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TEACHING LAW AND DIGITAL AGE LEGAL PRACTICE WITH AN AI

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•‡‹ƒ” ‘ ”–‹ˆ‹…‹ƒŽ –‡ŽŽ‹‰‡…‡ ȋDzdzȌ ƒ† ƒ™ …ƒ –‡ƒ…Š Žƒ™
•–—†‡–•Ž‡••‘•ƒ„‘—–Ž‡‰ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ƒ†Ž‡‰ƒŽ’”ƒ…–‹…‡‹–Š‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽ
ƒ‰‡Ǥƒ†ƒ™‹•ƒ•—„ˆ‹‡Ž†‘ˆȀ…‘’—–‡”•…‹‡…‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š–Šƒ–ˆ‘Ǧ
…—•‡•‘†‡•‹‰‹‰…‘’—–‡”’”‘‰”ƒ•Ȅ…‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘†‡Ž•Ȅ–Šƒ–
’‡”ˆ‘” Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰Ǥ Š‡•‡ …‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘†‡Ž• ƒ”‡ —•‡† ‹
„—‹Ž†‹‰–‘‘Ž•–‘ƒ••‹•–‹Ž‡‰ƒŽ’”ƒ…–‹…‡ƒ†’‡†ƒ‰‘‰›ƒ†‹•–—†›‹‰
Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ …‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘ …‘‰‹–‹˜‡ •…‹‡…‡ ƒ† Œ—”‹•Ǧ
’”—†‡…‡Ǥ‘†ƒ›ǡ•—„Œ‡…––‘ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘•ǡ…‘’—–‡”’”‘Ǧ
‰”ƒ• …ƒ ”‡ƒ•‘ ™‹–Š Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”—Ž‡•ǡ ƒ’’Ž› Ž‡‰ƒŽ ’”‡…‡†‡–•ǡ ƒ† ‡˜‡
ƒ”‰—‡Ž‹‡ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽƒ†˜‘…ƒ–‡Ǥ
ƒ—„‡”‘ˆŽƒ™•…Š‘‘Ž•ǡ•‡‹ƒ”•‘ƒ†ƒ™Šƒ˜‡–ƒ—‰Š–
•–—†‡–•ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽŽ‡••‘•ƒ„‘—–Žƒ™ƒ†Ž‡‰ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰ǣ
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Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽƒ†•‡ƒ–‹…ƒ„‹‰—‹–‹‡•‹Š‡”‡–‹Ž‡‰ƒŽ”—Ž‡•Ǣ
–Š‡‡‡†–‘”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„‘—–Ž‡‰ƒŽ”—Ž‡•ƒ•—…Šƒ•™‹–Š–Š‡Ǣ
–Š‡ …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ ‘ˆ †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‹‰ Šƒ”† ˆ”‘ ‡ƒ•› Ž‡‰ƒŽ “—‡•Ǧ
–‹‘•Ǣƒ†
™ƒ›•–‘ƒ”‰—‡™‹–Šƒ†ƒ„‘—–˜ƒŽ—‡•—†‡”Ž›‹‰Ž‡‰ƒŽ”—Ž‡•Ǥ
‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• ‹ ƒ† ƒ™ Šƒ˜‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡† –Š‡•‡ Ž‡••‘• –Š‡ Šƒ”†
™ƒ›Ǥ•‡˜‡”›’”‘‰”ƒ‡”‘™•ǡ–‘‰‡–ƒ’”‘‰”ƒ–‘’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ–ƒ•ǡ
‘‡‡‡†•–‘•’‡…‹ˆ›ƒ•‡–‘ˆ•–‡’•‹†‡–ƒ‹Žȋ‘”ǡ™‹–Šƒ…Š‹‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ
’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ‰”‡ƒ–ƒ›ƒ‘–ƒ–‡†‡šƒ’Ž‡•ȌǤˆ–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒ‹•–‘–”ƒ•Ǧ
ˆ‘”…‡”–ƒ‹‹’—–•‹–‘…‡”–ƒ‹‘—–’—–•ǡ•—…Šƒ•ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ…‘…Ž—•‹‘ƒ†
ƒ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ǡ‘‡‡‡†•–‘•’‡…‹ˆ›‡˜‡”›•–‡’‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘‹‰Ǥ–Š‡
’”‘…‡••ǡ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•‡‡†–‘ƒ††”‡••ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‹••—‡•Žƒ™•–—†‡–•†‹•Ǧ
…‘˜‡”ǡ‘”should†‹•…‘˜‡”ǡ‹ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǦ
‡”• —•– ƒ……‘—– ˆ‘” •–—†‡–•ǯ †‹•…‘˜‡”‹‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡ƒ‹‰• ‘ˆ
ȗ”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆƒ™ƒ†–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡–›•–‡•ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‹––•„—”‰Š…Š‘‘Ž‘ˆƒ™Ǣ‡‹‘”…‹‡Ǧ
–‹•–ǡ‡ƒ”‹‰‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‡–‡”
͹ͺ͵
͹ͺͶ
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣ͵
…‘…‡’–•‹ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ”—Ž‡‘ˆ–‡ƒ”‡‘–™‡ŽŽ•’‡…‹ˆ‹‡†Ǣ–Šƒ–‹–‹•ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›
—…Ž‡ƒ”™Šƒ–‡š…‡’–‹‘•ƒ’’Ž›–‘ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ”—Ž‡Ǣ–Šƒ––Š‡”—Ž‡ǯ•˜‡”›Ž‘‰‹…
ƒ› „‡ ƒ„‹‰—‘—•Ǣ –Šƒ– ‹ ‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰ Š‘™ –Š‡ ”—Ž‡ •Š‘—Ž† ƒ’’Ž› –‘
’”‘„Ž‡•–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡—•‡ˆ—ŽŽ‡‰ƒŽƒ”‰—‡–•…Š‡ƒ„‡›‘†ȋ••—‡ǡ
—Ž‡ǡ ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ‘…Ž—•‹‘ȌǢ ƒ† –Šƒ– •‘‡ …ƒ•‡ ƒƒŽ‘‰‹‡• ƒ”‡
‘”‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡–Šƒ‘–Š‡”•Ǥ
›ˆ‘…—•‹‰•–—†‡–•‘–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡•–Š‡•‡‹••—‡•’‘•‡ˆ‘”•…‹‡Ǧ
–‹•–• ƒ––‡’–‹‰ –‘ …‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ‘†‡Ž Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ǡ •–—†‡–•
Ž‡ƒ”ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‹••—‡•ƒ„‘—–Žƒ™ƒ†Ž‡‰ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰‹ƒ‡™™ƒ›Ǥ
•–Š‡‹””‡•‡ƒ”…Š’ƒ’‡”•ƒ––‡•–ǡƒ†ƒ™”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•Šƒ„‹–—ƒŽŽ›Dz‰‘
‡–ƒdzǢ–Š‡›ƒ‡’”‘…‡••‡•‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰‡š’Ž‹…‹––Šƒ–ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›
ƒ”‡ ƒ††”‡••‡† ‘Ž› ‹’Ž‹…‹–Ž› ‹ ƒ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡› •’‡…‹ˆ› –Š‡
•–‡’•‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘…‡••ƒ†‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡–Š‡™‹–Š‡š–‡†‡†‡šƒ’Ž‡•Ǥ
‹˜‡
…‘‰‹–‹˜‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡• „‡–™‡‡ Š—ƒ• ƒ† …‘’—–‡”•ǡ Žƒ™ •–—†‡–•
™‹ŽŽ‘–‡š‡…—–‡–Š‡•–‡’•‹–Š‡•ƒ‡™ƒ›ƒ•…‘’—–‡”•ǡ„—–ˆ‘…—•‹‰
‘ –Š‡•‡ ’”‘…‡••‡• •‡•‹–‹œ‡• Žƒ™ •–—†‡–• –‘ –Š‡ ‰ƒ’• ƒ† ’‹–ˆƒŽŽ• ‹
Ž‡‰ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡ ’”‘…‡••‡•ƒ”‡‡ƒ––‘ƒ††”‡••ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–‹•
–‘‹’”‘˜‡Žƒ™•–—†‡–•ǯƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘”‡ƒ†Ž‡‰ƒŽƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•…ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ›ǡ†”ƒˆ–
Ž‡‰ƒŽ †‘…—‡–• ’”‡…‹•‡Ž›ǡ ƒƒ‰‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”‹•• ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ ƒ† ƒƒ‰‡
‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ
Š‡…‘–‹—‹‰…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡‹ƒ†ƒ™‹•–‘…‘‡…––Š‡…‘’—–ƒǦ
–‹‘ƒŽ‘†‡Ž•–‘–Š‡–ƒ••–Šƒ–ƒ––‘”‡›•ǡŒ—†‰‡•ǡƒ†Žƒ™•–—†‡–•ƒ…Ǧ
–—ƒŽŽ› ’‡”ˆ‘”Ȅƒ† –Š‡ –‡š–• –Š‡› ƒ…–—ƒŽŽ› —•‡Ȅ‹ †ƒ‹Ž› ’”ƒ…–‹…‡Ǥ
…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›ǡ –Š‹• …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ ‹• „‡‹‰ ‡–Ǥ ‘’—–‡” ’”‘‰”ƒ• ƒ”‡ ƒ•Ǧ
•‹•–‹‰‹‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ƒ‰‡–•‹–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•–‘’”‘…‡••…Ž‹‡–•‹ƒ…Ǧ
…‘”†ƒ…‡ ™‹–Š ˜‘Ž—‹‘—• ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”› ’”‘˜‹•‹‘• ™Š‹Ž‡ ’”‘˜‹†‹‰
‹’—–•–‘”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”•ƒ„‘—–Š‘™–Š‡”—Ž‡•…‘—Ž†„‡‹’”‘˜‡†„ƒ•‡†‘
–Š‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒǤ”‘‡‘”‘—•…ƒ…Š‡•‘ˆ‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…
†‘…—‡–•’”‘†—…‡†‹‘†‡”Žƒ™•—‹–•ǡ…‘’—–‡”’”‘‰”ƒ•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘
Ž‡ƒ”‹‰–‘•‡Ž‡…–ƒ†…Ž—•–‡”–Š‘•‡†‘…—‡–•‘•–”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‘Ž‹–‹‰ƒǦ
–‘”•ǯ–Š‡‘”‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡…ƒ•‡„ƒ•‡†‘Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‘”•ǯŽƒ„‡Ž‹‰•ƒŽŽ•‡–•‘ˆ†‘…Ǧ
—‡–•ƒ•”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‘”‘––‘–Š‡…Žƒ‹•ƒ††‡ˆ‡•‡•Ǥ
‘†ƒ›ǡ™‹–Šƒ†˜ƒ…‡•‹‡Ǧ†‹•…‘˜‡”›ǡͳŽ‡‰ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘”‡–”‹‡˜ƒŽǡ
•‡ƒ–‹…’”‘…‡••‹‰‘ˆ™‡„Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‡Ž‡…–”‘‹……‘–”ƒ…–Ǧ
‹‰ǡ…‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘†‡Ž•‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽƒ”‰—‡–ǡetceteraǡ–Š‡…Šƒ…‡•ƒ”‡
