category is Colegio Espiritú Santo
in San Juan with an average GPA of 3.23. In second place
for this category is Colegio San Carlos in Aguadilla tied with
Immaculate Conception Academy in Mayagüez with an
average UPRM graduation GPA of 3.21. Among the 17
private high schools with the highest UPRM graduation
GPA, six are from the metropolitan area of San Juan, five are
from the Western region, three are from the Southern region,
two are from the Central region, and one from the Eastern
region.
5.48
PONCE-COL SAN CONRADO
5.20
FIGURE 7
TOP FIFTEEN PUBLIC SCHOOLS WITH HIGHEST UPRM GRADUATION GRADE
POINT AVERAGE (GPA)FOR STUDENTS FROM PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS WHO
ENTERED THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERING (1991-2006)
3.12
CAGUAS-COL SAN JOSE
3.09
GUAYNABO-COL SAGRADOS CORAZONES
CAGUAS-NOTRE DAME HIGH SCHOOL
3.08
CAROLINA-CARVIN SCHOOL
3.07
PONCE-ACAD SANTA MARIA
3.06
ISABELA-COL SAN ANTONIO
3.05
CABO ROJO-COL SAN AGUSTIN
The top fifteen public high schools that showed the
highest UPRM graduation grade point average (GPA) for
students who entered the Faculty of Engineering and
graduated from it (1991-2006) are shown in Figure 7. In first
place is the UPR High School with an average GPA of 3.22.
In second place is Lola Rodríguez de Tió School in San
Germán with an average GPA of 3.13 and in third place is
3.04
PONCE-COL PONCENO
3.04
GUAYNABO-AMERICAN MILITARY
3.04
CAROLINA-COL MARIA AUXILIADORA
2.90
3.04
2.95
3.00
3.05
3.10
3.15
3.20
GPA Promedio
FIGURE 8
TOP SEVENTEEN PRIVATE SCHOOLS WITH HIGHEST UPRM GRADUATION
GRADE POINT AVERAGE (GPA)FOR STUDENTS FROM PRIVATE HIGH
SCHOOLS WHO ENTERED THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERING (1991-2006)
Coimbra, Portugal
September 3 – 7, 2007
International Conference on Engineering Education – ICEE 2007
3.25
PONCE-COL SAN CONRADO
93.02
90.18
MAYAGUEZ-ACAD LA INMACULADA
PONCE-ACAD SANTA MARIA
82.50
BAYAMON-COL DE LA SALLE
82.22
CABO ROJO-COL SAN AGUSTIN
81.16
RIO PIEDRAS-COL SAN IGNACIO
Escuelas Privadas
The top fifteen public high schools with the highest
UPRM graduation rates for students who entered the Schools
of Engineering in the cohorts of 1991-1997 are shown in
Figure 9. The first public high school in this category is
Patria Latorre School in San Sebastián with a graduation rate
of 83.56%. In second place is the UPR High School in San
Juan with a graduation rate of 82.46%. In third place is
Efraín Sánchez Hidalgo School in Moca with a graduation
rate of 80%. Among the top fifteen public high schools with
highest graduation rates, two are from the metropolitan area
of San Juan, nine are from the Western region, one is from
the Southern region, two are from the Central region, and
one from the Eastern region.
80.33
ARECIBO-COL EVANG CAPITAN CORREA
78.05
78.05
HUMACAO-COL SAN ANTONIO ABAD
CAGUAS-NOTRE DAME HIGH SCHOOL
76.26
RIO PIEDRAS-COL SAN ANTONIO
75.56
RIO PIEDRAS-COL SAN JOSE
73.58
68.29
BAYAMON-ACAD DISCIPULOS DE CRISTO
GUAYNABO-AMERICAN MILITARY
SAN SEBASTIAN-PATRIA LATORRE
66.67
83.56
CAROLINA-COL MARIA AUXILIADORA
RIO PIEDRAS-SECUNDARIA UPR
0.00
MOCA-EFRAIN SANCHEZ HIDALGO
YAUCO-LUIS MUNOZ MARIN
Escu elas Púb licas
10.00
20.00
30.00
80.00
COAMO-RAMON JOSE DAVILA
72.73
72.09
RIO PIEDRAS-UNIVERSITY GARDENS
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
FIGURE 10
TOP FOURTEEN PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS WITH THE HIGHEST UPRM
73.21
MAYAGUEZ-EUGENIO M DE HOSTOS
40.00
Tasa Graduación
76.06
AGUADILLA-BENITO CEREZO
GRADUATION RATES
FOR STUDENTS WHO ENTERED THE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING IN THE
COHORTS OF 1991-1997
71.67
MAYAGUEZ-CROEM
70.59
HUMACAO-ANA ROQUE
70.00
OROCOVIS-JOSE ROJAS CORTES
68.97
CIDRA-ACADEMICA ANA J CANDELAS
68.63
SAN GERMAN-LOLA RODZ DE TIO
The previous six charts are related to time to graduate,
graduation grade point average and graduation rate. These
three indicators will be combined in the next section to
develop a performance index (PI) that will allow ratings of
these high schools.
