Supplemental material not for review - SOM-U
Assessing the Robustness of Power Posing: No Effect on Hormones and Risk
Tolerance in a Large Sample of Men and Women
Eva Ranehill, Anna Dreber, Magnus Johannesson, Susanne Leiberg, Sunhae Sul and
Roberto Weber
We also performed regression analyses, as shown in Tables 1-3. We did not stratify the
randomization to power condition by gender, and by chance the gender distribution is
somewhat uneven between the two treatments (with 44 women in the Low-power
condition and 54 in the High-power condition). Previous literature finds that women, on
average, take less risk in the gain domain, and are less willing to compete (Croson &
Gneezy, 2009). It can therefore be important to control for gender in the analyses. It is
also possible that the effect of power posing, or other covariates, could differ between
men and women. For example, if power posing has an effect on testosterone levels, this
effect is likely to vary between men and women. We therefore perform the regression
analysis in the whole sample controlling for gender, as well as among women and men
separately. In addition, since the educational tracks differ between the University of
Zurich and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), we also control for which
university a participant attends.
For willingness to compete we also conduct regression analysis with and without
controlling for performance (the number of exercises solved) in the first round of the
mathematical task, in which all subjects were paid with a piece rate (which will control
for any effect of the power posing task on performance per se). A comparison of
performance in the first round does not reveal any difference in performance between
conditions, neither with a t-test, nor with a Mann-Whitney test (t-test: Mean difference
= -0.525, CI(-1.305, .255); t = -1.327, p = 0.186; Cohen’s d = -0.188. Mann-Whitney: p
= 0.183). The results of the described regressions are presented below. Each table reports
the result for one outcome measure.
Adding these control variables does not change the results qualitatively: we find no
effect of power posing in the expected direction on any of the three behaviors that we
explore (Tables 1-3). In the risk task in the gain domain, we find a significant effect of
High-power poses for men. However, this effect goes in the opposite direction from the
result observed by CCY, indicating that men become less inclined to take risk in the
High-power condition compared to the Low-power condition. This may be a chance
finding and would not survive a correction for multiple testing.
We also use a regression analysis to analyze the outcome of a single risk choice,
following the procedure in CCY. Here, we also find no significant effect of power
condition in an analysis similar to Table 2 below.
We further fail to find a significant effect of power posing on changes in testosterone or
cortisol levels (Tables 4 and 5). As discussed previously, we do find a significant effect
of condition on feelings of power (Table 6). This effect is robust to the inclusion of
control variables, and is driven by the male participants, who, on average, report feeling
more powerful in the High-power condition.
A referee also pointed out that the prolonged posing time could cause participants to be
uncomfortable, and this may counteract the effect of power posing. We therefore
reanalyzed our data using responses to a post-experiment questionnaire completed by
159 participants. The questionnaire asked participants to rate the degree of comfort they
experienced while holding the positions on a four-point scale from “not at all” (1) to
“very” (4) comfortable. The responses tended toward the middle of the scale and did not
differ by High- or Low-power condition (average responses were 2.38 for the
participants in the Low-power condition and 2.35 for the participants in the High-power
condition; mean difference = -0.025, CI(-0.272, 0.221); t(159) = -0.204, p = 0.839;
Cohen’s d = -0.032). We reran our main analysis, excluding those participants who were
“not at all” comfortable (1) and also excluding those who were “not at all” (1) or
“somewhat” comfortable (2). Neither sample restriction changes the results in a
substantive way (Excluding participants who reported a score of 1 gives Risk (Gain):
Mean difference = -.033, CI (-.100, 0.034); t(136) = -0.973, p = 0.333; Cohen’s d = 0.166; Testosterone Change: Mean difference = -4.728, CI(-11.229, 1.773); t(134) = 1.438, p = .153; Cohen’s d = -0.247; Cortisol: Mean difference = -0.024, CI (-.088,
0.040); t(134) = -0.737, p = 0.463; Cohen’s d = -0.126. Excluding participants who
reported a score of 1 or 2 gives Risk (Gain): Mean difference = -.105, CI (-0.332, 0.122);
t(68) = -0.922, p = 0.360; Cohen’s d = -0.222; Testosterone Change: Mean difference =
-5.503, CI(-16.536, 5.530); t(66) = -0.996, p = .323; Cohen’s d = -0.243; Cortisol: Mean
difference = -0.045, CI (-0.144, 0.053); t(66) = -0.921, p = 0.360; Cohen’s d = -0.225).
