Everett
Mountaineers
Sea Kayaking
Committee
Basic Sea Kayaking
Student Manual
2017
Everett Mountaineers Basic Sea Kayaking Student Manual – 2017
1 Table of Contents
2
3
Welcome ......................................................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction................................................................................................................................................... 3
3.1
Organization ......................................................................................................................................... 5
4
Hypothermia ................................................................................................................................................. 6
4.1
Hypothermia and Cold Water Survival ....................................................................................... 6
4.1.1
What is Hypothermia? ............................................................................................................. 6
4.1.2
How Long can I Survive in Cold Water? ........................................................................... 7
4.1.3
What do I do if an Accident Occurs? .................................................................................. 7
4.1.4
Should I Swim for Shore? ...................................................................................................... 8
4.1.5
First Aid for Hypothermia Victims ....................................................................................... 8
4.1.6
How Can I Avoid Hypothermia? ........................................................................................... 9
4.2
Hypothermia Discussion .................................................................................................................. 9
5
Kayak Clothing ........................................................................................................................................... 11
5.1
Basic Clothing .................................................................................................................................... 11
5.1.1
Materials...................................................................................................................................... 11
5.1.2
Articles of clothing................................................................................................................... 11
5.1.3
How to dress.............................................................................................................................. 12
6
Basic Navigation: Wind, Waves, and Currents .............................................................................. 13
6.1
Beaufort Wind Scale ........................................................................................................................ 13
6.2
Navigation Class Questions .......................................................................................................... 15
6.2.1
Charts........................................................................................................................................... 15
6.2.2
Navigation Techniques........................................................................................................... 15
6.2.3
Tides & Currents & Wind ....................................................................................................... 16
6.2.4
Reading Water (and what to do about it) ...................................................................... 16
7
Kayaking Essentials .................................................................................................................................. 18
7.1
The Mountaineer Ten Essentials: ............................................................................................... 18
7.2
Kayaker’s Additional ‘12’ ............................................................................................................... 19
7.3
Kayaker’s Highly Recommended ................................................................................................ 20
8
Basic Kayaking Equipment .................................................................................................................... 22
8.1
Types of Kayaks ................................................................................................................................ 22
8.1.1
Characteristics of a Kayak .................................................................................................... 22
8.2
Characteristics of a Sea Kayak Paddle ..................................................................................... 25
8.3
PFD Basics ........................................................................................................................................... 26
8.3.1
How Many PFDs Do I Need? ................................................................................................ 26
8.3.2
What kind of PFD do I need? .............................................................................................. 26
9
Sea Kayaking Trip Rating Scale........................................................................................................... 29
10
Exercise and Body Conditioning ...................................................................................................... 31
11
Herding Cats (a.k.a. Followership) ................................................................................................ 36
12
What’s Next............................................................................................................................................. 38
13
Resources ................................................................................................................................................ 39
13.1 Local Suppliers ..................................................................................................................................... 39
13.2 Catalogs .................................................................................................................................................. 41
13.3 Magazines .............................................................................................................................................. 42
13.4 Books about Kayaking ....................................................................................................................... 42
13.4.1
Books for the new paddler ............................................................................................... 42
13.4.2
Skill improvement ............................................................................................................... 42
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Everett Mountaineers Basic Sea Kayaking Student Manual – 2017
13.4.3
Navigation .............................................................................................................................. 43
13.4.4
Trips: Places to Go .............................................................................................................. 43
13.4.5
Touring and Camping ........................................................................................................ 43
13.4.6
Other Information ............................................................................................................... 43
13.5 Handy Web Sites ................................................................................................................................. 44
13.6 Upcoming Events................................................................................................................................. 44
14
Glossary of Basic Terms ..................................................................................................................... 45
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Everett Mountaineers Basic Sea Kayaking Student Manual – 2017
2
Welcome
Congratulations!
You have been accepted into the Mountaineers Basic Sea Kayaking Course for 2017. On
behalf of the Everett Sea Kayaking Committee, we would like to welcome you to the
wonderful adventure on which you are about to embark. Please read this letter carefully as
it contains several important dates and actions you must take.
Purpose of
the Course
Sea Kayaking, like other sports, is an art form. Our goal is to give you a
firm foundation on which to build your skills to the level of expertise you
desire. Whether you are interested in calm water touring or rough water
play, this course will give you a good start toward meeting your goals.
As you are probably aware, the course is broken into a series of lectures,
pool session, open water session and trips. This letter will briefly
introduce the segments of the course to you and what the expectations
are from you.
Lectures
There are four classroom lecture sessions planned. They are scheduled
for four Thursdays, March 23, March 30, April 6, and April 13. They will
be held at the Snohomish PUD building on 2320 California Avenue,
Everett, WA 98201 from 6pm to 9pm.
Check-in
Plan to arrive by 5:45 PM in the lobby for greeting and sign-in; we will
then proceed to the classroom. Sessions start promptly at 6:00 PM.
Pool Session
The pool session will occur on Sunday, April 2. It will be held at the
Forest Park Pool at 802 East Mukilteo Blvd. Everett, WA 98203, starting
at 2:30pm and ending at 6:30pm. During this time you will complete
your 50 yard swim and learn and practice self-rescues and assisted
rescues.
Open Water
Session
The open water session will be held at Flowing Lake County Park in
Snohomish. The open water session is an all-day event. Each student
must attend on Saturday, April 8th from 8am to 5pm. Each student will
be required to wear a dry suit on the open water day. If you do not have
a dry suit (not a diving suit), one may be rented with prior arrangement.
There is a fee for parking inside the park.
Attendance/
Refunds
Attendance at the four lectures, pool session, and open water session
are prerequisites for subsequent activities. If you cannot make the
scheduled times, you will not be able to successfully complete this
course and should consider withdrawing. See the Mountaineers
cancellation and refund policy:
https://www.mountaineers.org/volunteers/leader-resources/financialpolicies-procedures-forms/cancellation-policy Students who rent gear or
boats for class activities will not be eligible for a refund of their rental
payment after the equipment has been rented.
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Everett Mountaineers Basic Sea Kayaking Student Manual – 2017
Student
Paddles
Boats &
Equipment
Questionnaire
After completion of the above activities, the student must complete two
student paddles to satisfy the requirements for graduation. The first
student paddle opportunity will be at Cornet Bay (Whidbey Island). You
will have a choice of either Saturday, May 6th or Sunday, May 7th. The
second paddle must be completed by September 30, 2017. We will
arrange several student paddles that will be available to fulfill your
requirements between May and September. We will have a preliminary
listing of trips available during the class for planning purposes. In
addition, other branches may list student paddles for which you may
sign up. These typically are advertised on the Mountaineer Website.
Paddles for which students may register will be noted as accepting
students. Contact the listed trip leader if you have any questions
regarding the suitability of the trip for a qualifying student paddle.
If you do not currently own a sea kayak, dry suit, paddle, float, spray
skirt, and bilge pump, we have arranged for Kayak Academy to rent (at
your expense) and deliver this equipment to you for the Open Water
Session on April 8. We’ll explain how you place your order with Kayak
Academy online at the first lecture. We don’t facilitate this type of rental
service for other student paddles.
A questionnaire is attached to this email. The answers you provide will
better enable us to match you to the proper equipment for the pool
session. Please complete this questionnaire and mail (email or snail mail)
back to me by March 20th.
We are pleased that you will be joining the sport of sea kayaking. Our instructors and
helpers are all volunteers, selected because they care about teaching safe kayaking skills
and sharing their knowledge and experiences. We are sure that you will find the training
enjoyable and perhaps a bit challenging. We encourage you to ask questions to maximize
your learning during the course. We look forward to paddling with you.
If you have any questions, please call or email me directly.
Cheers!
Bill Coady
Everett Mountaineers Sea Kayak Course Chair - 2017
541-880-8222
[email protected]
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Everett Mountaineers Basic Sea Kayaking Student Manual – 2017
3
Introduction
Welcome to the Everett Mountaineers Sea Kayaking Program. The primary reason for this
program is to give you the opportunity to gain the necessary basic skills required to paddle
on most Mountaineer trips safely. While we can train you in the aspects of safe sea
kayaking we cannot make it happen. Decisions rest solely in your domain as the paddler.
Your ultimate safety is up to you. Through this program and others you may take, you will
gain the knowledge to allow you to make the decisions that will make your paddling
experience enjoyable, comfortable and safe. And that knowledge may save your life.
3.1
Organization
As a student, you will be working with a team of instructors. They include seasoned
paddlers, usually trip leader qualified, and/or recent graduates from the program. In this
way you will gain insight into the seasoned paddler’s experience and depth of knowledge
and the recent graduates experience in the program which is still fresh. These instructors
will help guide you in using the knowledge you gain to make sound judgments. Use these
instructors to help with questions or issues you are having during your training.
All instructors, on-the-water instructors and trip leaders are volunteers and have donated
considerable time to making your experience profitable and convenient. At times, they
may contact you to solicit information, make announcements regarding unexpected
changes or check on your progress. Please respond to them promptly. They have given of
their time and are here to help you.
The program consists of lectures, pool session, open water session and at least two trips,
which you will be required to complete. Make-up sessions are not planned and are difficult
to arrange. No make-ups will be considered without extreme circumstances. All
requirements must be fulfilled to graduate. Graduation is required in order to participate in
future Mountaineer trips and sea kayaking classes.
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Everett Mountaineers Basic Sea Kayaking Student Manual – 2017
4
Hypothermia
Goal
Objectives
Review
This class will present safety information concerning the physical
conditioning for kayaking and the threats of the environment,
especially hypothermia. Additional emphasis will be placed on the
proper clothing and equipment to consider for the conditions posed by
sea kayaking for both comfort and safety.
After this session students should be able to:
 Identify the symptoms of hypothermia
 Understand the first aid steps for a hypothermia victim
 Reduce the risk of hypothermia
Material related to this subject may be found in the course textbook on
pages 67-74, and in the material provided in the student manual.
Every year, students comment on the emphasis the class places in hypothermia. One
might think the intent of the class is to scare off new prospects for kayaking by instilling
fear of the water into them. However, just the opposite is true. The class emphasis on this
subject is designed to give new paddlers a healthy respect for the conditions we paddle in
here in the Pacific Northwest. The bottom line is that the water is cold. If you, as a new
paddler, are unprepared for it, it can be dangerous.
This class teaches you the conditions that can arise from exposure to the water without the
proper clothing. Then the Session will instruct you as to what is considered proper clothing
for different types of paddles.
The clothing that we discuss in the class for the most part can be clothing you already
have (if you are an outdoors type person) or it is available in inexpensive outlets. Ask your
instructors about where to obtain clothing. The appendix also has some proven outfitters
that provide good quality clothing at reduced prices. The one exception will be a dry suit or
wet suit if you choose to purchase your own. It is highly recommended that you rent these
items until you are sure of what is going to work well for you.
Finally, remember that in kayaking we dress for the water in which we may find ourselves
and not necessarily for the outside air temperature and conditions.
4.1
Hypothermia and Cold Water Survival
Hypothermia is a serious threat to Northwest boaters, and it takes the lives of several
Washingtonians each years. Our marine waters and most of the state’s lakes and streams
remain cold throughout the year, so hypothermia is a danger that knows no season. A
boater who ends up in the water may begin falling victim to hypothermia in a matter of
only a few minutes, so quick action is often the key to survival. Understanding and
avoiding hypothermia can mean the difference between being alive or dead when help
arrives.
4.1.1 What is Hypothermia?
Hypothermia is subnormal temperature within the central body. When a person is
immersed in cold water, the skin and nearby tissues cool very quickly. However, it may
take 10 to 15 minutes before the temperature of the heart and brain starts to drop. When
the core temperature drops below 90° F serious complications begin to develop. Death
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Everett Mountaineers Basic Sea Kayaking Student Manual – 2017
may occur at about 80° F; however, a person may drown at a higher temperature due to
loss of consciousness or inability to use the arms and legs.
4.1.2 How Long can I Survive in Cold Water?
Survival in cold water depends on many factors. The temperature of the water is only one.
