VOLUME 28, NO. 2 IN THIS ISSUE FEATURE ARTICLE: A Special Place A Special Place for Play in Special Education BY JAN DOWLING, HIGHSCOPE FIELD CONSULTANT AND SPEECH AND LANGUAGE PATHOLOGIST, ALPINE SCHOOL DISTRICT, AMERICAN FORK, UTAH for Play in Special Education page 1 As a speech and language pathologist in preschools for children with special needs, I sometimes joke that I have the best job in the world because I get paid to play with children. As educators of young children, we know it is not “just play” and that our CLASSROOM HINTS: jobs are a lot of work, in the same way that we know a child’s play is also a child’s work. Play As a Best Practice With all that work and the mountains of paperwork we teachers face, is it possible that page 8 sometimes we might forget just how important play is? Do we really have time to get on TRAINER-TO-TRAINER: IEP Goals – From Writing to Action the floor and play with cars? Can we take time to paint our own hands? Do we support play as part of our jobs? Can we explain what children are learning as they play? Perhaps we can also ask ourselves if we can support children in playing with purpose, or “intention,” because page 10 as Piaget (1962) argued, ASK US: in order to think things page 12 through, children need to play things through. NEWS BRIEFS: I’ve been mulling page 13 these questions over in my mind for several weeks now. During a recent work time, I glanced around our room to see just what was happening as the children played. Taylor, who has a craniofacial anomaly resulting in a vision problem, cognitive Observation of children at play is an important tool in assessing their development. problems, and seizures, HIGHSCOPE | Extensions A Special Place for Play in Special Education, continued was in the greeting-time area pretending to “read” a big book to her imaginary class. Kario, who has Down Syndrome, was at a magnetic board putting magnetic pictures, “Within just a few minutes of observing the children, letters, and numbers on it. Isaiah, who has social-behavioral concerns, and Mateus, a typically developing peer, were playing with the train set. Seth, a student with autism, was grouping ABC blocks together, and Ben, who has Phelan McDermid Syndrome (a syndrome that affects cognitive and motor skills), was playing with the marble tower. I garnered valuable If the principal, a parent, or another stakeholder of the class had walked in at that information about them moment, it might have looked like “free play” to them. But I could see much more. in the areas of cognition and reasoning, social-emotional development, and math, language and literacy, communication, and fine-motor skills.” Taylor was expanding her language using a variety of four- to five-word sentences. Kario, who has limited vocabulary, was learning new words as she held up the magnetic picture of a guitar as if to ask “What is this?” The teacher explained to her what a guitar is and showed her the ukulele in our music box. Isaiah and Mateus were developing their social-emotional skills by conversing back and forth, sharing, trading, and negotiating train cars. Seth was grouping the blocks by letter and color — a cognitive classification skill. And Ben requested his favorite toy — one that uses marbles — by handing a picture of the marbles to a teacher, demonstrating his ability to represent objects. Within just a few minutes of observing the children, I garnered valuable information about them in the areas of cognition and reasoning, social-emotional development, and math, language and literacy, communication, and fine-motor skills. Still, I know it takes courage and effort to promote play as an intentional intervention for children with special needs. We have pressures from many sources. We have legal mandates to meet, progress to document, and goals to meet. We face PUBLISHER CREDITS questions from anxious parents who want their children to learn as much as possible, HighScope Extensions is a practical resource for early childhood teachers, trainers, administrators, and child care providers. It contains useful information on the HighScope Curriculum and on HighScope’s training network. and responsible policymakers who want us to justify that the extra expense of special Jennifer Burd Adam Robson Marcella Fecteau Weiner Editors we found a number of ways to support Ben (the builder of the marble tower) in his play. Nancy Goings Publications Assistant another way to communicate. Eventually he will use a technological device (such as Nancy Brickman Director of Publications Sherry Barker Membership Manager Carrie Hernandez Director of Marketing and Communication Produced by HighScope Press, a division of HighScope Educational Research Foundation ISSN 2155-3548 ©2014 HighScope Foundation The HighScope Foundation is an independent, nonprofit organization founded by David Weikart in Ypsilanti, MI in 1970. education is worth the investment. But I believe we can find a way to do it. For example, It is likely that Ben will never use oral communication, and I wanted to give him an iPad), but right now he does not have the fine-motor control to do so. A picture exchange system was the best place to start; but after two failed attempts at interesting him with pictures, I was discouraged. However, after talking things through with another teacher, we identified a small number of objects that Ben seemed most attracted to in his spontaneous play. Beginning with pictures of those objects, Ben began to use them because they facilitated