Thus, including only those participants who report having been “quite comfortable” (3),
or “very comfortable” (4) does not change our results.
In addition to the previously reported variables, we collected a number of other variables
in the final questionnaire (questions about participants general sense of power
(Anderson et al. 2012), confidence, competitive attitudes, a series of socio-demographic
questions, and questions about menstrual cycle and hormonal medication), in addition
to socio-demographic information. For completeness, the variables most relevant to the
current study are presented in Table 7 below, together with two-sided t-tests of the
differences between the High- and Low-power conditions.
Table 1. OLS regression: Dependent variable proportion risky choices (Gain)
VARIABLES
High Power Treatment
(1)
All
(2)
Women
(3)
Men
(4)
All
(5)
Women
(6)
Men
-0.033
(0.026)
0.010
(0.040)
-0.065**
(0.033)
0.463***
(0.018)
0.394***
(0.029)
0.523***
(0.019)
-0.034
(0.026)
0.013
(0.026)
0.456***
(0.024)
0.013
(0.040)
-0.014
(0.042)
0.399***
(0.031)
-0.064*
(0.033)
-0.037
(0.037)
0.550***
(0.034)
98
0.001
102
0.039
200
0.009
98
0.002
102
0.047
ETH
Constant
Observations
200
R-squared
0.008
Robust standard errors in parentheses
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table 2. OLS regression: Dependent variable proportion risky choices (Loss)
(1)
All
(2)
Women
(3)
Men
(4)
All
(5)
Women
(6)
Men
0.010
(0.023)
-0.014
(0.037)
0.033
(0.029)
0.309***
(0.016)
0.326***
(0.028)
0.294***
(0.018)
0.011
(0.023)
-0.005
(0.023)
0.312***
(0.021)
-0.012
(0.037)
-0.013
(0.038)
0.330***
(0.031)
0.032
(0.029)
0.014
(0.029)
0.284***
(0.025)
98
0.001
102
0.013
200
0.001
98
0.003
102
0.014
VARIABLES
High Power Treatment
ETH
Constant
Observations
200
R-squared
0.001
Robust standard errors in parentheses
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table 3. OLS regression: Dependent variable competition (0=No, 1= Yes)
VARIABLES
High Power
Treatment
(1)
All
(2)
Women
(3)
Men
(4)
All
(5)
Women
(6)
Men
(7)
All
(8)
Women
(9)
Men
0.062
0.086
0.078
0.042
0.073
0.071
0.059
0.085
0.073
(0.069)
(0.077)
(0.099)
(0.067)
0.255***
(0.066)
(0.077)
0.084
(0.081)
(0.098)
0.195*
(0.115)
(0.067)
0.222***
(0.067)
0.027**
(0.080)
0.072
(0.081)
0.013
(0.098)
0.187
(0.115)
0.015
0.347*** 0.136** 0.529*** 0.205***
(0.049)
(0.052)
(0.071)
(0.055)
0.108*
(0.060)
0.384***
(0.109)
(0.013)
0.060
(0.086)
(0.016)
0.041
(0.104)
(0.019)
0.294*
(0.156)
98
0.023
102
0.034
200
0.093
98
0.031
102
0.041
ETH
Performance
(Piece Rate)
Constant
Observations
200
98
R-squared
0.004
0.012
Robust standard errors in parentheses
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
102
0.006
200
0.070
Table 4. OLS regression: Dependent variable change in testosterone
VARIABLES
High Power Treatment
(1)
All
(2)
Women
(3)
Men
(4)
All
(5)
Women
(6)
Men
-4.077
(2.892)
-2.838
(3.272)
-4.509
(4.680)
6.767***
(2.022)
2.400
(2.599)
10.449***
(2.938)
-4.178
(2.887)
1.422
(2.903)
5.965**
(2.615)
-3.203
(3.226)
2.581
(3.017)
1.499
(3.149)
-4.262
(4.671)
-6.297
(4.998)
15.140***
(4.536)
96
0.008
102
0.009
198
0.011
96
0.015
102
0.022
ETH
Constant
Observations
198
R-squared
0.010
Robust standard errors in parentheses
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table 5. OLS regression: Dependent variable change in cortisol
