MODUL PERKULIAHAN
SHOWING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN
IDEAS
Fakultas
Ilmu Komunikasi
Program Studi
Penyiaran
Abstract
Tatap Muka
14
Kode MK
90026
Disusun Oleh
Yayah Makiyah, SS, MP.d
Competence
This module briefly describes the Students could understand the use of
relationships between ideas.
relationship between ideas.
Pembahasan
MODULE
This module describes the use of relationship between the ideas. Some of them are:
1. Parallel Structure.
2. Using pair conjunction: BOTH…AND; NOT ONLY…BUT ALSO; EITHER…OR; NEITHER…OR.
3. Combining Independent clauses with conjunction.
4. Using ADVERB CLAUSES to show time relationship.
5. Using ADVERBIAL CLAUSES to show cause and effect relationship.
6. Using transitions to show cause and effect: THEREFORE and CONSEQUENTLY.
7. Expressing purpose: Using SO THAT.
A. PARALLEL STRUCTURE
One use of a conjunction is to connect words or phrases that have the same grammatical
function in a sentence. This use of conjunctions is called parallel structure. The conjunctions
used in this pattern are: and, but, or, nor.*
(a) Steve and his friend are coming to dinner.
In (a): noun + and + noun
(b) Susan raised her hand and snapped her In (b): verb + and + verb
fingers.
(c)
He is waving his arms and (is) shouting at In (c): verb + and + verb (The second auxiliary
us.
may be omitted if it is the same as the first
auxiliary).
(d) These shoes are old but comfortable.
In (d): adjective + but + adjective
(e) He wants to watch TV or (to) listen to In (e): infinitive + or + infinitive (The second to
some music.
(f)
may be omitted).
Steve, Joe, and, Alice are coming to A parallel structure may contain more than
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dinner.
two parts. In a series, commas are used to
(g) Susan raised her hand, snapped her separate each unit. The final comma that
fingers, and asked a question.
precedes the conjunction is optional but is
(h) The colors in that fabric are red, gold, customarily used. (No commas are used if
black, and green.
there are only two parts to a parallel
structure).
B. USING PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS: BOTH…AND; NOT ONLY…BUT ALSO; EITHER…OR;
NEITHER…OR*
(a) Both my mother and my sister are here.
Two subjects connected by both…and take a
(b) Not only my mother but also my sister is
plural verb.
here.
When two subjects are connected by not
(c) Not only my sister but also my parents
are here.
only…but also, either…or, or neither…nor, the
subject that is closer to the verb determines
(d) Neither my mother nor my sister is here.
whether the verb is singular or plural.
(e) Neither my sister nor my parents are
here.
(f)
The research project will take both time Notice the parallel structure in the examples.
and money.
The same grammatical form should follow each
(g) Yesterday it not only rained but (also) word of the pair.
snowed.
In (f): both + noun + and + noun
(h) I’ll take either chemistry or physics next In (g): not only + verb + but also + verb
quarter.
(i)
In (h): either + noun + or + noun
That book is neither interesting nor In (i): neither + adjective + nor + adjective
accurate.
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*Paired conjunctions are also called correlative conjunctions.
C. COMBINING INDEPENDENT CLAUSES WITH CONJUCNTIONS
(a) It was raining hard. There was a strong Example (a) contains two independent clauses
wind.
(i.e., two complete sentences). Notice the
(b) INCORRECT PUNCTUATION:
punctuation. A period,* NOT A COMMA, is
It was raining hard, there was a strong used to separate two independent clauses. The
wind.
punctuation in (b) is not correct; the error in
(b) is called a run – on sentence.
(c) It was raining hard, and there was a A junction may be used two connect two
strong wind.
independent clauses.
(d) It was raining hard and there was a Punctuation:
strong wind.
In (c): Usually a comma immediately precedes
(e) It was raining hard. And there was a the conjunction.
strong wind.
In (d): Sometimes in short sentences the
comma is committed.
In (e): Sometimes in informal writing a
conjunction may begin a sentence.
(f)
He was tired, so he went to bed.
In addition to and, but, or, and nor, other
(g) The child hid behind his mother’s skirt, conjunctions
for he was afraid of the dog.
are
used
to
connect
independent clauses:
(h) He did not study, yet he passed the exam.
so (meaning therefore, as a result)
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two
for (meaning because)
yet (meaning but, nevertheless)
A comma almost always precedes so, for, and
yet when they are used as conjunction.**
D. USING ADVERB CLAUSES TO SHOW TIME REALTIONSHIP
After
(a) After she graduates, she will get a job.
A present tense, not a future
(b) After she (had) graduated, she got a tense is used in an adverb
job.
cause
of
time.
Notice
examples (b) and (d).
Before
(c)
I will leave before he comes.
(d) I (had) left before he came
When
(e) When I arrived, he was talking on the When= at the time
(f)
phone.
(Notice the different time
When I got there, he had already left.
relationships expressed by
(g) When it began to rain, I stood under a the tenses.)
tree.
(h) When I was in Chicago, I visited the
museum.
(i)
When I see him tomorrow, I will ask
him.
While
(j)
As
While I was walking home, it began to While, as = during the time
rain.
(k) As I was walking home, it began to
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rain.
By the time
(l)
By the time he arrived, we had already By the time = one event is
left.
completed before another
(m) By the time he comes, we will already event. (Notice the use of the
have left.
past
perfect
and
future
perfect in the main clause.)
Since
(n) I haven’t seen him since he left this Since = from that time to the
morning.
present.
(Notice: The present perfect
tense is used in the main
clause.)