ͳǤ ”‡–”‹ƒŽ †‹•…‘˜‡”› ‹ Žƒ™•—‹–• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• ’”‘…‡••‹‰ ’ƒ”–‹‡•ǯ ”‡“—‡•–• ˆ‘” ƒ† ƒ……‡•• –‘
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‹–Š‡Šƒ†•‘ˆ‘’’‘‡–•ƒ†‘–Š‡”•–‘”‡˜‡ƒŽˆƒ…–•ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡˜‹†‡…‡ˆ‘”–”‹ƒŽǤEǦ
discovery‹˜‘Ž˜‡•–Š‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‰ǡ‡š…Šƒ‰‹‰ǡƒ†ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰‘ˆ‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒŽŽ›•–‘”‡†‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹
’”‡–”‹ƒŽ †‹•…‘˜‡”›Ǥ ƒ”‰‡ Žƒ™•—‹–• ”‘—–‹‡Ž› ‹˜‘Ž˜‡ ‹ŽŽ‹‘• ‘ˆ ‡Ǧ†‘…—‡–• …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰ –Š‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‘ˆ—•‹‰‡›™‘”†•‡ƒ”…Š‡•–‘”‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘…—‡–•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ—ƒŽŽ›”‡˜‹‡™Ǧ
‹‰–Š‡ˆ‘””‡Ž‡˜ƒ…‡Ǥ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
DIGITALAGELEGALPRACTICE
͹ͺͷ
‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰ –Šƒ– Žƒ™ •–—†‡–• ™‹ŽŽ —•‡ǡ ƒ† ‡˜‡ †‡’‡† ‘ǡ •—…Š •›•Ǧ
–‡•‹–Š‡‹”’”ƒ…–‹…‡•Ǥƒ™•–—†‡–•ƒ”‡‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›…‘’—–‡”•ƒ˜˜›Ǥ
Š‡›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡…‘‡…–‡†–‘–Š‡–‡”‡–ˆ”‘ƒ–‡†‡”ƒ‰‡Ǣ–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡
™‹–‡••‡† ǯ• ‡‘’ƒ”†›ǨǦ™‹‹‰ ƒ–•‘ ’”‘‰”ƒ ƒ• ‹– ‹ˆ‡†
–Š”‘—‰Š‹ŽŽ‹‘•‘ˆ’ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ–‡š–‹•–ƒ–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›ƒ†ƒ•™‡”‡†“—‡•Ǧ
–‹‘• “—‹…‡” ƒ† ‘”‡ ƒ……—”ƒ–‡Ž› –Šƒ –Š‡ „‡•– Š—ƒ …‘–‡•–ƒ–•Ǥ
‘†ƒ›ǯ• Žƒ™ •–—†‡–• ƒ”‡ ’”‡’ƒ”‡† –‘ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Šƒ– ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡– …‘’—–Ǧ
‡”•…ƒ’Žƒ›ƒ‘”‡…‡–”ƒŽ”‘ŽŽ‹Ž‡‰ƒŽ’”ƒ…–‹…‡ǤŠ‡ƒ†ƒ™•‡‹Ǧ
ƒ” …ƒ …Šƒ‡Ž –Š‹• ‹–‡”‡•–ǡ ˆ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ „› ‰‡––‹‰ –Š‡ –‘ –Š‹
–Š”‘—‰ŠŠ‘™ƒ’”‘‰”ƒŽ‹‡ƒ–•‘‹‰Š–ƒ•™‡”Ž‡‰ƒŽ“—‡•–‹‘•ƒ†
‡š’Žƒ‹ ‹–• ƒ•™‡”•Ǥ Š‡ •‡‹ƒ” ‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡• Žƒ™ •–—†‡–• –‘ –Š‹
ƒ„‘—– ’”‘…‡••‡• ‘ˆ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ ƒ† Ž‡‰ƒŽ ’”ƒ…–‹…‡ ƒ† ƒ„‘—– Š‘™
–Š‘•‡’”‘…‡••‡•‡’Ž‘›‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ•‡š’Žƒ‹‡†„‡Ž‘™ǡ‰‹˜‡†‡˜‡ŽǦ
‘’‡–• ‹ –Š‡ ƒ”‡–• ˆ‘” Ž‡‰ƒŽ •‡”˜‹…‡• ƒ† Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‡’Ž‘›‡–ǡ ‹– ‹•
—•‡ˆ—Ž ˆ‘” Žƒ™ •–—†‡–• –‘ –Š‹ ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ’”‘…‡•• ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰Ǥ Š‡
•‡‹ƒ”ƒŽ•‘–‡ƒ…Š‡••–—†‡–••‘‡–Š‹‰‘ˆŠ‘™–Š‡‡™†‹‰‹–ƒŽ†‘…—Ǧ
‡–•–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•™‘”ǡ™Šƒ––Š‡›…ƒƒ†…ƒ‘–†‘ǡŠ‘™–‘‡ƒ•Ǧ
—”‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ǡ Š‘™ –‘ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ …Žƒ‹• ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ ƒ†
Š‘™–‘„‡•ƒ˜˜›…‘•—‡”•ƒ†—•‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ
Š‹• ƒ”–‹…Ž‡ ’”‘˜‹†‡• ƒ ‰—‹†‡ ƒ† ‡šƒ’Ž‡• –‘ ’”‡’ƒ”‡ Žƒ™ •–—Ǧ
†‡–•ˆ‘”–Š‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽƒ‰‡„›‡ƒ•‘ˆƒƒ†ƒ™•‡‹ƒ”Ǥˆ–‡”‹Ǧ
–”‘†—…‹‰ –Š‡ •…‹‡…‡ ‘ˆ ”–‹ˆ‹…‹ƒŽ –‡ŽŽ‹‰‡…‡ ƒ† ‹–• ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ –‘
Žƒ™ǡ–Š‡’ƒ’‡”’”‡•‡–•–Š‡•›ŽŽƒ„—•ˆ‘”ƒ—’Ǧ–‘Ǧ†ƒ–‡ƒ†ƒ™•‡Ǧ
‹ƒ”Ǥ ‹–Š –Š‡ ›ŽŽƒ„—• ƒ• ƒ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ǡ –Š‡ ’ƒ’‡” •Š‘™…ƒ•‡• •‘‡
…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹… ƒ† ƒ™ ’”‘‰”ƒ•ǡ ƒ† ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡• –Š‡ ’‡†ƒ‰‘‰‹…ƒŽŽ›
‹’‘”–ƒ– Ž‡••‘• –Šƒ– ƒ† ƒ™ Šƒ• Ž‡ƒ”‡† ƒ„‘—– ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ ™‹–Š
Ž‡‰ƒŽ”—Ž‡•ƒ†…ƒ•‡•ǡƒ„‘—–Ž‡‰ƒŽƒ”‰—‡–ƒ†ƒ„‘—––Š‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽ†‘…—Ǧ
‡–•–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡„‡…‘‹‰ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ǡƒ†‡˜‡–Š‡‘”ǡ‹
Ž‡‰ƒŽ’”ƒ…–‹…‡Ǥ
Ǥ
•‘–‡†ǡ‹•ƒ„”ƒ…Š‘ˆ…‘’—–‡”•…‹‡…‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š–Šƒ–ˆ‘…—•‡•
‘ …‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ‘†‡Ž‹‰ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” …‘‘Ž› ”‡‰ƒ”†‡† ƒ• ‹–‡ŽŽ‹Ǧ
‰‡– ™Š‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† „› Š—ƒ•Ǥʹ …‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘†‡Ž ‘ˆ ‹–‡ŽŽ‹Ǧ
‰‡– „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‹• ƒ …‘’—–‡” ’”‘‰”ƒ –Šƒ– ’‡”ˆ‘”• ‘” •‹—Žƒ–‡• –Š‡
„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ
ƒ† ƒ™ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• „—‹Ž† …‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘†‡Ž• ‘ˆ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”‡ƒǦ
•‘‹‰ǡ ™Š‹…Š ƒ”‡ …‘’—–‡” ’”‘‰”ƒ• –Šƒ– ’‡”ˆ‘” ‘” •‹—Žƒ–‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ
ʹǤ ȋƒ”˜‹‹•›ǡ‡†Ǥǡͳͻ͸ͺȌǤ
͹ͺ͸
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣ͵
”‡ƒ•‘‹‰Ǥ ˆ –Š‡ ‹’—–• –‘ –Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ ƒ”‡ ƒ †‡•…”‹’–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ Ž‡‰ƒŽ
’”‘„Ž‡ǡ‹–•‘—–’—–•‹‰Š–‹…Ž—†‡ƒ•‘Ž—–‹‘–‘–Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ†
ƒ ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡‰ƒŽ ’”‘„Ž‡Ǧ•‘Ž˜‹‰ ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž› ”‡“—‹”‡• ”‡ƒ•‘‡†
‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘•‹ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘ƒ†‡…‹•‹‘‘”’”‡†‹…–‹‘Ǥ†‡‡†ǡ–Š‡ƒ”‰—Ǧ
‡–•—’’‘”–‹‰ƒ†‡…‹•‹‘ƒ›„‡‘”‡‹’‘”–ƒ––Šƒ–Š‡†‡…‹•‹‘Ǣ
‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ ƒ Š—ƒ —•‡” …ƒ‘– Œ—†‰‡ ™Š‡–Š‡” –‘ ”‡Ž› ‘ –Š‡ ƒ†˜‹…‡Ǥ
Š‡ ˆ‘…—• ‘ ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘• ƒ† ƒ”‰—‡–• ‹• ƒ ‡› ƒ”‡ƒ ™Š‡”‡ ƒ†
ƒ™…‘–”‹„—–‡•–‘”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤ
‹‡…‘’—–‡”’”‘‰”ƒ•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ǡƒ…‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘†‡Ž…ƒ„‡
†‡•…”‹„‡† ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹’—–• –‘ –Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒǡ ‹–• ‘—–’—–•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡
‹–‡”˜‡‹‰•–‡’•–Šƒ––”ƒ•ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‘”‡”‹–‘–Š‡Žƒ––‡”ǤŠ‡‹–‡”Ǧ
˜‡‹‰ •‡– ‘ˆ •–‡’• ȋ‘” ƒŽ‰‘”‹–ŠȌ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”• –Š‡ ‹’—––‡† ’”‘„Ž‡
†‡•…”‹’–‹‘ ‹–‘ –Š‡ ‘—–’—–•Ǥ  •’‡…‹ˆ›‹‰ ƒ ’”‘‰”ƒǯ• ‹Ǧ
’—–Ȁ‘—–’—–ȋȀȌ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡ–Š”‡‡“—‡•–‹‘•ƒ”‡‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ǣ
ͳǤ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†•‡ƒ”…Šǣ‘™ƒ”‡–Š‡‹’—–•ǡƒ†
–Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘—•‡† –‘ ƒƒŽ›œ‡ –Š‡ǡ ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† ‹ ƒ ’”‘„Ž‡
•’ƒ…‡–Šƒ–…ƒ„‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡†•›•–‡ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ›ǫ
ʹǤ ˆ‡”‡…‡…‘–”‘Ž‡…Šƒ‹•ǣŠƒ–‰‘˜‡”•–Š‡•‡ƒ”…Šˆ‘”•‘Ž—Ǧ
–‹‘•‹–‡”•‘ˆ‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡…›ƒ†”‡Ž‡˜ƒ…‡ǫ
͵Ǥ ‡ƒ”‹‰ǣ  ‘”†‡” –‘ ‹’”‘˜‡ ‹–• ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ǡ Š‘™ …ƒ –Š‡
’”‘‰”ƒŽ‡ƒ”ˆ”‘‹–•‡””‘”•ƒ†•—……‡••‡•ƒ†ˆ”‘‘–Š‡”•‘—”…‡•
‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǫ͵