Others include body size, fat, and activity in the water. Large people cool slower than small
people. Fat people cool slower that thin people. Children cool faster than adults.
By swimming or treading water, a person will cool about 35 percent faster than if
remaining still. Down-proofing – the technique of staying afloat, facedown, with lungs full
of air, and raising the head every 10 to 15 seconds for a breath- conserves energy, but
also results in rapid heat loss through the head and neck. This technique reduces survival
time by nearly one-half in cold water.
An average person, wearing light clothing and a personal floatation device (PFD), may
survive 2 ½ to 3 hours in 50° F water by remaining still. This survival time can be
increased considerably by getting as far out of the water as possible and covering the
head. Getting into or onto anything that floats can save a life. The following predicts
survival times for an average person in 50° F water:
Predicted Survival Time
No Floatation
hours
Drown-proofing
1.5
Treading Water
2.0
With Floatation
hours
Swimming
2.0
Holding Still
2.7
HELP
4.0
Huddle
4.0
4.1.3 What do I do if an Accident Occurs?
If you fall into cold water, remember that water conducts heat many times faster that air.
Most boats will float even when capsized or swamped, so get in or on the boat to get as far
out of the water as possible. Wearing a PFD is a must. It will keep you afloat even if you
are unconscious. Remaining still and, if possible, assuming the fetal, or, Heat Escape
Lessening Posture (HELP), will increase your survival time. About 50 percent of the heat is
lost from the head. It is therefore important to keep the head out of the water. Other
areas of high heat loss are the neck, the sides, and the groin.
Note: It is impossible to assume the HELP position while wearing some PFDs. However,
even a partial HELP position gives some protection to the high heat loss areas, thus
increasing survival time.
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Everett Mountaineers Basic Sea Kayaking Student Manual – 2017
If there are several people in the water, huddling close, side to side in a circle, also will
help preserve body heat. Placing children in the middle of the circle will lend them some of
the adult body heat and extend their survival time.
4.1.4 Should I Swim for Shore?
This is a difficult decision. It depends on many things. Some good swimmers have been
able to swim up to .8 mile in 50° F water before being overcome by hypothermia.
Others have not been able to swim 100 yards. Furthermore, distances on the water are
very deceptive. Staying with the boat is usually the best thing to do. This will make it
easier for rescuers to spot you. Even a capsized boat is easier to see than a person in the
water. Do not swim unless there is absolutely no chance of rescue and you are absolutely
certain you can make it. If you do swim, use a PFD or some other floatation aid.
4.1.5 First Aid for Hypothermia Victims
1. Make sure the victim has an open airway and is able to breathe. Then, check for
respiration and pulse. Respiration may be slow and shallow and the pulse may be very
weak. So check vital signs very carefully. If there is no pulse or respiration, CPR must
be started immediately.
2. Prevent further heat loss:
a) Gently move the victim to shelter and warmth as rapidly as possible
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Everett Mountaineers Basic Sea Kayaking Student Manual – 2017
b) Gently remove all wet clothing; cut it away if necessary. The small amount of
heat energy the victim has left must not be expended on warming and drying
wet clothing.
c) Wrap the victim in blankets or a sleeping bag. If available, place warm water
bottles or other gentle sources of heat under the blanket on the victim’s neck,
groin, and on the sides of the chest.
3. Transport the victim to a hospital as soon as possible. Only a physician should
determine when the patient should be released. Incorrect treatment of hypothermia
victims may induce a condition known as After-Drop. After-Drop is a continued fall in
the victim’s core temperature ever after he has been rescued. This is caused by
improper re-warming, allowing cold, and stagnant blood from the extremities to return
to the core of the body. When this cold blood returns to the core of the body it may
drop the core temperature below a level that will sustain life. For the same reason,
hypothermia victims must be handled gently and should not be allowed to walk.
 Do Not - Place an unconscious victim in a bath tub.
 Do Not - Give a victim anything to drink, including hot liquids and especially
alcohol.
 Do Not - Rub the victim’s skin and especially do not rub the victim’s skin with snow.
4.1.6 How Can I Avoid Hypothermia?
Because most boaters who die in water-related accidents had no intention of going into the
water, the obvious answer is to avoid those behaviors that cause accidental immersions.
Therefore, do not:
 Stand or move around in a small boat.
 Overload your boat or distribute the load unevenly.
 Decelerate suddenly, allowing the stern wake to overtake and swamp the boat by
washing over the transom.
 Always wear a PFD on the water.
4.2
Hypothermia Discussion
Questions
1)
What is hypothermia?
2)
What symptoms appear as the body’s core temperature lowers?
3)
How much of the body does heat can be lost through the head and neck?
4)
How do you treat the EARLY stages of hypothermia?
5)
Describe the condition called after drop.
6)
Why is it advisable to dress in layers?
7)
Why is cotton such a poor choice for insulation?
8)
True or False – Swimming can increase survival time, so, if you exit your boat,
striking out for shore should always be attempted.
9)
True or False – Energy reserves have little or no effect on vulnerability to
hypothermia.
10) True or False – A hypothermia victim may resume usual activity as soon as
his/her temperature has returned to normal.
11) Think of several paddling scenarios that could lead to hypothermia.
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Everett Mountaineers Basic Sea Kayaking Student Manual – 2017
Answers
1)
Abnormally low body temperature.
2)
Sensation of cold and shivering, loss of manual dexterity, clumsiness, slurred
speech, rigid muscles, confusion, impaired judgment, no longer feel cold,
euphoric. The "umbles", mumble…fumble…stumble.
3)
At least 50% of heat loss occurs through the head and neck - keep them out of
the water, if possible.
4)
Exercise, warm shower or bath; hot drink (early stage only), remove wet clothes;
insulate victim to prevent further heat loss. KEYS: slow, gentle and long rewarming.
5)
Cold blood returning from the extremities can cause an unusual heartbeat that
can result in a heart attack.
6)
Clothing layers provide the best way to adapt to changing conditions.
7)
Cotton's absorbent fibers hold large amounts of moisture next to the skin, and
conducting away body heat.
8)
False (see previous article in this manual)
9)
False (see previous article in this manual)
10) False (see previous article in this manual)
11) Skipping meals and drinks; capsize; unexpected rain or wind; hard paddle resulting in fatigue and/or perspiration; early sunset; no dry clothes after
paddling. (refer to hypothermia movie)
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Everett Mountaineers Basic Sea Kayaking Student Manual – 2017
5
Kayak Clothing
5.1
Basic Clothing
If there is one sure way to recognize sea kayakers, it would have to be by their clothing.
No well-dressed kayaker will ever win a fashion show, but color coordination aside; the
clothing choices made for this sport are for comfort and safety considerations, not for
show. Contained in this section are some general guidelines for clothing selection.
5.1.1 Materials
Arguably the most important factor of the clothing you select to wear kayaking will be the
material of which it is constructed. Below are listed some of the fabrics to consider and
avoid.
 Cotton: This is definitely a fabric to avoid on the water. Cotton absorbs moisture
and releases it slowly. Garments constructed of this material may be quite
comfortable on land, but on the water will cause you no end of frustration and
discomfort and possibly contribute to hypothermia. The kayaker mantra has long
been Cotton Kills! This includes items such as t- shirts and jeans.
 Wool: Wool will retain moisture somewhat similar to cotton, but it stays warm even
when wet. However, wool is bulky when packed so is not the best choice for trips.
And since it does stay wet longer than more modern synthetics, it can be difficult to
carry along.
 Polyester: As a synthetic fiber, polyester dries relatively quickly when wet, but
when worn next to the body can get somewhat odiferous and make you the bane of
your paddling companions. Still it does pack more tightly and may be worn in the
form of fleece outer garments.
 Polypropylene: Similar to polyester in that it wicks moisture away from the body
when worn next to the skin but it also gets very smelly.
 Nylon: With its relatively tight weave, nylon protects well against the wind. When
combined with a fleece outer garment used for warmth, the nylon layer forms a
good wind protection adding to your comfort. Nylon dries very quickly and can be a
cool protection layer when worn alone. Nylon shorts are very comfortable for
paddling. Although nylon can pick up odors, they wash very easily. It also packs
very well.
5.1.2 Articles of clothing
Temperatures change often on the water depending on time of day and conditions which
may change suddenly. Most kayakers include the following articles in their on-the-water
wardrobe for a day trip:
 Synthetic T-shirt (usually at least one short sleeve and one long sleeve)
 Nylon shorts
 Synthetic or nylon pull-on pants (often just some synthetic long underwear)
 Synthetic or wool socks
 Neoprene booties (most paddlers advise against Teva-style sandals)
 Nylon windbreaker
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Everett Mountaineers Basic Sea Kayaking Student Manual – 2017




Wetsuit or dry suit (many leaders insist on at least a wet suit)
Hat, with broad visor for sunny or rainy days. Waterproof is a good idea.
Gloves or pogies (watch for slipperiness of material which can make it difficult to
paddle)
Rain jacket (a waterproof jacket kept close at hand in case conditions worsen)
5.1.3 How to dress
Kayakers always dress in layers and for the water temperature more than the surface
temperature. Even when water conditions are glassy calm, a wet exit may become
necessary due to boat wake, or even just inattention. While it is advised that you dress for
that eventuality (wear a wet suit or dry suit) many paddlers do not always wear the
protective clothing. By dressing in layers, you can add or remove clothing as conditions
dictate.
No matter what clothes are worn, the final outer garment will always be the PFD.
During this class, your instructor can best advise you what you should wear. But bear in
mind that you will almost always get wet paddling a kayak. After all, as George Gronseth
of the Kayak Academy is so fond of saying, “It is a water sport”. Therefore, it is always
suggested that you bring spare clothes with you on the paddle in a dry bag in order to
provide some additional warmth and a change of clothing should you need them.
Listed below are the basic items one might wear with either a wet suit or dry suit. These
lists might change due to weather, venue or probability of immersion.
Wetsuit
Dry Suit
Wetsuit-bib style, ("Farmer
John or Jane")
Dry suit
Shoes, neoprene/water
resistant, soft- soled
Underwear, fleece (that
provides sufficient
insulation)
Socks, neoprene/Fleece
Shoes, neoprene/water
resistant, soft-soled
Undershirt, fleece/polypro
Socks, wool or fleece (to be
worn inside suit)
Jacket, windproof
Gloves, neoprene/latex
Jacket, fleece
Hat, sun and/or cold
Pants, wind/rain proof
Jacket, fleece
Gloves, neoprene/latex
Hat, sun and/or cold
Swimsuit
Paddle jacket
In addition to these items, please bring and/or suggest substitutions for some of these
items. Also bring extra clothing that you might carry with you for emergencies or when you
stop for lunch such as warm hat, gloves, neck gaiter, scarf, large jacket, extra underwear,
closed-cell foam pad, etc.
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Everett Mountaineers Basic Sea Kayaking Student Manual – 2017
6
Basic Navigation: Wind, Waves, and Currents
Goal
Objectives
This class will present introductory level training on tides, currents,
and winds effects on paddling, and navigation fundamentals.
From this section, students should be able to:
 Explain what tides and currents are and how they are predicted.
Explain the effect tides and currents have on paddling.
 Explain the impact wind has on paddling conditions and the
paddler and where weather related information can be
obtained.
 Be familiar with the basic elements of a chart that are used for
navigation.
This section is probably a little misleading. As a beginning kayaker, this class will not
attempt to teach you navigation in a kayak. The premise here is that you will be going on
trips with groups and a leader. The leader will have had intermediate navigation training
and can adequately navigate for the group. The leader is also assisted by two or more
assistant leaders who also have experience in navigation. Therefore the beginning student
should be working on paddling skills like, reading water, looking around, pilotage,
recognizing land forms and their effect on the water. And that is what this class will
attempt to teach. An intensive kayak navigation course is available and offered each year
to qualified students.
As a craft that can only travel at about 3-4 knots, it is important for you as a novice
paddler to understand the effect of wind, waves and currents on your boat. This section
will hopefully give you an appreciation of what is necessary for solo paddles and/or
becoming a trip leader. It will acquaint you with the tools of the trade such as charts and
tides and current guides.
