1.1 Brookes Bell LLP
Accident investigation and litigation

The established link between Global Design Factors (GDFs) 1
and cognitive performance in attention management and
safety behaviour. And that degradation in both may cause
incident and accidents on individual and ship level.

Results of experiments on bridge simulators concerning the
effect of noise environment on navigational decision making.

Results of experiments in virtual reality concerning the effect
of deck layout features on individual safety of marine
engineers and safety of the vessel a as whole.

Gathered statistics from accident investigation reports and
elicited reliability data from marine engineers will support the
forensics and litigation in a number of ways.
Distribution of accident cases of fire origin on cargo
ships.
Consultancy in safety engineering

Gathered statistics from accident investigation reports and
elicited reliability data from marine engineers may be used to
pilot commercial projects on fire safety.

Developed risk models will help assess the effect of GDFs on
safety, list the failure modes and causes.
Consultancy in ship design and operation

Developed parametric modeller will allow quickly developing a
parametric ship arrangement to be optimised for given
performance requirements or generate any other design
information of interest.

The integrated design platform for multi-disciplinary design
evaluation will help to offer ship design ideas which are well
balanced in terms of cost, safety and environmental
performance.

Developed RoPax models and their alternative variations with
assessed multi-disciplinary performance, can be used as a
design database to instantly retrieve a
favourable design concept from. The
performance data can be used to fit response
surface models and any other data analysis
required in a commercial job.

Developed software Real Options Valuation
allows predicting long-term earning potential
of a given ship alternative under uncertain
market and technical conditions. This
capability is of interest to creditors, ship
brokers, and ship owners.
Brookes Bell LLP has already started the
exploitation of certain project findings. The
exploitation does specifically involve a
dissemination of relevant project findings
within the company for human resource
development
and
development
of
engineering
processes
that
can
commercially be utilised.
1
Normalised probability of failure per insulation type.
The figures estimated for a 15.5 years old RoPax.
The chart indicates that at this ship’s age, removable
insulation of cylinder head indicator cocks is most
likely to be ineffective amongst other insulations.
Real Options Valuation takes into account market and technical
uncertainties and estimates optimal policies, which guarantee the maximal
profit, and the potential profit of the vessel when these policies are adopted.
Studied GDFs: ship motions, whole body vibration, noise, deck layout, equipment arrangement and access.
1.2 University College London
The UCL Design Research Centre (DRC), a part of the Marine Research Group in the Department of
Mechanical Engineering at UCL, is an academic research institution and so conventional concepts of
“commercial exploitation” are not strictly appropriate. However, there are two areas of DRC activities in which
the developments of the FAROS project may see future exploitation, research projects and design
consultancy.
Research Projects
The main activity of the DRC is research, either as part of consortia or in smaller-scale doctoral and post-doctoral projects.
There are four areas of development in the FAROS project that have had an impact on existing research projects (by
introducing new ideas) and may continue to do so in the future. These are; interface methods and automation; economic
evaluation methods; parametric models of cargo ships; FAROS risk models. The first two items – models and automation,
and economic methods, are foreseen to have the greatest impact as they can be applied to the widest range of DRC
research areas. The use of modern economic assessment methods such as ROV has already had an input into other PhD
level research areas.
Design Consultancy
The DRC undertakes a small amount of design consultancy tasks for government and industry. The particular FAROS
activities of interest here are; the use of interfacing and automation tools such as .SPIRAL to allow a wider range of
alternatives to be investigated using naval architectural design tools; and the use of more sophisticated economic
evaluation concepts such as ROV, which can be used to provide a more holistic and meaningful assessment of through life
costs and risks when compared to conventional approaches such as NPV. The risk models developed in the FAROS
project may find application in consultancy activities considering the same or similar types of vessels (tankers).
1.3 University of Strathclyde
Experimental design, management and analysis in marine bridge and engine compartment environments

Researchers at the School of Psychological Sciences and Health at the University of Strathclyde have extensive
experience of the design and analysis of experiments with human participants. In FAROS they applied this expertise to
applied problems in ships bridge simulators and virtual reality environments. For example, are there differential effects
of noise on ships operators depending on the demands of the route they follow and the tasks that are required of
them?

The practical benefits of participation in the project to the research team are immense, and have significantly
broadened the experience and expertise of the researchers, allowing them to enhance their expertise in directly
applying their skills in experimental design and eye movement analysis to real world applied problems. Additionally, the
researchers have developed knowledge of the application of simulation and virtual reality software.

This affords the researchers the ability to broaden their research network to participate in future projects of applied
nature and help strengthen the application of psychological theory to problems in engineering.

The data obtained has led to exciting directions for future research in this field.
Reporting our findings

We have important findings regarding the performance of ships bridge crew in noisy environments, which we plan to
scientifically publish in the coming year.

