You will cover…
Discuss…
• What are the benefits of using ICT
systems for Businesses?
Research your allocated organisation –
how do they use ICT? (Due: next Thursday)
Bank – Samir, Naim, Mushahid, Ryan
School – Fahimul, Nawaz, Zahir, Sylvain
Supermarket – Ashik, Ibrahim, Dayna, Casian
E-commerce - Isaac, Ravinder, Ismail
Police – Lulu, Faiq, Abdullah, Umar
What ICT can provide? (6 main points)
1.
Fast, repetitive processing
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2.
Can perform calculations very quickly
Useful for large volumes of data
Animations for films
Vast storage capacity
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3.
Need much less physical space
Data can be shared more easily (shared DB / attachments)
Improved search facilities
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4.
Search and combine data very quickly
E.g. doctors surgery – match symptoms to illness and suggest medicine
Improved presentation of information (output)
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5.
Animations
podcasts
Computer generated special effects E.g. Election forecasting / weather
Improved accessibility of information & services
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Available 24/7
6. Improved security of data and processes
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Software
Hardware
procedures
Is the use of ICT systems always
appropriate?
• The limitations in what ICT systems can be used for
– More expensive to solve using ICT
– Many things that humans can do better than computers
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Understanding speech
Recognising faces
Using opinions (e.g. weather forecasting)
Podcast – watching again and again doesn’t mean you will understand
• The limitation in the quality of information produced by
systems
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ICT
Only as good as the data we put in
Not all errors can be picked up validation
Processing are rules, created by humans
Not possible to test every aspect of a system
ICT cannot model opinions, only value judgements (Codes)
• The limitations of the appropriateness of solutions
– not the best way at times
– Only small amount of data to be handled, is it worth using ICT to process?
– When is a personal touch more appropriate? NHS Direct Online
Home Learning
• Discuss the advantages and limitations of
using ICT systems for organisations. Give
examples from case studies. (20 marks)
• Due Thursday!
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Working Pairs
Ravinder – Ryan
Lulu – Ismail
Ibrahim – Casian
Nawaz – Isaac
Samir – Naim
Fahimul – Faiq
Ashik – Umar
Mushahid – Dayna
Abdullah – Zahir - Sylvain
Is the use of ICT systems always
appropriate?
• Use the A3 sheet make a mindmap with notes on the limitations
of using ICT systems:
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Hardware limitations
Communications limitations
Software limitations
Legislation limitations
Existing systems limitations
Design limitations
• Can you think of an example of a situation where an ICT system
would not be appropriate – give a reason…
• E.g. an artist sketching a plan for a new house while talking to
the owners before the architectural design.
ICT Benefits & Limitations
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What do computers do well?
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They can perform calculations very quickly.
They can improve the presentation of work.
They can search for data very rapidly using various search criteria.
They can perform repetitive operations effectively and free people
from having to do them, for example the production of utility bills.
What do computers do less well?
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They cannot give advice to users who are making online purchases.
They cannot carry out medical diagnosis on their own but have to be
supplemented by human expertise (See Fig 15.1 in Section 15).
They cannot spot errors in, for example, the logic behind a
spreadsheet formula. (They can spot errors of syntax, though.)
They cannot spot errors in data entry. Validation cannot ensure that
data is actually true.
Is the use of ICT systems always
appropriate?
• The limitations in what ICT systems can be used for
• The limitation in the quality of information produced by
ICT systems
• The limitations of the appropriateness of solutions
Create a poster to explain each of the points listed above.
Save the poster with your name in the “limitations of ICT poster” folder in
homework post
Types of processing
There are 3 main types of processing that are used in ICT
systems.
Each is used under different circumstances depending on the
processing taking place and the availability and cost of the
processing.
Processing data
Types of processing:
•Batch processing
•Transaction processing
•Interactive/real time processing
Your notes should include:
• Explanation of terms
• Examples of use
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
Thursday and Friday – past exam questions on types
of processing.
Batch processing
This occurs when hundreds or thousands of similar outputs
are produced at once, usually at regular intervals.
Data is collected together in a group (batch) before
processing takes place
Suitable when processing is not real time dependent
Can you think of some examples?
• Payroll slips
• Electricity bills
Batch processing
Utility bills
Data can be sent in
from the customer’s
own reading.
Or collected by a
meter reader using a
keypad.
Batch processing
The data from customers is collected
together in a transaction file. It is sorted
in order of customer number.
When the batch is processed, the
transaction file updates the master file
with the new meter reading, calculates
how much energy was used and how
much to charge the customer.
Customer bills are produced and sent out
at the same time – this is batch
processing.
Transaction processing
In transaction processing, each transaction is completed
at that time, for example, drawing money from an ATM.
Allows many users to access & update a system at
apparently the same time
Each transaction must be completed before the next
transaction is begun
Can you think of some more examples?
• Theatre booking
• Purchasing online
Transaction processing
Theatre booking
Purchasing online
Examination question
Explain the type of processing that would be
suitable for each of the following ICT systems.
Monthly payroll
Cinema ticket booking
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
Note that the question asks you to explain – this
means that you have to say why the type of
processing you have chosen is suitable.
Click here to see the answers from the mark
scheme or here to skip them.
Answers to examination
question
Explain the type of processing that would be
suitable for each of the following ICT systems.
a.
b.
Monthly payroll
Cinema ticket booking
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
a.
Batch processing (1) because the output is
only required monthly (1)
b.
Transaction processing (1) to prevent double
bookings (1)
Summary
• Batch – repetitive, for example payroll
• Transaction – individual processing, completed
on demand, for example theatre bookings
Interactive processing
Interaction (dialogue) between you and the computer
• The user reacts to prompts from the computer
• And the computer uses these prompts to process data
Example:
A student queries their record in the college library database
to see if they have exceeded the maximum number of books
they can take out.
The reply appears on the screen: which means they know if
they can take out any more books
Interactive processing
This one should be obvious – but is not.
As soon as you click Save the process is carried out.
Interactive processing
What other examples can you think of where
processing is instantaneous?
• Travel agents’ booking systems*
• Stock checking in a catalogue store
• Computer games
*How is this different from a cinema booking
system?
Transaction and interactive
processing
The cinema booking system usually involves just
one cinema.
The travel agents' system must cope with
information from lots of different holiday
providers, which are also being accessed by other
travel agents.
Interactive processing
This system allows customers to check whether the
goods they want are in stock. When they enter the
item number they wish to purchase, the system will
immediately tell them whether the item is available.
Summary
• Batch – repetitive, for example payroll
• Transaction – individual processing, completed on
demand, for example theatre bookings
• Interactive – immediate response, for example
customer in-store stock check