Social and Solidarity Economyand South-South and Triangular Cooperation in Latin America and the Caribbean: Contributions to Inclusive Sustainable Development
Social and Solidarity Economy and South-South and
Triangular Cooperation in Latin America and the Caribbean:
Contributions to Inclusive Sustainable Development
Social and Solidarity
Economy and South-South
and Triangular Cooperation
in Latin America and the
Caribbean:
Contributions to Inclusive
Sustainable Development
Leandro Pereira Morais
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Social and Solidarity Economy and South-South and Triangular Cooperation in Latin America and the
Caribbean: Contributions to Inclusive Sustainable Development
ISBN 978-92-9049-710-3
First published 2014
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SOCIAL AND SOLIDARITY ECONOMY ACADEMY
Table of Contents
Social and Solidarity Economy and South-South
and Triangular Cooperation in Latin America
and the Caribbean: Contributions
to Inclusive Sustainable Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
1. South–South and triangular cooperation: brief history,
objectives, constituent elements and practical actions. . . 1
2. The social and solidarity economy and the potentials
of this “sector” for generation of work, employment
and income, within the framework of
South–South cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1
The social and solidarity economy: what does this “sector” involve?. . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 The social and solidarity economy and local economic and social
development: broad and effective connections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3
South–South and triangular cooperation as an instrument for
strengthening of the social and solidarity economy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Bibliographic Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Social and Solidarity Economy and South-South and Triangular Cooperation in Latin America
and the Caribbean: Contributions to Inclusive Sustainable Development
23
3
SOCIAL AND SOLIDARITY ECONOMY ACADEMY
Social and Solidarity Economy
and South-South and
Triangular Cooperation in
Latin America and the Caribbean:
Contributions to Inclusive
Sustainable Development
Leandro Pereira Morais1
INTRODUCTION
Frequent global economic crises have placed employment at the centre of local, national and international
development strategies. Together with the changes in the geopolitical and economic scenarios, this has led to
a great rise in the importance of the countries of the global South within the development processes.
In that sense solidarity gains ground, and South–South and triangular cooperation is a manifestation of this
between the countries and peoples of the South, one that contributes to national well-being, national and
collective self-reliance, and the achievement of internationally agreed development objectives, including the
Millennium Development Goals,2 as advised in the ILO’s South–South and triangular cooperation strategy.3
Along these lines, the social and solidarity economy takes on fundamental importance, as it upholds the
possibility of generation of work, employment and income coming out of the solidarity-based economic
enterprises.
Solidarity-based economic enterprises can operate through cooperatives, associations and social enterprises,
amongst other kinds of undertakings, which in various countries are already shown to be capable of
contributing to the generation of wealth and the socio-occupational integration of various people, including
young people and underprivileged groups. It undoubtedly constitutes a topic of relevance and pertinence
within the context of the sombre unemployment prospects in the world, which will be presented below. In
addition, based on its constituent elements (cooperation, self-management, solidarity, participation of the local
actors, sustainable use of resources, etc.) the social and solidarity economy may contribute to rethinking the
current development model, in the direction of inclusive sustainable development, with repercussions on local
territorial development.
As regards the world unemployment picture, mentioned above, a recent report of the International Labour
Organization (Global Employment Trends, 2013: Recovering for a Second Jobs Dip)4 indicates that the world
1
Economist, Professor of Economics at PUCCAMPINAS and FACAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil. External consultant for the ILO
and the Polis Institute.
2
http://www.pnud.org.br/ODM.aspx
3
Document: “South–South and triangular cooperation: The way forward”, 313th Session, Geneva, 15–30 March 2012.
4
Available at: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—-dgreports/—-dcomm/—-publ/documents/publication/
wcms_202326.pdf
iv
Social and Solidarity Economy and South-South and Triangular Cooperation in Latin America
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prospects for job creation have become worse. Within this scenario, millions of workers in the developed and
developing world are seriously underemployed, involved in survival activities with extremely low productivity.
Moreover, the unemployment rate is likely to increase once again in 2013 and 2014.
In the words of Guy Ryder, Director-General of the ILO:5 “An uncertain economic outlook, and the inadequacy
of policy to counter this, has weakened aggregate demand, holding back investment and hiring, prolonging the
labour market slump in many countries, lowering job creation and increasing unemployment duration even in
some countries that previously had low unemployment and dynamic labour markets.”
According to the study mentioned, in addition to weak global economic activity, the labour market has also
been affected by the fiscal austerity programmes adopted in various countries. To get an idea: the advanced
economies accounted for one-fourth of increased world unemployment in the last year. On the other hand,
there was also a marked reduction in job openings in the emerging economies of South-East Asia and subSaharan Africa.
Box 1 – Unemployment in the world: alarming situation
According to data from the ILO Report (2013), the number of people all around the world without an
occupation rose by 4.2 million in 2012, to a total of 197 million – equivalent to an unemployment rate of
5.9%. In its projections, this year 5.1 million more people will lose their jobs, and another three million in
2014. Over the next five years, the total number of the unemployed is likely to reach 210 million.
The situation is particularly dramatic for global youth, seeing that close to 74 million young people (15 to 24 years
of age) in the world are unemployed, which corresponds to a youth unemployment rate of 12.6%, and means
3.5 million more than in 2007, nearly one million more than in 2011. And the picture is discouraging, since the
deceleration of economic activity is likely to generate a half-million more unemployed in 2014.
These data refer to the recent ILO study on global youth unemployment, entitled: “Global Employment Trends for
Youth 2013: A Generation at Risk”.6 According to the study, following a global reduction in unemployment for this
age group from 12.7% in 2009 to 12.3% in 2011, the world youth unemployment rate rose once again in 2012,
registering 12.4%, with prospects of closing 2013 at 12.6%, and may reach 12.8% in 2018, thus showing an overall
upward trend.
The analysis of the above-mentioned study shows that the weakening of the economic recovery in 2012 and 2013
worsened youth unemployment, making access to the labour market even more difficult for young people. In
addition, due to this situation young people are less selective with jobs, accepting more part-time jobs or temporary
jobs, within a framework in which stable quality employment is increasingly scarce, particularly in developing
regions. Undoubtedly this scenario leads to severe consequences and economic and social costs.
5
As put forward in the renowned Brazilian newspaper Valor Econômico of 22.01.2013. Available at: http://www.valor.
com.br/internacional/2979176/desemprego-global-deve-piorar-novamente-em-2013-alerta-oit
6
Available at: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—-dgreports/—-dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_222658.
pdf
Social and Solidarity Economy and South-South and Triangular Cooperation in Latin America
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Box 2 – Global youth unemployment by region
According to the above-mentioned study, youth unemployment rates vary a great deal from one region
to another. To get an idea: in 2012 the highest rates of youth unemployment were recorded in the Middle
East (28.3%) and in North Africa (23.7%), while the lowest corresponded to East Asia (9.5%) and South
Asia (9.3%). In Latin America and the Caribbean, the current unemployment rate amongst young people
is 12.9%, and in the event that the current growth trend is maintained, youth unemployment in the region
will reach the level of 13.6% in 2018.
Seen in this way, according to the ILO study on youth unemployment there is no single solution for all
countries, within a framework in which it is necessary that governments undertake an in-depth analysis of the
reality of the labour markets within each national context, in order to thus draw up programmes and policies
for intervention. However, it is understood that many solutions may be discussed and disseminated amongst
the countries, for exchange of experiences and knowledge and a joint approach.
One form of this contribution could come about starting from South–South and triangular cooperation and the
social and solidarity economy, as this article will try to show. In the face of the image of unemployment that
was presented, it is believed that innovative responses to the global challenges are arriving from the emerging
powers of the South, which are becoming strategic partners for other developing countries. South–South
cooperation and interchanges allow the countries of the South to benefit from the solutions developed in
contexts similar to their own, which are accordingly better adapted to their realities.