You will also be given an exercise to hone your skills at evaluating information available on
charts. Use this exercise to your advantage by asking your instructors about anything you
may not understand or interpretations of the chart.
6.1
Beaufort Wind Scale
Devised by British Rear-Admiral, Sir Francis Beaufort in 1805 based on observations of the
effects of the wind.
Beaufort
number
(force)
0
1
Wind Speed
knots
mph
under 1 under 1
1-3
1-3
Wave
height
(feet)
WMO*
description
-
Calm
0.25
Light air
Effects observed on the sea
Sea is like a mirror
Ripples with appearance of
scales; no foam crests
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Effects observed
on land
Everett Mountaineers Basic Sea Kayaking Student Manual – 2017
Small wavelets; crests of
Light breeze glassy appearance, not
breaking
2
4-6
4-7
0.5 -1
3
7-10
8-12
2-3
Gentle
breeze
4
11 - 16
13-18
3½ -5
Moderate
breeze
5
17-21
19-24
6-8
6
22-27
25-31
9½-13
7
28-33
32-38
13½-19
8
34-40
39-46
18-25
9
41-47
47-54
23-32
10
48-55
55-63
11
56-63
64-72
12
64 and
over
73 and
over
29-41
37-52
45
and
over
Large wavelets; crests begin to
break; scattered whitecaps
Small waves, becoming
longer; numerous whitecaps
Moderate waves, taking
Fresh breeze longer form; many
whitecaps; some spray
Larger waves forming;
whitecaps everywhere; more
spray
Strong
breeze
Near Gale/
Moderate
Gale
Sea heaps up; white foam from
breaking waves begins to be
blown in streaks
Moderately high waves of
greater length; edges of crests
begin to break into spindrift;
foam is blown in well-marked
streaks
Fresh
Gale/
Gale
Strong Gale
Whole
Gale/
Storm
Violent
storm
Hurricane
High waves; sea begins to roll;
dense streaks of foam; spray
may begin to reduce visibility
Very high waves with
overhanging crests; sea takes
white appearance as foam is
blown in very dense streaks;
rolling is heavy and visibility
is reduced
Exceptionally high waves; sea
covered with white foam
patches; visibility further
reduced
Air filled with foam; sea
completely white with driving
spray; visibility greatly
reduced
*World Meteorological Organization
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6.2
Navigation Class Questions
(Page numbers refer to pages in The CoastalKayaker’sManual)
6.2.1 Charts
Q: What do they mean by the "scale" of a chart? What scale is best for kayakers?
A: The scale is how big objects appear on the chart. Imagine a chart with a scale of 1:1
where everything on the chart is shown its true size! That would be a very large scale
chart. Common scales are from 1:20,000 ("large" scale with lots of detail) to 1:100,000
("small" scale showing many square miles). For kayakers, a 1:40,000 scale chart provides
a good mix of detail and area. (pg 158)
Q: What is the difference between latitude and longitude? What units are they measured
in? What are they used for?
A: Latitudes are lines that run east/west parallel to the equator; longitudinal lines run
north/south from the North Pole to the South Pole. Both are measured in degrees,
minutes, and seconds (a degree is made up of 60 minutes; 60 minutes is made up of 60
seconds). They are used to define a specific location. For example, the latitude/longitude of
Golden Gardens is 47° 41'
27" N 122° 24' 12" W. (pg 158-159)
Q: What is the difference between a nautical mile and a statute mile? What's an easy way
of measuring a nautical mile on a chart?
A: A nautical mile is longer than a statute mile (one nautical mile equals 1.15 statute
miles). Each minute of latitude is equal to one nautical mile, so the latitude scale on the
left or right edges of a chart can be used as a distance scale (pg 159)
Q: What are examples of chart symbols that are of use to kayakers? Where can details on
these be found?
A: Water depth; areas that cover and uncover with the tide (called intertidal areas and
shown as green on charts); rocks; shore composition; lights and buoys; and landforms
that are of use in locating your position. A complete index of symbols can be found in
Chart #1. (pg 164)
Q: What is a compass rose and how can it be used?
A: A compass rose is a circle, graduated in degrees, that is printed several places on a
chart. The outer circle is oriented towards geographic (true) north. The inner circle is
oriented towards magnetic north. The compass rose can be used for determining the
bearing between two points on the chart. It can also be used to easily convert between
True and Magnetic bearings. (pg 166)
6.2.2 Navigation Techniques
Q: What is the difference between dead reckoning and piloting?
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Everett Mountaineers Basic Sea Kayaking Student Manual – 2017
A: Dead reckoning is determining (guessing) your position based on your compass course,
at your paddling speed, for a given time. Piloting is determining (with accuracy) your
position using visible reference points. (pg 165-166 & 170)
Q: What is a range? How is it used to determine your location?
A: A range is an alignment of one feature in front of another, usually at a good distance
away. You can locate your position by drawing (or imagining) a line drawn between those
two features and you are somewhere along that line. If you can find an additional range
using two other features, then you can fix your position by where the two range lines
cross. (pg 171)
Q: How can a range be used to check drift caused by current?
A: Pick two features in front of you, like where one ridge line intersects with another ridge
line. By watching how the intersection point changes, you can tell if you are moving to the
left or to the right of your intended course. (pg 171)
6.2.3 Tides & Currents & Wind
Q: What are tides? What causes them?
A: Tides are the up and down movement of water. They are caused by the gravitational
affects of the sun and the moon. (pg 174)
Q: What are currents? What causes them?
A: Currents are the horizontal movement of water, like in a river. The currents kayakers
talk about are tidal currents. They are caused by water flowing to equalize the difference in
water height between one location and another due to the tides. (pg 176)
Q:What do the terms slack, flood, and ebb mean with regards to currents?
A: Slack is the period when the current slows and turns to the other direction. Flood is
when current is flowing inland from the sea. Ebb is when the current is flowing to the sea
from inland. (pg 177)
Q: How do waves and currents interact?
A: When waves (wind) flow against the direction of the current, the waves get rough and
unruly. The same stretch of water can settle down when the current changes and flows in
the same direction as the waves (wind). (pg 181)
6.2.4 Reading Water (and what to do about it)
Q: How can you tell which way the current is flowing?
A: Look for kelp bulbs floating on the surface with their other end still attached to the
bottom. The kelp head points downstream. You could also stop paddling and observe a
natural range to see which way you're drifting. (pg 173 & 187)
Q: How can you use a shoreline to help paddle against current?
A: Use the technique called eddy hopping. Eddies are counter currents that can form along
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the shoreline downstream of points or obstructions. Paddle as close as you can next to
shore to use the counter current. When you reach the point or obstruction that has caused
the eddy, you will need to momentarily enter the main current and paddle against it until
you reach the next eddy.
(pg 186-188)
Q: What is an eddyline?
A: An eddyline is an area of turbulent water where two opposing currents meet. Commonly
forming on the downstream side of points of land - along the edges of eddies. They may be
broad and diffused or a sharp shear line. (pg 181)
Q: What is a tide rip? Where are they likely to be found?
A: Tide rips are areas of closely spaced and sometimes breaking waves caused by a
change in speed or direction of the current. They can be found downstream of shoals,
downstream of narrow passages, off points, and along eddy lines. (pg 182)
Q: What paddling tactics can be used when dealing with tide rips?
A: Keep an eye out for rips so that you can change course in enough time to avoid them if
they seem significant. If you find yourself being pulled through a rip, head into it and keep
paddling. You are more stable when you are actively paddling as the paddle gives
additional support. (pg 183)
Q: What are the tactics for crossing current?
A: (1) “Ferrying” that is, adjusting your course upstream just enough to equal the
current's speed with the result that you actually travel straight across. (2) Paddling directly
across and accept that you will be set downstream some distance (this can be offset by
paddling upstream the same amount you think you will be set). (3) Wait for slack current.
(pg 183-186)
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7
Kayaking Essentials
Goal
Objectives
7.1
This session will present introductory level information about sea
kayaks, paddles, and basic safety gear required to participate in a
Mountaineers paddle.
From this session, students should be able to:
 know and understand - The Mountaineer Ten Essentials
 understand - Kayaker’s Additional “12” and the Kayaker’s
Highly Recommended
The Mountaineer Ten Essentials:
1. Map
(chart)
Having a map/chart and knowing how to use it are two different
things. We don't expect new paddlers to be proficient right away. Feel
free to ask the activity leader questions about the map, route or
symbols on the map/chart.(Paddlers may also choose to carry other
navigational tools such as a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver.
A GPS is not a valid replacement for a map/chart and/or compass.)
2. Compass
This is an essential tool for map/chart and field navigation. Read and
keep the instructions that come with the compass. Get a compass that
has declination adjustment or be prepared to subtract 22 from every
reading to account for the difference between true north and magnetic
north.(Paddlers may also choose to carry other navigational tools such
as a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver. A GPS is not a valid
replacement for a map/chart and/or compass.)
3. Flashlight
or headlamp
A waterproof headlamp rather than a flashlight works best and leaves
your hands free. You can wear it while paddling at night or when in
camp. Batteries and bulbs do not last forever, so carry spares of both
at all times.
4. Extra food
(1)
Have a lunch for day paddles, snack for throughout the paddle and
enough extra food to make you feel good if you had to stay out
overnight. Carry at least 2 liters of water, more on hot days.
5. Waterproof
matches
6. Extra
Clothes
Carry an extra fleece, pair of socks and gloves. A pair of dry tennis
shoes or sandals might be comfortable on the beach. The term “extra
clothes” refers to additional layers that would be needed to survive the
long, inactive hours of an unplanned bivouac.
7. Sunglasses
Sunglasses will protect your eyes from the harmful effects of
ultraviolet rays. This is particularly important on the water as the
reflective light doubles the effect. Wear polarized sunglasses to see
through the glare off the water.
8. First-aid
kit
Carry and know how to use a first-aid kit, but do not let a first- aid kit
give you a false sense of security. The basic use will be to stabilize a
situation, not do an operation, so it should be compact, waterproof and
sturdy. At a minimum, a first-aid kit should include gauze pads in
various sizes, roller gauze, small adhesive bandages, butterfly
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Everett Mountaineers Basic Sea Kayaking Student Manual – 2017
bandages, triangular bandages, battle dressing (or Carlisle bandage),
adhesive tape, scissors, cleansers or soap, latex gloves, and paper and
pencil. Consider the length of your trip and distance from additional
help when packing your kit.
9. Pocket
knife
You need your knife to do many jobs so consider versatility important
in making your selection. A multi tool knife seems to be a good
solution to carrying only one tool of this type.
10. Fire
starter
The easiest type of fire starter seems to be the solid or paste chemical
fuels which burn hot and light easy. A candle will work perhaps but not
if the rain keeps putting it out. If you need your emergency fire starter
you will want the most aggressive technique available. Try it at home
before the emergency.
(1) Student will not be allowed to paddle on a trip without this item.
7.2
Kayaker’s Additional ‘12’
In addition to ‘The Mountaineer Ten Essentials’, the following 12 items are required on all
trips:
1. Sea kayak with
flotation in both
ends (1, 2)
Flotation can be compartments separated from the cockpit by
bulkheads or bags specifically designed to provide the kayak
flotation. A sea sock should be used in boats without
bulkheads, but is not adequate flotation without float bags.
2. USCG approved
personal flotation
device (PFD) (1, 2)
Required by the Coast Guard, each paddler should wear a type
III PFD while paddling.
3. Paddle (1, 2)
4. Spray Skirt (1, 2)
A spray skirt is a waterproof cover designed to attach to the
coaming (cockpit rim) of the kayak and your body. The
purpose of the spray skirt is to keep paddle drips, rain and
large dumping waves out of your kayak. The skirt seals off the
cockpit and traps in warm air, making it very useful.
5. Bilge pump with
flotation (1, 2)
Usually this is a hand pump device; however there are some
foot operated pumps and even electric pumps for kayaks. A
bilge pump is an indispensable tool for a self-rescue after what
is commonly called a "wet exit". Once you get back in the boat,
use a bilge pump capable of 8 - 10 gallons per minute to
quickly empty the swamped boat.