his ability to carry out his own play ideas. Gradually, as he became more adept at using pictures to communicate his needs, Click here for entire newsletter Volume 28, No. 2 • page 2 HIGHSCOPE | Extensions A Special Place for Play in Special Education, continued we incorporated pictures of actions (including self-care routines) and feelings (from “Even though Ben can’t talk, we each make comments to him and pause for him to respond in whatever way he can… happiness to frustration). By beginning with play, we were able to open up a whole new world of communication for Ben. As the discussion with my colleagues progressed, we really focused on a play approach and how we could support it by supplementing the pictures with spoken language. That is, we focused on play as the means to expand Ben’s communication skills. We set a goal for each adult in the classroom to have a specific number (we chose five) of communication exchanges with Ben each day. I explained to the team that we wanted genuine communication exchanges, not just a barrage of questions. Now, even though Ben can’t talk, we each make comments to him and pause for him to respond We comment on in whatever way he can — using facial expressions and gestures, pointing at or sharing what we see, pictures, initiating actions, and so on. We comment on what we see, what we are doing, what we are doing, and what he is doing. We converse with him, play with him, interact with him.” and what he is doing. We converse with him, play with him, interact with him. He is responding and becoming more engaged with people and materials each day. And we are seeing a documentable difference in his participation in each part of the routine and in his overall engagement. Most gratifying, Ben appears to be enjoying school more, and we take increasing delight in interacting — playing — with him. It is a mutual learning experience. Adults foster children’s learning when participating as genuine partners in children’s play. Click here for entire newsletter Volume 28, No. 2 • page 3 HIGHSCOPE | Extensions A Special Place for Play in Special Education, continued What About Goals? “It is easy to see Paperwork, standardized tests, goals, audits, team meetings, data collection, and so on, why we feel like are realities for us. Most preschools for children with special needs have a curriculum the only way we can to follow, and the children also have Individualized Education Program (IEP) goals to accomplish it all is meet. It is easy to see why we feel like the only way we can accomplish it all is to pull the children aside and work on specific skills. Therefore, it is even more important for us to to pull the children remember how all preschool children, regardless of ability, learn. They learn by making aside and work on choices based on what interests them, manipulating materials and ideas at their own specific skills. pace. If we want children to learn, we are wise to respect their plans and support their Therefore, it is even choices. This can be done when we consider play as an intentional intervention. That is, we deliberately create opportunities for play because play provides the occasion to more important for us scaffold (support and gently extend) learning. We as teachers advocate for play, support to remember how all play, and plan for play to happen throughout the day. preschool children, regardless of ability, learn. They learn by making For example, many students in our class have fine-motor goals, so we have toys, materials, and activities that facilitate fine-motor activities. One of the children in our classroom, Grey, will be going to a regular kindergarten class next year. He uses a fist grip with crayons, pencils, and markers, and he has a fine-motor goal addressing his choices based on writing skills (to help him progress toward using a tripod — thumb and two-finger what interests them, — grasp). We have found the occupational therapist to be a great source of ideas for manipulating materials and ideas at their own pace.” what to work on next with Grey as well as ideas for activities, classroom materials, and special-needs adaptations. We have started doing small-group activities with writing tools and other activities to strengthen children’s hands. We also make sure the tools and activities are available during work time. Even so, Grey is not very interested in writing activities. He is, however, very interested in building towers with blocks, and he does so almost daily. So, we added writing materials to the block area, along with maps, diagrams, markers, and whiteboards. We have boxes covered in paper that Grey can draw on to make into any kind of block structure (such as a McDonald’s restaurant or his house). He also makes signs and roads. I take pictures of some of his projects and print them, and then he “writes” about the picture. It will take time for his writingrelated fine-motor skills to develop — he doesn’t choose these activities every day, but with our support and trust in his play, his grip will continue to develop. We observe him, watching for signs of progress, and we record what we see. We also play alongside him to provide encouragement, support his independent efforts, step in when we sense he is getting frustrated, comment on what he is doing, and acknowledge his pride in his achievements. Click here for entire newsletter Volume 28, No. 2 • page 4 HIGHSCOPE | Extensions A Special Place for Play in Special Education, continued “We went through some growing pains