This therefore constitutes the objective of the article: to show the potentials of South–South and triangular
cooperation and the social and solidarity economy as effective mechanisms that contribute to the generation
of work, employment and income in the territories, taking into consideration the fact that based on the
incorporation of the already-mentioned constituent elements of the social and solidarity economy, there are
real possibilities for influencing local economic and social development. This is understood as “a participatory
development process that encourages partnership arrangements between the main private and public
stakeholders of a defined territory, enabling the joint design and implementation of a common development
strategy.” (Amorim and Lagarde, 2013, p. 20)
To that end, the article is structured as follows: following this introduction, the first part will present a brief
history, objectives, constituent elements and practical actions of South–South and triangular cooperation. In
this first part one looks to present the main milestones that point to the growing visibility of South–South and
triangular cooperation, as well as some practical experiences carried out by the ILO in the field of South–South
and triangular cooperation, and their relationship with local economic and social development. Afterward,
in the second part of the work, the idea is to show the potentials of the social and solidarity economy in the
generation of work, employment and income, as well as its effective connections with local economic and
social development. Then it is demonstrated that if on the one hand the social and solidarity economy offers
immense potentials, on the other, in some cases many promising experiences are made impracticable due to
the weaknesses that are inherent in the modus operandi of the “sector” (Morais, 2013). Based on this finding,
it will be argued that it is possible to face and minimize such weaknesses found in the field of social and
solidarity economy, with the support of South–South and triangular cooperation, based on the exchange of
knowledge, information, know-how and practice, and even the possibility of creating solidarity-based markets
acting in a network.
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1.South–South and triangular
cooperation: brief history,
objectives, constituent elements
and practical actions
1.1 The growing visibility and
recognition given to South–South and
triangular cooperation
as a support channel, but also as an institution
that maximizes financial, logistical and technical
resources”. (Amorim, 2013a, p. 8).
Cooperation between developing countries has been
part of global development cooperation since the
1970s, but has recently gained greater visibility. The
growing importance and relevance of South–South
and triangular cooperation have been reaffirmed by
various of the main UN Conferences.
Thus South–South cooperation is even seen as an
important means to tackle the challenges faced
by the less developed countries. The Istanbul
Programme of Action7 highlights South–South
cooperation as an important aid modality, and
asks the developing countries to promote this
cooperation with the less developed countries.
South–South cooperation is complementary to
traditional North-South relations, and incorporates
the idea that, “through a spirit of solidarity,
developing countries can provide sustainable
solutions to their own problems and at lower
cost”. In this way, “South-South Cooperation
efforts – including the identification of successful
experiences in one country and their adaptation and
application in another – are an important addition
to the dissemination of decent work outcomes
under the ILO’s four strategic objectives”. At the
same time, it “enables the formation of networks
between both developing countries and traditional
donors in triangular schemes that contribute to a
fair globalization”. Seen in this way, it is understood
that “the ILO can play an important role not only
Box 3 – Brief retrospective and
main landmarks of South–South
and triangular cooperation
•At the General Meeting in 2004, the Highlevel Committee on the Review of Technical
Cooperation among Developing Countries
spawned the High-level Committee on SouthSouth Cooperation. Under the guidance of
the High-Level Committee, the United Nations
system has given priority to South–South and
triangular cooperation as a fundamental form
for the promotion of collaboration initiatives at
national, regional and inter-regional level;
7
Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries (LDC-IV), Istanbul, 2011. Additional
information at: http://www.un.org/wcm/content/site/
ldc/home/Background.
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In December 2009, the High-Level United
Nations Conference on South–South
Cooperation, held in Nairobi, gave a big
political boost to South–South and triangular
cooperation, requesting that the organizations
of the United Nations system make additional
efforts toward ensuring fulfilment of the
expectations of the member states in relation
to support for this form of cooperation;
In 2010 the Nairobi Outcome Document,
drawn up in 2009 and approved by the UN
General Assembly in 2010, provided the most
comprehensive and far-reaching definition of
South–South and triangular cooperation within
the context of the United Nations system;
In this same year (2010) – during the Global
South–South Development Expo – India, Brazil
and South Africa (IBAS) signed a Statement
of Intent with the ILO on South–South and
triangular cooperation in the area of decent
work. The Statement reaffirms the intention to
strengthen the ILO’s South–South cooperation
programme, looking to promote greater
solidarity and equality amongst countries and
peoples on labour matters;
Later, in 2012, the government of India
hosted the first IBAS Conference of Ministers
on decent work, and many initiatives are
under way to support this Declaration, in
collaboration with the Special Unit for SouthSouth Cooperation of the United Nations
Development Programme.
•Also in 2012, the relevance of South–South
and triangular cooperation was reaffirmed
in the Quadrennial Comprehensive
Policy Review of operational activities for
development of the United Nations System
(2012), which dedicates one part to South–
South cooperation.8.
Some additional comments may be set out as
regards these milestones indicating the growing
visibility and relevance of South–South and
triangular cooperation. In relation to the abovementioned Nairobi Outcome Document, drawn up
in 2009 and approved by the UN General Assembly
in 2010, it is interesting to bear in mind its main
aspects,9 since they allow us to visualize the main
constituent elements of South–South and triangular
cooperation, namely:
a) South–South and triangular cooperation takes
in initiatives at social, economic, environmental,
technical and political level, being in this way a
useful tool to involve the social partners from
the developing countries in promotion of the
Decent Work Agenda, through development
cooperation;
b) South–South and triangular cooperation is
a manifestation of solidarity between the
countries and peoples of the South that
contributes to national well-being, national
and collective self-reliance, and the attainment
of the development objectives, including the
Millennium Development Goals;
c) South–South and triangular cooperation should
not be seen as official development assistance,
but as an egalitarian partnership based on
solidarity; not a substitute for North-South
cooperation, but rather a complement to it.
Here is where the concept arises of “triangular
cooperation”, which is defined as “South–South
cooperation, supported by a partner from the
North”; 10
9
Based on the document: “South–South and triangular
cooperation: The way forward”, 313th Session, Geneva, 15–30 March 2012. Available at: http://www.ilo.
org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—-ed_norm/—-relconf/
documents/meetingdocument/wcms_172577.pdf.
10
As examples of this cooperation we can mention that
the ILO has already been involved in such triangular
experiences, in the agreement between the United
States and Brazil to support Haiti in the fight against
child labour in the construction sector, as well as in the
Memorandum of Understanding between Brazil and
the United States, signed in 2011, for the promotion of
decent work through South–South and triangular cooperation.
8
8
Documento: Revisão Quadrienal de Política Global das
Atividades Operacionais para o Desenvolvimento do
Sistema das Nações Unidas, Parágrafos 70 a 77.
2
Social and Solidarity Economy and South-South and Triangular Cooperation in Latin America
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SOCIAL AND SOLIDARITY ECONOMY ACADEMY
d) South–South and triangular cooperation takes
on different and evolving forms, including
in particular the sharing of knowledge and
experiences, training and technology transfer;
e) The ILO’s tripartism is an advantage for it
playing a significant role in South–South and
triangular cooperation, since it can incorporate
proposals, contributions and demands, both
from the governments, as well as from the
employers and workers. In other words,
the tripartite structure of the ILO provides a
useful platform for the building of consensus
and cooperation amongst the actors from
the developing countries. The governments,
employers and workers in the Member States
constitute the largest network of knowledge
concerning the world of work. Through social
dialogue, the representatives of this tripartite
structure can share viewpoints on issues of
common interest in the economic and social
policy area;
f)
Through South–South and triangular
cooperation, a certain cross-cutting nature can
be perceived between its objectives on behalf of
building more inclusive and sustainable patterns
of development, permitting the facing of the
global crises in their different facets (economic,
financial, labour, food, energy etc.). Seen in
this way, within the United Nations system the
ILO could play a distinct and unique role for
resolution of these crises, for example through
the application of the ILO’s Declaration on Social
Justice for a Fair Globalization (2008)11 and of
the Global Jobs Pact (2009);12
11
This Declaration defines four strategic objectives:
(1) creation of greater opportunities for women and
men, so as to ensure employment and income; (2) improvement in the coverage and effectiveness of social
protection for all; (3) strengthening of tripartism and
social dialogue; (4) promotion and implementation of
fundamental standards, principles and rights at work.
Available at: http://www.ilo.org/public/portugue/region/eurpro/lisbon/pdf/resolucao_justicasocial.pdf
12
Available at: http://www.oit.org.pe/1/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/OIT_Pacto_Mundial_PORT_web.pdf
g) South–South and triangular cooperation
has been an effective means to promote
cooperation between trade unions and
universities, to the purpose of strengthening
knowledge and research capacity for
interventions in terms of policies and
organizational development. The economic
crisis has led to an increase in unstable and
vulnerable employment in the world, particularly
in the South. In response, the knowledge and
experience of the trade unions may be taken
advantage of in the drawing up of national and
international policies directed to these issues;13
As may be understood, explicitly and implicitly,
there are certain constituent elements in the
ideas and actions of South–South and triangular
cooperation, such as:
13
One of these examples of cooperation is the Global Labour University, which is a network created in partnership with the ILO, one of the few advanced educational
infrastructures that promotes capacity-building and
knowledge for trade unionists from countries of the
South. In the same way, the ILO’s Inter-American Centre for Knowledge Development in Vocational Training (CINTERFOR) has been practising and promoting
South–South and triangular cooperation at regional
level, through a platform for sharing knowledge and a
network of policies for capacity building, linking public
institutions, international organizations, organizations
of social partners, universities and civil society. In the
same way, the ILO International Training Centre in
Turin has also used forms of South–South and triangular cooperation for capacity-building and training.