6. Self-rescue
paddle float (1, 2)
A paddle float is a heavy duty PVC-coated nylon bag that,
when used in conjunction with a paddle functions as an
outrigger designed to stabilize your kayak. A paddle float
consists of a mouthpiece for inflation, a pocket for inserting
one end of a paddle, and a web strap to secure the float to the
paddle shaft. While it is possible to re-enter without the use of
flotation aids, a paddle float is key to quickly getting back in
the boat. Paddle floats can also be found in nylon covered foam
eliminating the need to inflate but are more bulky.
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7. Signaling device
(audio) (1)
Whistle preferred; make sure yours is a marine whistle. Land
whistles often won’t work if they get wet.
8. Sunscreen
Waterproof with SPF of at least 25.Don't forget lips as well.
9. toilet paper and
plastic bag
10. neck strap for
eye/sun glasses
11. basic repair kit
Duct tape.
12. waterproof bag
for extra clothing
(1)
(1) Student will not be allowed to paddle on a trip without this item.
(2) Items provided with rental.
7.3
Kayaker’s Highly Recommended
The following items are recommended for all trips and may be required for some:
1. Spare paddle
2. Rescue sling
3. Emergency
signaling device
flares, smoke, dye, mirror, strobe, etc.
4. Chemical light
sticks
Chemical light sticks are about $3 and have a shelf life of
about two years
5. Waterproof chart
case
Kayaking shops sell these for about $30. Many kayakers use a
large zip-lock plastic bag. Check Seattle Sports seconds sale.
6. Waterproof wrist
watch
7. Wet suit or dry
suit (required on
some trips; strongly
suggested on all
trips) (1, 2)
8. Waterproof jacket
Jackets made specifically for paddling can be purchased from
kayak shops ranging in price from $100 to $350. (coated nylon
to Gore-Tex) A plastic or nylon raincoat will work, preferably
one with a tight wrist. Don’t forget a rain hat.
9. Hat with visor
Any hat with a wide brim preferably with neck protection for
sunny days. Add a strap to keep it on your head in the wind.
On a cold day a close fitting neoprene skull cap or lightweight
polypro cap worn under your hat will help keep you warmer.
The neoprene cap is good to wear while practicing wet exits
and rescues.
10.Pogies or gloves
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11.Emergency
Shelter
Space blanket, tarp or tent
12.Towing system
Kayak shops sell tow ropes which are very good and cost
approximately $70. A less expensive tow-rope can be made
with a 50 foot length of 3/32 to ¼ inch thick polypropylene
rope and two plastic, brass or stainless steel snap hooks.
Secure a snap hook to each end of the rope by splicing eyes
into the ends of the rope. Coil the rope neatly so it won’t
become tangled.
13.VHF radio
14.Weather radio
15.Advance repair
kit
2 rolls of duct tape, pliers, screwdriver (Phillips and spade) and
knife or “Leatherman type” tool – Use a plastic peanut butter
jar to carry a few items just-in-case, add some stainless steel
nut and bolts (1 x ¼ in bolt)for possible rudder cable repair,
plastic zip ties, etc., wrap the duct tape around the outside of
the jar to save space.
16.Deck bag
Used to store miscellaneous gear need while paddling
17.Paddle tether
Paddle tethers may be purchased from a kayak shop for $5 $25.When used, one end of the tether will be clipped to the
loop you lashed to your paddle and the other end will be
clipped to a deck line on the kayak.
18.Flares
Marine store or kayak shop. These will expire in 1 to 2 years so
need refreshing. Check Coast Guard recommendations and
make sure the ones you purchase are suitable for hand held
use. About $30 for 3.
(1) Student will not be allowed to paddle on a trip without this item.
(2) Items provided with rental.
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8
Basic Kayaking Equipment
Goal
Objectives
8.1
This session will discuss boats, paddles and overall safety. The
equipment focus for this session is: kayaks, paddles, Personal
Floatation Devices (PFD’s), spray skirt, paddle float and bilge pump.
From this session, students should be able to:
Identify the features of a sea kayak and explain their usage.
Describe the characteristics of a kayak paddle.
Be familiar with the different PFD types and identify which are
appropriate for sea kayaking.
Describe the features and purpose of a spray skirt.
Describe the purpose of a self-rescue paddle float.
Describe the purpose of a bilge pump.
Types of Kayaks
Sea kayak: length typically range from 15’ to 23’, enclosed cockpit, floatation, uses a
spray skirt to seal the enclosure; generally has some storage capacity. This is the only
type of kayak suitable for Mountaineering sea kayak trips. Sea kayaks are made from a
variety of materials: wood, plastic, fiberglass, skin-on-frame; each has distinct advantages
and disadvantages.
River kayak: usually 6’ to 10’ in length, enclosed and characterized by a blunt bowand
durable material for withstanding impacts on river rocks; little or no storage capacity.
Sit-on-top: As implied, no enclosure, paddler is on top of the kayak; sometimes called
self-bailing; minimal storage, and higher center-of-gravity giving a “tippy” sensation.
Inflatable: Kayak whose hull is comprised of inflatable tubes for floatation, usually very
sturdy, but with minimal speed capability.
8.1.1 Characteristics of a Kayak
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Rudder: Found on North American style sea& day touring kayaks, a flat blade that can be
raised and lowered (at the stern) to provide paddlers the ability to control direction (steer)
using their feet via cables attached to sliding or pivoting foot pedals. Used for improved
tracking especially in windy conditions. Not found on all kayaks.
Retractable Skeg: (not shown) Found on British or Greenland style sea kayaks, the skeg
is a flat blade deployed from the hull that can be lowered down or raised up or stopped
anywhere in between using a hand controlled lever, dial, or external deck cord. Used for
improved tracking especially in windy conditions. Not found on all kayaks.
Drop Skeg: (not shown) Found on some multi-purpose day touring & recreational kayaks
as a tracking aid, it can only be dropped completely down or raised out of the water
completely by an external deck cord.
Rudder Support: A bracket on the stern deck, which the rudder sits in when not
engaged. It provides the paddler with solid bracing as it prevents the foot pedals from
moving. A rudder support also provides a safe lock down position when transporting a
kayak.
Rudder Cord: Enables the paddler to easily raise or lower their rudder system by hand as
desired, using an internal or external cord.
Drain Plug: Some day & recreational kayaks provide a drain plug to conveniently relieve
water.
Backband: Sea kayaks tend to have a multi-adjustable low-slung backband while
recreational models tend to have a higher backed seat, which may or may not be
adjustable.
Cockpit: The designated area the paddler sits in to best control their kayak. sea kayaks
tend to have a small opening allowing better bracing and control while, recreational kayaks
have larger openings for easy entry & exit.
Seat: The seat should be firmly adjusted and fit snugly but not tight. Back support is
essential for a comfortable trip. Make sure all seat adjustments are performed before
launch.
Bungee shock Cords (bow): Perfect to store a map, water bottle or attach a low-slung
deck bag to house small pack items in an easily accessible area.
Bungee Cords (stern): Most sea kayaks provide a bungee system in the shape of an X
providing paddlers the ability to perform self-rescues.
Footbraces: Foot braces are usually pegs upon which the paddler places their feet to
provide bracing for forward strokes and paddle braces. North American style kayaks
(rudders) use a sliding or pivoting footbrace system, which controls the rudder. Moving
foot pegs make bracing more challenging. British style kayaks (skegs) provide a fixed footpeddle system for solid bracing.
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Hatches & Storage Compartments: North American style kayaks commonly use
composite hatch covers with neoprene liners or rubber gaskets while, British style kayaks
tend to use oval or rounded rubber hatch covers providing convenient virtual watertight
storage and safety through buoyant airtight chambers. While designed to keep the
majority of water out of the storage area, some seepage may occur and gear may get
damp so pack accordingly. Also, always double check your hatch cover before launch.
Loose hatches have been responsible for partial sinking of kayaks during crossings.
Bulkheads: (not shown) A vertical wall to separate the kayaks storage area from the
cockpit area. They prevent the flooding of the bow and stern when the cockpit has taken
on water after a capsize, keeping the kayak buoyant.
Bow: Refers to the kayaks front end.
Stern: Refers to the kayaks back end.
Length & width: Lengths and widths vary; usually longer tracks better; shorter is more
maneuverable, but much depends on hull design. Narrower is usually more tippy but
speedier and maneuverable, while wider is more stable but less maneuverable. However
these are generalities and each boat is different.
Grab Handles: Secure handholds to move a kayak. These must be inspected periodically
to assure they will support the weight of the kayak.
Kayak Cockpit Coaming or Rim: Refers to the raised piece around the edge of the
cockpit; to prevent water on deck from running below. The lip shape of the coaming
provides a place to attach the spray skirt to keep the cockpit area dry.
Cleat: Most North American style kayaks offer a starboard side cleat to lock the rudder in
a down position for safe transportation.
Hip Pads: Help eliminate sideways movement for paddlers which provides them with more
refined kayak control.
Thigh Braces: Enable paddlers to lock the inside of their knees under the forward cockpit
area which allows them to “become one” with their kayak for better boat control through
body weight transfer.
Perimeter Lifelines: Enhance paddler safety as bow & stern lifelines. Enable paddlers the
ability to grab the kayak from an “in water” position.
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8.2
Characteristics of a Sea Kayak Paddle
A Woman’s Guide to Sea Kayaking, Shelley Johnson, © 1998
The Complete Book of Sea Kayaking, Derek Hutchinson, © 1994
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8.3
PFD Basics
8.3.1 How Many PFDs Do I Need?
You must have at least one, U.S. Coast Guard approved, wearable PFD for each person
onboard, and it must be the appropriate size. If your boat is 16 feet or longer (generally
excluding canoes and kayaks but check your state's regulations) you must also have one
throwable device (Type IV PFD).
8.3.2 What kind of PFD do I need?
PFDs are categorized by Type, i.e. Type I, II, III, IV or V. Types I, II and III are commonly
worn by recreational boaters, while Type IVs are throwable devices such as life rings and
buoyant cushions. Type Vs are for special uses, as will be discussed later.
When considering a Type I, II or III - remember that, generally, the lower the number the
better the performance. (A Type I is better than a Type II.)
Types I, II or III may be inherently buoyant, that is, they will float without action by the
wearer, or they may be inflatable (oral and manual inflation at a minimum), or a
combination of both (hybrid). Currently, all USCG approved inflatable PFDs are Type IIIs
with manual inflation.
Select a PFD based upon your planned activities and the water conditions you expect to
encounter.
Type
Style
Notes
Use
Advantages
Disadvantages
Best for open, rough
or remote water,
where rescue may be
slow-coming.
Floats you the best
Turns most unconscious
wearers face-up in water
Highly visible color
Bulky
Type I
Offshore Life Jacket
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Type
Style
Notes
Use
Advantages
Disadvantages
Good for calm or
inland water, or
where there is a good
chance of fast rescue.
Turns some unconscious
wearers face up in the water
Less bulky, more comfortable
than Type I
Not for long hours in rough
water
Will not turn some
unconscious wearers face-up
Type
Style
Notes
Use
Advantages
Disadvantages
Good for conscious
users in inland water
and where there is
good chance of fast
rescue.
Generally the most comfortable
type for continuous wear
Designed for general boating or
the activity that is marked on
the device
Available in many styles,
including vests and flotation
coats
Wearer may have to tilt head
back to avoid going face down
Not for extended survival in
rough water; a wearer’s face
may often be covered by
waves
All wearers need to try it in
water prior to going boating
Type II
Near-shore Buoyant
Vest
Type III Flotation Aid
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Type
Style
Notes
Kinds: Cushions, rings and
horseshow buoys. Hold to
chest and put arms through
opposite straps.
Type IV
Throwable Device
Use
Type
Advantages
Disadvantages
Can be thrown to someone.
Are good backup to wearable
PFDs.
Not for unconscious person,
non-swimmers or children.
Not for many hours in rough
water.
Style
Notes
Performance: Equal to either
Type I, II, or II performance
as noted on the label.
Type V
Special Use Device
Use
Advantages
Disadvantages
More convenient or useful for
specific activities.
Continuous wear prevents
being caught without
protection. Most accidents
happen suddenly and
unexpectedly.