as we transitioned from more traditional ‘pullout’ modes (where a therapist takes a student or small group of students to an office Play can be used as an intervention in the inclusive classroom — for instance, for children with fine-motor goals — by providing toys, materials, and activities that facilitate fine-motor activities. to work on IEP goals) to an approach of working on goals within the classroom setting throughout the daily routine.” To begin using children’s play as an intervention was a change of strategy for us as teachers. We went through some growing pains as we transitioned from more traditional “pullout” modes (where a therapist takes a student or small group of students to an office to work on IEP goals) to an approach of working on goals within the classroom setting throughout the daily routine. However, keeping in mind that play as an intervention is best practice for all children, we are committed to using it. (See this issue’s “Classroom Hints” article for a discussion of some of the strategies we used in our classroom, based on play as a best practice.) Assessment As special education teachers, we are familiar with the standardized testing required by federal law. Some of us also use tests required by our particular agencies. But there is nothing quite like using an authentic, observation-based assessment with children — that is, an assessment tool that looks at the strengths and skills of children in a developmentally appropriate way during their everyday experiences and interactions. The best authentic assessment tools are non-invasive and supportive of children’s naturally occurring behavior, and they provide developmental “snapshots” over time, as opposed to a 60-minute annual assessment. The Child Observation Record (COR; recently revised to COR Advantage [HighScope Educational Research Foundation & Red-e Set Grow, 2013])* is the perfect fit for this. *To find out more about the COR, visit www.highscope.org. Click here for entire newsletter Volume 28, No. 2 • page 5 HIGHSCOPE | Extensions A Special Place for Play in Special Education, continued If we go back to “observe” the children in the scenarios mentioned earlier in this “By using COR Advantage, we not only can see children’s current article, we can quickly see some of the children’s skill levels as we would assess them using COR Advantage. We can see that Taylor uses phrases and sentences to talk about what is pictured in a book, scoring a level 3 on Item Q. Book enjoyment and knowledge. She also demonstrates level 2 proficiency for Item L. Speaking. Ben, although he is nonverbal, uses a visual representation or “sign” (i.e., a picture) to indicate his developmental level, but intention, demonstrating level 2 on Item A. Initiative and planning. Isaiah, whose IEP we have a good tool for goals are in the social domain, is demonstrating skills in building relationships with deciding how to facilitate growth for children.” other children by playing alongside Mateus (Item F. Building relationships with other children, level 2). By using COR Advantage, we not only can see children’s current developmental level, but we have a good tool for deciding how to facilitate growth for children. In the above scenario, Kario shows pictures to teachers and adults. Observing her over time, we have seen that Kario interacts frequently with adults but rarely interacts with her peers. Looking at Item F., we can get some ideas of where to go with Kario. For example, we can invite other children into our play scenarios with her and refer her to the other children as we play together. COR Advantage also helps us make sure we don’t have any gaps in our play environment. An observation-based assessment tool allows teachers to evaluate children’s strengths and skills in a developmentally appropriate way during everyday experiences and interactions. It also helps teachers determine what they may need to change in the classroom environment to better support children’s learning. When we evaluate children using COR Advantage, we can quickly see if we’ve overlooked any content areas in the way we’ve set up our classroom or the small- and large-group activities we plan. For example, using COR Advantage might lead us to ask, “Do we have items in our learning environment that support a child’s exploration of history ideas [Item HH. History] during work time, such as pictures of different time periods?” To enhance this aspect Click here for entire newsletter Volume 28, No. 2 • page 6 HIGHSCOPE | Extensions A Special Place for Play in Special Education, continued of our learning environment set-up, we could ask families to send a scrapbook page of their family from when their children were younger and post these on the wall or in a book we make for children to look at and talk about. To enhance geography learning (Item GG. Geography), we could take pictures of the school and other familiar places on a field trip, tape them on empty, half-pint milk cartons, and add them to the block area or train set to introduce landmarks. Through our observations we might also notice that, while we have plenty of toys, we might need to add some materials to support Item EE. Tools and technology. We would then introduce these materials during a small-group-time activity and let the children know where they would be available for Jan Dowling is a HighScope Field Consultant and a Speech-Language Pathologist for Alpine School District in American Fork, Utah. She has worked with children with special