For additional information, it is suggested to consult
the already-referenced work coordinated by Amorim
(2013 a).
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Box 4 – Constituent elements of South–South and triangular cooperation in
the context of the ILO
•Taking in initiatives in the social, economic, environmental, technical and political realms;
•Manifestation of solidarity;
•Egalitarian partnership based on solidarity, on the sharing of knowledge and experience, and on
training and technology transfer;
•Tripartism and the building of consensus and cooperation between the actors;
•Social dialogue;
•Shared interest;
•Emerges out of a socio-economic demand;
•Respect for autonomy, peculiarities and priorities at national level;
•Cross-cutting nature of actions and objectives;
•Cooperation between trade unions and universities;
•Strengthening of knowledge and research capacity for interventions in policies and organizational
development.
The recognition and pertinence of these elements
in the projects and actions of South–South and
triangular cooperation may undoubtedly be
reiterated with analysis of the Guidelines from
the above-mentioned Document “Quadrennial
Comprehensive Policy Review of Operational
Activities for the Development of the UN System”
– QCPR (2012), and the importance that this
document assigns to South–South and triangular
cooperation.
As specifically regards South–South cooperation,
that finding is supported in the following statements
in this document:
South–South cooperation as the manifestation
of solidarity between the peoples and countries
of the South, contributing to their national
well-being, their national and collective selfreliance, and the achievement of internationally
agreed development objectives, including the
Millennium Development Goals;
South–South cooperation and its agenda have
to be established by the countries of the South,
and should be guided by the principles of respect
for national sovereignty, national ownership
4
and independence, equality, non-conditionality
and non-interference in the internal affairs, and
common benefit;
Strengthening support for South–South
cooperation, including triangular cooperation,
particularly through the sustainable mobilization
of financial resources and the provision of
technical assistance;
Intensifying information sharing and the
preparation of reports on the support conferred
and results achieved through South–South
cooperation, including triangular cooperation;
The importance of strengthening the United
Nations Office for South–South Cooperation
(UNOSSC) and the appeal to the United Nations
development system to provide additional
support to the Office so as to permit the carrying
out of its mandate;
Improving the United Nations’ institutional
agreements within all of the global frameworks
for action, in political terms and those
of governance, coordination, structures,
mechanisms and resources allocated, including
the proposal for overall financing of the system
and for the coordination, promotion and
Social and Solidarity Economy and South-South and Triangular Cooperation in Latin America
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integration of the activities of the United Nations
Office for South–South Cooperation (UNOSSC).
The regional funds, programmes and
commissions should pay particular attention to
the implementation of South–South cooperation
projects managed or supported by the United
Nations Office for South–South Cooperation
(UNOSSC).
As will be seen below, these elements converge with
the constituent elements of the social and solidarity
economy, making of the latter, and of South–
South and triangular cooperation, complementary
instruments of support to the economic and social
development of the territories in which experiences
and practices along those lines exist.
1.2 The ILO and South–South and
triangular cooperation in practice: some
experiences
For a number of decades now, the ILO has assigned
importance to regional cooperation initiatives,
which already constituted a form of South–South
and triangular cooperation. As registered in “South–
South and triangular cooperation: The way forward”
(2012), Brazil became the first partner from the
south to support the ILO’s Technical Cooperation
Programme, through a South–South cooperation
agreement. Since that time, the ILO has formally
strengthened its role as a bridge between the
countries of the South, helping them to share
experiences on decent work and to move forward
to the achievement of the Millennium Development
Goals.
Subsequently new partners from the south have
established partnerships and indicated interest in
promotion of the Decent Work Agenda through
South–South and triangular cooperation, including
South Africa, Argentina, Chile, China, India, Kenya
and Panama. The main points of entry for the ILO’s
South–South and triangular cooperation activities
have been integrated packages targeting areas like
promotion of employment creation and of social
protection floors, sectoral activities, migration,
child labour, forced labour, green jobs, social
dialogue and the development of competencies and
capabilities.14:
The following may be cited as examples of South–
South and triangular cooperation actions and
practices:
a) Initiative to combat child labour in Brazil,
Bolivia, Ecuador and Paraguay: promotion of
horizontal interchange of knowledge between
these countries, through study visits and
training activities. The initiative also benefited
from a close collaboration with a horizontal
cooperation project financed by the Department
of Labor of the United States, which provided
financial support for two of these joint visits.
This initiative to combat child labour ensured
that the elimination of child labour was
integrated into the entire labour inspection
system – for example, in the Bolivian case, with
the “System for Monitoring Child Labour in
Bolivia”; 15;
b) Supporting actions to comply with the targets
for 2015 for elimination of the worst forms
of child labour in the Lusophone countries
of Africa: The project is a South–South and
triangular cooperation initiative, envisaging
horizontal exchanges of good practices
and lessons learned between Brazil and
the Portuguese-speaking African countries
(PALOPs). The main objectives are to develop
National Action Plans as the main strategy for
the elimination of child labour, and to establish
tripartite committees as the main strategy for
the prevention of child labour. Other initiatives
in the international realm arose out of this to
combat child labour. For example: (1) The
Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries
(CPLP) provides support in the area of training
materials and communication; (2) the regional
14
For a more detailed view, consult Amorim (2013 a), as
well as the document “Brazil’s Contribution to the ILO
South-South and Triangular Cooperation Strategy; An
overview: 2011-2013”. VII Annual Review Meeting,
ILO, Geneva, 18 June 2013.
15
For detailed information it is suggested to consult the
book: “South-South Cooperation and Decent Work:
Good Practices”, coordinated by Anita Amorim, ILO,
Geneva, 2013.
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ILO project in Dakar, with the support of the
Spanish Agency for International Development
Cooperation; (3) the ECOAR project16 for
teachers; (4) the TACKLE project17 that is
financed by the European Union;
c) Inter-American Centre for Knowledge
Development in Vocational Training –
CINTERFOR – ILO and South–South and
triangular cooperation: Created in 1963 by the
ILO, the Centre promotes capacity building and
development of national training institutions, as
well as vocational training, as a tool for social
inclusion and social dialogue on vocational
training. One of its main tools for knowledge
sharing is its online community.18 The
Centre promotes and facilitates cooperation,
coordination and interchange between a
network of countless partners, having at present
more than 65 institutions from 27 countries of
Latin America, Spain and Cabo Verde;
d) The experience of the National Industrial
Apprenticeship Branch (SENAI) in
implementation of South–South and triangular
cooperation: SENAI is a Brazilian non-profit
organization founded in 1942, with the mission
of offering technical and vocational education
and training in industrial areas of specialization,
and promoting applied research and
technology transfer to the benefit of Brazilian
industry. SENAI is one of the main Brazilian
actors in South–South cooperation, since in
partnership with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
it has managed to establish 15 technical and
vocational training centres in Latin America,
Africa and Asia. The institution is responsible
for the training of 2.5 million members of
occupations per year, and for the administration
of a network of 809 fixed and mobile operational
units, with 55 million students having enrolled
since its creation;
16
http://www.ilo.org/ipec/Campaignandadvocacy/
Scream/lang--en/index.htm
17
http://www.ilo.org/ipec/projects/global/tackle/lang--en/
index.htm
18
http://www.oitcinterfor.org
6
e) South–South and triangular cooperation
and social protection: The ILO is engaged in
helping countries broaden social protection
to all social groups, and improve working and
working security conditions. To give an idea, the
“Campaign for Social Security and Coverage
for All”19 offers an enabling environment for
South–South cooperation within this area.
The campaign was launched in 2001, during
the International Labour Conference, at which
governments, employers and workers arrived
at a new consensus on social security as
an important tool for reducing poverty and
fostering social and economic development.