VARIABLES
High Power Treatment
(1)
All
(2)
Women
(3)
Men
(4)
All
(5)
Women
(6)
Men
-0.028
(0.026)
-0.028
(0.029)
-0.024
(0.042)
0.046**
0.023
0.064**
-0.030
(0.026)
0.031
(0.026)
0.028
-0.027
(0.028)
-0.006
(0.027)
0.025
-0.026
(0.042)
0.047
(0.052)
0.029
ETH
Constant
Observations
R-squared
Robust standard errors in parentheses
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
(0.020)
(0.024)
(0.030)
(0.024)
(0.028)
(0.049)
198
0.006
96
0.011
102
0.003
198
0.013
96
0.011
102
0.012
Table 6. OLS regression: Dependent variable change in feelings of power
(1)
All
(2)
Women
(3)
Men
(4)
All
(5)
Women
(6)
Men
0.245**
(0.101)
0.062
(0.153)
0.440***
(0.130)
1.978***
(0.069)
1.976***
(0.105)
1.980***
(0.093)
0.221**
(0.100)
0.286***
(0.102)
1.817***
(0.088)
0.039
(0.154)
0.146
(0.160)
1.924***
(0.115)
0.416***
(0.126)
0.394***
(0.150)
1.689***
(0.143)
95
0.002
100
0.105
195
0.066
95
0.011
100
0.165
VARIABLES
High Power Treatment
ETH
Constant
Observations
195
R-squared
0.029
Robust standard errors in parentheses
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table 7. Additional measures collected in post-experiment questionnaire.
Low Power High Power p-value
Confidence
2.667
2.919
0.041
General Sense of Power
5.303
5.206
0.344
Fun to Compete
4.626
4.922
0.201
N
Description of variable
How confident do you feel?
(1) Not at all, ... (4) Very
Sense of power scale from Andersen, John
and Keltner (2012), measuring a
195
participants general sense of power in his or
her relationships.
In general it is fun to compete.
161
(1) Strongly disagree, ... (7) Agree strongly
161
*Note that some of these variables were added after the first sessions had been run, and therefore have slightly
fewer respondents than our main measures.
References
Anderson, C., John, P. J., Keltner, D. (2012). The Personal Sense of Power. Journal of
Personality, 80(2), 313–344.
Croson, R., & Gneezy, U. (2009). Gender Differences in Preferences. Journal of
Economic Literature, 47(2), 448–74.
Positions
Figure 1: The two poses adopted in the Highpower condition (from Carney et al. 2010).
Figure 2: The two poses adopted in the Lowpower condition (from Carney et al. 2010)
Experiment documentation
Consent Form
Behavioral experiment at the Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research,
University Hospital Zurich
In this study, we investigate whether physical position influences hormonal levels and
behavior. Therefore, the study involves the adoption of pre-specified body positions, simple
behavioral tasks, and providing saliva samples used to measure hormone levels.
The study consists of two parts. During the first part participants will adopt different body
positions while performing a simple task. During this part of the study participants will be
video recorded. These recordings will be used to verify that all participants comply with the
instructions, since participants will be alone during that part of the study, and to record
participants’ responses in the task. After the researchers extract information from the
recording, which will be stored in an anonymous data file without participants’ names, the
recordings will be erased. During the second part of the study, you will complete several
additional short behavioural tasks.