68.33
SABANA GRANDE-BLANCA MALARET
65.00
LARES-DOMINGO APONTE COLLAZO
0.00
58.70
82.46
64.91
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
PERFORMANCE INDEX USING QUADRATIC LOSS FUNCTION
80.00
90.00
Tasa de Graduación
FIGURE 9
TOP FIFTEEN PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS WITH THE HIGHEST UPRM
GRADUATION RATES FOR STUDENTS WHO ENTERED THE SCHOOL OF
ENGINEERING IN THE COHORTS OF 1991-1997
The top fourteen private high schools with the
highest UPRM graduation rates for students who entered the
Schools of Engineering in the cohorts of 1991-1997 are
shown in Figure 10. In first place in this category is Colegio
San Conrado in Ponce with a graduation rate of 93.02%. In
second place is Immaculate Conception Academy in
Mayagüez with a graduation rate of 90.18% and in third
place is Santa María Academy in Ponce with a graduation
rate of 82.50%. Among these fourteen private schools with
highest UPRM graduation rates, seven are from the
metropolitan area of San Juan, one is from the Western
region, two are from the Southern region, one is from the
Central region, and one from the Eastern region.
The concept of quadratic loss function has been proposed by
Phadke [2] to approximate quality losses. One can develop a
performance index (PI) to compare high schools through the
execution of their students at the high level institutions. The
quadratic loss function is given by
Loss(y) = k (y – T)2
(1)
where k is a proportionality constant and T is the target value
for the y characteristic. Usually in quality control
applications a tolerance ∆ is defined such that if the y
characteristic is within T + ∆ (two sided tolerance) the
characteristic is acceptable. The quadratic loss function in (1)
penalizes the behaviors that deviate from the target T. A
challenge with (1) is the definition of constant k. ArtilesLeón [3] defined this value to assure that the loss function is
insensitive to the system of units used to measure the quality
characteristic y. For the two sided tolerance problem this
definition becomes:
 2 
k =

 2∆ 
2
(2)
Using k in (2) results in a “standardized” loss function. Since
the standardized version of the loss function is dimensionless
if several quality characteristics are considered their
correspondent loss functions can be added.
In our case study, the quality characteristics or
critical indicators that we are considering are: the average
Coimbra, Portugal
September 3 – 7, 2007
International Conference on Engineering Education – ICEE 2007
time to degree, the average graduation GPA and graduation
rates for the high schools under consideration. These
characteristics are not suited for the two sided tolerance
approach. The first one, average time to degree, can be
described better as an smaller-the-better characteristic, while
the other two average GPA, and graduation rate of a higherthe-better characteristic form. Expanding the standardized
concepts to one-sided tolerance characteristics the following
two equations can be derived for smaller-the-better (3) and
higher-the-better (4).
2
y
∆2
∆2
SLoss ( y ) = 2
y
SLoss ( y ) =
(3)
(4)
A total standardized loss (TSLoss) for our case study can be
defined as:
TSLoss =
y12 ∆22 ∆23
+
+
∆21 y 22 y 32
exploring the following indicators, average GPA math
courses, average GPA science courses, average GPA
language courses, attempted credits, among others. A
limitation of the described performance index is that it does
not take into account the correlations among the critical
indicators variables considered. Future work should consider
techniques such as the Mahalanobis Distance to incorporate
such relationships.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors want to acknowledge the effort by Leo I Vélez
and Irmannette Torres from the Office of Institutional
Research and Planning of the University of Puerto Rico at
Mayagüez for providing and validating the data used in this
study.
REFERENCES
[1]
González-Barreto, D. and González-Quevedo, A.,“Attracting a
More Diverse Student Population to the School of Engineering of
the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez”, Proceedings of the 9th
International Conference on Engineering Education. July 23-28,
2006. San Juan, PR, pp. R4E21, R4B25.
[2]
Phadke, M. S., Quality Engineering using Robust Design, PrenticeHall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1989
(5)
where yi, and ∆i corresponds to the characteristic and
tolerance for the critical indicators.
The TSLoss in (5) could be generalized to m
characteristics and can combine one and two sided tolerance
characteristics. TLoss can be viewed as a performance
indicator for high schools as represented by their students
execution The lower performance index the better the
students performance at the university, the better the high
school. Applying (5) to institutional research data for high
schools that provide the largest number of students to our
engineering college for the last 10 years the following
estimates in Table 1 are obtained.
.
[3]
Artiles-León, N., “A Pragmatic Approach to Multiple-Response
Problems using Loss Functions”, Quality Engineering, 9,2, 19961997, pp. 213-220.
TABLE 1
RATINGS OF HIGH SCHOOLS BASED
ON PERFORMANCE OF INDEX
High School
Colegio San Conrado, Ponce
Academia de la Inmaculada Concepción,
Mayagüez
Secundaria UPR, Río Piedras
Colegio San Antonio Abad, Humacao
Patria Latorre, San Sebastian
Academia Santa María, Ponce
Colegio San Antonio, Río Piedras
Notre Dame High School, Caguas
Ramón José Dávila, Coamo
Benito Cerezo, Aguadilla
University Gardens, Río Piedras
Ana Roque, Humacao
Lola Rodríguez de Tió, San Germán
Domingo Aponte Collazo, Lares
Performance Index
3.250182
3.376351
3.569336
3.737924
3.74815
3.796827
3.893357
3.995966
4.195212
4.237077
4.326681
4.376365
4.440817
4.711063
FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
FUTURE WORK
The suggested performance index, based on the TSLoss,
should include additional critical indicators. We suggest
Coimbra, Portugal
September 3 – 7, 2007
International Conference on Engineering Education – ICEE 2007