needs for more than 15 years, working in inclusion preschools, and in self-contained classes at the elementary and secondary levels. She is co-author of the book I Belong: Active Learning for Children with Special Needs, published by HighScope Press. them to play with thereafter. Our observations of children at play can give us a wealth of information for entering into COR Advantage. And what we learn from COR Advantage can give us great information and ideas to help us reinforce our work time to really make play an intentional intervention for children. In summary, perhaps Friedrich Fröebel (1826), the founder of kindergarten nearly two centuries ago, captured it best when he said that play is the work of children. References Fröebel, F. (1826). On the education of man (Die Menschenerziehung), Keilhau/Leipzig: Wienbrach. HighScope Educational Research Foundation & Red-e Set Grow. (2013). COR Advantage [Computerized assessment system]. Online at http://coradvantage.org Piaget, J. (1962). Play, dreams and imitation in childhood. New York: Norton. Children learn on many levels when engaged in play. Click here for entire newsletter Volume 28, No. 2 • page 7 HIGHSCOPE | Extensions CLASSROOM HINTS Play As a Best Practice BY JAN DOWLING In the inclusive classrooms in which I serve children alongside other 2. We have made a conscious decision to “interact rather than in- early childhood professionals, we are committed to play as a best terrupt.” For instance, Sean had an IEP goal of combining words practice. As a best practice, it is an appropriate intervention for all into sentences. One day I saw him taking the ABC blocks from children. What follows is a discussion of some of the things we do to a bucket and lining them up on a shelf. I approached him on his treat play as a best practice, as well as some of the outcomes we have physical level and started to help him reach the blocks he want- observed in doing so. ed. After some time he started naming the blocks. I extended his language by adding what I thought he was saying, such as “want block,” “B goes next,” and other phrases. He engaged with me in a natural and genuine interaction for 20 minutes, imitating what I was saying. 3. We are committed to interacting in genuine ways with children and adults and to advocating for children’s play. We explain to parents the benefits of play, and we send home articles or links that we think parents might find interesting, such as this page at the website for the National Association for the Education of Young children (NAEYC): www.naeyc.org/play. 4. We advocate for ourselves as experts in child development by letting people know what we are doing. Our preschool class is in an elementary school, along with another special needs preschool and a regular-ed preschool. We want the teachers in the school, parents passing by, and the other preschool teachers to know that we are committed to teaching with best practices in our classroom; and play – rather than worksheets – is one of those best practices. We understand that children learn through their play, and we want other teachers, adults, and parents to understand that too. While the importance of social skills cannot be underestimated, play is also key to children’s acquisition of academic skills. We also post information on literacy, science, math, and social learning on a bulletin board just outside our door. The board also displays pictures of children engaged dur- Classroom Strategies ing different parts of the daily routine, learning and participating 1. A classroom teacher posted the reminder “Play is an Intentional Intervention” on the wall to remind us that play does not happen by accident, but rather through purposeful or intentional interven- in activities. We include captions below each picture, explaining what the children are doing and what they are learning. 5. Everyone in our class has committed to becoming an expert ob- tion. We want our staff and all visitors, para-professionals, admin- server of children. There is not just one person in the class who istrators, and other adults who might come into the classroom to can take credit for the progress children have made with their know our philosophy and know that we are working hard with the communication skills, social interactions, emotional self-regu- children in each part of the routine, even in play. lation, fine- or gross-motor development, or academic learning. Click here for entire newsletter Volume 28, No. 2 • page 8 HIGHSCOPE | Extensions Classroom Hints, continued Each person in the class knows all of the students, knows appropriate adult-child interaction strategies to scaffold (support and gently extend) early learning, and works with all the children all day. 6. When we use play as a best practice in our classroom, we have noticed that parents are at ease in our class and feel comfortable talking with us about difficult topics. By partnering with their children, and by relaxing and playing on the floor with the children, families can see just how important play and relationships are to their children’s learning. And parents see that we, the early childhood professionals, value playing with children. We form bonds with parents and children through natural interactions. We encourage all family members to play with their children at home. ••• To sum up, we are committed to facilitating learning through the best methods for children, and we are committed to play as an intentional intervention and best practice. We’ve