Afterward, in 2009, the UN launched the Social
Protection Floor (SPF) Initiative, which is one of
its nine initiatives to address the current global
crisis, supported by a resolution approved by
the UN General Assembly, which has as its
objective to promote strategies that safeguard
a minimum level of access for all to essential
services and income security;
f)
South–South cooperation for implementation
of gender-sensitive Social Protection Floors
(SPFs) at national level: The project pays
particular attention to the promotion of a
gender-sensitive approach in the introduction of
elements of the SPF at national level;
g) Innovations in Public Employment and
Inclusive Sustainable Growth Programmes,
under the auspices of the IBAS Forum (India,
Brazil, South Africa), and the Global South–
South Development Expo on “Energy, Climate
Change and Decent Work”, held in 2012. The
ILO also works in close collaboration with the
countries of the IBAS Forum to promote the
lessons learned coming out of initiatives like
the Mahatma Gandhi National Employment
Guarantee Law of India, the Brazil Family
Allowance and the South Africa Community
Work Programme;
19
Document signed between 18 countries, the European
Commission and the International Training Centre of
the ILO, Turin.
Social and Solidarity Economy and South-South and Triangular Cooperation in Latin America
and the Caribbean: Contributions to Inclusive Sustainable Development
SOCIAL AND SOLIDARITY ECONOMY ACADEMY
h) Global Labour University (GLU):20 A network
that brings together universities, national
and international trade unions, civil society
organisations and the ILO, with the objective
of creating a partnership for international
management and knowledge, research and
development of competencies;
i)
j)
Programmes in the area of the green
economy:21 Brazil’s “Green Allowance”
Programme22 for transfer of income and socioeconomic integration of the rural population
that is in extreme poverty; Argentina’s
Renewable Energy Sources, for technical and
vocational training for the construction sector,
and incorporation of sustainable techniques
and practices in the construction sector; the
Network of Training Institutions of Central
America and the Caribbean, which contributes
to socio-labour integration of underprivileged
groups into the labour market, based on training
in areas of green jobs; the Cobitech project,
an African programme (partnership between
Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda) for integration of
young people through green businesses; and
My COOP, related to agricultural cooperatives;
Recent experiences: In 2012 an initial South–
South mission was organized for consultation
and knowledge sharing with an Indian
specialist in “Mission Convergence”, within
the context of the development of a social
protection system. In June 2012, South–South
interchange missions took place with preeminent Thai specialists from the National
Office for Health Security and from the Office
of Research of the Health Insurance System,
to support the conceiving of a computer
system for management and monitoring of
the Health Insurance Scheme of the National
Social Security Fund. In Togo, the South–South
20
Global Labour University (GLU): http://www.globallabour-university.org/.
21
For a more detailed view, see the document from the
“Global South-South Development Expo 2013”. ILO
Solution Forum: Promoting Sustainable Development
and Decent Work through South-South and triangular
cooperation. Kenya, 2013.
22
http://www.mds.gov.br/falemds/perguntas-frequentes/
bolsa-familia/bolsa-verde/beneficiarios/bolsa-verde
cooperation initiative supports the National
Social Protection Commission, which was
created in 2012 by the Prime Minister, and is
responsible for the drawing up of the National
Social Protection Strategy. In 2013 more than
one thousand participants, including Heads
of State and Government, representatives of
various agencies of the UN and other relevant
institutions, met in Nairobi for the Global South–
South Development Expo.23 At this meeting
the topic was “Building Inclusive Economies:
South–South Cooperation for Sustainable
Development and Poverty Eradication”.
1.3 South–South and triangular
cooperation and the relationship
with local economic and social
development
In looking at the various fronts of action of South–
South and triangular cooperation mentioned above
(eradication of child labour, vocational training,
social protection, green economy, projects for
inclusive and sustainable growth, etc.), one notes
that its potential ramifications contribute and
are related to positive impacts in the respective
territories of intervention of these projects.
Territories with prospects for generation of decent
work, a more educated population, with a better
level of vocational training and with economic
activities, which in addition to the generation of
work, employment and income, are aimed at a
standard of sustainable and inclusive development –
these are territories that indeed practice what today
many call inclusive sustainable development.
In that sense, as indicated by Jürgen
Schwettmann:24 “Local communities offer a wealth
of opportunities for innovative projects, supporting
job creation and the development of sustainable
enterprises, the extension of social protection, and
the protection of fundamental principles and rights
at work. Local economic and social development
and the active participation of local actors are
23
http://www.ilo.org/pardev/south-south/
WCMS_220453/lang—en/index.htm
24
In the preface to “City-to-city and South-South and
triangular cooperation”, coordinated by Anita Amorim
and Pierre Martinot-Lagarde, ILO, Geneva, 2013.
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SOCIAL AND SOLIDARITY ECONOMY ACADEMY
essential for the implementation of the Decent Work
Agenda.” Further, in his view, “the experience of
cities and local communities in the greening of the
economy, in eradicating poverty, and in promoting
the Decent Work Agenda has been strongly
recognized”.
Another constituent element of South–South
and triangular cooperation thus appears here:
its relationship with local economic and social
development. Along these lines, the great
challenges that are raised are as follows: how can
the cities, the local governments and their partners
address the challenges of the world of work jointly
with the central government and the social partners?
What is local economic and social development, and
how is it in fact practised?
Box 5 – Local economic and social
development: another constituent
element of South–South and
triangular cooperation
Local economic and social development is
understood as “a participatory development
process that encourages partnership
arrangements between the main private and
public stakeholders of a defined territory, enabling
the joint design and implementation of a common
development strategy, by making use of the local
resources and competitive advantages in a global
context, with the final objective of creating decent
jobs and stimulating economic activity”. One of
the main characteristics of this approach is that
it brings together local government, the private
sector, non-profit organizations and the local
communities, encouraging them to make better
use of the existing resources and of the potential
of the locality. Local economic and social
development “aims at improving local economic
conditions and therefore moving towards a better
quality of life. This is a ‘bottom-up’ approach
that places local, public and private actors in
charge of investment and the related processes”.
(Amorim and Lagarde 2013, p. 20)
Such definitions lead us to think about a modest
if important contribution to “endogenous”
8
development, based on cooperation, learning, tacit
knowledge, territorial cultures and synergetic interrelationships. The idea of endogenous development
is based on the vision that productive systems
consist of a set of material and intangible factors
that allow local, regional and national economies
to adopt particular paths to economic growth and
social development. Seen in this way, as Putnam
(2000) had indicated, the fundamental explanation
for endogenous development is in the high degree
of “social capital” found in the communities in which
activities are carried out. Which is to say, society’s
organizational capacity is of fundamental importance
for its development process.25
Another fundamental aspect resides in the fact
that in making reference to local economic and
social development, it is necessary to take into
consideration the importance of the following
dimensions (always together): (a) economic: related
to the creation, accumulation and distribution of
wealth; (b) social and cultural: implying quality of
life, equity and social integration; (c) environmental:
having to do with natural resources and the
sustainability of models in the medium and long
term; and (d) political: involving aspects related to
territorial governance, as well as to the independent
and sustainable collective project.
In those terms, the innovative focus of South–South
and triangular cooperation and of its proposals,
is centred on the one hand on the idea that the
development project ought to be built “from the
bottom up”, and on the other hand, on the existence
of a “territorial pact”, mediated and driven by the
articulation of key actors: government, producers’
organisations, cooperatives, trade unions, business
associations and educational and research
institutions, etc.
This is what França Filho (2006) coined “a strategic
conception of territorial development”. In the view
25
By “social capital” the author means the “capital” that
has to do with characteristics of social organization,
like confidence, norms and systems that contribute
to the increased efficiency of society, facilitating
coordinated actions. In this area, rather than
identifying high social capital, what is important is to
find out whether the social-local-territorial organization
provokes a strong capacity for cooperation around the
collective project.
Social and Solidarity Economy and South-South and Triangular Cooperation in Latin America
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SOCIAL AND SOLIDARITY ECONOMY ACADEMY
of this author, the strategic concept arises from the
idea that territorial development is the fruit of joint,
collaborative and participative actions, of social and
productive mobilization of the territory, with broader
socio-economic and political impacts that get
articulated within a specific territory. It is also what
one may call a policy of “organization of society”,
since its direct beneficiaries are not individuals
who are isolated or receiving assistance, but rather
collectives placed within the territory.