We will be conducting further fine grain analysis of our library of bridge crew eye movement behaviour in ships bridge
simulation environments, which we hope to report scientifically report.
The dissemination plans of the University of Strathclyde involve the dissemination of our findings to relevant scientific and
marine communities.
1.4 Deep Blue srl
Potential extension of consultancy services to the
maritime domain
It is not possible to highlight a specific finding, as it was the
whole project to bring a benefit to Deep Blue in terms of
maritime domain knowledge. The company had the opportunity
to become familiar with the basics of ship designs and ship
operations, together with the way safety is practised in this
industry. This allowed the identification of similarities and
differences with respect to the aviation domain, which triggered
an internal process aimed at determining which services could
be transferred from aviation to maritime.
Use of Bayesian Belief networks (BBNs) for probabilistic safety assessment in the aviation domain

Incorporation of human error (through
HRA) in BBNs.
Deep Blue will use the knowledge
acquired on the use of BBN results to
reinforce its in-house safety assessment
capabilities
dedicated
to support
equipment and software manufacturers,
operators and regulators in the ATC and
aviation domains. One of the distinctive
elements of such capabilities is the
systemic consideration of Human
Factors issues but also the need for
quantification. The approach developed
in FAROS (use HRA to translate human
performance into numbers that can feed
BBN but also other Probabilistic Risk
Assessments) could be replicated in a
number of other contexts.
Bayesian Network for personal risk model
Deep Blue intends to start exploiting the project findings in 2016. The exploitation will consist of:
 The development of internal material to educate other company employees about the FAROS project
findings;
 The development of safety assessment services leveraging the acquired knowledge related to BBN
modelling. A list of services candidate for transfer to the maritime domain will be elaborated in the first
quarter of 2016.
1.5 Technical Research Centre (VTT)
Risk analysis and human reliability research

Increased knowledge about the effects of Global Design Factors (GDFs) on human cognitive performance in attention
management and safety behaviour.

Methodological considerations regarding evaluation of risk models and analyses
The project results serve as background information in research projects and commission work in the fields of
ship motions, whole body vibrations, noise, risk analysis and human reliability analysis.
1.6 Wismar
Advanced scenario design for ship handling
simulation
 The knowledge gained in scenario development
for the simulation experiments with 36 mariners
will be used in modules of existing degree
courses and tailored further education courses
for various shipping companies.
 Using the new High Risk Events (HRE) in
various forms supports the broadness of the
simulation by opening various decision-making
possibilities and widens the competencies.
Degree courses and further education
programmes will benefit from this result.
 Adjusting the level of difficulty in the scenario
design allows match the scenarios, learning
objectives and target group with few changes in
the general scenario.
Scenario evaluation with enhanced procedure
based scoring and rating system
 Based on several actions and the time of the
execution of the actions the new introduced
scoring and rating system helps instructors to
evaluate and compare simulation trials and thus
give constructive advice to the participants
beyond just subjective impressions and
prejudgement.
 The scoring can easily adapted to different
conditions; the used weighted average for
comparing passing distances and more
parameters is flexible. Working in the scientific
environment the new evaluation has now to be
tested in education and further education.
Scenario design and the objective evaluation of ship handling simulations are crucial to get acceptance in the
maritime world being based on much experience and skills. With our work in the FAROS project we moved
steps ahead in designing a scenario producing measurable results and evaluating a scenario above the
established debriefing routines.
The test of the transfer into degree courses and further education programmes is planned for the last quarter
of 2015 and first quarter of 2016.
1.7 Aalto University
Research on risk modelling for design purpose

Results of the risk-based design exercise shows,
that there exists a threat, that the design
requirements may force the analyst to adopt a
certain risk perspective that suits a formalism of
design, instead of the features of the analysed
system. This lesson shows that there is a need for
clarification of the role of risk analysis in the design
process, and its level of details for various design
phases. This sounds like an excellent research area
for further studies.

The obtained risk models address the areas that
have not been appropriately investigated before;
thus we are lacking empirical data to benchmark
the models with. Therefore there was a need to
develop a validation framework, within which the
risk models could be evaluated and their credibility
could be established, that reflect the specific
features of the models.
Spectrum of scientific approaches to Risk Analysis

The validation framework itself is a relevant step
forward, which will be used in future risk related
research and teaching.

The FAROS project contributed significantly to the
development of a doctoral thesis by Floris Goerlandt
entitled Risk analysis in maritime transportation:
principles, frameworks and evaluation.
Framework for evaluating risk models and analyses
Teaching the risk analysis

The project findings, in terms of the adopted framework to organize the risk assessment significantly improved the
quality of teaching in the area of risk analysis. The real life example, where risk analysis has been used for design
purposes, makes the course that we offer on Safety and Risks of Marine Traffic more attractive for students.
Aalto University has already started the exploitation of certain project findings. The future exploitation involves
the research and teaching aspects as mentioned above. Both aspects are of global range.
1.8 Alpha Marine Consulting Ltd
Plan Approval – new buildings

Virtual reality experiments conducted with the scope to have
an insight on how deck layout affects crew behaviour will be
utilised in order to reorganise and optimise layouts for our
new-building projects.