There is no risk involved by participating in this study. Further, your data will be kept
completely confidential by not storing your name in combination with your data. Only the
research team will have access to any of the data from the experiment.
You will be paid for your participation and the payment will be handed out privately at the
end of the study.
Your participation in this study is purely voluntary, and you may withdraw your participation
at any time without any penalty to you. In case of withdrawal, you may lose your monetary
compensation. The data collected until that point might be used for research purposes.
If you have any question regarding this study, do not hesitate to ask the experimenter. If
questions arise at a later stage, please use the contact details below.
I confirm that I have read the form above and I give my consent to participate.
Signature: ____________________________________
Name: ____________________________________
First name: ____________________________________
Date: ____________________________________
Contact:
Mirjam Bebi, Department of Economics, University of Zurich
Email: [email protected]
www.econ.uzh.ch
Anmeldestelle für Studienteilnehmer der Universität Zürich und ETH,
Department of Economics, University of Zurich
E-Mail: [email protected]
Instructions
Initial Instructions
Thank you for participating in today’s study.
I will read through a script to explain to you the nature of today’s experiment. I will use this
script to make sure that the information given is the same for all participants.
This study contains two parts. In the first part, you will first give a saliva sample, before you
are asked to adopt two specific physical positions. While keeping these positions, you will
further be instructed to perform a task. During this first part of the study you will be alone and
you will be guided via computerized instructions.
The second part of the study involves several additional tasks in which you make simple
decisions and complete a questionnaire.
In addition to the CHF 20 endowment, which is allocated to you at the beginning of the study,
you may make more money, or to lose some money, depending on the decisions you make in
the second part of the study. The exact amount you receive will be determined during the
experiment and will depend partly on your decisions. You will be paid privately, in cash, at the
conclusion of the experiment.
Do you have any questions at this stage?
Instructions saliva sample 1
Before you start with the first part of the experiment, we would like to collect the first of two
saliva samples. First, I will explain the procedure, and then I will leave you alone for a couple
of minutes to give the saliva sample.
1. First, please rinse your mouth with water.
2. Then please allow saliva to gather in your mouth. Use the straw to spit the saliva that
accumulates in your mouth into the plastic collection tube numbered “1”.
3. Continue to collect saliva until the clear saliva fluid in the tube reaches the black
marking on the side of the tube. Then screw the lid tightly to prevent any saliva from
evaporating or spilling.
If you have any questions about this, please ask the experimenter at any time.
Instructions Part 1
Instructions on physical positions
In the first part of the study, you will adopt two distinct physical positions for three minutes
each. Specifically, this part of the study will proceed as follows:
1. You will first see an image on the computer screen for 20 seconds, which will show
you the exact physical position you are to adopt. You should use these 20 seconds to
practice getting into this position, as similarly to what you see in the image as
possible, while remaining at ease.
2. After 20 seconds, the image will disappear. At that point, you should continue to hold
the position for three minutes. During this time, please try to move as little as
comfortably possible.
3. While holding the position for three minutes, you will perform a simple task, which is
described below.
Once three minutes is completed holding the first position, you will see a new image on the
computer screen for 20 seconds, which will show you the second position you are to adopt.
You should hold also the second task for 3 minutes, while you continue with the task. For the
positions for which it is possible, please use the cross on the floor as a reference point.
Instructions task
While holding the positions, you will perform a simple task. In this task you will see
combinations of letters and blank spaces appearing on the screen, such as “L _ _ P.” For each
such combination, you are to construct the first word that comes to mind. For example, for the
above combination, you might come up with “L A M P” or “L O O P.” The combination will
remain on the screen for 20 seconds.
While performing the task, please maintain the body position as instructed. Please provide
answers to the task by speaking aloud the first word that comes to your mind using a normal
speaking voice, as if you were having a conversation with someone in the room. This will be
recorded by the camera and count as your answer. Please answer with only one word per
example shown on your screen
Practice
Before we start, we will proceed through a short practice trial, so that the procedures are clear.