Less safe than other Types if
not used according to label
conditions.
May be better suited to cool
climates or seasons.
Some Type Vs are approved
only when worn. If marked
this way, they are required to
be worn to counted as a
regulation PFD.
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9
Sea Kayaking Trip Rating Scale
Sea Kayaking Trip Rating Scale
Category
SK-I
SK-II
In areas
protected
from waves
in case of
wind.
Fetch less
than 10
nautical
miles (nm).
Crossings
less than O.5
nm except in
very
protected
areas.
Geography
(Fetch is the
unobstructed
distance
over which
wind can
build
waves.)
Hydraulics
Route
Acceptable
Conditions
Required
Skills and
Experience.
(Note that
the required
skills are
cumulative
across this
row).
SK-III
SK-IV
SK-V
SK-VI
Crossings up
to 2 nm;
fetch longer
than 10 nm.
Crossings up
to 5 nautical
miles.
Crossings
more than 5
nm, but less
than 3 hours
at the speed
listed for the
trip.
Trips
combining
long fetch
with difficult
or
impossible
landing for
most of a
day.
Currents may
be faster than
the group can
paddle
against.
Exposure to
hazards at
other levels
taken to
extremes.
Insignificant
currents.
Maximum
predicted
current up to
one knot
(kt).
Maximum
predicted
current up to
two kt.
Currents
may be
greater than
2 kt, but less
than the
slowest
paddler's top
speed.
Day trips
near shore.
Either the
route is
protected or
has easy
escape
routes.
May involve
crossing
eddy lines
and tide rips.
May cross
strong eddy
lines, tide
rips, and
upwellings.
May include
launching and
landing in
surf.
Exposure to
hazards at
other levels
taken to
extremes.
Generally try
to avoid
choppy
water and
wind above
10 knots.
Generally
will not go in
whitecaps
but be
prepared for
paddling in
waves large
enough to
wash over
the deck,
and be
comfortable
in winds of
at least 10
knots.
May include
steep waves
and swells.
Be
comfortable
paddling in
15 knot
winds.
For groups
prepared to
set out in
rough
weather,
whitecaps
and fast
currents.
May only be
negotiable
with
favorable
conditions.
Kayak
rescues may
not be
possible.
Conditions
may require
bracing
skills.
Previous
assisted and
self-rescue
practice.
Conditions
may require
anticipatory
leaning,
reflexive
bracing,
using the
paddle to
stern rudder,
and the
ability to
read moving
water.
Familiarity
with charts
and
Trip members
must have
tested their
skill in rough
conditions,
know their
limits, and be
self-reliant in
the event of
separation
from the
group.
Eskimo roll
highly
recommended
or required.
Extensive
experience
including
kayak
surfing and
rolling are
required.
Calm
Previous trip
experience
for trips
longer than 5
nautical
miles.
Must have
practiced
assisted sea
kayak rescue
techniques.
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navigation is
required.
Plus or minus signs can be used to further differentiate the levels. For example, a minus
sign could be used for a trip that technically fits a given level but is on the easy side of that
level. An asterisk designates training trips open to paddlers new to that level. The distance
to be paddled and the expected paddling speed should be listed but do not affect trip level.
Due to the extra risk, the following factors increase the trip ratings ½ level:
 Water temperatures less than 55F, unless participants bring wetsuits or dry suits to
wear.
 A slightly faster current or longer crossings when all other conditions meet the
criteria of a stated level.
 Overnight or longer trips, unless an alternative (such as hiking out or being picked
up by a support boat) is available.
 Trips planned for time of year when weather is at its worst and/or at least
predictable.
 Reduced visibility, i.e. night trips
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10 Exercise and Body Conditioning
Like any sport, kayaking is enjoyed more if your body is somewhat prepared for the
activity to which you are about to subject it. This does not mean that you must become a
body builder, but it will help you if you do some moderate exercise regularly and stretch
before beginning an on the water session. Paddling is more than just using your arms to
power your way through the water. Kayaking is a total body sport which involves
transferring power from the ball of your foot and knees through your torso, shoulder and
hands to the paddle. Some of the following tips will help you realize where you should
concentrate your attention.
Wrist, forearms and elbows are susceptible to tendon inflammation and carpal-tunnel
problems. Be sure to hold your paddle with a light grip.
Rounding of the back or not sitting straight can lead to shoulder fatigue or injury and neck
pain. Relax your shoulder while using the torso rotation to do the work of pulling your boat
through the water. Avoid raising your hand above your shoulder level to prevent shoulder
injury.
Torso, buttocks and hip muscles benefit from stretching in order to meet the inherent
balance challenges of kayaking. Your feet and legs provide a stable connection to the boat.
Hips are used for control of hull position as well as for maintaining slight forward flexion of
the torso during the stroke. Hamstring stretches help you more easily hold the necessary
leg and spine positions that facilitate good kayaking technique and comfort.
Before starting any stretching exercises it is best to do a short warm-up. A few jumping
jacks or a bit of arm paddling in the air will warm your muscles so they stretch more
easily. Once on the water a 5 to 10 minute easy paddle warm up will help prevent muscle
strain or cramping.
The following information on stretching is used by permission of Nigel Foster from his book
Surf Kayaking, 1998. Nigel has been sea kayaking more than 30 years. He is recognized
internationally. He holds the highest level of British Canoe Union Coach award in sea
kayaking and surf kayaking.
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11 Herding Cats (a.k.a. Followership)
Thoughts on Followership
Gary Knudson
The following explores the why's and where fore’s of group participation by examining the
nature of group activity, motivations for group participation and some practical guidelines.
The Why's of Groups?
The Mountaineers, like other outdoor organizations, emphasize group activities as the
preferred form of activity and adventure. For many activities, Sea Kayaking included,
demonstrated competence at a certain skill level is required before members can
participate.
For expeditions as well as day trips, the group format has much to recommend it.
Foremost is safety, since solo wilderness travel in extreme or changeable conditions is
never condoned. Simply put, the group is a ready-made rescue party at the service of any
member in need.
Second, the collective knowledge and wisdom of the group is greater than that of most
individuals, permitting an easy introduction to new routes, locales and ways in which to
apply or build our skills.
Finally, we recreate in groups for camaraderie; for the sheer fun of adventuring with our
friends.
The group approach to wilderness activities is based on logic and common sense, but we
believe we actually travel in groups out of enlightened self-interest. It is simply the
easiest, safest and most enjoyable means to partake of and expand our scope of
wilderness adventure. The group can afford us power, knowledge and support not available
to the solo enthusiast.
Who Is a Group?
In the commercial world, an outfitter-led group can be any collection of souls, with any,
little or no knowledge or competence in their selected activity. Their only common bond
may be the fact that they are in the same place, with similar interests. The only guiding
principle is to do as they are told. They will literally be taken on their trip.
In the Mountaineers, a trip or outing is composed of peers. We share not only
membership, but a commonly-held competency and commitment to safe and responsible
outdoor travel. Our leader and co-leader are not guides or caretakers; rather, they are
fellow paddlers appointed by their peers to coordinate the activities of the group for a
particular activity. They are trained and evaluated in certain skills in group management,
but they are not equipped or authorized to impart or supplant for any participant the
knowledge or skill necessary to engage in the activity.
For any volunteer organization, effective leadership is not possible without the cooperation
of informed and responsible participants. This informed participation in group activities we
call followership.
The How's of Group Activity
Good followership is motivated foremost by concern for our own safety; it is evidenced by
behavior which enhances the safety and integrity of the entire group. Some points:
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Everett Mountaineers Basic Sea Kayaking Student Manual – 2017









Arrive promptly at the put-in. Delays to the group due to your tardiness will cause
tension and unnecessary urgency, particularly if the trip is planned around tides and
or currents. If late, be prepared to be left behind.
Come prepared with equipment in good working order. Advice and assistance are
available before the trip, not on the beach. Whether your equipment is owned,
borrowed or rented, you are responsible for the fitness and appropriateness of the
equipment you bring, as though it were your own.
Be aware of your own interests, motivations and limitations relative to your trip.
Discuss them in advance with the leader. Don't assume his or her definitions or
goals for the trip will match your own. Trip classifications are broad and address
many variables; be sure you understand what's involved in your trip.
Listen to the weather immediately before the trip. The leader will keep the group
updated, but be prepared to proactively protect your own limits or to clarify the
leader's intentions in the face of new or changing conditions.
Stay within hailing distance of fellow paddlers. In case of a mishap, you will need to
summon help for yourself or provide assistance in rendering aid to another paddler.
Rescues and assistance will be carried out by group members under the direction of
the leader or co- leader. It is your responsibility to be available to render
assistance.
Stay aware of the position of all other group members.
Do not break out of the group for exploration, equipment adjustment, etc., without
approval of the leader and a fixed time and place for rendezvous.
Within any skill rating, a group will contain paddlers of varying skill levels and
paddling speeds. Do not contribute to disorder by using your own faster paddling
rate to "string-out" the group.
Worsening conditions will exaggerate the differences among members of the group.
When the wind and seas build, focus on the "shape" and cohesiveness of the group;
fight the "everyone for himself" instinct. Be available to help or to be helped.
The above behaviors, motivated by personal and group safety, can directly contribute to
the realization of the other benefits of group travel: expanded personal skill and knowledge
(through proximity of information and support), and the sheer joy of being out there
together.
Failure to practice the above behaviors carries a price. Inappropriate equipment or actions
on your part may result in the inability of the group to render timely assistance or even
save your life.
Final Thoughts
If taken as just another set of rules, the foregoing will likely not be heeded or remembered
with much concern. However, keep in mind why you paddle, why you paddle with the
Mountaineers, and what you want out of it. We think you'll see that each of the ideas
above works directly for your benefit through added safety and access to information and
support on the water.
And, just in case you feel that group travel is a local or club phenomenon, keep in mind
that in Britain, home of some of the most skilled paddlers in the world, the guiding precept
is that, "less than three shall never be." In New Zealand, with ocean, island and sheltered
paddling much like our own, it is against the law for outfitters to hire out kayaking gear to
solo paddlers.
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Everett Mountaineers Basic Sea Kayaking Student Manual – 2017
12 What’s Next



Fill out student evaluations
Discuss how to rent a kayak and how to transport the kayak from the rental outlet
to the trip departure point.