 –Š‡ …ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ† ƒ™ ’”‘‰”ƒ•ǡ ‘Ž› ƒ ˆ‡™ ƒ……‡’– ’”‘„Ž‡•
‹’—––‡† ƒ• ƒ–—”ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‡š–• ‘” ”‡ƒ•‘ ™‹–Š …ƒ•‡• ‘” Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”—Ž‡•
‡š’”‡••‡† ‹ –‡š–Ǥ ‘”‡ ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡• ƒ”‡ ’”‡•‡–‡† ‹ ƒ
•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹œ‡† ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ ƒ• ƒ•™‡”• –‘ “—‡•–‹‘• ‰‡Ǧ
‡”ƒ–‡†„›ƒ‡š’‡”–•›•–‡Ͷ‘”ƒ•ƒŽ‹•–‘ˆ†‹‡•‹‘•ˆƒ…–‘”•–Šƒ–ƒ’Ǧ
’‡ƒ”‹–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡ǡŽ‹‡•–‡”‡‘–›’‹…ƒŽ’ƒ––‡”•‘ˆˆƒ…–•–Šƒ–•–”‡‰–Š‡
‘” ™‡ƒ‡ ƒ •‹†‡ǯ• …Žƒ‹Ǥͷ ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ –Š‡ ”—Ž‡• ‹ –Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒǯ•
‘™Ž‡†‰‡ „ƒ•‡ ƒ› „‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ‡š’”‡••‹‘•
ƒ† –Š‡ …ƒ•‡•ǡ Ž‹‡ –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ǡ ƒ› ƒŽ•‘ „‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ
ˆƒ…–‘”•Ǥ  †‹•…—••‹‰ •‘‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ† ƒ™ ’”‘‰”ƒ•ǡ –Š‡
ˆ‘…—•™‹ŽŽ„‡‘–Š‡™ƒ›•‹™Š‹…Š–Š‡›•‡ƒ”…Š•›•–‡ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘”•‘Ž—Ǧ
͵Ǥ ǡǤǡǤǡǤǡǤ
ǡ
Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ƭ Ǥ ǡ ǣ ͳͶͲǦͶʹǡͳ͹͹ǡͳͻʹȋʹ†‡†ǤͳͻͻͷȌǤ
ͶǤ Ǥ Ƭ Ǥ ǡ ͳͶ ȋͳͻͺͳȌ
ȋDzǮš’‡”–•›•–‡ȏ•Ȑȏƒ”‡Ȑ…‘’—–‡”’”‘‰”ƒ•–Šƒ–‡„‘†›‡š’‡”–‹•‡ƒ†‘™Ž‡†‰‡•—’’Ž‹‡†„›
Š—ƒ‡š’‡”–•ƒ†–Šƒ–—•‡ƒ”–‹ˆ‹…‹ƒŽ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡…‡–‡…Š‹“—‡•–‘’”‘˜‹†‡‹ˆ‡”‡…‡•ˆ‘”ȏ—•‡”•ȐǤdzȌǤ
ͷǤ ‡˜‹Ǥ•ŠŽ‡›ǡReasoningwithCasesandHypotheticalsinHYPOǡ͵ͶǯǤǦǤ
Ǥ͹ͷ͵ǡ͹͸͵Ǧ͸ͶȋͳͻͻͳȌǤ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
DIGITALAGELEGALPRACTICE
͹ͺ͹
–‹‘• ƒ† …ƒ Ž‡ƒ”ǡ ˆ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ Š‘™ –‘ †‡–‡…– ˆƒ…–‘”• ‹ –Š‡ –‡š–• ‘ˆ
…ƒ•‡•‘”–‘…Žƒ••‹ˆ›–Š‡–‡š–•‘ˆ•–ƒ–—–‘”›’”‘˜‹•‹‘•Ǥ
 –Š‡‘”›ǡ ƒ† ‘ˆ–‡ ‹ ’”ƒ…–‹…‡ǡ ƒ ‘” ƒ† ƒ™ ’”‘‰”ƒǯ•
’”‘„Ž‡Ǧ•‘Ž˜‹‰ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” …ƒ „‡ ƒ••‡••‡† ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ…‡ ƒ†
’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡• •‹‹Žƒ” –‘ –Š‘•‡ ƒ’’Ž‹‡† –‘ Š—ƒ ’”‘„Ž‡Ǧ
•‘Ž˜‹‰ ȋ•—…Š ƒ• ’”‡†‹…–‹˜‡ ƒ……—”ƒ…›ǡ …‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡ǡ ’”‡…‹•‹‘ǡ ”‡…ƒŽŽǡ ƒ†
‡š’Žƒƒ–‘”›ƒ†‡“—ƒ…›‘ˆ–Š‡‘—–’—–•‰‹˜‡–Š‡‹’—–•ȌǤƒ††‹–‹‘ǡƒ
’”‘‰”ƒƒ›„‡•—„Œ‡…–‡†–‘ƒ‘†‹ˆ‹‡†—”‹‰–‡•–‹™Š‹…ŠƒŠ—Ǧ
ƒŒ—†‰‡‡‰ƒ‰‡•‹ƒ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘™‹–Šƒ•‘—”…‡ǡƒ•‹‰‹–“—‡•–‹‘•
ƒ† ”‡…‡‹˜‹‰ ”‡•’‘•‡•Ǥ Š‡ Œ—†‰‡ǡ „Ž‹†‡† ƒ• –‘ –Š‡ ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
•‘—”…‡ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”Š—ƒ‘”ƒ…Š‹‡ǡ–”‹‡•–‘†‡–‡”‹‡™Š‹…Š‹–‹•Ǥ͸
 ƒ† ƒ™ ’”‘‰”ƒǯ• ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Šǡ –Š‡ ‹–‡”˜‡‹‰ •‡– ‘ˆ •–‡’•
„›™Š‹…Š‹––”ƒ•ˆ‘”•ƒ‹’—––‡†Ž‡‰ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡†‡•…”‹’–‹‘‹–‘‘—–Ǧ
’—–•‘ˆƒ‡š’Žƒ‹‡†•‘Ž—–‹‘ǡƒ›„‡‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ˆ”‘ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ
‹•–”—…–‹‘ƒŽ˜‹‡™’‘‹–Ǥ„”‡ƒ‹‰–Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰’”‘…‡••‹–‘ƒ
•‡–‘ˆ•–‡’•ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”ƒ‡•‡š’Ž‹…‹–•‘‡ƒ•’‡…–•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡
Ž‡ˆ–‹’Ž‹…‹–‘”—‡š’Žƒ‹‡†‹’‡†ƒ‰‘‰‹…ƒŽ‘”Œ—”‹•’”—†‡–‹ƒŽƒ……‘—–•Ǥ
šƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒǯ• Ȁ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡ –Š‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰
‘†‡Ž‹‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡•–‡’•ƒ•ƒ’’Ž‹‡†‹–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡…‘Ǧ
–‡š–Ǥ Š‡ ‡šƒ’Ž‡• Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š– „‘–Š –Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒǯ• •—……‡••‡•ǡ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡
‘—–’—–• …‘ˆ‘” –‘ –Š‡ ‹† ‘ˆ ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡– „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ™‡ ‡š’‡…– ˆ”‘
ƒ––‘”‡›•ǡƒ†‹–•ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡•ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡‘—–’—–•†‘‘–•‘…‘ˆ‘”Ǥ”‡Ǧ
•‡ƒ”…Š‡”—•‡•–Š‡–”ƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‹••–‡’™‹•‡’”‘…‡••–‘ˆ”ƒ‡–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘
‘ˆŠ‘™–‘‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡‘†‡Žǯ•ȋŽ‡‰ƒŽȌ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ǡ‡š–‡†‹‰–Š‡‡Ǧ
˜‡Ž‘’‡‘ˆ•—……‡••‡•ǤŠ‡Ȁ‡šƒ’Ž‡•‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‹‰–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘‹‰•–‡’•ǡ
ƒ••—’–‹‘•ǡ•—……‡••‡•ƒ†ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡•ǡ’”‡•‡–Žƒ™•–—†‡–•™‹–Šƒ™‹Ǧ
†‘™‘–Š‡’”‘…‡••‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰Ǥ
Ǥ Š‡ •–‡’• ‹ ƒ† ƒ™ ’”‘‰”ƒ• –Šƒ– –”ƒ•ˆ‘” ‹’—––‡† Ž‡‰ƒŽ
’”‘„Ž‡•‹–‘‘—–’—––‡†‡š’Žƒ‹‡†•‘Ž—–‹‘•ƒ”‡ƒ‡›”‡ƒ•‘™Š›ƒ
ƒ†ƒ™•‡‹ƒ”Šƒ•’‡†ƒ‰‘‰‹…ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡ǤŠ‡›’”‡•‡–Žƒ™•–—†‡–•
™‹–Š ƒ ‘’’‘”–—‹–› –‘ …‘•‹†‡” ‹ˆǡ Š‘™ǡ ƒ† Š‘™ ™‡ŽŽ Š—ƒ Ž‡‰ƒŽ
”‡ƒ•‘‹‰†‡ƒŽ•™‹–Š–Š‡•ƒ‡‹••—‡•Ǥ
‘„•‡”˜‹‰–Š‡†‡…‘’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰’”‘…‡••‹–‘
ƒ •‡– ‘ˆ •–‡’•ǡ •–—†‡–• „‡…‘‡ ƒ™ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ •‘‡ ‰ƒ’• ‹ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰
’”‘…‡•• –Šƒ– ‡‡† –‘ „‡Ȅƒ† ƒ”‡Ȅdzˆ‹ŽŽ‡†dz ’‡”Šƒ’• „› •‘‡ ad hoc
‡ƒ•ǡ –Š‡ †‡–ƒ‹Ž• ‘ˆ ™Š‹…Š ƒ”‡ Ž‡ˆ– ‹’Ž‹…‹–ǡ —‡š’Žƒ‹‡†ǡ ƒ† •‘‡Ǧ
͸Ǥ ǡ͹Ͳȋʹ†‡†ǤʹͲͲͶȌǤ
͹ͺͺ
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣ͵
–‹‡• —Œ—•–‹ˆ‹‡†Ǥ šƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ •—…Š ‰ƒ’• ‹…Ž—†‡ †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‹‰ Šƒ”†
ˆ”‘ ‡ƒ•› “—‡•–‹‘• ‘ˆ Žƒ™ǡ †‡–‡”‹‹‰ ™Šƒ– •‹‹Žƒ”‹–‹‡• ƒ† †‹ˆˆ‡”Ǧ
‡…‡•ƒ‘‰…ƒ•‡•ƒ”‡Ž‡‰ƒŽŽ›”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ǡ”‡•‘Ž˜‹‰…‘ˆŽ‹…–‹‰”—Ž‡•ǡƒ†
ƒ‹‰ ƒ”‰—‡–• ˆ”‘ ˜ƒŽ—‡• —†‡”Ž›‹‰ ƒ ”—Ž‡Ǥ ƒ† ƒ™ ”‡Ǧ
•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•Šƒ˜‡‘–ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†–Š‘•‡‰ƒ’•‹ƒ•‡•‡–Šƒ–‹‰Š–•ƒ–‹•ˆ›ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ
‘” Œ—”‹•’”—†‡–‹ƒŽ •…Š‘Žƒ”ǡ „—– –Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ ˆ‘…—•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ ‘ˆ
ˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰–Š‡‰ƒ’•ƒ†‡‰‹‡‡”‡†’”‘…‡••‡•–‘ƒ††”‡••–Š‡™‡ŽŽ‡‘—‰Š
ˆ‘”•‘‡’—”’‘•‡•Ǥ–‹•™‘”–ŠŽƒ™•–—†‡–•ǯ–‹‡ƒ†‡ˆˆ‘”––‘•‡‡Š‘™
–Š‡•‡‰ƒ’•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†Ǥ
˜‡–Š‘—‰Šƒ†ƒ™”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹˜‘Ž˜‡•…‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘†‡Ž•ǡ
‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› ‘Ǧ–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ Žƒ™ •–—†‡–• ™‹–Š ‘ ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡ ‘ˆ …‘’—–‡”
’”‘‰”ƒ‹‰…ƒ•–‹ŽŽ‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡‹”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆŽƒ™„›•–—†›‹‰
–Š‡‘†‡Ž•ƒ†‡šƒ’Ž‡•ǤŠ‡ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š•ƒ”‡†‡•…”‹„‡†ƒ–ƒŠ‹‰ŠŽ‡˜‡Ž
‘ˆƒ„•–”ƒ…–‹‘ƒ•‡‹–Š‡”ˆŽ‘™…Šƒ”–•‘”–‡š–—ƒŽŽ›†‡•…”‹„‡†•‡–•‘ˆ•–‡’•Ǥ