In practice, these “new” grounds for action
for development, have as their basis the interrelationship between three main forms of policies
that should be followed: (a) sectoral: having in
view ongoing improvements in the efficiency and
productivity of the productive sectors, starting
from actions for skilling, training, technological
innovations, etc.; (b) territorial: ways of
administrating and managing the endogenous
resources (manpower, natural resources and
infrastructure), aiming at the creation of a local
enabling space; and (c) environmental: coming out
of actions for conservation of the natural resources
and raising of ecological awareness, taken as a
strategic value in issues of development of localities.
As may be observed, there is a convergence of
ideas when one analyzes the above-mentioned
work of the ILO on the topic, which reveals a path of
support to local economic and social development,
within the context of South–South and triangular
cooperation. In Chapter 4 of “City-to-City and SouthSouth and Triangular Cooperation” the authors
defend the idea that:
“an enabling local environment is key to
the success of local development as it relies
heavily on local stakeholder involvement.
Both the capacity of local government officials
and the capabilities of other locally active
public, private, and non-governmental actors
are important in this respect. Public and
private research institutions, SMEs, large
corporations, trade unions, local NGOs, etc.,
play a key role in LESD (Local Economic and
Social Development) projects” (p. 24).
Along these lines, in the same way as the constituent
elements of South–South and triangular cooperation
indicated above – the latter linked to local economic
and social development – also display a quite close
relationship with the social and solidarity economy.
South–South and triangular cooperation permits an
interchange between the various forms in which the
social and solidarity economy gets manifested in
the respective territories, contributing – in addition
to the generation of work, employment and income
– to local economic and social development. So
as we will see, the solidarity-based economic
enterprises act based on the: (a) valuing of labour,
of knowledge and of creativity; (b) identification
of work in association and of membership-based
ownership of the means of production, based
on democracy, solidarity and cooperation; (c)
democratic management of the enterprises by
the workers (self-management); and (d) building
solidarity-based collaboration networks as a form
of integration between the various solidarity-based
economic enterprises.
This finding encounters support in some of
the initiatives proposed within the context of
South–South and triangular cooperation,26 which
contributed to mitigating the effects of the current
crisis, placing employment and social protection
at the centre of the recovery policies, including the
identification of successful models in the developing
countries and the sharing of these experiences, even
collaborating with the ILO’s Decent Work Agenda.
The important areas of contribution to knowledge
sharing include the following: (a) sharing of best
practices in the formulation and adaptation (or
replication) of micro-finance schemes to address
the growth in levels of unemployment and loss
of job positions amongst the vulnerable groups;
(b) sharing of experiences in new incentives and
mechanisms for the creation of companies, in
particular micro- and small-scale firms, which in the
developing countries make up the majority of the
sustainable and growth-generating employment
base; (c) promoting the replication and adaptation
of programmes/systems of employment guarantee
in developing countries, which may be particularly
efficient in terms of costs during a crisis (for
26
Based on Amorim (2013).
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SOCIAL AND SOLIDARITY ECONOMY ACADEMY
example in Argentina, Brazil, Indonesia, India and
others); (d) sharing of employment programmes
for young people, since young men and women are
more susceptible to being affected by the increase
in unemployment and unstable jobs.
In looking at these areas, one notes that microfinance – one of the instruments of the social and
solidarity economy – constitutes an opportunity for
generation of small businesses and socio-economic
inclusion, based on the values of the social and
solidarity economy, and may be promoted and
replicated in other territories, based on South–
South and triangular cooperation. If successful, the
experience brings as fruits local economic and social
development, improving the living conditions and
conditions for social integration in the territories in
which those experiences take place. Moreover, the
possibility of promotion of business for the microand small-scale firms is an important idea, including
because the latter companies need support, advice,
better credit terms and terms of access to markets,
etc.
In the case of the employment guarantee
programmes/schemes, certain experiences have
more recently been occurring that deserve highlight,
particularly taking into account the fact that South–
South and triangular cooperation may contribute
to the progress and dissemination of these
experiences, which connect the social and solidarity
economy to local economic and social development.
Such experiences refer to public employment
guarantee programmes, the greatest objectives of
which are reduction of unemployment, especially
in the most vulnerable groups, coming out of
programmes for revitalization and cleanup of roads
and public spaces, for building roads in the rural
area, for extension of basic sanitation projects and
others. On the one hand, such programmes ensure
an expansion in the urban and rural infrastructure
of the territories, and on the other hand, the sociolabour integration of underprivileged groups with no
prospects of employment and income.
Some international cases have been studied in the
context of these programmes, like the Expanded
Public Works Programme (EPWP) and Community
Work Programme (CWP) in South Africa; the
Unemployed Male and Female Head of Household
10
Plan in Argentina; the Productive Safety Net
Programme (PSNP) in Ethiopia, and the Mahatma
Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
(MGNREGA) in India (Lal et al, 2010). In addition to
these, in 2011 a programme was launched in Brazil
that fits within this logic, called the “Brazil without
Poverty Plan”.27 From amongst other aspects, this
Plan looks to eradicate poverty based on productive
integration via the route of the social and solidarity
economy, and will be targeted to Brazilians living in
homes with a household income of up to 70 Reais
(BRL) per person (roughly US$ 35).
Lastly, the sharing of employment programmes
for young people constitutes a rather relevant
and pertinent topic, particularly taking into
account the above-mentioned framework of youth
unemployment. In that sense, there are experiences
that indicate countless opportunities for creation of
jobs for young people by the route of the social and
solidarity economy,28 based on cooperatives and
associations that provide skills training courses in
certain areas, training and integrating these young
people into the local labour market, including
avoiding them leaving their homes and regions.
Within this perspective, the idea arises repeatedly
that more than generation of work, employment
and income, the social and solidarity economy
experiences point to a better social and political
organization of the territories. In parallel with
the carrying out of their productive and/or
consumption activities, the experiences contribute
to strengthening social and political bonds in the
territory, in addition to allowing greater political
participation on the part of the protagonists, as well
as the creation of public spaces that “give voice”
to their problems and to the opportunities for a
collective and participative approach.29 This will be
the point to be dealt with in the following topic.
27
http://www.brasilsemmiseria.gov.br
28
Consult the ILO’s 2013 Guide for the Social and Solidarity Economy Academy, held in Agadir (2013), available at: www.socialeconomy.itcilo.org/en.
29
Or, as indicated by Engracia Hidalgo, Secretary of
State for Employment of the Spanish government, in
a recent CIRIEC study (2013): the social and solidarity
economy transcends purely quantitative parameters,
since it constitutes a “key element of social cohesion”
(p. 5). In the prologue to the CIRIEC-Spain Magazine,
August 2013. Available at: http://www.ciriec-revistaeconomia.es/banco/CIRIEC_7800_Hidalgo.pdf
Social and Solidarity Economy and South-South and Triangular Cooperation in Latin America
and the Caribbean: Contributions to Inclusive Sustainable Development
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2.The social and solidarity
economy and the potentials of this
“sector” for generation of work,
employment and income, within
the framework of South–South
cooperation
2.1 The social and
solidarity economy:
what does this “sector”
involve?
The social and solidarity economy constitutes a
phenomenon that is progressively gaining ground
within the academy, on the agendas of national and
international public policies and in the multilateral
agencies, through uptake by its actors, and which is
taken on as an area of study of immense importance
and pertinence, in addition to great interest and
curiosity on the part of society.30
30
The field of studies and of practice of the social
and solidarity economy includes various theoretical
currents, which today influence the thinking as to its
role and place in the transformation of the capitalist
mode of production. Which is to say, this field is
characterized by ongoing tension – whether as
regards theoretical–conceptual issues, or between
the different local initiatives, their scale, contexts,
specificities, frames and modes of operation.
This diversity may be noted in relation to the
different terminologies encountered to designate the
“sector”.
To cite just one example that shows the magnitude of this phenomenon: the emergence in Geneva in September 2013
of the Inter-Agency Task Force on Social and Solidarity Economy, a task force between various United Nations agencies
that will deal with the topic of the social and solidarity economy, within an international and cross-cutting perspective.
Undoubtedly two other events ought to be mentioned as extremely important for the appearance of this task force: the
International Academies of the ILO on the social and solidarity economy, and the conference held by the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) in May 2013, “Social and Solidarity Economy: potential and
limits”. For additional information, consult: www.ilo.org/coop, www.unrisd.org/sse and www.socialeconomy.itcilo.org/en.
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Box 6 – The social and solidarity economy and its terminological diversity
The terminological diversity that exists has been described in great detail by Moreno (1996).