Discuss the 2 student paddles
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Everett Mountaineers Basic Sea Kayaking Student Manual – 2017
13 Resources
13.1 Local Suppliers
See the Mountaineers Sea Kayaking web site for the most up-to-date information
Captain’s Nautical
Supply
2500 15th Avenue West, Seattle, WA 98119
206-283-7242 or 800-448-2278
Charts, compasses, binoculars, navigation aids and books
www.captainsnautical.com
Center for
Wooden Boats
Two locations:
1) 1010 Valley Street, Seattle, WA 98109
Ph: 206-382-2628
2) Cama Beach State Park, 1880 SW Camano Drive, Camano
Island, WA 98282
Ph: 360 3879361
Workshops in boatbuilding, knots & navigation, special events
and volunteer opportunities
www.captainsnautical.com
Easy Rider Boat
Company
15666 West Valley Highway, Tukwila, WA 98188
Ph: 425-228-3633
Kayaks, accessories
www.easyriderkayaks.com
Exotic Aquatics
(1, 2, 3, 4)
146 Winslow Way West, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110
Ph: 866-842-1980
Kayak gear, instruction, trips, rentals; located on the water
www.exoticaquaticsscuba.com
Folding Kayak
Adventures
Ph: 206-522-8249 or 970-375-1479
Feathercraft folding kayaks, sales; Call for information
www.foldingkayak.com
Hennessy
Hammock
637Southwind Road, Galliano Island, BC V0N 1P0
Ph: 888-539-2930
Hammocks
www.hennessyhammock.com
Kayak Academy
(1, 2, 3, 4)
11801 188th Avenue SE, Issaquah, WA, 98027
Ph: 206-527-1825 or 866-306-1825
Classes & gear, new & used rental
www.kayakacademy.com
Kayak Fit
6290 Ershig Road, Bow, WA 98232
Ph: 360-766-8720
Kayak customizing materials, dry suit replacement gaskets and
other kayak hints
www.kayakfit.com
Lopez Island
Kayaks (3)
2845 Fisherman Bay Road, Lopez Island, WA 98250
Ph: 360-468-2847
Kayak rental and trips
www.lopezkayaks.com
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Everett Mountaineers Basic Sea Kayaking Student Manual – 2017
Metsker Maps
Two locations:
1) Seattle
1511 First Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101
Ph: 206-623-8747 or 800-727-4430
2) Alderwood Mall
3000 184th St SW, 948
Lynnwood, WA 98037
Ph: 425.673.8165
maps, charts, guidebooks
www.metskers.com
Moss Bay Rowing
and Kayak Center
(3, 4)
1001 Fairview Avenue N, #1900, Seattle, WA 98109
Ph: 206-682-2031
Rentals, lessons, demos
Note: If you are renting for weekend, you may pick up on Friday
and return Monday morning at no additional charge.
www.mossbay.net
Northwest
Outdoor Center
(NWOC) (1, 3)
2100 Westlake Avenue N, Suite 1, Seattle, WA 98109
Ph: 206-281-9694 or 800-683-0637
Kayaks, gear, rentals, classes, tours. You must have approved
kayak rack or rent one for $50
Note: You may pick up boat Friday evening for one-day rental
and bring back Sunday morning before 9 a.m. for no additional
charge.
www.nwoc.com
Pygmy Boats
355 Hudson Street, Port Townsend, WA 98368
Ph: 360-385-6143
Wooden kayak kits and supplies, no rentals
www.pygmyboats.com
Rack N Road
Truck and Vehicle
Outfitters
multiple locations
Ph: 800-722-5872
Bellevue – 425-223-4077
Seattle – 206-734-3295
Kayak racks and supplies
www.racknroad.com
Rainy Pass Repair,
Inc.
4415 Stone Way North, Seattle, WA 98103
Ph: 888-747-7867 or 206-523-8135
Outdoor equipment and clothing repair
www.rainypass.com
Redfish Custom
Kayak & Canoe
Company
153 Otto Street, Suite G, Port Townsend, WA 98368
Ph: 360-808-5488 or 360-379-1131
Specialists in designing and building wood sea kayaks, canoes,
and cedar-strip wood kayak kits.
www.redfishkayak.com
REI (Recreation
Equipment Inc.)
multiple locations
Kayaks, gear, clothing, books, racks, classes; repair of clothing,
tents& sleeping bags
www.rei.com
Seattle Fabrics
8702 Aurora Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98103
Ph: 206-525-0670
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Everett Mountaineers Basic Sea Kayaking Student Manual – 2017
Outdoor fabrics, including Gore-Tex, neoprene & dry bag
materials, webbing, cording, patterns & fasteners
www.seattlefabrics.com
Seattle Sports
3217 W Smith Street, #1, Seattle, WA 98188
Ph: 206-782-0773 or 800-632-6163
Custom Manufacturing Dry bags, fleece, waterproof coolers and
factory outlet sale
www.seattlesportsco.com
Shearwater
Kayaks
PO Box 787, Eastsound, WA 98245 (Orcas Island)
Ph: 360-376-4694
Kayak sales, new and used kayaks, tours, gear
www.shearwaterkayaks.com
To the Back of
Beyond
195 Winslow Way, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110
Ph: 206-842-9229
Kayak equipment
www.tothebackofbeyond.com
Vashon Island
Kayaks
see Puget Sound Kayak
West Marine
multiple locations
Marine supplies, radios, GPS, charts, books
www.westmarine.com
13.2 Catalogs
Camp mor
Cascade Outfitters
Crazy Creek
Kokatat
Nantahala
Outdoor Center
NRS (Northwest
River Supply)
Piragis
Northwoods
Company
Sierra Trading
Post
Ph: 800-525-4784
Camping equipment and clothing
www.campmor.com
Ph: 800-223-7238 to order catalog
Camping gear, paddling clothes, dry bags
www.cascadeoutfitters.com
Ph: 800-331-0304
Chairs, hand warmers
www.crazycreek.com
Ph: 800-225-9749
Dry suit, dry jacket, PFD, paddling clothes and accessory.
www.kokatat.com
Ph: 800-232-7238
Adventure travel
www.noc.com
Ph: 877-677-4327
Paddle sports equipment, gear swap. Good source for larger
paddlers wet suits.
www.nrsweb.com
Ph: 800-223-6565
Source for Chota boots and other useful items
www.piragis.com
Ph: 800-713-4534
Discount clothing and gear, binoculars, tents, wetsuits
www.sierratradingpost.com
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Everett Mountaineers Basic Sea Kayaking Student Manual – 2017
13.3 Magazines
Adventure Kayak
Canoe & Kayak
Magazine
Ph: 613-758-2042
Palmer Rapids, ON
www.rapidmedia.com
Ph: 800-829-3340
www.canoekayak.com
13.4 Books about Kayaking
Each book on this list has valuable information. Most of them are geared to the Northwest.
Several of these books were used as resources for the information in this manual.
13.4.1 Books for the new paddler
Afoot & Afloat Series, by Marge Mueller and Ted Mueller
Boating and hiking information on North, Middle & South Puget Sound; Seattle’s Lakes
Bays and Waterways; San Juan Islands; British Columbia’s Gulf Islands
Canoeing: A Beginner's Guide to the Kayak, by Nigel Foster
Chart No. 1: Nautical Chart Symbols Abbreviations and Terms, by National Imagery and
Mapping Agency
Nigel Foster's Sea Kayaking, 2nd Edition by Nigel Foster
Sea Kayaker's Deep Trouble: True Stories and Their Lessons from Sea Kayaker
Magazine, by Matt Broze and George Gronseth
Sea Kayaker's Savvy Paddler: More than 500 Tips for Better Kayaking, by Doug Alderson
Sea Kayaking: A Woman's Guide, by Shelley Johnson
The Coastal Kayaker's Manual: The Complete Guide to Skills, Gear, and Sea Sense, 3rd
Edition by Randel Washburne
Watertrail: The Hidden Path Through Puget Sound, by Joel W. Rogers
13.4.2 Skill improvement
Knots for Paddlers: The American Canoe Association's Knots for Paddlers (Nuts 'n' Bolts
Guide) by Charlie Walbridge
Nigel Foster's Surf Kayaking: by Nigel Foster
Sea Kayak Rescue: The Definitive Guide to Modern Reentry and Recovery Techniques
(How to Paddle Series), 2nd Edition by Roger Schumann and Jan Shriner
The Bombproof Roll and Beyond, by Paul Dutkey
The Complete Book of Sea Kayaking, 5th Edition by Derek C. Hutchinson
The Essential Sea Kayaker: A Complete Guide for the Open Water Paddler, 2nd Edition
by David Seidman
Touring in Your Sea Kayak: The Nuts 'N' Bolts Guide, by Linda Legg
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13.4.3 Navigation
Emergency Navigation: Pathfinding Techniques for the Inquisitive and Prudent Mariner,
by David Burch
Fundamentals of Kayak Navigation, 3rd Edition by David Burch
GPS Made Easy: Using Global Positioning Systems in the Outdoors, by Lawrence Letham
International Marine's Weather Predicting Simplified: How to Read Weather Charts and
Satellite Images, by Michael Carr
Northwest Marine Weather: From Columbia to Cape Scott, by Jeff Renner
Sea Kayak Navigation, by Franco Ferrero
13.4.4 Trips: Places to Go
Canoe and Kayak Routes of Northwest Oregon, by Philip N. Jones
Island Paddling: A Paddlers Guide to the Gulf Islands and Barkley Sound, by Mary Ann
Snowden
Kayak Routes of the Pacific Northwest Coast: From Northern Oregon to British
Columbia's NorthCoast, by John Dowd and Peter McGee
Paddle Routes of the Inland Northwest: 50 Flatwater and Whitewater Trips for Canoe &
Kayak, by Rich Landers and Dan Hansen
Paddle Routes of Western Washington: 50 Flatwater Trips for Canoe and Kayak, by
Verne Huser
Paddling the Sunshine Coast, by Dorothy Drope and Bodhi Drope
Sea Kayakers Guide To South Puget Sound, by Ken Campbell
Shades of Gray: Sea kayaking in western Washington, by Ken Campbell
13.4.5 Touring and Camping
Complete Sea Kayak Touring, by Jonathan Hanson
Kayak Camping, by David Harrison
Kayak Cookery: A Handbook of Provisions and Recipes, by Linda Daniel
Kayak Touring & Camping, by Cecil Kuhne
13.4.6 Other Information
Baidarka: The Kayak, by George B. Dyson
Complete Folding Kayaker, 2nd Edition by Ralph Diaz
Conditioning for Outdoor Fitness, by David Musnick and Mark Pierce
How to Think Like a Survivor: A Guide for Wilderness Emergencies, by Tom Watson
Marine Wildlife: From Puget Sound Through the Inside Passage, by Steve Yates
Spirited Waters: Soloing South Through the Inside Passage, by Jennifer Hahn
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Everett Mountaineers Basic Sea Kayaking Student Manual – 2017
The Aleutian Kayak: Origins, Construction, and Use of the Traditional Seagoing Baidarka,
by Wolfgang Brinck
The Optimum Kayak: How to Choose, Maintain, Repair and Customize the Right Boat for
You, by Andy Knapp
The Whale-Watcher's Handbook: A Field Guide to the Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises of
North America, by David K. Bulloch and Judy Morgan
Take advantage of your Mountaineer membership by enjoying a members discount in our
bookstore.
13.5 Handy Web Sites
Alaska Marine Highway: www.akmhs.com
BC Ferries: www.bcferries.com
Leave No Trace: www.lnt.org
National Weather Service Forecast Office, Seattle, WA: www.wrh.noaa.gov/sew
The Whale Museum: www.whalemuseum.org
U.S. Coast Guard Office of Boating Safety: www.uscgboating.org
Washington State Ferries: www.wsdot.wa.gov/ferries
Washington State Parks: www.parks.wa.gov
Washington Water Trails: www.wwta.org
These are websites have been found useful or interesting. Some have links to various
manufacturers, clubs or services.
13.6 Upcoming Events
May 12-13, 2017
Northwest Paddling Festival
Lake Sammamish State Park (9 – 5)
Festival Information
www.northwestpaddlingfestival.com
July 21-23, 2017
Everett Mountaineers Sea Kayaking
Annual Camp/Paddle Trip
Baker Lake Horseshoe Cove FS Campground
Horseshoe Cove Campground
Early October, 2017
Paddler Development Weekend
Cornet Bay Environmental Learning Center
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14 Glossary of Basic Terms
A
aft
Toward the rear or back of a vessel.
aground
Touching or fast to the bottom.
aids to
navigation
(AtoN)
A navigational aid or Navaid is any sort of marker which aids the
traveler in navigation; the term is most commonly used to refer to
nautical or aviation travel. Common types of such aids include
lighthouses, buoys, fog signals, and day beacons.
anchorage
The portion of a harbor or area outside a harbor suitable for
anchoring or in which ships are permitted to anchor. Usually these
areas are marked on navigation charts.
assisted
rescue
This is when a capsized paddler is assisted with reentering their kayak
by another paddler. There are many different techniques such as "t”
rescue, Hand of god, bow rescue and side rescue.
B
ballast
Extra weight carried low in the kayak to aid stability.
batten down
To tie down loose objects in cockpit and on deck, to ensure all
hatches are secure.
beacon
A lighted or unlighted fixed aid to navigation attached directly to the
earth's surface. (Lights and day beacons both constitute "beacons.")
beam
The width of the boat often expressed as the maximum width.
bearing
The direction of an object expressed either as a true or magnetic
bearing using a chart, or as a bearing relative to the heading of the
boat.
beaufort scale
A scale for measuring wind based on observed sea conditions.
bent shaft
Paddle with a shaft that is bent, ergonomically designed to align
wrists and reduce strain.
bight
Any curved section, slack part or loop between the ends of a line
(rope). A shallow bay.
bilge
Lowest point inside the kayak interior, where water collects.
bilge pump
Pump used to remove water from bilge inside kayak cockpit.
blade
Broad part of the paddle that is submerged into the water.
boat
A fairly indefinite term. A waterborne vehicle smaller than a ship. One
definition is a small craft carried aboard a ship.
bow
The forward part of a boat.
bow line
A docking line leading from the bow.
bowline knot
A knot used to form a non-slipping loop in the end of a line.
bracing
A supportive paddle technique where the flat surface of the paddle
blade is placed against surface of the water to form a brace. High or
low brace.
broaching
The turning of the kayak broadside in to wind and waves.
