Supplementary Material
Fig. S1. Adaptation for Conservation Targets (ACT) framework, reprinted with permission from Cross et
al. 2012a. The ACT framework provides a 6-step approach for developing specific adaptation actions
based on the principles of scenario planning and adaptive management to address uncertainty. A central
feature of the framework is the development of a conceptual model to assess impacts of possible future
climate scenarios.
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Fig. S2. Climate-Smart Conservation (CSC) framework, reprinted with permission from Stein et al. 2014.
The CSC framework provides a 7-step approach for developing specific climate change adaptation
actions. It shares a similar process to the ACT framework, but does not explicitly call for developing a
conceptual model to evaluate potential climate change impacts. In contrast, the CSC framework features
the additional step of re-evaluating and adjusting conservation targets as necessary in light of assessing
climate change vulnerabilities.
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Fig. S3. Portfolio Decision Analysis (PDA) framework, reprinted with permission from Convertino and
Valverde (2013). The framework provides an approach analogous to optimizing financial portfolios,
where allocation of management efforts are optimized to maximize natural assets (e.g., Threatened and
Endangered species) while minimizing impact to human assets (e.g., infrastructure). The PDA framework
includes the following stages: 1) identify natural and human assets of interest, 2) determine vulnerabilities
of and risks to assets (i.e., risk model), 3) determine candidate set of management actions at the
management area scale (i.e., management units where actions are performed), 4) use Multi Criteria
Decision Analysis (MCDA) to quantify the value of management actions given risks, 5) determine costs
of management actions, and 6) use an optimization algorithm to determine optimal set of management
actions at the installation scale (i.e., ecosystem-scale in which the management units are nested) given
costs and budget constraints.
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