According to the author, the most frequent terms are:
1) “Third sector”: when allusion is made to the other two “sectors”, namely the state and private
capitalist sectors;
2) “Voluntary sector”: term that has as its basic feature the voluntary character of a very relevant
part of people who develop, work in and direct voluntary activities;
3) “Not-for-profit sector”: term employed by the integrated System of National Accounts of the
United Nations, which emphasizes the not-for-profit character of the organizations that make up
the third sector, understanding that its actions do not have the objective of obtaining profits in
order to distribute them amongst the individuals who compose them, but rather to direct them to
other socially determined purposes;
4) “Philanthropic sector”: refers to those organizations that channel personal and material resources
on behalf of public or social causes, and is very much used when dealing with foundations;
5) “Charitable sector”: term that emphasizes the support that the third sector receives from society
at large, in the form of private donations for objectives of charity or social utility;
6) “Non-governmental organizations” – NGOs: term that refers to those private entities that are
aimed at the socio-economic advancement of individuals and communities;
7) “Independent sector”: term that is used to highlight the role that the third sector has as an
independent force, both in relation to the activity of the public sector, as well as with respect to
the for-profit sector or sector for maximizing gain from capitalist activities;
8) “Intermediate sector”: analogous to the foregoing; emphasizes the role of the not-for-profit third
sector as a third social force, which is to say, as the sector “mediating” between the interests of
the market and those of the policies of the public agencies, even while maintaining relations with
both actors;
9) “Tax-exempt sector”: taking into consideration the fact that in the majority of the countries this
sector enjoys a favourable tax treatment, which is to say, tax benefits and exemptions;
10) “Social economy”: name that embraces both genuine third sector entities (foundations,
associations), as well as certain bodies of a commercial kind, more oriented to the market, such
as cooperatives, associations, friendly societies, etc.
12
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SOCIAL AND SOLIDARITY ECONOMY ACADEMY
Tremblay (2009) also enumerates different
terminologies, by country, like: “Social Economy”
(USA and Canada); “Solidarity Economy”
(Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Quebec); People’s
Economy (Asia); “Associative Movements” (Senegal
and Turkey); “Civil Society” (South Africa) and
“Community Economic Development” (Australia,
New Zealand and Anglophone Canada).
As Cruz (2006, p. 88) pointed out, conceptualizing
this “sector” is somewhat complex,
“since it is a task that shifts from simple
academic debate, to get incorporated into the
visions and proposals of a wide spectrum of
social actors, from the trade union movement
to those who formulate public policies, from
religious institutions to multilateral bodies”.
In the face of this diversity, according to Moreno
and Chaves (2006), one can detect in the
specialized economic literature three well-defined
theoretical approaches: (a) the “social economy”
approach, taken to be the longest-standing and
most consolidated, quite disseminated and used
in Europe; (b) the approach of the non-profit
organizations (NPOs); and (c) the “solidarity
economy” approach, the most recent and
considered by many authors as a derivation from
the “social economy” approach, Latin American in
origin.
In spite of these terminological, conceptual and
theoretical differentiations, one should take two
more general issues into account, in addition to the
finding of the growing importance that the social
and solidarity economy has been acquiring:31 One
has to do with the fact that, as Vieira (2005, p. 56)
stated, the social and solidarity economy “as a
concept has a triple nature. At the same time as it
is an empirically verifiable object, it is also a social
movement and a propositional theory of socioeconomic change.” And the other resides in the
fact that the main forms of action of the social and
solidarity economy are produced coming out of the
31
For further information, data and findings, consult the
Guides (2010, 2011 and 2013) to the ILO’s international
Academies on the social and solidarity economy, at
the site:
http://socialeconomy.itcilo.org/en.
cooperatives, friendly societies, associations and
social enterprises. And in terms of its constituent
elements, we may highlight: social value;
cooperation and associational entrepreneurship;
solidarity; voluntary participation and autonomy;
the sustainability of local resources; the collective
dimension; and the ethical and solidarity-based
market.
Box 7 – The social and solidarity
economy and South–South and
triangular cooperation: similarities
in their constituent elements
In that sense, it is undeniable that these elements
are umbilically linked to the constituent elements
of South–South and triangular cooperation
presented above (initiatives of a social, economic,
environmental and political nature; solidarity;
cooperation; partnership and sharing of
knowledge and experiences; common interest;
cross-cutting nature, etc.). In other words, the
social and solidarity economy contemplates a
facet of South–South and triangular cooperation
that should be encouraged, since it is seen
to be a formidable tool for socio-labour
integration, looking to local economic and social
development.
One may therefore say that South–South and
triangular cooperation and the social and
solidarity economy are two sides of the same
coin, which feed back mutually, bringing effective
forms of local economic and social development
as a result.
Solidarity-based economic enterprises have as
their basis local action rooted in the community,
belonging to a network of relationships in common,
which favours a strategy of local economic and
social development, as well as its strengthening.
And it is precisely that rooting that they display
with the local space in which they operate, that will
permit these enterprises to have a direct relationship
with local economic and social development,
realizing the endogenous capabilities and human
and material resources. It is on this relationship
between the social and solidarity economy and local
economic and social development what we will look
to move forward next.
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2.2 The social and
solidarity economy and
local economic and
social development:
broad and effective
connections
In dealing with the relationship between the social
and solidarity economy and local economic and
social development, the study from the International
Center of Research and Information on the Public,
Social and Cooperative Economy (CIRIEC, 2007)
noted that the social and solidarity economy
presents a great potential for activating processes
of “endogenous development”, given that the
strong connection between community (territory)
and social and solidarity economy makes the latter
particularly knowledgeable about the interests and
needs of the former, and is capable of promoting
co-responsibility in terms of resource use and
distribution of benefits.
These connections between the economic and the
social have also been underlined by Greffe (2007),
who upholds the idea that local economic and social
development projects carried out by initiatives
and organizations from the social and solidarity
economy bring as a corollary the integration
between the economic and social dimensions, in
addition to driving new productive behaviours within
the territory, based on partnerships, cooperation,
bottom-up actions, community development and
generation of social capital.
From the theoretical–conceptual viewpoint, the
studies on local economic and social development
have been gaining more and more ground,
particularly in the last two decades, and appear to
be based on a new socio-economic and institutional
reality, where the local public administration is
taken as the fundamental pillar of these policies.
For Ramírez and Benito (2000), local economic and
social development may be defined as a process of
economic growth with structural transformations
that leads to an improvement in the living standard
of the local population, creating employment,
income and wealth by and for the community.
However, it is essential to highlight that this idea
should not neglect the importance of the economic
policies adopted in the federal sphere. Very much
on the contrary, these should be thought through
and implemented in such a way as to contribute
to the successful achievement of the policies of
local economic and social development. In the
end, crucial issues like the interest rate, level of
investment and exchange rate, as well as the
percentage for transfers to the municipalities and
of expenditure on particular local policies, are
decisions taken at federal level that can facilitate
or make impracticable local economic and social
development actions, programmes and projects.
It is possible to observe the existence of various
experiences under way in the world, which have
even been multiplying and extending in many
territories.32 They express the attempts of society to
seek new paths addressing unemployment and the
lack of income, as well as of the lack of opportunities
in the traditional spheres.
In other words, analysis of these experiences allows
us to understand that initiatives/survival strategies
are already under way that, intentionally or not,
in addition to generating income and subsistence
conditions, point to possibilities for alteration of the
social relations between producer and consumer,
within a framework of solidarity and based on
collective and associational values. They are
alternative practices that arise from different actors
and on various scales, and that mobilize important
issues like work, health, food and quality of life. Here
we have the cross-cutting nature of the actions of
the social and solidarity economy and its relations
32
14
In the Brazilian case, for example, the book is cited
that is entitled “New paradigms of production and
consumption: innovative experiences” (2010), edited
by Leandro Morais and Adriano Borges, where 11
interesting experiences of the social and solidarity
economy are analyzed, coupled to local economic and
social development and occurring throughout all regions of the country.
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with the actions, projects and programmes of
South–South and triangular cooperation.
Cocco (2006) characterizes these experiences as a
“productive multitude” and “radically democratic”,
within a “set of singularities that cooperate amongst
themselves” and are in alignment with the idea of
productive mobilization of the territories, aiming
at socio-territorial development starting from the
emergence of new political subjects and from the
constitution of what is in common.
Such local initiatives refer to a set of knowledge,
competencies, notions and principles acquired over
time and that give a “sense” and “identity” to a set of
practices that generate dynamics that are economic,
organizational and of political articulation. Such
experiences emerged in different local contexts
and are characterized by an enriched repertoire of
technical–productive practices and of economic and
social organization that get affirmed as creators of
new territories and ways of living.