Until
(o) We stayed there until we finished our Until, till= to that time and
till
work.
then no longer (Till is used
(p) We stayed there till we finished our primarily in speaking rather
work.
As soon as
than writing.)
(q) As soon as it stops raining, we will As soon as, once= when one
Once
(r)
leave.
event
Once it stops raining, we will leave.
event
happens,
happens
another
soon
afterwards.
As long as
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(s) I will never speak to him again as long As long as, so long as =
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So long as
as I live.
(t)
during all the time, from the
I will never speak to him again so long beginning to end.
as I live.
Whenever
(u) Whenever I see her, I say hello.
Every time
(v) Every time I see her, I say hello.
The first time
(w) The first time I went to New York, I Adverb
The last time
The next time
went to an opera.
Whenever = every time.
can
be
introduced by the following:
(x) I saw two plays the last time I went to
New York.
clauses
First
The
Second
(y) The next time I go to New York, I’m
time
Third
going to see a ballet.
Last
Next
E. USING ADVERBIAL CLAUSES TO SHOW CAUSE AND EFFECT REALTIONSHIPS
Because
(a) Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
An
adverb
(b) He went to bed because he was sleepy.
precede
or
clause
follow
may
the
independent clause. Notice
the punctuation in (a) and
(b).
Since
(c) Since he’s not interested in classical music, In (c): since means because.
he decided not to go to the concert.
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Now that
(d) Now that the semester is finished, I’m In (d): now that means
going to rest a few days and then take a because now. Now that is
trip.
used for present and future
situations.
As
(e) As she had nothing in particular to do, she In (e): as means because
called up a friend and asked her if she
wanted to take in a movie.
As / so long as
(f)
As long as (so long as) you’re not busy, In (f): as long as means
could you help me with this work?
Inasmuch as
because.
(g) Inasmuch as the two government leaders In (g): inasmuch as means
could not reach an agreement, the because.
possibilities for peace are still remote.
Inasmuch
as
is
usually found only in formal
writing and speech.
F. USING TRANSITIONS TO SHOW CAUSE AND EFFECT: THEREFORE AND CONSEQUENTLY
(a) Alisa failed the test because she didn’t (a), (b), and (c) have the same meaning.
study.
Therefore and Consequently mean “as a
(b) Alisa didn’t study. Therefore, she failed the result”.
test.
In
transitions.
grammar,
(or
they
conjunction
are
called
adverb).
(c) Alisa didn’t study. Consequently, she failed Transitions connect the ideas between two
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the test.
sentences.
(d) Alisa didn’t study. Therefore, he failed the A transition occurs in the second of two
test.
related sentences. Notice the patterns and
(e) Alisa didn’t study. She, therefore, failed the punctuation in the examples. A period (Not a
test.
(f)
comma) is used at the end of the first
Alisa didn’t study. He failed the test, sentence. The transition has several possible
therefore.
positions in the second sentence. The
POSITIONS OF A TRANSITION
transition is set off from the rest of the
Transition + S + V (+ rest of sentence)
sentence by compass.
S + transition + V ( + rest of sentence)
(g) Alisa didn’t study, so she failed the rest.
COMPARE: A transition (e.g., therefore) has
different possible positions within the
second sentence of a pair. A conjunction
(e.g., so) has only one possible position:
between the two sentences.
G. EXPRESSING PURPOSE: USING SO THAT
(a) I turned off the TV in order to enable my In order to express purpose. In (a): I turned
roommate to study in peace and quiet.
off the TV for a purpose. The purpose was to
(b) I turned off the TV so (that) my roommate make it possible for my roommate to study
could study in peace and quiet.
in peace and quiet.
So that also express purpose.* It express the
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same meaning as in order to. The word
“that” is often omitted, especially in
speaking.
SO THAT + CAN or COULD
So that is often used instead of in order to
(c) I’m going to cash a check so that I can buy when the idea of ability is being expressed.
my textbooks.
Can is used in the adverb clause for a
(d) I cashed a check so that I could buy my present/future meaning. In (c): so that I can
textbooks.
buy= in order to be able to buy.
Could is used after so that in past sentences.
**
SO THAT + WILL/SIMPLE PRESENT or WOULD
In (e): so that I won’t get wet = in order to
(e) I’ll take my umbrella so that I won’t get wet.
make sure that I won’t get wet.
(f) I’ll take my umbrella so that I don’t get wet.
In (f): It is sometimes possible to use the
(g) Yesterday I took my umbrella so that I simple present after so that in place of will;
wouldn’t get wet.
the simple present expresses a future
meaning.
Would is used in past sentences.
*NOTE: In order that has the same meaning as so that but is less commonly used.
Example: I turned off the TV (in order) that my roommate could study in peace and quiet.
Both so that and in order that introduce adverb clauses. It is unusual, but possible, to put these adverb
clauses at the beginning of sentences: so that my roommate could study in peace and quiet, I turned off the
TV.
**Also possible but less common: the use of may or might in place of can or could :e.g., I cashed a check so
that I might buy my textbooks.
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Daftar Pustaka
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Hall, Inc
Philips Deborah.2001. Preparation Course for the TOEFL Test: New York: Addison Wesley
Longman
Wishon, E.G & Burks. M. Julia. 1980. Let’s Write English Revised Edition. New York: Litton
Educational Publishing
Oshima, A & Hogue A. 1997. Writing Academic English Second Edition: New York: Addison
Wesley Longman
Karnedi. 2001. Grammar Translation Exercises: Pusat Penerbitan Universitas Terbuka
2015
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Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning
YAYAH MAKIYAH, SS, MP.d
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