found that it works. We’ve found that the children in our classroom are happy, excited, and willing to try new things. And we’ve found a difference in ourselves, too. We are more enthusiastic and have a greater sense of fulfillment in our work. We really do have the best jobs in the world. Bulletin boards posted outside the classroom help teachers, parents, and other adults see how our children learn through play. Click here for entire newsletter Volume 28, No. 2 • page 9 HIGHSCOPE | Extensions TRAINER-TO-TRAINER IEP Goals – From Writing to Action BY JAN DOWLING In this 60–90 minute workshop, participants will learn how they can write IEP goals in ways that do not require drill to measure the goal and that allow the skill to be measured in authentic settings. The objectives of this workshop are for participants to be able to understand the value of active learning to children’s assessment; rewrite an IEP goal so that it can be assessed using an active learning approach; and discuss how, when, and where the IEP goal can be assessed in the active learning classroom. 5. Have table groups share what they wrote, and discuss these things as a whole group. 6. Offer this possibility for the goal (and discuss with the whole group): When we met with the parents, we changed the goal to this: “Within one year, Marjean will spontaneously use verb + ing 5 times in a 20-minute observation.” 7. Explain to participants that a goal written this way What you’ll need: Chart paper, markers, blank 8.5 x 11 paper, and • Provides more flexibility in how the goal is addressed pens. • Allows professionals to work on it easily and in natural ways Opening Activity (20 minutes) • Does not require drill to measure and so it is not only more during all parts of the daily routine 1. Write the following language goal (keeping exactly as written) on chart paper and show to participants: appropriate for the child but allows professionals to measure the skill in generalized (authentic) settings, thus letting them “Within one year, when shown 20 action pictures, Marjean will use verb + ing 18 out of 20 trials (90 percent) in two consecu- know that the student really does have the skill. • Allows for child-friendly data collection, too. There is no need for plus and minus tally marks to interfere with and tive therapy sessions.” 2. Ask participants for their thoughts about addressing this goal in an active learning setting. Ask them how they think this goal, as formulated, could be measured. Ask them when and where it would be addressed and what materials would be used. Write participants’ answers on chart paper and discuss. dampen our communications with children. When adults make plus and minus marks while working with children, the children sense that they are being measured, and this can be intimidating for some children. It is important for all of our interactions (even our data collection and measurement interactions) to be encouraging and supportive. 8. Have each table generate a list of ideas for these items: Central Ideas and Practice (30 minutes) 3. Talk with participants about how a goal written like this is more • Where in the classroom the new goals can be addressed difficult to address using an active learning approach. Encour- • How they can be measured age participants to talk about their experiences. Make the point • When in the routine they can be addressed that a goal written like this generally requires you to pull the • What materials can be used child aside and show him or her flashcards. Ask the group if Have the group members at each table share their ideas. there are other goals that they find difficult to address with an active learning approach. Let the participants know that the Application Activity (25 minutes) group will be talking about these later. 9. Ask each table group to write a goal, representing something 4. Ask participants to break into table groups and rewrite the table-group members have seen in their classes that they would above IEP goal to one that would be assessed in an active learn- like to have written in an “active learning” way. Then have the ing setting. Encourage them to write it in a way that it does not tables pass their goal to another table. Have the tables spend a require drill and so that it can be observed and measured in few minutes rewriting the goal they were given. Then have each natural ways through all parts of the daily routine. Click here for entire newsletter Volume 28, No. 2 • page 10 HIGHSCOPE | Extensions Trainer-to-Trainer, continued table group share the group’s goal and rewrite with the whole group. Discuss each new goal and ask for comments and ideas. Implementation Plan (15 minutes) 10. Ask participants to practice writing an active learning goal for one of the children in their caseload. Click here for entire newsletter Volume 28, No. 2 • page 11 HIGHSCOPE | Extensions ASK US BY JAN DOWLING AND ANN S. EPSTEIN What do I do when children who are not on my caseload want to play with me in the classroom? – A Special Education Teacher As special education providers, we have time constraints, and our When I take the time to develop friendly relationships with first priority has to be to our individual caseloads; nonetheless, all of the children, they know that I will play with them. And they I have found it works best for me to become a play partner and don’t feel dismissed or less important when I can’t do so right that trusted friend to all the children in the class. Adults are sometimes