Š‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š•‹‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡‹–—‹–‹˜‡Ž›ƒ……‡•Ǧ
•‹„Ž‡ ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ ˆ”‘ ™Š‹…Š Žƒ™ •–—†‡–• …ƒ Ž‡ƒ”Ǥ
• ‘–‡†ǡ –Š‡ Ȁ ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘ƒ–‡† Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ ’”‘‰”ƒ•
‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡ „‘–Š •—……‡••‡• ƒ† ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡•Ǥ Š‡ ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡• ƒ”‡ ‘”‡ ‹–‡”‡•–Ǧ
‹‰Ǣ •–—†‡–• …ƒ ‘„•‡”˜‡ Š‘™ Š—ƒ ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡…‡ ˆ‹ŽŽ• ‹ ƒ ‰ƒ’ ƒ†
’‘†‡”–Š‡…‘•‡“—‡…‡•ˆ‘”Žƒ™ƒ†ˆ‘”ƒ†ƒ™Ǥ•ƒ–Š‘—‰Š–‡šǦ
’‡”‹‡–ǡŽƒ™•–—†‡–•…ƒ—•‡–Š‡–”ƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–‡’™‹•‡’”‘…‡••ȋ•—…Š
ƒ•–Š‡‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡š–‡†‡†‡šƒ’Ž‡Ȍ–‘’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‡‹ˆ”ƒ‹‰
–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆŠ‘™–‘‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒǯ•ȋŽ‡‰ƒŽȌ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ǡƒ†
–Š—•†‡•‹‰ƒ„‡––‡”…‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘†‡Ž‘ˆ–Šƒ–‹†‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘Ǧ
‹‰Ǥ
ˆ …‘—”•‡ǡ ‹– ”‡“—‹”‡• –‡…Š‹…ƒŽ ‡š’‡”–‹•‡ –‘ —†‡”•–ƒ† ‹ †‡–ƒ‹Ž
Š‘™ƒ…‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘†‡Žǯ•‘™Ž‡†‰‡‹•”‡’”‡•‡–‡†ȋˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ
™‹–Š Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹••Ȍ ƒ† Š‘™ –Š‡ •‡ƒ”…Šǡ ‹ˆ‡”‡…‡ …‘–”‘Ž ƒ†
Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ƒ”‡ ‹’Ž‡‡–‡†Ǥ ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ Žƒ™ •–—†‡–• †‘ ‘– ‡‡† –‘
—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ†‡–ƒ‹Ž•‹‘”†‡”–‘Ž‡ƒ”ˆ”‘–Š‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ
Ž‡‰ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ƒ•‘†‡Ž‡†Ǥ
•ƒ••‡”–‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ǡƒ•‡…‘†‡›”‡ƒ•‘™Š›ƒƒ†ƒ™•‡‹Ǧ
ƒ”Šƒ•’‡†ƒ‰‘‰‹…ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡‹•–‘Š‡Ž’Žƒ™•–—†‡–•—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡–‡…ŠǦ
‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ‘†‡”Ž‡‰ƒŽ’”ƒ…–‹…‡Ǥ‹…‡ƒ––‘”‡›•‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›ƒ”‡…ƒŽŽ‡†
—’‘–‘ƒ••‡••ǡ’—”…Šƒ•‡ǡƒ†”‡Ž›—’‘’”‘†—…–•–Šƒ–‡’Ž‘›ƒ…Š‹‡
Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ͹ †ƒ–ƒ ‹‹‰ǡͺ ƒ–—”ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ’”‘…‡••‹‰ǡ ƒ† ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘
͹Ǥ ƒ…Š‹‡ ‡ƒ”‹‰ ‹• –Š‡ •–—†› ‘ˆ …‘’—–‡” ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š• –Šƒ– ‹’”‘˜‡ ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ›
–Š”‘—‰Š‡š’‡”‹‡…‡ǤǤǡ
ͳǦʹȋͳͻͻ͹ȌǤ
ͺǤ Id.ƒ–ͳ͹ȋDzƒ…Š‹‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š•ǤǤǤƒ”‡‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›—•‡ˆ—Ž‹ǤǤǤdatamining’”‘„Ǧ
Ž‡• ™Š‡”‡ Žƒ”‰‡ †ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡• ƒ› …‘–ƒ‹ ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ ‹’Ž‹…‹– ”‡‰—Žƒ”‹–‹‡• –Šƒ– …ƒ „‡ †‹•…‘˜‡”‡†
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
DIGITALAGELEGALPRACTICE
͹ͺͻ
”‡–”‹‡˜ƒŽ ˆ‘” —•‡ ȋˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ…‡ ‹ ‡Ǧ†‹•…‘˜‡”›Ȍǡ ‹– ‹• ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ‘Ǧ
’”‘‰”ƒ‹‰Žƒ™•–—†‡–•–‘Ž‡ƒ”Š‘™–Š‡•‡–‘‘Ž•ƒ”‡‡’Ž‘›‡†ƒ†
•‘‡–Š‹‰ ƒ„‘—– Š‘™ –Š‡› ™‘”Ǥ Ǧ†‹•…‘˜‡”› –‘‘Ž• ™‹ŽŽ •‘‘ „‡ ‘–
‘Ž›’‡”‹––‡†ǡ„—–”‡“—‹”‡†„›–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•–ƒ†ƒ”†‘ˆ…ƒ”‡ƒ†
†‡ƒ†‡†„›Žƒ”‰‡…‘”’‘”ƒ–‡…Ž‹‡–•Ǥ
Ž–Š‘—‰Š –‡…Š‹“—‡• •—…Š ƒ• ƒ…Š‹‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ˆ”‘ Žƒ”‰‡ †ƒ–ƒ
•‡–•ǡ †ƒ–ƒ ‹‹‰ǡ ‘” ƒ–—”ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ’”‘…‡••‹‰ ƒ”‡ …‘’Ž‡š ƒ†
Ž‡ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ‹–—‹–‹‘•„‡Š‹†ǡƒ––‘”‡›•‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡–‘•‡Ž‡…–
–‘‘Ž•ǡ—•‡–Š‡‘”†‹”‡…–‘–Š‡”•‹—•‹‰–Š‡ǡ‹–‡”’”‡––Š‡‹”‘—–’—–•ǡ
ƒ†Œ—•–‹ˆ›–‘‘–Š‡”•ȋ•—…Šƒ•Œ—†‰‡•Ȍ–Š‡‹””‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡‡••Ǥ
‘”–Š‡•‡‹†•‘ˆ‘†‡Ž•ƒ†•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡’”‘†—…–•ǡŽƒ™•–—†‡–•…ƒƒ–
Ž‡ƒ•– Ž‡ƒ” –Š‡ …‘…‡’–—ƒŽ ˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”›ǡ Š‹‰ŠǦŽ‡˜‡Ž †‡•…”‹’–‹‘• ‘ˆ Š‘™
–Š‡–‡…Š‹“—‡•™‘”ǡ–Š‡™ƒ›•‹™Š‹…Š’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡…ƒ„‡‡ƒ•—”‡†ǡ
™Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡• •‹‰‹ˆ›ǡ ™Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘†‡Ž• …ƒ’–—”‡ ƒ† ™Šƒ– –Š‡
‘†‡Ž•Ž‡ƒ˜‡‘—–ǤŠ‡‡š’‡”‹‡…‡‘ˆ–Š‹‹‰‹–‡”•‘ˆȋͳȌŠ‹‰ŠǦŽ‡˜‡Ž
†‡•…”‹’–‹‘• ‘ˆ …‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š•Ǣ ȋʹȌ ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡
ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š• ™‘” ƒ† ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡› „”‡ƒ †‘™Ǣ ƒ† ȋ͵Ȍ –Š‡ ™ƒ›• –Š‡‹”
’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ ‹• ‡ƒ•—”‡† ™‹ŽŽ ’”‡’ƒ”‡ •–—†‡–• –‘ „‡ ‹ˆ‘”‡† …‘Ǧ
•—‡”•‘ˆ†‹‰‹–ƒŽ–‘‘Ž•ƒ‹‡†ƒ––Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘Ǥ
—”‹‰–Š‡Žƒ•––™‡–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡›‡ƒ”•ǡƒ†ƒ™•‡‹ƒ”•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡
–ƒ—‰Š–”‡‰—Žƒ”Ž›ǡ‹ˆ‘–…‘–‹—ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹Žƒ™•…Š‘‘Ž•ƒ–ƒ”˜ƒ”†ǡ–ƒˆ‘”†ǡ
‘”–Š‡ƒ•–‡”ǡ Š‹…ƒ‰‘Ǧ‡–ǡ ƒ† ‹––•„—”‰ŠǤͻ ›’‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ •‡‹ƒ”•
ˆ‘…—••–—†‡–•‘ƒ……‡••‹„Ž‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’ƒ’‡”•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡’—„Ž‹•Š‡†
‹ –Š‡ ˆ‹‡Ž†ǯ• ƒŒ‘” ˜‡—‡•ǡ •—…Š ƒ• –Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘ˆ‡”‡…‡ ‘
”–‹ˆ‹…‹ƒŽ–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡…‡ƒ†ƒ™ȋȌǡͳͲ–Š‡ƒ—ƒŽ…‘ˆ‡”‡…‡‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽ
‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘›•–‡•ȋȌǡͳͳƒ†–Š‡Œ‘—”ƒŽArtifiǦ
cial Intelligence and LawǤͳʹ Š‡ ’ƒ’‡”• ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡ –Š‡ Ȁ ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ
Ž‡‰ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ƒ†–Š‡‹–‡”˜‡‹‰•–‡’•ǤŠ‡›ƒŽ•‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›ƒ‰ƒ’–Šƒ–
‘ˆ–‡ ”‡Žƒ–‡• –‘ ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ– Ž‡‰ƒŽȀ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ǡ ‘‡ –Šƒ– Š—Ǧ
ƒ”‡ƒ•‘‡”•‡ƒ•‹Ž›„”‹†‰‡ǡˆ‹‡••‡‘”‹‰‘”‡ǡ„—––Šƒ–…‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
”‡ƒ•‘‡”•‡‡†•’‡…‹ƒŽ–‡…Š‹“—‡•–‘ƒ††”‡••Ǥ
ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ›ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ–‘ƒƒŽ›œ‡‘—–…‘‡•‘ˆ‡†‹…ƒŽ–”‡ƒ–‡–•ˆ”‘’ƒ–‹‡–†ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡•‘”–‘Ž‡ƒ”
‰‡‡”ƒŽ”—Ž‡•ˆ‘”…”‡†‹–™‘”–Š‹‡••ˆ”‘ˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ†ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡•ȌǤǤǤȏǤȐdzȌȋ‡’Šƒ•‹•ƒ††‡†ȌǤ
ͻǤ See infra ‘–‡• ͳ͵ǡ ͳ͹ǡ ʹ͵ǡ ʹͶǤ ‡˜‹ •ŠŽ‡› Šƒ• –ƒ—‰Š– ƒ ƒ† ƒ™ ‡‹ƒ” ƒ– –Š‡
‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‹––•„—”‰Š…Š‘‘Ž‘ˆƒ™•‹…‡ͳͻͺͻǤ
ͳͲǤ ǡ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‹ƒƒ‹ŽǤ‘”‰
ȋŽƒ•–˜‹•‹–‡†’”Ǥʹ͵ǡʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ
ͳͳǤ ǡ ǡ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™ǤŒ—”‹šǤŽ ȋŽƒ•–
˜‹•‹–‡†’”ǤʹͲǡʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ
ͳʹǤ See
ƬǤǡavailableat
™™™Ǥ•’”‹‰‡”Ǥ…‘Ȁ…‘’—–‡”Ȁƒ‹Œ‘—”ƒŽȀͳͲͷͲ͸Ǥ
͹ͻͲ
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣ͵
‘‡–‹‡•ǡ –Š‡ ƒ† ƒ™ ‡‹ƒ” …‘„‹‡• Žƒ™ •–—†‡–• ƒ†
…‘’—–‡” •…‹‡…‡ ‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡ •–—†‡–• ™Š‘ •–—†› Ǥ Š‹• ’”‘˜‹†‡• Žƒ™
•–—†‡–• ƒ ’‡†ƒ‰‘‰‹…ƒŽŽ› ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–› –‘ ’”ƒ…–‹…‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰
–Š‡ Žƒ™ –‘ ‘ǦŽƒ™ •–—†‡–• ȋƒ† ˆ‘” ‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡ •–—†‡–• –‘ ‡š’Žƒ‹
…‘’—–‡” •…‹‡…‡ –‘ ‘Ǧ–‡…Š‹‡•ȌǤ ƒ™ •–—†‡–• ƒŽ•‘ ‰ƒ‹ ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡
‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‰ ™‹–Š –‡…Š‹…ƒŽŽ›Ǧ ƒ† –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽŽ›Ǧ‹†‡† ’‡”•‘•ǡ
™Š‘ ƒ› Žƒ™ •–—†‡–• ƒ› ‡…‘—–‡” ‹ ’”ƒ…–‹…‡ǡ ‡‹–Š‡” ƒ‘‰
…Ž‹‡–•‘”˜‡†‘”•Ǥ
 ƒ† ƒ™ ”ƒ…–‹…— …ƒ –ƒ‡ Žƒ™ •–—†‡–• ƒ ˆ‡™ •–‡’• ˆ—”Ǧ
–Š‡”ǡ ‡‰ƒ‰‹‰ –Š‡ ‹ •‘‡ ƒ•’‡…–• ‘ˆ „—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ ƒ’’Ž›‹‰ǡ ‘” —•‹‰
…‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘†‡Ž•‘ˆ‘”ˆ‘”Ž‡‰ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰Ǥƒ†ƒ™”ƒ…–‹…—•
Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‘ˆˆ‡”‡† ‹ Žƒ™ •…Š‘‘Ž• ƒ– –ƒˆ‘”†ǡ ‘”–Š‡ƒ•–‡”ǡ Š‹…ƒ‰‘Ǧ
‡–ǡͳ͵ƒ†‹––•„—”‰Šǡ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰Žƒ™•–—†‡–•‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’
‡š’‡”– •›•–‡• —•‹‰ •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– –‘‘Ž• ˆ‘” ‘’”‘‰”ƒǦ
‡”•Ǥ Š‡ ’”ƒ…–‹…— ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• …ƒ „‡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ† ƒ™
‡‹ƒ”ƒ•ƒ‹†‘ˆDzŽƒ„dz…‘’‘‡–‘”ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹–‹–Š‡‡š–•‡‡•–‡”Ǥ
–—†‡–• ™‹–Š ‘” ™‹–Š‘—– ’”‘‰”ƒ‹‰ •‹ŽŽ• …ƒ ƒ…–—ƒŽŽ› „—‹Ž† …‘Ǧ
’‘‡–•‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽ‡š’‡”–•›•–‡•ǡƒ†‹†‘‹‰•‘ǡ–Š‡›™‹ŽŽ–Š‡›‰”ƒ’’Ž‡
™‹–Š „”‹†‰‹‰ –Š‡ ‰ƒ’•Ǥ ˜‡ ‹ˆ –Š‡› ˆƒ‹Ž –‘ ‹’Ž‡‡– ƒ ’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ
„”‹†‰‡ǡ–Š‡›Ž‡ƒ”ƒ„‘—––Š‡‰ƒ’Ǥ
‹…‡ —…Š ‘ˆ …‘’—–‡” ’”‘‰”ƒ‹‰ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• ƒ †‡•‹‰ ’”‘…‡••
‘ˆ •—……‡••‹˜‡ ”‡ˆ‹‡‡–ǡ „› ‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰ ‰‘ƒŽ• ƒ† •—„Ǧ‰‘ƒŽ• ƒ† †‡Ǧ
•…”‹„‹‰ƒ•‡–‘ˆ•–‡’•ˆ‘”ƒ…Š‹‡˜‹‰–Š‡•‡‰‘ƒŽ•ƒ–‡ƒ…ŠŽ‡˜‡ŽǡŽƒ™•–—Ǧ
†‡–• …ƒ ‡‰ƒ‰‡ ‹ –Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡”ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž †‡•‹‰ –ƒ•• ‡˜‡ ™‹–Š‘—–
‘™‹‰ ƒ ’”‘‰”ƒ‹‰ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ ƒ™ •–—†‡–• ™Š‘ …ƒ –Š‹ •›•Ǧ
–‡ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ›ƒ„‘—–’”‘…‡••‡•ˆ‘”•‘Ž˜‹‰Ž‡‰ƒŽ’”‘‰”ƒ•…ƒ‡‰ƒ‰‡‹ƒ
•–‡’™‹•‡†‡…‘’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡ƒ†–Š‡ˆ‘…—•‘Dz‹˜‡–‹‰dzƒ
–‡…Š‹“—‡ȋ•—…Šƒ•ƒ•‡–‘ˆ•–‡’•Ȍˆ‘”•‘Ž˜‹‰•‘‡•—„Ǧ‰‘ƒŽǤ‡†‘‡•
‘–‡‡†–‘’”‘‰”ƒ–Š‡•–‡’•–‘Ž‡ƒ”ˆ”‘–Š‡’”‘…‡••‘ˆ†‡•…”‹„‹‰
–Š‡ƒ†‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‹‰–Š‡™‹–Šƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡Ǥ
…–—ƒŽ’”‘‰”ƒ‹‰‹…‘’—–‡”…‘†‡Šƒ’’‡•‘Ž›ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ
–Š‡’”‘…‡••ǡƒ†ǡ‹ƒ›‡˜‡–ǡ‹–ƒ›‘–”‡“—‹”‡•’‡…‹ƒŽ•‹ŽŽ•Ǥ…”‡ƒ•Ǧ
‹‰Ž›ǡ –‘‘Ž• ƒ”‡ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ™‹–Š ™Š‹…Š ‘Ǧ’”‘‰”ƒ‹‰ Žƒ™ •–—†‡–•
…ƒ „—‹Ž† •‘Ž—–‹‘• ˆ‘” ”‡ƒŽ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ’”‘„Ž‡• –‘ ‹’Ž‡‡– –Š‡‹” •–‡’Ǧ
ͳ͵Ǥ – Š‹…ƒ‰‘Ǧ‡–ǡ ”‘ˆ‡••‘” ‹…Šƒ”† ”‹‰Š– –ƒ—‰Š– ƒ …‘—”•‡ ‘ Dz‘’—–‡”• ƒ† ‡‰ƒŽ
‡ƒ•‘‹‰dz —•‹‰ ǣ ‡†ƒ‰‘‰‹…ƒŽ š’‡”– ›•–‡ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘‘Žǡ ƒ •—‹–‡ ‘ˆ …‘’—–‡”
’”‘‰”ƒ•‘ˆŠ‹•‘™†‡•‹‰ǡ™Š‹…ŠƒŽŽ‘™‡†–Š‡”ƒ’‹†ǡŠ›’‡”–‡š–Ǧ†”‹˜‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‘ˆ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†”—Ž‡
„ƒ•‡•ƒ†…ƒ•‡„ƒ•‡•–‘”‡’”‡•‡–Ž‡‰ƒŽ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†‘†‡ŽŽ‡‰ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ƒ†ǡ‹’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”ǡ
Ž‡‰ƒŽ †‘ƒ‹•Ǥ ”‘ˆ‡••‘” ‘ –ƒ—†– –‡ƒ…Š‡• ƒ Dz—•–‹…‡ ƒ† ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ”ƒ…–‹…—dz –Šƒ– ‡‰ƒ‰‡•
•–—†‡–• ‹ „—‹Ž†‹‰ ™‡„Ǧ„ƒ•‡† –‘‘Ž•ǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ ‡š’‡”– •›•–‡•ǡ –‘ •—’’‘”– Ž‡‰ƒŽ •‡”˜‹…‡• ƒ†˜‘Ǧ
…ƒ–‡•ǡ’”‘„‘‘˜‘Ž—–‡‡”•ǡƒ†’”‘•‡Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–•Ǥ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
DIGITALAGELEGALPRACTICE
͹ͻͳ
™‹•‡‡š’‡”–•›•–‡…‘’‘‡–•Ǥ‡…‡–Ž›ǡ‹ƒ
‡‘”‰‡–‘™ƒ™…Š‘‘Ž
•‡‹ƒ” ‡–‹–Ž‡†Dz‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‘˜ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†ƒ™”ƒ…–‹…‡ǡdzŽƒ™•–—Ǧ
†‡–• „—‹Ž– Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‡š’‡”– •›•–‡• ‹ ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ †‘ƒ‹• —•‹‰ –‘‘Ž•
ˆ”‘‡‘–ƒ‘‰‹…–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘—•‡†„›Žƒ™ˆ‹”•–‘…”‡ƒ–‡‡š’‡”–•›•Ǧ
–‡•ˆ‘”’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ’”ƒ…–‹…‡ǤͳͶ
ƒ™ •–—†‡–• ™‹–Š‘—– ’”‘‰”ƒ‹‰ •‹ŽŽ• …ƒ ƒŽ•‘ ‡‰ƒ‰‡ ‹ †‡Ǧ
•‹‰‹‰ƒ†ƒ’’Ž›‹‰•…Š‡‡•ˆ‘”ƒ‘–ƒ–‹‰Ž‡‰ƒŽ–‡š–•ȋ‹…Ž—†‹‰™‹–Š
ƒ”‰—‡–Ǧ†‹ƒ‰”ƒ‹‰ –‘‘Ž• †‡•…”‹„‡† „‡Ž‘™ͳͷȌ •‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡› …ƒ „‡
—•‡† „› …‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘†‡Ž• ‘ˆ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ ‘” ‹ ƒ’’Ž›‹‰ ƒǦ
…Š‹‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰–‘…Žƒ••‹ˆ›–‡š–•ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‹”Ž‡‰ƒŽ•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ…‡Ǥ‘”
‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ•–—†‡–•ƒ–‘ˆ•–”ƒƒ™…Š‘‘Žǯ•ƒ™ǡ‘‰‹…ǡƒ†‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›
‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›Ž‡ƒ”ƒ„‘—–Ž‡‰ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ƒ•–Š‡›’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‡‹
‡’‹”‹…ƒŽ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ …Ž‘•‡ •–—†› ƒ† ƒ‘–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡˜‹†‡–‹ƒŽ
”‡ƒ•‘‹‰‹Ž‡‰ƒŽ‘’‹‹‘•Ǥͳ͸
Ǥ ›ŽŽƒ„—•ˆ‘”ƒƒ†ƒ™‡‹ƒ”–Šƒ–…‘˜‡”•„‘–Š‡›’‡†ƒǦ
‰‘‰‹…ƒŽ ’‘‹–•ȄŽ‡ƒ”‹‰ Ž‡••‘• ˆ”‘ •–‡’™‹•‡ †‡…‘’‘•‹–‹‘• ‘ˆ Ž‡Ǧ
‰ƒŽ ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ ƒ† —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ –Š‡ ‡™ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ‘ˆ Ž‡‰ƒŽ
’”ƒ…–‹…‡Ȅ‹•’”‡•‡–‡†‹–Š‡’’‡†‹šƒ††‡•…”‹„‡†„‡Ž‘™Ǥ
A.PartOne:ComputationalModelsofReasoningwithLegalRulesand
Cases
Š‡ˆ‹”•–•‡…–‹‘‘ˆƒ”–‡‘ˆ–Š‡›ŽŽƒ„—•ǡIntroductiontoComǦ
putational Models of Legal Reasoningǡ ‹…Ž—†‡• ƒ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ •—”˜‡›
ƒ† –™‘ ‡ƒ”Ž› ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ …‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘†‡Ž• ‘ˆ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ’”‘„Ž‡Ǧ
•‘Ž˜‹‰–ƒ••‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ””‡Ž‡˜ƒ…‡–‘Žƒ™•–—†‡–•ǡ™Š‘Šƒ˜‡ƒŽŽ–ƒǦ
‡ ˆ‹”•– ›‡ƒ” –‘”–• ƒ† …‘–”ƒ…–• …‘—”•‡•Ǥ Š‡ •—”˜‡›ǡ „› †™‹ƒ
‹••Žƒ†ǡ‹–”‘†—…‡•Žƒ™•–—†‡–•–‘”–‹ˆ‹…‹ƒŽ–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡…‡ǡǯ•ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒǦ
–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ †‘ƒ‹ǡ ƒ† …‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘†‡Ž• ‘ˆ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”‡ƒ•‘Ǧ
‹‰Ǥͳ͹Š‡ˆ‹”•–‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ•—…Šƒ‘†‡Ž‹•‘ƒŽ†ƒ–‡”ƒǯ•‡š’‡”–
ͳͶǤ ”‡••‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ǡ‡‘–ƒ‘‰‹…ǡ…Ǥǡ
‡‘”‰‡–‘™ƒ™–—†‡–•ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡”ƒ†‹–‹‘„›—‹Ž†Ǧ
‹‰ Ž‹‡ ‡‰ƒŽ †˜‹•‘”• ™‹–Š ‡‘–ƒ ‘‰‹… ȋ’”Ǥ ʹͶǡ ʹͲͳʹȌ available atǡ
Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ’”™‡„Ǥ…‘Ȁ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡•Ȁ‡‘–ƒŽ‘‰‹…Ȁ‹”‘–‡…ŠŽƒ™›‡”Ȁ’”™‡„ͻͶ͵ͺ͸ͻͲǤŠ–Ǥ
ͳͷǤ Seeinfra‘–‡ͶͲǤ
ͳ͸Ǥ ǡ Ƭ ǡ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™ǤŽŽ–Žƒ„Ǥ‘”‰ ȋŽƒ•– ˜‹•‹–‡† ’”Ǥ
ʹ͵ǡʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ
ͳ͹Ǥ †™‹ƒ Ǥ ‹••Žƒ†ǡ Artificial Intelligence and Law: Stepping Stones to a Model of Legal
Reasoningǡͻͻ Ǥ Ǥͳͻͷ͹ǡͳͻͷ͹ǦͷͺȋͳͻͻͲȌǤŠ‡ƒ—–Š‘”ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒ••ƒ…Š—•‡––•”‘ˆ‡••‘”
‡”‹–—• ‘ˆ ‘’—–‡” …‹‡…‡ǡ Šƒ• ”‡‰—Žƒ”Ž› –ƒ—‰Š– ƒ ƒ† ƒ™ ‡‹ƒ” ƒ– ƒ”˜ƒ”† ƒ™
…Š‘‘ŽǤƒ††‹–‹‘–‘ƒ••‹‰‹‰”‡ƒ†‹‰•ǡ•Š‡•–”‘‰Ž›•—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ–Žƒ™•–—†‡–•ȋƒ†Š‡”‰”ƒ†Ǧ
͹ͻʹ
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣ͵
•›•–‡ –Šƒ– —•‡† Š‡—”‹•–‹… ”—Ž‡• ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ”—Ž‡• ‘ˆ –Š—„ǡ „ƒ•‡† ‘ ‡š’‡”–
‡š’‡”‹‡…‡Ȍ–‘ƒ†˜‹•‡‘•‡––Ž‹‰’”‘†—…–Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›…Žƒ‹•ǤͳͺŠ‡•‡…‘†
•ƒ’Ž‡‘†‡Ž„›‡
ƒ”†‡”ƒƒŽ›œ‡•‡šƒ’”‘„Ž‡•Žƒ™•–—†‡–•
‡…‘—–‡”‹ƒˆ‹”•–›‡ƒ”…‘–”ƒ…–•…‘—”•‡Ǥͳͻ
ƒ…Š‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡•ƒ…‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ…Š‹‡”›ˆ‘”
†”ƒ™‹‰Ž‡‰ƒŽ…‘…Ž—•‹‘•Ǥ‹••Žƒ†ǯ••—”˜‡›ˆ‘…—•‡•‘–Š‡ƒ–‡”ƒ
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ƒ”†‡”‡šƒ’Ž‡•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ†”‡Žƒ–‡•–Š‡–‘–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ
…ƒ•‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‘†‡Ž•‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰†‡•…”‹„‡†„‡Ž‘™Ǥ
ƒ–‡”ƒǯ•’”‘‰”ƒ…‘–ƒ‹‡†–Š”‡‡‹†•‘ˆ”—Ž‡•†‡”‹˜‡†ˆ”‘
Ž‡‰ƒŽƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•ǡŽ‹–‹‰ƒ–‘”•ǡƒ†‹•—”ƒ…‡…Žƒ‹•ƒ†Œ—•–‘”•ǣ”—Ž‡•†‡ˆ‹Ǧ
‹‰Ž‡‰ƒŽ…‘…‡’–•Ž‹‡’”‘†—…–Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ•–”‹…–Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡƒ†…‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡
‡‰Ž‹‰‡…‡Ǣ ‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ ”—Ž‡• –‘ ƒ††”‡•• ‹†‡ˆ‹‹–‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ –‡”• ƒ† ƒ…Ǧ
…‘—–ˆ‘”Ž‹‡Ž›Œ—”‘””‡ƒ…–‹‘•–‘ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ…‡ƒ†•›’ƒ–Š›Ǣƒ†”—Ž‡•
‰—‹†‹‰ •‡––Ž‡‡– …‘’—–ƒ–‹‘• ȋˆ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ˆ‘” …‘’—–‹‰ –Š‡
ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ †ƒƒ‰‡• ˆ‘” ’ƒ‹ ƒ† •—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ȌǤ Š‡ •›•–‡ ƒ’’Ž‹‡† –Š‡
”—Ž‡•‹ƒ„‘––‘Ǧ—’†‹”‡…–‹‘Ǣ‹–”‡’‡ƒ–‡†Ž›ƒ•‡†–Š‡—•‡”“—‡•–‹‘•
„ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ”—Ž‡• ™Š‘•‡ …‘†‹–‹‘• Šƒ† ‘– ›‡– „‡‡ •ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡† ƒ†
–Š‡ǡ ‰‹˜‡ ƒ•™‡”•ǡ —•‡† –Š‡ ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ„Ž‡ ”—Ž‡• –‘ †”ƒ™ ƒ …‘…Ž—•‹‘
ƒ„‘—–Š‘™—…Š–Š‡†‹•’—–‡™ƒ•™‘”–Šˆ‘”’—”’‘•‡•‘ˆ•‡––Ž‡‡–Ǥ›
™ƒ› ‘ˆ ‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰ ‹–• …‘…Ž—•‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ …‘—Ž† ‘—–’—– ƒ ‹ˆ‡”Ǧ
‡…‡–”‡‡ǡƒ–”‡‡‘ˆ–Š‡”—Ž‡•–Šƒ–Dzˆ‹”‡†dzȋ–Šƒ–‹•ǡ™Š‘•‡…‘†‹–‹‘•™‡”‡
•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡†Ȍ”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹–Š‡…‘…Ž—•‹‘Ǥ
ƒ”†‡”ǯ•’”‘‰”ƒ‹’Ž‡‡–‡†ƒ‘†‡Ž‘ˆ‘ˆˆ‡”ƒ†ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡
ƒ• ƒ ‘”†‡”‡† ’”‘‰”‡••‹‘ ƒ‘‰ ˆ‘—” ‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ–‡ …‘…Ž—•‹‘• ‘”
•–ƒ–‡•ǣȋͲȌ‘”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–Ž‡‰ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǡȋͳȌƒ’‡†‹‰‘ˆˆ‡”ǡȋʹȌ–Š‡‡š‹•–Ǧ
‡…‡‘ˆƒ…‘–”ƒ…–ǡƒ†ȋͳʹȌ–Š‡‡š‹•–‡…‡‘ˆƒ…‘–”ƒ…–’Ž—•ƒ’‡†‹‰
’”‘’‘•ƒŽ –‘ ‘†‹ˆ› –Š‡ …‘–”ƒ…–Ǥ ”…• ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† –Š‡ ™ƒ›• –‘ ‘˜‡
ˆ”‘ ‘‡ •–ƒ–‡ –‘ ƒ‘–Š‡”Ǥ ‘” ‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ –‘ ‘˜‡ǣ ˆ”‘ ȋͲȌ –‘ ȋͳȌ ”‡Ǧ
“—‹”‡†ˆ‹†‹‰ƒ‘ˆˆ‡”ǡˆ”‘ȋͳȌ–‘ȋʹȌ”‡“—‹”‡†ˆ‹†‹‰ƒƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡
‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡†‹‰ ‘ˆˆ‡”ǡ ƒ† ˆ”‘ ȋʹȌ –‘ ȋͲȌ ”‡“—‹”‡† ”‡˜‘‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ…Ǧ
…‡’–ƒ…‡ƒ†”‡Œ‡…–‹‰–Š‡‘ˆˆ‡”ǤŠ‡”‡™‡”‡”—Ž‡•ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‡ƒ…Š
—ƒ–‡•–—†‡–•ǡ‘ˆ™Š‹…Š™ƒ•‘‡ǡƒ‘’’‘”–—‹–›ˆ‘”™Š‹…Šƒˆ‘”‡˜‡”‰”ƒ–‡ˆ—ŽȌ’”‡’ƒ”‡ƒ‘‡Ǧ
’ƒ‰‡•—ƒ”›‘ˆ”‡ƒ†‹‰•™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ƒŒ‘”‡–”‹‡•ǣͳȌƒ„”‹‡ˆȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ‘‘”‡–Šƒ–™‘Ǧ‘”
–Š”‡‡Ǧ•‡–‡…‡Ȍ †‡•…”‹’–‹‘ ‘ˆ ™Šƒ– –Š‡ ™‘” ‹• ƒ„‘—–ǡ ʹȌ –Š‡ •–”‡‰–Š• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šǡ ͵Ȍ –Š‡
™‡ƒ‡••‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šǡƒ†ͶȌ•‘‡–Š‹‰ƒ„‘—––Š‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š–Šƒ–‹•”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‘•‘‡’”‘Ǧ
Œ‡…–ǡ –ƒ•ǡ ƒ••‹‰‡–ǡ ‘” ‘’‹‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–—†‡–Ǥ Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ™ƒ›• ˆ‘—† ‹– Š‡Ž’ˆ—Ž –‘ ’”‡’ƒ”‡ •—…Š
•—ƒ”‹‡•‘ˆ”‡ƒ†‹‰•ǡƒ†ƒ•›•–—†‡–•–‘†‘–Š‡•ƒ‡Ǥ
ͳͺǤ Ƭ ǡsupra‘–‡ͶǤ‘ƒ–‡”ƒ™ƒ•ƒ’‹‘‡‡”™Š‘•‡†‹••‡”–ƒǦ
–‹‘’”‘Œ‡…–‘†‡Ž‡†„‡––‹‰‹‘‡”Ǥ
ͳͻǤ ǡ Ͷ
ȋͳͻͺ͹ȌǤ ‡ ƒ”†‡” ‹• ƒ ‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ „‘–Š –ƒˆ‘”† ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǯ• ƒ™ …Š‘‘Ž ƒ† ‹–• †‘…–‘”ƒŽ
’”‘‰”ƒ‹‘’—–‡”…‹‡…‡Ǥ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
DIGITALAGELEGALPRACTICE
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ƒ”…™Š‹…Š†‡ˆ‹‡†–Š‡…‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ††‡–‡”‹‡†™Š‡–Š‡”ƒ…‘†‹–‹‘
Šƒ†„‡‡•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡†ȋ–Šƒ–‹•ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡ˆƒ…–•†‹•…Ž‘•‡†ƒ‘ˆˆ‡”ǡƒƒ…Ǧ
…‡’–ƒ…‡ǡƒ”‡˜‘…ƒ–‹‘ǡetceteraȌǤ
Š‡LogicalModelsofStatutoryReasoning•‡…–‹‘‹…Ž—†‡•ƒ‡ƒ”Ǧ
Ž› ’”‘‰”ƒ „› ƒ”‡ ‡”‰‘–ǡ et aliaǡ –Šƒ– ƒƒŽ›œ‡† Ž‡‰ƒŽ “—‡•–‹‘• ‹Ǧ
˜‘Ž˜‹‰”‹–‹•Š…‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’Ǣ‹–•–‹ŽŽ”‡’”‡•‡–•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘”‡ƒ„‹–‹‘—•
‡ˆˆ‘”–• ƒ– ƒ‹‰ ƒ •–ƒ–—–‡ Dz…‘’—–ƒ„Ž‡Ǥdz Š‹• ’”‘‰”ƒǡ …‘’”‹•‹‰
ͳͷͲ ”—Ž‡• ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† ȋƒ—ƒŽŽ›Ȍ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›…–ǡ…‘—Ž†ƒƒŽ›œ‡’”‘„Ž‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰“—‡•–‹‘•‘ˆƒ–‹‘Ǧ
ƒŽ‹–› ƒ† ‡š’Žƒ‹ ‹–• ƒ•™‡”• —•‹‰ ƒ –”ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ‹ˆ‡”‡…‡• ‹–
Šƒ††”ƒ™ǤʹͲ
’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ ’”‘„Ž‡ ƒ”‹•‡• ‹ ƒ‹‰ Žƒ”‰‡ •–ƒ–—–‡• …‘’—–ƒ„Ž‡ǣ
–Š‡ ˆ‘”ƒŽ ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ–—–‘”› ”—Ž‡• Šƒ˜‡ ƒ –‡†‡…› –‘
„‡…‘‡ †‹•…‘‡…–‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •–ƒ–—–‘”› –‡š–•Ǥ Š‹• ’”‘„Ž‡ …‘’Ž‹Ǧ