After that, the experimenter will leave the room, and you can begin the study.
In a moment, the experimenter will ask you to click “Continue” on your screen. You will then
see a physical position, displayed for 20 seconds, which you should try to adopt as closely as
possible. Please use the cross on the floor as a reference point. After 20 seconds, the image
will disappear, but you should continue holding the position. A countdown timer will show
you how many seconds remain for you to hold the position. After the picture has disappeared
you will see two consecutive combinations of letters and blank spaces for which you should
provide the first word that comes to mind. Each combination will remain in the screen for 20
seconds, during which you should try to think of a word that fits in that combination and state
it aloud clearly. In the case of the practice, you will hold the position for only 40 seconds, but
when you perform the task, this time will be 3 minutes.
Are there any questions? If not, then we will begin the practice trial. Please feel free to ask
any questions you have during the practice trial.
Once the practice trial is complete, the experimenter will ask you if you have any remaining
questions, and will then leave the room. After that, you should begin the study by clicking
“Continue” in the same way as you do for the practice trial. The actual study will proceed
exactly as the practice trial, except that you will see different positions that you are to adopt
and different letter combinations, and each interval will last for 3 minutes instead of 40
seconds.
Part 2. Instructions for economic tasks
The second part of the study will consist of two stages. Stage 1 and stage 2. Each of the stages
contains two tasks, task A and B. In each stage, you will make decisions that involve real
money. At the end of the experiment, we will randomly select one of the decisions that you
make from stage 1 and one of the decisions that you make from stage 2 to count for payment.
Below you find the instructions for the first stage.
Instructions task 1 A
Stage 1 consists of two tasks, task A and task B. At the end of the study, one decision will be
randomly chosen, either from task A or from task B, to count for payment.
In task A, you will make six decisions. Each decision you make will be a choice between
winning an additional amount for sure and the possibility of winning even more through a
lottery involving the equivalent a 50/50 coin flip. Specifically, for each decision, your choices
are as follows:


If you choose the gamble, you will have a 50% probability of gaining CHF 10 and a
50% probability of gaining CHF 0.
If you choose the sure amount, you will gain a certain fixed amount, between 2 and 7
CHF, which will vary from decision to decision.
If one of these decisions is randomly chosen to determine your earnings, then if you chose the
sure amount of money, this amount will be added to your initial endowment and be paid out to
you. If you chose the gamble, the computer will flip a coin in order to decide whether CHF 10,
or nothing, will be added to your initial endowment.
Please click on the “Start button” on your screen now, and you will be able to make your
choices. When you are done please notify the experimenter for the instructions for the second
task.
DECISIONS (1 DECISION PER PAGE)
[ON SCREEN]
1. What alternative do you choose?:
______ win 2 CHF
______ a coin flip in which you can gain 10 CHF (heads) or 0 CHF (tails)
2. What alternative do you choose?:
______ win 3 CHF
______ a coin flip in which you can gain 10 CHF (heads) or 0 CHF (tails)
3. What alternative do you choose?:
______ win 4 CHF
______ a coin flip in which you can gain 10 CHF (heads) or 0 CHF (tails)
4. What alternative do you choose?:
______ win 5 CHF
______ a coin flip in which you can gain 10 CHF (heads) or 0 CHF (tails)
5. What alternative do you choose?:
______ win 6 CHF
______ a coin flip in which you can gain 10 CHF (heads) or 0 CHF (tails)
6. What alternative do you choose?:
______ win 7 CHF
______ a coin flip in which you can gain 10 CHF (heads) or 0 CHF (tails)
Stage 1B
As in stage 1A, you will now, in stage 1B, make six repeated decisions. In this task, however,
you decide between losing a sure amount of money and a gamble. Each decision you make will
be a choice between losing an amount of your 10 CHF endowments for sure, and the possibility
of avoiding any losses through a lottery involving the equivalent of a 50/50 coin flip.