moment. Moreover, when I invite the second child to join us in the favorite toys in the room! When a child approaches me while play, I open up social learning opportunities for both children. The I’m working with a child on my caseload and wants me to go with second child may continue to play with the child who is part of my him to another area, I invite the second child to play with us, or I caseload after I leave, or to independently initiate interactions on tell him or her that I will come over in a few minutes (which I do). subsequent occasions. In fact, teachers sometimes comment that And in some cases, I explain to the second child that, for example, children learn more from one another than from adults. What Maise is still learning to talk and I am helping her learn, and that better way to extend meaningful learning beyond what I, as a busy I really need to talk to Maise for a few minutes before coming over adult, can accomplish with the children in my caseload? to play. Click here for entire newsletter Volume 28, No. 2 • page 12 HIGHSCOPE | Extensions NEWS BRIEFS Announcing The Intentional Teacher, Revised Edition HighScope at NAEYC Public Policy Conference The Intentional Teacher: Choosing the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) Best Strategies for Young Children’s Public Policy Forum in Washington DC. The forum is designed for Learning (revised edition), by Ann S. NAEYC local and state affiliate groups that share NAEYC goals in Epstein, has just been co-published by the working on behalf of young children and early childhood profession- National Association for the Education of als. This event informed and prepared attendees for a visit to Capitol Young Children (NAEYC) and HighScope Hill the following day to persuade their senators and representatives Press. This edition offers new chapters on to vote in favor of several important funding initiatives. Some of the science, social studies, and approaches to learning as well as updat- recommendations that were explained in detail included increasing ed and expanded information on social and emotional development, funding for the Child Care and Development Block Grant, increasing physical development and health, language and literacy, mathemat- funding for Early Head Start and Head Start, expanding the number ics, and the creative arts. Each chapter offers many practical teach- of states that receive a Preschool Development Grant, and extending ing strategies illustrated with classroom-based anecdotes. The aim the Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting program, of this book is to help teachers apply their knowledge of children and which is due to expire in September, 2014. You can learn more about of content to make thoughtful, intentional use of both child-guided NAEYC Public policy initiatives at www.naeyc.org/policy. Earlier this month, HighScope sponsored and attended the 2014 The following day, HighScope attendees travelled to Capitol and adult-guided experiences. Visit highscope.org to purchase The Intentional Teacher: Hill along with NAEYC affiliate members from Michigan, including Choosing the Best Strategies for Young Children’s Learning, re- Keith Myers, executive director of the Michigan Association for the vised edition. Education of Young Children (MiAYEC) and Crystal Sanford-Brown, president of MiAEYC. Annual HighScope International Conference The 2014 HighScope International Conference, which will take place on May 7–9, is sold out! Limited spots are available for the May 5–6 preconference sessions, which will include a two-day workshop on conflict resolution and bullying prevention and one-day workshops on social studies, working as part of a team, giving parent workshops, using COR Advantage, and many more topics, including some addressing infant-toddler needs. For a complete description of preconference workshops and to register, go to highscope.org. HighScope staff members join MiAEYC affiliate members for the “visit to Capitol Hill” during the NAEYC Public Policy Conference. We’re excited to share with those registered to attend the 2014 HighScope International Conference that Mosaic Youth Theatre of Detroit will be entertaining us at lunch on Thursday, May 8. Mosaic Youth Theatre of Detroit is an internationally acclaimed youth development program whose mission is to empower young people to maximize their potential through professional performing arts training and the creation of theatrical and musical art that engages, transforms, and inspires. For more information about Mosaic Youth Theatre of Detroit visit www.mosaicdetroit.org. For information on speakers, how to donate to the silent auction that benefits the HighScope Demonstration Preschool, and travel arrangements to the conference, visit highscope.org. Common Core Standards Success With Education Through Movement — Summer Training Course June 2–6, 2014 Join us in Ontario, CA, June 2–6, 2014, for an Education Through Movement (ETM) summer training. This one-week course will help participants gain an understanding of how to use the ETM process to extend thinking, and why this process empowers students to gain a deeper knowledge to support the rigor of the Common Core Standards. Teachers and curriculum specialists who work with students of all ages are encouraged to attend. For more information, visit highscope.org or call 800.587.5639, ext. 224 or ext. 237. Click here for entire newsletter Volume 28, No. 2 • page 13
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