…ƒ–‡• ‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰ –Š‡ •›•–‡ǯ• ”‡•—Ž–• ƒ† ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰ ƒ Žƒ”‰‡ •›•–‡
™Š‡”‡–Š‡”—Ž‡•‡‡†–‘„‡—’†ƒ–‡†ƒ•–Š‡•–ƒ–—–‘”›–‡š–•ƒ”‡ƒ‡†‡†Ǥ
”‡˜‘”‡…ŠǦƒ’‘ƒ†”ƒœ‘‡‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š–‘…‘Ǧ
‘”†‹ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ •–ƒ–—–‘”› ”—Ž‡• •‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‹•‘Ǧ
‘”’Š‹…–‘–Š‡•–ƒ–—–‘”›…‘†‡ǯ••–”—…–—”‡Ǥʹͳ
–Š‡””‡ƒ†‹‰•‹–Š‹••‡…–‹‘™ƒ”‘ˆ’”‘„Ž‡•™Š‡‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰
•–ƒ–—–‘”› –‡š–• ƒ• Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ”—Ž‡•Ǥ ‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ ‹• –Š‡ ‡‡† –‘ †‡ƒŽ ™‹–Š
Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ƒ„‹‰—‹–›ǡ …ƒ—•‡† „› –Š‡ ‹†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‡ •…‘’‡• ‘ˆ Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ …‘Ǧ
‡…–‘”• ‹ ƒ–—”ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‡š–•Ǥʹʹ ‘–Š‡” ’”‘„Ž‡ •–‡• ˆ”‘ –Š‡
ˆƒ…– –Šƒ– …Žƒ••‹…ƒŽ Ž‘‰‹… ‹• ‘‘–‘‹…Ǣ ‘…‡ ƒ …‘…Ž—•‹‘ ‹• †”ƒ™ǡ ‹–
…ƒ‘– „‡ Dz–ƒ‡ „ƒ…dz ‡˜‡ ‹ –Š‡ Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ ‡™ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š—•ǡ ‹–
†‘‡•‘–ˆ‹–Ž‡‰ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰˜‡”›™‡ŽŽǡ™Š‡”‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ…‘…Ž—•‹‘•–›’‹…ƒŽŽ›
…ƒ„‡ǡƒ†ƒ”‡ǡƒ”‰—‡†‘‡™ƒ›ƒ†–Š‡‘–Š‡”Ǥʹ͵
ʹͲǤ ƒ”‡Ǥ‡”‰‘–ǡƒ”‹„ƒƒ†”‹ǡ‘„‡”–Ǥ‘™ƒŽ•‹ǡ”ƒ”‹™ƒ…œ‡ǡǤƒ‘†ƬǤǤ
‘”›ǡ The British Nationality Act as a Logic Programǡ ʹͻ Ǥ ͵͹Ͳ ȋͳͻͺ͸ȌǤ ƒ”‡
‡”‰‘–‹•ƒ”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆ‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‰‹…ƒ–’‡”‹ƒŽ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ǡ‘†‘Ǥ
ʹͳǤ ”‡˜‘”‡…ŠǦƒ’‘Ƭ”ƒœ‘‡‡ǡš’Ž‘‹–‹‰•‘‘”’Š‹•ǣDevelopmentofaKBSto
Support British Coal Insurance Claimsǡ ͳͻͻͳ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ƬǤ͸ʹǤ
ʹʹǤ Seeƒ›ƒǤŽŽ‡ƬǤ—†›‰Š‘ŽǡNormalizedLegalDraftingandtheQueryMethǦ
odǡʹͻǤ
Ǥ͵ͺͲȋͳͻ͹͹Ǧͳͻ͹ͺȌǤƒ›ƒŽŽ‡ǡƒ”‘ˆ‡••‘”‡”‹–—•‘ˆƒ™ƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹Ǧ
–›‘ˆ‹…Š‹‰ƒǡ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ‰ƒ‡•ƒ„‘—–Ž‘‰‹…ǡƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹…•ǡƒ†Žƒ™ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰ Ǯ
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ʹ͵Ǥ ‘ƒŽ†‡”ƒ Ƭƒ”‘Ž‡ ƒˆ‡”ǡ ObstaclestotheDevelopmentofLogicǦBased Modelsof
Legal Reasoningǡ in ͳͺ͵ǦʹͳͶ ȋŠƒ”Ž‡• ƒŽ–‡” ‡†Ǥǡ ͳͻͺ͸ȌǤ
‘ƒŽ†‡”ƒǡƒˆ‘”‡””‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆƒ™ƒ†…‘Ǧ†‹”‡…–‘”‘ˆ–Š‡‡–‡”ˆ‘”ƒ™ƒ†‘’—–‡”
…‹‡…‡ƒ†–Š‡‘–Š‡”…‘Ǧ†‹”‡…–‘”ǡ••‘…‹ƒ–‡”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆ‘’—–‡”…‹‡…‡ƒ”‘Ž‡ƒˆ‡”ǡ”‡‰—Ǧ
Žƒ”Ž›–ƒ—‰Š–ƒƒ†ƒ™•‡‹ƒ”ƒ–‘”–Š‡ƒ•–‡”‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ‘•–‘ǡǤ
͹ͻͶ
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣ͵
Š‡CaseǦBasedModelsofLegalReasoningƒ†ModelsforPredictǦ
ing Legal Outcomes •‡…–‹‘• ‹…Ž—†‡ –‡…Š‹“—‡• –‘ ‘†‡Ž ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•
–‘ ’—”‡Ž› ”—Ž‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ǡ †‡†—…–‹˜‡ ‘†‡Ž• ‘ˆ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‹Ǧ
…Ž—†‡‘†‡Ž•ˆ‘””‡’”‡•‡–‹‰Ž‡‰ƒŽ…‘…‡’–•‘”‡ˆŽ‡š‹„Ž›‹–‡”•‘ˆ
†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ƒŽ ’”‘–‘–›’‡• and ƒ”‰—‡–Ǧ†”‹˜‡ †‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•ǡʹͶ ƒ† ‹
–‡”• ‘ˆ †‹‡•‹‘• –Šƒ– ”‡’”‡•‡– ƒ† ’ƒ”–‹ƒŽŽ› ‘”†‡” •–‡”‡‘–›’‹…ƒŽ
ˆƒ…– ’ƒ––‡”• –Šƒ– •–”‡‰–Š‡ ‘” ™‡ƒ‡ ƒ …Žƒ‹Ǥʹͷ –Š‹”† ‘†‡Žǡ
ǡ ‡’Ž‘›• •‡ƒ–‹… ‡–™‘”• ”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰ ˆƒ…–• –Šƒ– Œ—†‰‡•
†‡‡‡†‹’‘”–ƒ–ȋ‘”criterialȌ‹‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰–Š‡‹”Š‘Ž†‹‰•Ǥʹ͸
Š‡•‡’”‘‰”ƒ•—•‡†…ƒ•‡•–‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ƒ”‰—‡–•ˆ‘”ƒ†ƒ‰ƒ‹•–
’”‘’‘•‡†…‘…Ž—•‹‘•ȋ•—…Šƒ•ǯ•–Š”‡‡Ǧ’Ž›ƒ”‰—‡–•ʹ͹Ȍǡƒ•‹‰‹ˆǦ
‹…ƒ–†‡’ƒ”–—”‡ˆ”‘–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ†‡†—…–‹˜‡‘†‡Ž•Ǥ
Š‡ …ƒ•‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ‘†‡Ž• ƒŽ•‘ ˆ‘…—•‡† –Š‡ ˆ‹‡Ž† ‘ –Š‡ ‡‡† –‘ †‡Ǧ
˜‡Ž‘’‡™–‡…Š‹“—‡•–‘‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡–Š‡…‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘†‡Ž•‡’‹”‹…ƒŽǦ
Ž›ǡ•—…Šƒ•ƒ‹†‘ˆ—”‹‰–‡•–‘ˆ
ǤǤƒ”Ž”ƒ–‹‰‡’Ž‘›‡†ƒ
Š—ƒ‡š’‡”––‘‰”ƒ†‡ƒ”‰—‡–•‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†„›Žƒ™•–—†‡–•‘”„›–Š‡
’”‘‰”ƒǤ Š‡ ‰”ƒ†‡” ™ƒ• „Ž‹†‡† ƒ• –‘ –Š‡ •‘—”…‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”‰—‡–•
ȋ–Šƒ– ‹•ǡ Š‡ ™ƒ• ‘– ™ƒ”‡† –Šƒ– ƒ› ƒ”‰—‡– ™ƒ• ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† „› ƒ
…‘’—–‡”Ȍǡƒ†–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒǯ•ƒ”‰—‡–™ƒ•ƒ†‡–‘Ž‘‘Ž‹‡–Š‡Žƒ™
•–—†‡–•ǯ’ƒ’‡”•Ǥʹͺ
Š‡…ƒ•‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‘†‡Ž•‹•’‹”‡†ˆƒ…–‘”Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡•ǡʹͻ
ƒ†͵Ͳǡ™Š‹…Š’”‡†‹…–‘—–…‘‡•‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽ…ƒ•‡•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡•–”‡‰–Š
‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘ ƒ† …‘ ƒ”‰—‡–•Ǥ Š‹• ”‡˜‹˜‡† ‹–‡”‡•– ‹ ƒ ‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡
…”‹–‡”‹‘ ˆ‘” ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰ ‘†‡Ž• ƒ† ’”‡†‹…–‹˜‡ ƒ……—”ƒ…›ǡ ƒ ”‡…—””‡–
–Š”‡ƒ† ‹ ƒ† ƒ™ •‹…‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• ƒ’’Ž‹‡† ƒ ‡ƒ”‡•–Ǧ
‡‹‰Š„‘” ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š –‘ ’”‡†‹…–‹‰ ‘—–…‘‡• ‘ˆ ƒƒ†‹ƒ –ƒš …ƒ•‡• ‹Ǧ
ʹͶǤ See Ǥ Š‘”‡ …ƒ”–›ǡ An Implementation of ‹•‡” ˜Ǥ ƒ…‘„‡”ǡ ͳͻͻͷ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ Ƭ Ǥʹ͹͸Ǥ”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆ‘’—–‡”…‹‡…‡ƒ†ƒ™ƒ–
—–‰‡”•‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡŠ‘”‡…ƒ”–›Šƒ•–ƒ—‰Š–ƒ•‡‹ƒ”‘”–‹ˆ‹…‹ƒŽ–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡…‡ƒ†ƒ™–Š‡”‡
ƒ†ƒ•ƒ˜‹•‹–‘”ƒ––ƒˆ‘”†ƒ™…Š‘‘ŽǤ
ʹͷǤ •ŠŽ‡›ǡsupra‘–‡ͷǡƒ–͹͸͵Ǧ͸ͶǤ
ʹ͸Ǥ Ǥƒ”Ž”ƒ–‹‰ǡBuildingExplanationsfromRulesandStructuredCasesǡ͵ͶǯǤǦ
ǤǤ͹ͻ͹ȋͳͻͻͳȌǤ
ʹ͹Ǥ •ŠŽ‡›ǡsupra‘–‡ͷǡƒ–͹͸ͶǤ
ʹͺǤ ”ƒ–‹‰ǡsupra‘–‡ʹ͸Ǥ
ʹͻǤ See‹…‡–Ž‡˜‡ǡUsingBackgroundKnowledgeinCaseǦBasedLegalReasoning:AComǦ
putational Model and an Intelligent Learning Environmentǡ ͳͷͲ ͳͺ͵
ȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ
͵ͲǤ See ‡˜‹ Ǥ •ŠŽ‡› Ƭ –‡ˆƒ‹‡ ”ò‹‰Šƒ—•ǡ Computer Models for Legal Predictionǡ Ͷ͸
͵ͲͻȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
DIGITALAGELEGALPRACTICE
͹ͻͷ
˜‘Ž˜‹‰…ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‰ƒ‹•‹••—‡•Ǥ͵ͳƒ††‹–‹‘–‘’”‡†‹…–‹‰ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ
ƒ†ƒ††‡†ƒƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘‡š’Žƒ‹–Š‡’”‡†‹…–‹‘•™‹–Šƒ”‰—‡–•Ǥ
Š‡•‡…–‹‘‡–‹–Ž‡†ModelsIntegratingCases,Statutes,Rules,ConǦ
cepts,andValuesˆ‘…—•‡•‘‘–Š‡”‹’”‘˜‡‡–•–‘…ƒ•‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†…‘’—Ǧ
–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘†‡Ž•Ǥ Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† …ƒ•‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ƒ† ”—Ž‡Ǧ
„ƒ•‡† ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ǡ ‹†‡š‹‰ •‡ƒ–‹… ‡–™‘”• ‘ˆ …”‹–‡”‹ƒŽ ˆƒ…–• ‹ ’ƒ•–