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Everett Mountaineers Basic Sea Kayaking Student Manual – 2017
broadside
The side of the kayak.
bulkhead
A vertical partition inside the kayak separating compartments. It
prevents flooding of the bow and stern when the cockpit has taken on
water after a capsize, keeping the Kayak buoyant.
buoy
An anchored float used for marking a position in the water such as a
navigation channel, a hazard or a shoal, and also for mooring.
C
capsize
To lose stability and turn or flip kayak over into an inverted position.
cast off
To let go of mooring or docking.
channel
1. That part of a body of water deep enough for navigation through
an area otherwise not suitable. It is usually marked by a single or
double line of buoys and sometimes by range markers.
2. The deepest part of a stream, bay, or strait, through which the
main current flows.
3. A name given to a large strait, for example, the English Channel.
chart
A nautical map for use by navigators.
chine
A chine is a relatively sharp angle in the hull, as compared to the
rounded bottoms of most traditional boat hulls. The term hard chine
indicates an angle with little rounding, where a soft chine would be
more rounded, but still involve the meeting of distinct planes.
clapotis
Sea condition when two waves from opposite directions collide, this
happens when reflected waves say from a sea wall hit incoming
waves, the result is chaotic and unstable water.
coaming
Raised piece around the edge of the cockpit and hatch; to prevent
water on deck from running below.
cockpit
An opening in the deck from which the boat is handled.
cockpit cover
Waterproof covering placed over kayak cockpit when not in use, to
keep cockpit dry and clean.
compass
Navigation instrument, either magnetic (showing magnetic north) or
gyro(showing true north).
compass rose
The resulting figure when the complete 360° directional system is
developed as a circle with each degree graduated upon it, and with
the 000° indicated as True North. True North is also known as true
rose. This is printed on nautical charts for determining direction.
current
A continuous, directed movement of water generated by a number of
factors underwater topography, wind, tides, water properties (such as
temperature and salinity), and the rotation of the earth.
D
daybeacon
A fixed navigation aid structure used in shallow waters upon which is
placed one or more daymarks.
daymark
A signboard attached to a daybeacon to convey navigational
information presenting one of several standard shapes (square,
triangle or rectangle) and colors (red, green, orange, yellow, or
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Everett Mountaineers Basic Sea Kayaking Student Manual – 2017
black). Daymarks usually have reflective material indicating the
shape, and may also be lighted at night.
dead ahead
Directly ahead.
dead astern
Directly aft or behind.
dead
reckoning
A plot of estimated courses steered and distances traveled through
the water based on previously determined position known as a "fix”.
deck
On a Kayak the deck is the permanent cover over the hull.
declination
At a given point, the angle between magnetic north and true north.
(see magnetic declination)
dock
A structure to which vessels are moored.
draft
The depth of water a boat draws which is the maximum vertical
distance from the waterline to the lowest point of the bottom of the
vessel.
draw
Paddle stroke used to move kayak sideways.
drip rings
Positioned on the paddle shaft near the blades, they help to keep
your hands dry to aid grip.
dry bag
Waterproof bags they come in many sizes, for keeping items dry in
hatches.
dry suit
Protective suit made from waterproof fabric, with neck and wrist
gaskets. As the name suggests a dry suit will keep you dry and allows
you to wear warm clothing underneath to give excellent protection
from cold water.
E
ebb tide
A receding tide.
eddy
A current of water moving contrary to the main movement of water,
especially in a circular motion.
eddy line
Is an area of turbulent water where two opposing currents meet.
edge
Putting the boat on its edge to increase its maneuverability.
Eskimo roll
Or kayak roll is a self-rescue technique where kayaker is able to right
a capsized kayak with a rolling maneuver while still remaining seated
in the kayak. There are many different types of rolls.
F
fathom
A unit of measurement used on the seas to measure depth. A fathom
is equal to 6 feet or 1.8 meters.
feather
The angle at which the blades are set in relation to each other on the
kayak paddle.
ferry
To paddle across current and adjust your course up stream enough to
equal the currents speed, that will allow you to cross on a straight
course. Also the name given to ships plying a set route to transport
people and vehicles usually on a time schedule.
fetch
This is the distance over open water that the wind blows.
flare
A distress signal.
following sea
An overtaking sea that comes from astern.
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foot brace
Place inside the cockpit to brace feet, may also control rudder. Can be
adjusted to suit individual kayaker.
fore
Front of a vessel.
fore and aft
In a line parallel to the keel.
forward stroke
Paddle stroke, used to propel kayak forward.
G
gelcoat
see: kayak - fiberglass
give-way
vessel
A term, from the Navigational Rules, used to describe the vessel
which must yield in meeting, crossing, or overtaking situations.
GPS
Global positioning system, an electronic navigation system it is a
wonderful tool to aid your navigation. Not to be used exclusively,
don’t forget spare batteries and still carry a compass and chart.
gunwale
A nautical term describing the top edge of the side of a boat.
H
harbor
A harbor, or haven, is a place where ships may shelter from the
weather or are stored.
hatch
An opening in a boat's deck fitted with a watertight cover.
heading
The direction in which a vessel's bow points at any given time.
heel
Heel is the measure of a vessel’s side to side roll. The roll is rotation
around the longitudinal axis - an axis drawn through the vessel from
the bow to the stern in direction the operator faces.
helmet
Although not compulsory in sea kayaking, helmets are advised if you
plan to explore around rocks and surf.
hitch
A knot used to secure a rope to another object or to another rope, or
to form a loop or a noose in a rope.
hull
A hull is the body of a ship or boat. It is a central concept in floating
vessels as it provides the buoyancy that keeps the vessel from
sinking.
hydration
systems
This could be a tube style hydration system that is attached to the
back of your PFD, or placed on your deck, or a bottle of water. The
important point is to remain hydrated, always have a ready supply as
dehydration is a real danger for kayakers.
hypothermia
A life-threatening condition in which the body's warming mechanisms
fail to maintain normal body temperature and the entire body cools.
I
J
K
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Everett Mountaineers Basic Sea Kayaking Student Manual – 2017
kayak
By definition, a kayak is a decked boat which is paddled from a
seated position using a two-bladed paddle. Kayaks are made in many
different designs, fit and materials. When deciding on the right Kayak
for you, most people have to consider, cost, weight, strength and
perhaps most important the fit of the Kayak, what feels best for you.
kayak - carbon
fiber
Carbon fiber kayaks are extremely stiff, lightweight, beautiful, brittle,
and expensive. Carbon fiber isn't used extensively in sea kayaks, but
is often used in finer racing and Olympic boats.
Carbon fiber kayaks are constructed with the same resins and
methods as fiberglass kayaks. Carbon fiber is extremely stiff.
This results in a very stiff kayak that doesn't require much hull
thickness. This stiffness also results in a brittle kayak that should be
treated gingerly. Like fiberglass kayaks, carbon fiber kayaks can be
repaired quite easily, but the carbon fiber fabric for the repair will
cost more.
(extract from definition by Shawn Baker, www.useakayak.org, boat construction
section)
kayak fiberglass
There was a time when all rigid sea kayaks were made from
fiberglass. Now, only mid to high level kayaks are constructed from
fiberglass. Glass kayaks are relatively light weight, stiff, fairly
durable, and moderately expensive. Fiberglass is one composite
(composite: a combination of two different materials) construction
material along with carbon, Kevlar, and other fabrics. Fiberglass is
actually the glass fiber fabric that makes up the kayak. Sometimes
polyester resin is mistakenly called "fiberglass", because it is the most
common type of laminating resin. Polyester resin can be used in a
Kevlar kayak without a single strand of fiberglass. Epoxy and
vinylester are two other resins that can be used in composite
construction. They are tougher, stronger, and more expensive than
polyester resin.
Most composite kayaks are covered with a layer of "gelcoat." Gelcoat
is an opaque, tough, shiny layer of resin that is sprayed into the mold
before reinforcing fibers are laid. Fibers are laid once the coating
"gels", hence the name. Gelcoat also protects the reinforcing fabrics
and resins in the completed kayak from UV light and abrasion.
Fiberglass kayaks are either vacuum-bagged or hand-laid. Vacuumbagged kayaks are produced by laying saturated fiberglass in a mold
which is placed in a "vacuum bag" or "envelope." Vacuum pressure
sucks extra air and resin out of the laminate resulting in a lighterweight kayak. Hand-laid kayaks are made without the vacuum
envelope, and are often slightly heavier due to excess resin, but are
less-expensive because less equipment and labor are required.
Fiberglass kayaks can either have thin, lightweight hulls, or thick,
tough, heavy hulls, depending on their anticipated use. Glass kayaks
are susceptible to damage from dropping or dragging, so treat your
glass boat with care. Gelcoat will absorb most minor damage without
causing structural harm. These kayaks are easy to repair with fresh
resin and glass, provided the damage isn't too extensive.
(extract from definition by Shawn Baker, www.useakayak.org, boat construction
section)
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Everett Mountaineers Basic Sea Kayaking Student Manual – 2017
kayak folding
Folding kayaks are easily-transportable, durable, and very
expensive!!
Popular with world travelers, folding kayaks can be folded into bags
the size of a duffel bag and flown anywhere in the world. These
kayaks have frames made of wood, plastic, and aluminum. Skins are
generally made of nylon or polyester fabric with a Hypalon or rubber
coating.
Due to the folding mechanisms, size constraints, or the paddling
needs of traveling kayakers, most folding kayaks are not produced in
high- performance designs.
(extract from definition by Shawn Baker, www.useakayak.org, boat construction
section)
kayak - Kevlar
Thanks to the US space program, we have Kevlar as a kayak building
material. Kevlar kayaks are stiff, lightweight, yet extremely tough,
and expensive.
Kevlar is the stuff bulletproof vests and flak jackets are made of.
Kevlar is slightly less stiff than fiberglass, but much tougher and
lighter weight. Kevlar kayaks are made in the same manner as
fiberglass and carbon fiber kayaks. Often, a little fiberglass or carbon
fiber will be combined with the Kevlar cloth in a kayak to give a little
added stiffness.
Kayaks constructed from Kevlar are very, very tough. Because the
fiber itself is so flexible, the kayak will absorb a serious impact and
spring back. A collision with a rock that would hole a fiberglass or
carbon boat might result in only cracked gelcoat on a Kevlar kayak.
(extract from definition by Shawn Baker, www.useakayak.org, boat construction
section)
kayak - plastic
Plastic sea kayaks are generally tough, damage-resistant, durable,
affordable, and often heavy. Most kayak manufacturers produce their
entry- level kayaks in plastic, since it is the most affordable kayak
construction material. However, some manufacturers produce higherperformance designs in plastic. These boats are prized by advanced
paddlers who paddle in the
surf zone or near rocky shores and sea caves.
Plastic kayaks are most often made from rotomolded polyethylene
(PE.) Variations include crosslinked, superlinear, or blowmolded
polyethylene. Rotomolding is a process where polyethylene pellets are
fed into a heated kayak mold, and the whole mold is spun and tilted
in several directions to distribute the plastic evenly. Crosslinked and
superlinear polyethylenes havea slightly different chemical structure
than normal, which result in stiffer, and sometimes lighter plastic
kayaks. Blowmolding uses the same polyethyleneas rotomolding, but
a blob of molten polyethylene is injected with hot air into a cold mold.
When the blob contacts the cold mold, it cools rapidly and the plastic
takes on a harder, stiffer finish.
To get acceptable stiffness, plastic boats need to have thicker walls
then their composite kin, and are resultantly heavier. PE is much
cheaper than fiberglass, carbon fiber, Kevlar fiber, and composite
resins, so the resulting boats are also cheaper.