As examples of some experiences that bring
together the social and solidarity economy and local
economic and social development, we can cite the
following:
a) In Argentina, the National Local Development
and Social Economy Plan, entitled Manos a La
Obra (Let’s Get to Work), the implementation,
coordination and supervision of which are under
the responsibility of the Secretariat for Social
Policies of the Ministry of Social Development.
This programme has as its objective to support
initiatives for local socio-economic development
of sectors with few resources, aiming at
improvement in the income of this population.
From amongst its main tools are economic
and financial support for the productive and
community undertakings that show viability
and sustainability; capacity building for the
consultative councils, associational fora and civil
society organizations, and technical assistance
and skills training for their participants;
b) In Mexico, UNIMOSS, where the participation
of its members is voluntary and collaborative
and all of the actions are guided by the idea of
an “overall strategy for the economic and social
development” of networks that are distributed
throughout the entire country. Another aspect
relates to the Solidaristic Interchange Groups,
which have as their function the promotion of
the development of practices of solidarity-based
exchange of products, services and knowledge,
and of stimulating a common identity and
relations internal to the community, in this
way strengthening the relations of the territory
with the public institutions and fostering
the appearance of sustainable productive
and commercial projects, specifically for the
production of foodstuffs.
c) In Brazil, Banco Palmas is considered the most
famous and successful community bank, the
creator of a model that has been reapplied
quite a lot in the country: to get an idea, today
there are close to 48 similar experiences.
This is a territorial development program
involving micro-credit, social currencies, the
creation of social and solidarity economy
initiatives, vocational training and education
for consumption. This experience arose and
developed from the community, with no
great support from the government. Today
Banco Palmas also undertakes strong political
activity in the field of micro-finance, seeking its
recognition and the creation of legal landmarks;
d) In Ecuador, the 1998 Constitution bound
the economy to the principles of efficiency,
solidarity, sustainability and quality. One
part of the public resources made available
is targeted to ensuring the protection of the
peasants and of the small-scale farmers, in
projects that combine the generation of work,
employment and income, social integration
and environmental awareness raising. A new
Constitution was adopted in September 2008
in this country, one that is of the people and
community-based, where the people and
life occupy an even more important place
in the conducting of the country’s policies.
Accordingly the idea was established of “living
well”, emphasizing the principles of equality,
democracy, diversity and national, food, energy
and financial sovereignty.
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e) In New Zealand the “Action and Research
Project for Community Economic
Development”, which supports the
formulation of local community projects, is
considered a “key project” of the country’s
Department of Labour. Within the context of
this programme, the Department of Labour
carries out interchange between governmental
and business management practices and
transfers them to the communities, in addition
to mapping local opportunities for the
development of activities in the territories.
Within the context of this programme, the
community itself is the entity in charge of
planning, implementation and oversight of its
development process, as well as of the training
of its networks and relationships with the public
sector and other institutions.
h) In Cabo Verde the “National Program to Combat
Poverty in the Rural Setting” has as its objective
to increase the “social capital” of the poor
people, in this way mobilizing the potentials
of the local communities, of their leaders, and
of the civil society and public administration
partners. In order to attain this objective,
the social actors and the Ministry of Labour,
Vocational Training and Social Solidarity support
the carrying out of training activities and the
execution of income-generating activities in the
sectors of agriculture, fishing, livestock raising,
agricultural processing and handicrafts. They
also struggle for improvement in access to
basic services, in the areas of water, education,
vocational training and social housing, based on
incorporation initiatives based on the social and
solidarity economy;
f)
i)
At the present time in the Philippines, the
micro-credit experience has been disseminated
throughout the country, and in addition to
providing loans, acts in areas of occupational
qualification, socio-productive integration
and techniques for resource management,
and contributes to the raising of awareness
concerning the potentials of community
organization and of social entrepreneurs. A
partnership between micro-finance groups led
to a discussion and the drawing up of a draft
law for the government to integrate the funeral
allowance and incorporate the members of the
micro-finance groups into the formal social
protection system, within its social protection
objectives (social security system);
j)
In Bangladesh – a country that is a point of
reference as regards micro-credit and forms
of access to financial resources on the part
of the low-income population – the Grameen
Bank is an exemplary case, successful and
known throughout the world for the use of
micro-credit as a way to reduce poverty and
generate opportunities for millions of people in
a situation of social and economic vulnerability.
This experience has been getting disseminated
in other parts of the world, and serving as an
inspiration for the drawing up of public policies
in the area of the social and solidarity economy.
In Mali the creation of the Department of
Solidarity-Based Economy, which since 2003
enjoys the support of a national network of
research studies and the development of
strategies for the social and solidarity economy,
called the National Network of Support to the
Promotion of the Social and Solidarity Economy
(RENAPES). This network enjoys the support of
the country’s Ministry of Social Development
and of a Canadian organization, and acts on
the reduction of poverty and exclusion, as
well as on the definition of social policies for
the sustainable development of marginalized
communities throughout the entire country;
g) More recently, the existence is widespread in
Morocco of “development associations” that
emerge as instruments of local development
and protection of the natural resources, and
as a source of generation of work and income,
above all in the rural setting. They act based on
the “integrated actions approach”, which is to
say, starting from projects for access to drinking
water, irrigation and electrification, amongst
others, and in the urban setting, they carry
out work of training and awareness raising for
environmental and sustainable development
issues.
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As one can see, and as indicated by Galduf,
Maruri and Prósper (2013), a local economic and
social development policy requires satisfactory
coordination between the various levels of
government, the overcoming of any variety of
localism, and cooperation between the various
economic and social protagonists in each area. Also
included is the important role that the universities
have on this theme.
2.3 South–South and
triangular cooperation
as an instrument for
strengthening of the
social and solidarity
economy
As has been noted, there are countless experiences
that demonstrate that the social and solidarity
economy constitutes an instrument for generation
of work, employment and income for a significant
number of people around the world, and contributes
to the local economic and social development of the
territory in which those experiences take place. In
many cases the social and solidarity economy even
constitutes a choice from amongst other possible
ones, but is the sole alternative for obtaining income
and as a form of survival.
However, these experiences are marked by
challenges linked to their modus operandi, which
in many cases make their continuity and progress
impracticable or difficult.
Such challenges exist due to certain economic,
administrative and management aspects; political,
social, educational, cultural, scientific and
technological aspects; and environmental, legal
and accounting aspects (Neves, 2012). In addition,
there are some restrictions as regards the need to
advance on issues such as the regulatory framework
for public policies on the social and solidarity
economy, for its institutions and for financing. These
restrictions mean impediments for the advance of
the social and solidarity economy.
These impediments are: (a) from the economic
viewpoint: the enterprises face great difficulties
to place themselves on the market; the workers
have difficulties to market the products and find
suppliers, and even difficulties in establishing a
basic infrastructure, like a site for establishment,
electrical power and water – as well as from
the productive viewpoint, to get access to the
machinery, equipment, etc.; (b) from the viewpoint
of qualifications, sometimes the members of the
enterprises have a low level of schooling and
insufficient technical-vocational qualification, which
brings with it problems of management and of
accounting of their activities; (c) from the political
viewpoint, greater institutionalization of the topic
is needed, so as to clearly define the regulatory
framework, the public policies, the targeting of
specific funds, the continuity of the support policies,
etc.
It is within this scenario that South–South and
triangular cooperation will act as an instrument for
strengthening of the social and solidarity economy,
since the exchange of knowledge and know-how
will favour improvement in the operating conditions
of the experiences in other places. As already
acknowledged in Amorim and Lagarde (2013, p. 29):
“South-South exchanges are increasing in the field
of social and solidarity economy, as exchanging
good practices between developing countries is an
important means of achieving such ownership in
this field”.