Specifically, for each decision, your choices are as follows:


If you choose the gamble, you will have a 50% probability of losing CHF 10 and a
50% probability of losing CHF 0.
If you choose the sure amount, you will lose a certain fixed amount, between 2 and 7
CHF, which will vary from decision to decision.
If one of these decisions is randomly chosen to determine your earnings, then if you chose the
sure amount of money, this sum will be withdrawn from your initial endowment. If you chose
the gamble, the computer will flip a coin in order to decide whether CHF 10, or nothing, will
be withdrawn from your initial endowment.
Please click on the “Start button” on your screen now, and you will be able to make your
choices. Please tell the experimenter when you are done, and you will receive further
instructions.
DECISIONS (1 DECISION PER PAGE)
[ON SCREEN]
1. What alternative do you choose?:
______losing 2 CHF
______ a coin toss where you can lose 10 CHF (heads) or 0 CHF (tails)
2. What alternative do you choose?:
______losing 3 CHF
______ a coin toss where you can lose 10 CHF (heads) or 0 CHF (tails)
3. What alternative do you choose?:
______losing 4 CHF
______ a coin toss where you can lose 10 CHF (heads) or 0 CHF (tails)
4. What alternative do you choose?:
______losing 5 CHF
______ a coin toss where you can lose 10 CHF (heads) or 0 CHF (tails)
5. What alternative do you choose?:
______losing 6 CHF
______ a coin toss where you can lose 10 CHF (heads) or 0 CHF (tails)
6. What alternative do you choose?:
______losing 7 CHF
______ a coin toss where you can lose 10 CHF (heads) or 0 CHF (tails)
Instructions task 2 A
Also the second stage consists of two tasks, task A and task B. At the end of the study one of
the tasks, A or B, will be randomly chosen to count for payment.
In stage 2A you will solve simple arithmetic exercises during two minutes. For each exercise
you solve correctly during the two minutes, you will be paid CHF 1, if this part is chosen to
determine your earnings.
On the screen you will see the exercises one by one. All exercises consist of 4 2-digit numbers
to be summed by you. You simply add up the numbers in a row and enter your answer in the
empty field furthest to the right in each row. Should you write the wrong number you simply
write the correct numbers again, to change what you previously entered. When you have
answered a question, you simply click enter, and the next exercise will appear. Note that you
cannot go back and change previous entries once you have pressed the enter key. While solving
exercises, you will not get any feedback on whether your answer is correct or not.
On the screen you also find a timer indicating the time since you started solving exercises in
the left hand corner.
If you press “Continue” now, you will see an example of an exercise, which you can solve if
you want to, before the actual task starts. When you are ready, please click the “Start button”
on your screen, and your three minutes will start.
Stage 2B
You will now get an additional 2 minutes to solve as many arithmetic exercises as possible.
However, before you start solving exercises for these 2 minutes, you will be asked to decide
according to which of two different payment methods you want to be paid for your performance.
You can choose between:
1) A certain payment of 1 CHF for each correctly solved exercise.
2) 2 CHF for each correctly solved exercise if you solve more exercises than a randomly
chosen person that participated in the study at an earlier date. Your performance in this
second round will then be compared to the other participant’s performance in the second
round. If you solve fewer exercises than this random person you get nothing. If there is
a tie you get 1 CHF per correctly solved exercise.
Please click the “Start” button below in order to make your choice of payment method.
[ON SCREEN] Now choose the payment that you prefer
1) A certain payment of 1 CHF for each correctly solved exercise.
2) 2 CHF for each correctly solved exercise if you solve more exercises than a randomly
chosen other participant in the study. If you solve fewer exercises than this other
participant you get nothing. If there is a tie you get 1 CHF per correctly solved exercise.
1)
2)
When you are ready, please click the “Start button” on your screen, and your 2 minutes will
start. As before, on the screen you find the timer indicating the time since you started solving
exercises in the left hand corner.
Before this task is over we ask you to answer two questions regarding your performance.