Plastic kayaks are highly durable, and will survive impacts with rocks
or when dropped that would fracture a composite kayak. Plastic is
susceptible to damage from dragging on hard surfaces, just as other
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Everett Mountaineers Basic Sea Kayaking Student Manual – 2017
kayak construction materials, but will stand up to a lot longer period
of abuse than the others. While it can sustain a great deal of abuse
and neglect, it is a difficult material to repair.
Plastic is also susceptible to distortion due to heat or being tied down
too tightly on a roof rack, so keep your boat out of the sun, away
from the heater, and use good cradles that don't focus the rack
pressure into a small dent-causing area.
(extract from definition by Shawn Baker, www.useakayak.org, boat construction
section)
kayak rotomolded
see: kayak - plastic
kayak - skinon- frame
Skin-on-frame, or SOF boats include both rigid-framed kayaks and
foldable kayaks. Traditional Aleut and Inuit kayaks were sealskin over
driftwood frames lashed together with animal ligaments. Modern skinon-frame kayaks are very inexpensive if you build it yourself,
lightweight, flexible, fairly durable, and quite pleasing to the eye.
Frames are generally made of wood that is glued, lashed, or doweled
together, or aluminum tubing lashed together. Skins can be made of
canvas, nylon, or polyester, and waterproofed with urethanes,
Hypalon, or even house paint!
SOF fans feel that their boats have better handling in big, choppy
waves, since the frames flex slightly and give with the water, rather
than forcing the water to move like a rigid-hulled boat would.
(extract from definition by Shawn Baker, www.useakayak.org, boat construction
section)
kayak wooden
Wooden kayaks are lightweight, relatively durable, very inexpensive
or extremely expensive, and drop-dead gorgeous!
Wooden kayaks are built with either marine plywood panels glued
together ("Stitch and glue"), or edge-glued softwoods ("Strip-built.")
Once the hull shape is defined, they are protected inside and out by
one or several layers of epoxy resin and fiberglass. The epoxy and
fiberglass disappear when wet, resulting in a beautiful, glossy wood
finish.
(extract from definition by Shawn Baker, www.useakayak.org, boat construction
section)
keel
The portion of the hull on the centerline of a boat running fore and
aft; the backbone of a vessel.
knot
A measure of speed equal to one nautical mile (6076 feet) per hour.
A fastening made by interweaving rope to form a stopper, to enclose
or bind an object, to form a loop or a noose, to tie a small rope to an
object, or to tie the ends of two small ropes together.
L
lee
The direction away from the wind.
leeward
Leeward is the direction downwind from the point of reference. The
side of the ship towards the leeward is its lee side. If the vessel is
heeling under the pressure of the wind, this will be the "lower side".
Opposite of windward.
leeway
It is the lateral movement of a ship to the leeward of her course; a
component of drift. Just as a vessel's course is affected by the current
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Everett Mountaineers Basic Sea Kayaking Student Manual – 2017
of the water, the vessel’s course is also altered by wind. Vessels with
greater surface area on the beam experience more leeway than ones
with less.
line
Rope and cordage used aboard a vessel.
M
magnetic
declination
The magnetic declination at any point on the Earth is the angle
between the local magnetic field -- the direction the north end of a
compass points -- and true north. The declination is positive when the
magnetic north is east of true north. The term magnetic variation is
equivalent, and is more often used in aeronautical and other forms of
navigation. Isogonic lines are where the declination has the same
value, and the lines where the declination is zero are called agonic
lines.
N
nautical mile
One minute of latitude; approximately 6076 feet - about 1/8 longer
than the statute mile of 5280 feet.
navigation
The art and science of conducting a boat safely from one point to
another.
O
P
paddle
A shaft with two flat blades used to propel kayak through the water.
paddle float
Inflatable or foam flotation device which is attached to the paddle
blade to aid kayaker renter their boat after a wet exit. Paddle float is
then stored for easy access.
paddle
leash/tether
Allows paddlers to have free hands without the danger of losing the
paddle. Paddle should be attached to the kayak not the kayaker.
paddle signals
Allow paddlers to communicate over long distance or in loud surf with
each
other. For example a vertical paddle means "come to me”.
PFD (Personal
Flotation
Device)
PFD is official terminology for a life jacket. When properly used, the
PDF will support a person in the water. Available in several sizes and
types each with specific purposes such as buoyancy only or to keep
the head of an unconscious person above the water.
pier
A pier is a raised walkway over water, supported by widely spread
piles or pillars. The lighter structure of a pier allows tides and currents
to flow almost unhindered, whereas the more solid foundations of a
quay or the closely- spaced piles of a wharf can act as breakwaters,
and are consequently more liable to silting. Piers can range in size
and complexity from a simple lightweight wooden structure to major
structures extended over a mile out to sea. Piers are the same as
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Everett Mountaineers Basic Sea Kayaking Student Manual – 2017
docks, which would be found in lakes or on rivers, it is the standard
terminology used.
piloting
Navigation by use of visible references, the depth of the water,
instruments, etc.
pitch
Pitch is rotation around the lateral or transverse axis of a vessel - an
axis running from port to starboard that is perpendicular to the keel
line; thus the bow of the vessel pitches up and the stern down, or
vice-versa.
pogies
Pogies or paddle mittens are designed to cover paddlers’ hands when
gripping the paddle shaft. They protect the hands from the elements
but still allow a bare hand grip.
port
Port is the nautical term that refers to the left side of a vessel as
perceived by a person on board the ship and facing the bow (front).
power face
The face of the paddle that pushes against the water.
Q
quartering sea
Waves moving in a direction approximately 45° from a vessel's
heading, striking the vessel on the on a boat's forward quarter.
quay
A wharf, a stone or concrete structure on navigable water used for
loading and unloading vessels.
R
raft up
When one or more kayaks join together in a stationary position, this
makes a stable and protected state.
relative wind
Is the wind you experience as you move on the water. The product of
wind from your motion combined with the true wind. The relative
speed and direction of true wind in relationship to the vessel.
reverse stroke
Paddle stroke also known as back paddle, this stroke can be used to
slow down forward movement and bring the kayak to a stationary
position.
rigging
The general term for all the lines of a vessel.
rocker
The amount of upsweep of the kayaks keel line, from the middle of
the boat to its bow and stern. A kayak with a lot of rocker has a
shorter water line which means less hull speed but it spins more
easily.
rope
In general, cordage as it is purchased at the store. When it comes
aboard a vessel and is put to use, it becomes a line.
rudder
A vertical plate or board positioned at rear of kayak for steering.
running lights
Lights required to be shown on boats underway between sundown
and sunup. This is an unofficial term for required side lights and
masthead lights from the Navigation Rules.
S
sculling
Paddle stroke that keeps blade in water and forms an arching motion.
shaft
The handle area on a paddle between the blades.
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Everett Mountaineers Basic Sea Kayaking Student Manual – 2017
sheet bend
The sheet bend (also known as becket bend, weaver's knot and
weaver's hitch) is a type of knot, related in structure to the bowline.
It is very fast to tie and is useful when joining two ropes of different
diameters.
ship
A larger vessel usually used for ocean travel. A vessel able to carry a
"boat" on board.
shipping lanes
Ships with deep drafts have to stay within these deep channels,
Kayakers should keep out of them when possible and cross them with
caution, at right angles to minimize time spent in the lane. These are
measures are defined in the Navigation Rules. Shipping lanes are
clearly marked on charts are part of a "Traffic Separation Scheme”
that includes inbound and outbound shipping lanes and a separation
zone between them.
shoal
An offshore hazard to navigation at a depth of 16 fathoms (30 meters
or 96 feet) or less, composed of unconsolidated material.
spray skirt
Cover that fits around the paddlers waist and over the cockpit to
prevent water from entering.
squall
A squall is a sudden, sharp increase in wind speed which usually is
associated with active weather, such as rain showers, thunderstorms,
or heavy snow. Squalls refer to an increase in the non-sustained
winds over an extended time interval, as there may be lower gusts
during a squall event.
square knot
A knot used to join two lines of similar size. Also called a reef knot.
starboard
Starboard is the nautical term that refers to the right side of a vessel
as perceived by a person on board the ship and facing the bow
(front).
stern
The after part (back) of the kayak.
stern line
A docking line leading away from the stern.
stow
To pack or store away; especially, to pack in an orderly, compact
manner.
strokes
A variety of paddle movements used to control the speed and
direction of the kayak.
swamp
To take on water, to have kayak cockpit full of water.
sweep
Forward sweep and reverse sweep are paddle strokes used to turn or
correct the kayaks course.
T
tide
Tides are the rising and falling of Earth's ocean surface caused by the
tidal forces of the Moon and the Sun acting on the oceans. Tidal
phenomena can occur in any object that is subjected to a
gravitational field that varies in time and space, such as the Earth's
land masses.
tide rip
An unstable area of closely spaced sometimes breaking waves,
caused by a change in speed or direction of current.
toggle
The handle at both ends of your kayak, this is important if you have
to swim with your kayak. They are not to be used for carrying the full
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Everett Mountaineers Basic Sea Kayaking Student Manual – 2017
weight of your kayak; the boat should always have additional support
under the hull.
torso rotation
Used to achieve the most efficient paddle stroke. It uses the larger
muscles in the torso rather that relaying on arm power.
trim
Fore and aft balance of a boat. Also, to modify the angle of a vessel
to the water by shifting cargo or ballast; to adjust for sailing; to
assume, or cause a vessel to assume, a certain position, or trim, in
the water. When carrying equipment in your kayak it’s important to
pay attention to the trim of your kayak. Gear should be distributed so
that the kayak will remain level on the water, both bow to stern and
side to side.
true north
The north end of the earth's axis. Also called North Geographic Pole.
The direction indicated by 000° (or 360°) on the true compass rose.
true wind
The actual direction from which the wind is blowing.
U
V
v bottom
The hull of a kayak with the bottom section in the shape of a "V."
variation
The angular difference between the magnetic meridian and the
geographic meridian at a particular location.
VHF Radio
A very high frequency electronic communications which is the
standard marine radio frequency system. VHF radio use is regulated
by the federal government and is a line of sight communication
system.
W
wake
Moving waves, track or path that a boat leaves behind when moving
across the waters.
waterline
A line painted on a hull which shows the point to which a boat sinks
when it is properly trimmed.
way
Movement of a vessel through the water, such as headway, sternway,
or leeway.
weather
cocking
Turning of the kayak due to the action of the wind.
wet exit
The exiting of a capsized kayak when rolling is not an option.
wet suit
A Neoprene body suit worn next to the skin, although this suit won’t
keep you dry it will provide some warmth and protection against cold
water.
wharf
A man-made structure bonding the edge of a dock and built along or
at an angle to the shoreline, used for loading, unloading, or tying up
vessels.
windward
Toward the direction from which the wind is coming; Opposite of
leeward.
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Everett Mountaineers Basic Sea Kayaking Student Manual – 2017
windward
Windward is the direction from which the wind is blowing at the time
in question. The side of a ship which is towards the windward is the
weather side. If the vessel is heeling under the pressure of the wind,
this will be the "higher side". Opposite of leeward.
X
Y
yaw
Yaw is rotation about the vertical axis - a vertical axis drawn from top
to bottom of the vessel. In a seaway, a vessel will be pushed by wind
and water to "slew” from side to side (unlike "heeling” and
"pitching”), this is called yawing.
Z
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Everett Mountaineers Basic Sea Kayaking Student Manual – 2017
5
Supplementary Documents (on website)









Instructor Contact List (Word doc)
Student Contact List (Word doc)
Maps
o Flowing Lake – Open Water Session (pdf file)
o Flowing Lake to Ixtapa restaurant for dinner after Open Water Session (pdf
file)
“Tide Calculation” worksheet (pdf file)
“Current Calculation” worksheet (pdf file)
“Cold Water Immersion References” handout (pdf file)
“Day One Paddling” handout (pdf file)
“Sea Kayaking Essentials” handout (pdf file)
“Transporting Kayaks” handout (pdf file)
57