Parametric models developed and optimised can also aid in
the design of new ships for improved safety, performance
and efficiency as well as improved functionality and crew
operation. It has already started to be implemented in new
building projects.
Consulting / Management

Implementation of results of Bridge simulations and
investigation of the influence of noise and motion (GDF) on
human performance and attention in full sleep and
restricted sleep conditions in company management and
specifically ISM (International Safety Management) and
SMS (Safety Management System) aiming at the
improvement of shifts, working hours and training of
mariners and crews for reduced risk. Our ISM and SMS
procedures are expected to be updated within 2015 and
implementation and information has already started.

Virtual reality experiments on the effects of deck layout in
crew day-to-day operation are also implemented in updating
company SMS and procedures.

Risk models with respect to collision, fire etc. and the
causal link between human error and potential hazard and
development of failure are utilised for the Identification of
potential leak and ignition sources and information of crews
and managers of their existence and ways of avoidance
through targeted training courses. Inclusion of findings in safety procedures through AMC involvement in ISM and
updating of onboard risk assessment procedures. This has already started and will continue after completion of the
project.
Training

Virtual reality experiments, bridge simulations and risk
models will also be used as training material for our courses with
the scope to improve understanding of operation in hazardous
environments and improve the safety culture of our clients.
Implementation has already started and our training material is
expected to conclude by the end of the year.
1.9 Galician Innovation Agency
Dissemination of the positive contribution of VR to the assessment of human behaviour in shipping industry

The simulations developed to investigate the influence of deck layout features on human performance will be used as
demonstration examples.

The implementation and management of multiple virtual environments instances for users, which increases the
capability of immersion in the ship real scenario.

Data capture and management, which enables the study of human behaviour in marine virtual environment.
VR allows analysing the interaction of crew with different layouts of a ship at an early stage of the design with
no need to produce real prototypes. It lets modifications in a short time to be tested again. Findings obtained
from these experiments are currently being used as example to the regional industry in Galicia, the most
important poll of naval construction in the country. They are also being used in the search for new applications
in different fields like industry or medicine.
1.10 Tallink Grupp AS

Use of new ship design models improve safety at sea and therefore minimise expensive casualty losses
and handling.

Results of experiments on bridge simulators concerning noise, fatigue, stress stormy weather etc.
influence to the navigational decision making gives a good picture for accidents investigation and
preventing in future. Improvements can reduce possibility of accidents.

Some of the project models and designs will give a good idea for some new projects and research for the
future.

Collected statistics from different accident investigation reports may be used during forensic cases in the
future.

Research and supplement of some of models worked out during the project needs more work and
attention as those are too perfunctory. So continue of project is welcome.
3.12 Lloyd’s Register
Rules’ feeding

FAROS deliverables will increase the potential positive impact in future rules developments, which will be addressed
through Lloyd’s Register participation in technical meetings contributing to the development of codes/standards. LR will
also exploit the results of FAROS in terms of gaining more expertise on human oriented ship design and building,
increasing ship classification portfolio and reputation in the shipping market.

LR also acts as a 'notified body' for many European Community directives, helping ensure essential product safety
rules work properly. To support these activities FAROS deliverables will be of great value to improve the current
regulations about safety and human element. Besides that, some project’s findings like the established link between
Global Design Factors (GDFs) and the cognitive performance related to safety operations would be of further support
for addressing processes and policies.
Consultancy and training

Lloyd’s Register consultancy services will improve their portfolio by means of potential implementation of FAROS
deliverables in its consultancy and training services (especially through human element awareness raising)

Customers and stakeholders will be supported in the impact of the GDFs in the early stages of vessel’s design (and
construction).

Specifically, application for busy spaces like engine rooms could be very significant for crew members like engineers.
Moving between segregated areas may be especially problematic to engineers as it can impact their overall awareness
of the operational status of the room and the efficiency with which they can perform engineering tasks.
3.13 Naval Architecture Progress
Offer Noise and Vibration Calculations

Based on the training and experience gained based on the FAROS project we can now offer to our clients Noise and
Vibration calculations.

Numerous ROPAX and VLCC vessels have been evaluated giving us the required confidence in the calculations.
Implement in our design protocols the methodology developed in FAROS

The findings may be inconclusive in some aspect but nevertheless the processes developed in this project reflect with
some adjustments reasonably well the scenario.

Human factor has been defined again using risk models integrated with performance in order to obtain an optimum
configuration for a specific ship case.
NAP has actively assisted in the research of project FAROS contributing on Noise and Vibration simulations
for ROPAX and VLCC vessels, the knowledge and experience gained using N&V software simulations allows
us to offer N&V services to our clients, not only making the calculation but actively assisting our customers to
reduce the impact to their crew and passengers with clever general arrangement designs.
Our goal is to implement the methodology developed in FAROS in order to assist our customers preliminary
design stage of new-buildings in reducing the human element risk. In NAP we believe that we have to achieve
the highest standard of design in our every project and therefore although in many cases clients do not take
the human risk in to considerable account we have to do it and adopt our design approaches to minimise it, as
this leads into more efficient and seaworthy vessels.
The models developed in FAROS require some manipulation by NAP in order to be useful initial design
decision making tools that can assist in risk reduction; although the project findings are not prescriptive the
methodology used is applicable to new designs and therefore will be exploited more in the near future.