1. If you were to compare your result from the first time you solved exercises, when you
were paid CHF 1 per correctly solved exercises, with the other participants in this study
, how good do you think your result is? Please encircle the category in which you think
your result belongs. (0-25% represents the quarter that solved the least exercises, 75 –
100% the quarter that solved the most). If you correctly estimate your category, you will
be paid an additional 2 CHF.
I think that my performance places me among:
Worse than most people
0-25% 25-50%
Better than most people
50-75%
75-100%
2. What proportion of the participants in this study do you think chooses the second
payment method, which involves competing with someone else’s score?
_____________%
Instructions saliva sample 2
The study now ends with a questionnaire. However, before you fill in the questionnaire, we
would like to collect the second and last saliva sample from you.
1. First, please rinse your mouth with water.
2. Then please allow saliva to gather in your mouth. Use the straw to spit the saliva that
accumulates in your mouth into the plastic collection tube numbered “1”.
3. Continue to collect saliva until the clear saliva fluid in the tube reaches the black
marking on the side of the tube. Then screw the lid tightly to prevent any saliva from
evaporating or spilling.
If you have any questions about this, please ask the experimenter at any time.
QUESTIONNAIRE
1. How powerful do you feel?
Answer: Not at all, a little, quite a bit, very)
2. How confident do you feel?
Answer: Not at all, a little, quite a bit, very)
3. Please rate each of the items below using the following scale.
(1 Disagree strongly, 2 Disagree, 3 Disagree a little, 4 neither agree nor disagree, 5,
agree a little, 6 Agree, 7 Agree strongly)
In my relationships with others
______1. I can get them to listen to what I say.
______2. My wishes do not carry much weight. (r)
______3. I can get them to do what I want.
______4. Even if I voice them, my views have little sway. (r)
______5. I think I have a great deal of power.
______6. My ideas and opinions are often ignored. (r)
______7. Even when I try, I am not able to get my way. (r)
______8. If I want to, I get to make the decisions.
4. In general it is fun to compete.
Answer: 1 Disagree strongly, 2 Disagree, 3 Disagree a little, 4 neither agree nor
disagree, 5, agree a little, 6 Agree, 7 Agree strongly)
5. How comfortable were you in the two positions.
Answer: Not at all, somewhat, quite a bit, very)
6. Is there anything you would like to comment on with respect to the physical positions?
7. How often you adopt the physical positions in the study in your everyday life?
Answer: Never, seldom, sometimes, often.
8. Are you male of female?
Answer: Male/Female
9. How old are you?
10. What is your field of study?
11. At which university do you study?
Answer: University of Zürich, ETH, other
12. What is your sexual orientation?
Answer: Heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, transsexual, other, don’t know, skip
answer.
13. What is your relationship status?
Answer: Single, in a relationship not cohabiting, in a relationship cohabiting, married,
no answer
14. Which of the following educational diplomas does your mother have?
Answer: Elementary school, apprenticeship, high school, university of applied
sciences, university, no answer
15. Which of the following educational diplomas does your father have?
Answer: Elementary school, apprenticeship, high school, university of applied
sciences, university, no answer
16. How much money (CHF) do you have at your disposal each month (approximately,
after housing costs)?
17. How much money do you have at your disposal per months (after your rent is paid)?
18. What is your annual income?
19. When did you last eat or drink anything other than water before the study?
Answer: 30 minutes ago, 1-2 hours ago, 3-4 hours ago, earlier than 4 hours ago.
20. For female participants only:
a. How many days ago was the first day of your last menstrual period?
b. On average, how many days are there between your menstrual cycles?
Answer: < 25, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, > 35
c. How many days does your menstruation last on average?
Answer: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
d. Do you currently use a hormone-based contraceptive?
Answer: Yes, No. If yes, what type? _ I do not remember.
e. Do you take any medication containing hormones (other than hormone based
contraceptive)?
Answer: Yes, No. If yes, what type? _ I do not remember.
21. For male participants only: Do you take any medication containing hormones?
Answer: Yes, No. If yes, what type? _ I do not remember.