Within this perspective, two important events should
be recalled here, which served (and continue to
serve) as a rich space for knowledge and exchange
of diverse experiences between the protagonists
of the social and solidarity economy (practitioners,
researchers, governments and representatives of
institutions, amongst others) on different topics
surrounding the social and solidarity economy and
its practice. They are: the ILO’s Social and Solidarity
Economy Academy33 and the UNRISD’s Conference
on the Potential and Limits of the Social and
Solidarity Economy.34
33
http://socialeconomy.itcilo.org/en
34
http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(LookupAll
DocumentsByUNID)/5936F8772AFB3780C1257BBE005
6F0F9?OpenDocument
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In relation to the first event (the ILO Academy, held
in Agadir in 2013), opportunities were focused on for
improving the employment of young people, with
a focus on the countries of the South. As we have
seen, the social and solidarity economy is a reality
in the life of many people, who can benefit from
learning between countries and communities. The
Academy promotes inter-regional training, bringing
together hundreds of professionals, tripartite
partners and politicians from the entire world to
share their experiences and interact with specialists
on the social and solidarity economy. The Academy
helps the participants to better understand the areas
in which the social and solidarity economy may be
applied and successfully executed (for example,
employment creation, social protection, social
dialogue and green jobs). The participants also
learn and share social and solidarity experiences,
strategies and tools from all around the world, with
particular emphasis on South–South exchanges.
The specialists who had received a scholarship
from the ILO demonstrated the links between the
social and solidarity economy and South–South
cooperation. Some messages deserve to be
underlined, based on the experience and knowledge
of the ILO:
a) South–South partnerships between the
stakeholders in the social and solidarity
economy are inclusive: they involve a central
multilateral approach to integration of the
Decent Work Agenda;
b) South–South cooperation and triangular
agreements may strengthen the impact of the
social and solidarity economy within national
and regional settings. These may create and
maintain broader regional and inter-regional
networks and platforms of knowledge and
exchange of experiences.35 The beneficiaries
of the scholarships created a platform for
knowledge sharing on the social and solidarity
economy called “collective brain”, which
may be accessed through this link: http://
socialeconomy.itcilo.org/en/sse-academycollective-brain.
c) The existing social and solidarity economy
networks between the countries of the South
are inspiring initiatives. For example, Mercosul
in Solidarity, which will be dealt with more fully
later, acts as a platform for knowledge sharing
for the organizations of the Southern Cone
working on the promotion and development of
the social and solidarity economy and fair trade.
As regards the second event (the UNRISD’s
Conference on the Potential and Limits of Social
and Solidarity Economy), one more landmark
was reached in the link between South–South
cooperation and the social and solidarity economy
in the field of decent work, based on the principle
of solidarity and incorporating economic, social
and environmental concerns on the international
development agenda. The Conference contributed
to the production and exchange of knowledge,
supporting the development of international policies
and increased visibility within the United Nations
system. As points to be highlighted we cite the
experiences of the networks for fair trade, financial
alternatives, complementary currency systems
and micro-credit, cooperatives, the participation of
women and of informal-sector workers and social
protection, amongst others.
All of these experiences indicate the fact that the
potential for South–South interchange on the
social and solidarity economy is significant. On the
occasion, Professor Paul Singer, Brazil’s Secretary
35
18
For example, in 2008 COOP Africa – the Cooperative
Cooperation Mechanism for Africa – sponsored a
high-level visit to Ethiopia by the staff of the cooperation area of the government of Tanzania, in order to
learn from the experience of its autonomous Federal
Cooperative Agency. The ILO Regional Office for Africa
supported this visit as a horizontal cooperation effort.
This was consistent with the Action Plan for Promotion
of the Social and Solidarity Economy in Enterprises
and Organizations of Africa, adopted in Johannesburg
(October 2009).
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for the Solidarity Economy, and Mr. Guy Ryder,
Director-General of the ILO, highlighted the need to
expand the cooperation networks.
Thus 2013 represents the year in which the events
of Agadir and Geneva showed the potential
and relevance of South–South and triangular
cooperation on this topic,36 reaffirming their
effectiveness for developing new networks and
partnerships in support to the social and solidarity
economy, within a context where the convergence
of these thematic areas constitutes a strategic
opportunity for the ILO.
In recent years the international integration of
regional forums and networks for support to the
social and solidarity economy has developed a
great deal. That is a clear sign that the exponential
increase in interconnectivity since the emergence of
the Internet also impacts on the social and solidarity
economy. By way of an example, we can cite the case
of the social and solidarity economy movements in
Latin America, as well as in Asia and Africa.
On the other hand, the importance of the building
of value chains has already been emphasized for
some time now in the field of social and solidarity
economy, particularly due to the difficulty that its
enterprises have to insert themselves within chains
formed by other enterprises operating within the
framework of the traditional economy. One of the
reasons for that difficulty is the disadvantage in
competing on specific aspects of productivity,
distribution and marketing with enterprises that do
not share the same social objectives as the social
and solidarity economy (worker participation in
management, transparency, open dialogue, quality
of life, community development, concern for the
environment, etc.).
An alternative for addressing the issue of the
increase in efficacy and efficiency in the solidaritybased economic enterprises, is the broadening
of the concept of value chain coming out of
networks. That means strengthening the bonds of
interchange and construction of techniques and
knowledge, in addition to increasing the economic
36
It is suggested to consult the newsletter of the ILO, No.
37, May 2013, available at: www.ilo.org/pardev
interactivity between the solidarity-based economic
enterprises, so as to build multiple possibilities
for paths for adding value and socio-economic
integration. That perspective results in flexible and
dynamic economic chains that benefit strongly
from a reduction in the transaction costs between
enterprises that is proportional to the increased
connectivity and economic interactivity between
them. In other words, that would be a key factor for
ensuring not only efficacy and efficiency, but also
resilience in relation to the economic environment
and its cyclical crises. In that sense, the practice
of activity in network that already exists within the
context of the political movements for the social and
solidarity economy, constitutes a strong inspiration
for the building of inter-regional and international
economic networks.
Bearing in mind the importance of the establishment
of these networks, and of the exchange of
experiences and know-how, with the purpose
of strengthening the practices of the social and
solidarity economy within the context of South–
South and triangular cooperation, it is worth
presenting some experiences, taking into account
the “selection criteria for good practices in South–
South and triangular cooperation”.37 Those criteria
consider the following aspects:
1) The “horizontal” dimension of cooperation:
one of the principles of South–South
cooperation is the establishment of horizontal
cooperation relations, with no conditionalities,
based on non-discrimination and on the sharing
of information. Cooperation should take place
between countries, and may be in the form of
knowledge sharing, training of human resources
or replication of strategies;
2) The “triangular” dimension of cooperation:
Cooperation by a country of the North with two
or more countries of the South. The assistance
of the North may be in the form of a financial
contribution or of technical knowledge;
3) Innovative: The practice does not need to be
new in order to meet this criterion, but should
have its effectiveness accepted (for example:
37
Contained in: Amorim (2013).
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having faced an adverse situation – high unemployment rate amongst young people – in the territory in
which it is found);
4) Adaptability/replicability: Although the practice is localized, it has features that are transferable to other
contexts or situations;
5) Sustainability: The practice and/or its benefits can continue in some way to maintain their effectiveness in
the medium and long term. Which is to say, they can leave legacies and get integrated amongst countries
of the South.
Interesting experiences that relate the social and solidarity economy and South–South
cooperation
Box 8 – Mercosul in Solidarity38
Mercosul in Solidarity is a platform of civil society organizations made up of 17 NGOs from Argentina,
Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay, with close to three thousand representatives who since 2003 have
been developing strategies at local, national and regional level on behalf of the political, economic and
social rights of the most vulnerable sectors of society. This network has as one of its main objectives,
the strengthening of the social dimension in the process of integration within Mercosul, recovering the
historic common ties, the cultural diversity and the capacity for mobilization of the social organizations
and movements of the region.
38
38
http://mercosursocialsolidario.org/
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Box 9 - Coordinating Group of Small-Scale Fair Trade Producers
for Latin America and the Caribbean (CLAC)39
CLAC is a network of small-scale rural producers, democratically organized with the objective of
strengthening its base-level organizations based on democracy and participation, solidarity, equity,
respect and transparency.
39 40
Box 10 - COOP Africa40
COOP Africa was created by the ILO in 2007, to provide technical assistance, training, tools – and in
some cases, financial support – for the development of cooperatives in Africa.
39 http://clac-comerciojusto.org/quienes-somos
40 http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/publication/wcms_188624.pdf
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Box 11 - African Social Entrepreneurs Network (ASEN)41
ASEN is an African network of social entrepreneurs with practices that take into account social and
environmental aspects in their businesses, projects and actions.
41 42
Box 12 - Asian Solidarity Economy Coalition (ASEC)42
ASEC is a network that brings together 18 national networks and 21 continental networks, with the objective
of increasing the accountability of the actors for the building of a fairer and more solidaristic economy.
41
http://asenetwork.org/
42
http://aa4se.com/
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Bibliographic Notes
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