…ƒ•‡• ™‹–Š ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž› Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‡† •–ƒ–—–‘”› …‘…‡’–• ‹ ™‘”‡ǯ• …‘Ǧ
’‡•ƒ–‹‘Žƒ™Ǥ͵ʹ
‘–Š‡”ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š–‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‰…ƒ•‡•ƒ†”—Ž‡•ǡǡ…‘Ǧ
„‹‡† Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ƒ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘ ‰‘˜‡”‹‰ Š‘‡ ‘ˆǦ
ˆ‹…‡ †‡†—…–‹‘• ƒ† †‹‡•‹‘• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘ǯ• ‘’‡Ǧ–‡š–—”‡†
•–ƒ–—–‘”› –‡”•Ǥ Š‡ †‹‡•‹‘• ‹†‡š‡† ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ƒ† ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ …ƒ•‡
‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‡”•Ǥ͵͵ ‘–ƒ„Ž›ǡ ‡’Ž‘›‡† ƒ ƒ‰‡†ƒ
‡…Šƒ‹• –‘ •™‹–…Š „‡–™‡‡ ”—Ž‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ƒ† …ƒ•‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ƒƒŽ›•‡•ǡ
‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰ƒ”‰—‡–•ˆ‘”ƒ†ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡–ƒš’ƒ›‡”ǯ•’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ
ͳͻͻ͵ǡƒ‹ˆŽ—‡–‹ƒŽ…”‹–‹“—‡…Šƒ‰‡†–Š‡…‘—”•‡‘ˆƒ†ƒ™
”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‘ …ƒ•‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡† …‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘†‡Ž•Ǥ͵Ͷ ‘ƒŽ† Ǥ ‡”ƒ
ƒ† ƒ”‘Ž ƒˆ‡” ’‘‹–‡† ‘—– –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘†‡Ž• Žƒ…‡† ƒ –‡Ž‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ
…‘’‘‡–ǣ–Š‡—†‡”Ž›‹‰’—”’‘•‡•‘”˜ƒŽ—‡••‡”˜‡†„›Ž‡‰ƒŽ•–ƒ–—–‡•
ƒ†”—Ž‡•Ȅ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡•‘—…Šƒˆ‘…—•‘ˆŠ—ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘Ȅ
™‡”‡‹••‹‰ǤŠ‡…”‹–‹…‹•Ž‡†–‘ƒ†‡…ƒ†‡‘ˆ™‘”ǡ”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹‡…ŠǦ
ƒ’‘ƒ†ƒ”–‘”ǯ•Žƒ†ƒ”‘†‡Ž‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰™‹–Š…ƒ•‡•–Šƒ–
‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‡† ˜ƒŽ—‡• ‹ –Š‡‘”‹‡• ‘ˆ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ’”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡• ‹†—…‡† ˆ”‘
’”‡…‡†‡–•Ǥ͵ͷ‘–Š‡”ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šˆ‘…—•‡†‘Š‘™…ƒ•‡†‡…‹•‹‘•‡š–‡Ǧ
•‹‘ƒŽŽ› †‡ˆ‹‡ ’”‹…‹’Ž‡• ‹ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ‡–Š‹…•Ǥ – ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† …ƒ•‡•
™‹–Šƒ‘”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡†˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ•‡ƒ–‹…‡–™‘”•‘ˆ…”‹–‡”‹ƒŽˆƒ…–•
‹‡–Š‹…•†‡…‹•‹‘•„›DzŒ—†‰‡•ǯdzȋƒ…–—ƒŽŽ›‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰‡–Š‹…•‡š’‡”–•ȌǤ͵͸
 ƒ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ǡ ”—…‡ Ǥ …ƒ”‡ ‡’‹”‹…ƒŽŽ› †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡† –Š‡
…‘–”‹„—–‹‘•–‘Š‹•’”‘‰”ƒǯ•”‡–”‹‡˜ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡‡••ƒ•…ƒ•‡•
ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†‹–Š‡‡ƒ‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ„•–”ƒ…–‡–Š‹…ƒŽ”—Ž‡•Ǥ
͵ͳǤ SeeŒƒƒ…ƒƒ›Ƭ‹‡””‡‘„‹ŽŽƒ”†ǡPredictingJudicialDecisions:TheNearestNeighbour
RuleandVisualRepresentationofCasePatternsǡ͵
͵Ͳʹȋͳͻ͹ͶȌǤ
͵ʹǤ ”ƒ–‹‰ǡsupra‘–‡ʹ͸Ǥ
͵͵Ǥ †™‹ƒ Ǥ ‹••Žƒ† Ƭ ƒ˜‹† Ǥ ƒŽƒǡ CABARET: Statutory Interpretation in a Hybrid
Architectureǡ͵ͶǯǤǦǤǤͺ͵ͻȋͳͻͻͳȌǤ
͵ͶǤ ‘ƒŽ† Ǥ ‡”ƒ Ƭ ƒ”‘Ž ƒˆ‡”ǡ Representing Teleological Structure in CaseǦBased
LegalReasoning:TheMissingLinkǡͳͻͻ͵ǤǯǤ
ƬǤͷͲǤ
͵ͷǤ ”‡˜‘”‡…ŠǦƒ’‘Ƭ
‹‘˜ƒ‹ƒ”–‘”ǡAModelofLegalReasoningwithCasesIncorpoǦ
ratingTheoriesandValuesǡͳͷͲ
ͻ͹ȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ
͵͸Ǥ See”—…‡Ǥ…ƒ”‡ǡExtensionallyDefiningPrinciplesandCasesinEthics:AnAIModelǡ
ͳͷͲ
ͳͶͷȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ
͹ͻ͸
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣ͵
B.PartTwo:DefeasibleLegalReasoningwithArgumentSchemes
ƒ”–™‘‹–”‘†—…‡•–Š‡…—””‡–ˆ‘…—•‘ˆƒ†ƒ™”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ–Š‡
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ ƒ —‹ˆ‹‡† …‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘” ˆ‘” ‘Ǧ
‘‘–‘‹…ǡ †‡ˆ‡ƒ•‹„Ž‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ —•‹‰ ƒ”‰—‡– •…Š‡ƒ –Šƒ–
‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ ƒ† ”‡…ƒ•– –Š‡ Ž‘‰‹…‘Ǧ†‡†—…–‹˜‡ǡ …ƒ•‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ǡ ƒ† ˜ƒŽ—‡Ǧ
„ƒ•‡† ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡• –‘ ƒ••‡••‹‰ Ž‡‰ƒŽ …Žƒ‹• †‡•…”‹„‡† ƒ„‘˜‡Ǥ ‘Ǧ
‘‘–‘‹… ‘” †‡ˆ‡ƒ•‹„Ž‡ ‹ˆ‡”‡…‡ ‘†‡Ž• can –ƒ‡ „ƒ… ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›
‹ˆ‡””‡† …‘•‡“—‡…‡• ‹ Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ ‡™ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ˆ‡ƒǦ
–—”‡‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰Ǥ
Š‡•‡…–‹‘‘AssessingLegalClaimswithArgumentSchema’”‡Ǧ
•‡–• ‘—–Ž‹‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ —‹ˆ‹‡† ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”• „› ƒ–‹‡ –‹•‘ ƒ† ”‡Ǧ
˜‘” ‡…ŠǦƒ’‘͵͹ ƒ† „› Š‘ƒ• Ǥ ‘”†‘ ƒ† ‘—‰Žƒ• ƒŽ–‘͵ͺ
Š‹• ™‘” ƒŽ•‘ ‹…Ž—†‡• ‘†‡Ž‹‰ ‡˜‹†‡–‹ƒ”› ƒ”‰—‡–• ƒ„‘—– Ž‡‰ƒŽ
…Žƒ‹•ƒ†•–ƒ†ƒ”†•‘ˆ’”‘‘ˆǤ
ƒ––Š‹ƒ• ”ƒ„ƒ‹” ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘” †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ƒ”‰—‡– •…Š‡ƒ
ˆ‘” …ƒ•‡ …‘’ƒ”‹•‘ ™‹–Š ˜ƒŽ—‡ Œ—†‰‡–•ǡ ‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ–‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ …‘Ǧ
…‡’–•ǡ ƒ† Š›’‘–Š‡–‹…ƒŽ …ƒ•‡• ƒ• ‡’Ž‘›‡† ‹ ǤǤ —’”‡‡ ‘—”– ‘”ƒŽ
ƒ”‰—‡–•Ǥ͵ͻ‡”ǤƒŽ‡”ǯ•‘†‡Ž…‘‡…–•‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ‡˜‹†‡–‹ƒ”›
”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ ‹ …ƒ•‡• –‘ †‡…‹•‹‘ –”‡‡• –Šƒ– ‘†‡Ž •–ƒ–—–‘”› ”‡“—‹”‡Ǧ
‡–•ǤͶͲ
•ƒ”‰—‡–•…Š‡ƒ‹’”‘˜‡ƒ†‡š–‡†–Š‡‹†•‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽƒ”‰—Ǧ
‡–•–Šƒ–’”‘‰”ƒ•…ƒ‘†‡Žǡ–Š‡›‹…”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”„‡––‡”™ƒ›•
–‘ ”‡’”‡•‡– Ž‡‰ƒŽ ˆƒ…– •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† …‘…‡’–•Ǥ Š‡ ‡‡† ˆ‘” ˆŽ‡š‹„Ž‡
…‘…‡’–—ƒŽ•…Š‡ƒǡ”ƒ‹•‡†„›ǤŠ‘”‡…ƒ”–›Ͷͳƒ†‹••Žƒ†ǡͶʹŠƒ•
„‡…‘‡ ‡˜‡ ‘”‡ ƒ…—–‡Ǥ • –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘” †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡† ‡’‹”‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡͶ͵
‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ–‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ …‘…‡’–• ’Žƒ› ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ”‘Ž‡ ‹ ’”‡†‹…–‹‰ Ž‡‰ƒŽ
͵͹Ǥ ƒ–‹‡–‹•‘Ƭ”‡˜‘”‡…ŠǦƒ’‘ǡArgumentationandStandardsofProofǡʹͲͲ͹Ǥ
ǯǤ
ƬǤͳͲ͹Ǥ
͵ͺǤ Š‘ƒ• Ǥ ‘”†‘ Ƭ ‘—‰Žƒ• ƒŽ–‘ǡ Legal Reasoning with Argumentation Schemesǡ
ʹͲͲͻǤǯǤ
ƬǤͳ͵͹Ǥ
͵ͻǤ ƒ––Š‹ƒ• ”ƒ„ƒ‹” Ƭ ‡˜‹ Ǥ •ŠŽ‡›ǡ Facilitating Case Comparison Using Value JudgǦ
ments and Intermediate Legal Conceptsǡ ʹͲͳͳ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ Ƭ Ǥ ͳ͸ͳǢƒ––Š‹ƒ•
”ƒ„ƒ‹”Ƭ‡˜‹Ǥ•ŠŽ‡›ǡArgumentationwithValueJudgments
ǦAnExampleofHypotheticalReasoningǡʹͲͳͲǤ ʹ͵ Ǥ Ǥ Ƭ
ǤǤ͸͹Ǥ
ͶͲǤ ‡” Ǥ ƒŽ‡”ǡ ƒ–Šƒ‹‡Ž ƒ”‹‡ǡ ‘—”–‡› Ǥ ‡‹–– Ƭ ”‹… ‡•Šǡ A Framework for the
Extraction and Modeling of FactǦFinding Reasoning from Legal Decisions: Lessons from the VacǦ
cine/InjuryProjectCorpusǡͳͻ
ƬǤʹͻͳǡʹͻ͸ǦͻͺȋʹͲͳͳȌǤ
ͶͳǤ See…ƒ”–›ǡ•—’”ƒ‘–‡ʹͶǤ
ͶʹǤ ‹••Žƒ†ǡsupra‘–‡ͳ͹Ǣ‹••Žƒ†ƬƒŽƒǡsupra‘–‡͵͵ǡƒ–ͺ͵ͻǦͶͲǤ
Ͷ͵Ǥ ‡˜‹ Ǥ •ŠŽ‡› Ƭ –‡ˆƒ‹‡ ”ò‹‰Šƒ—•ǡ A Predictive Role for Intermediate Legal ConǦ
ceptsǡʹͲͲ͵ǤǤǤ
ƬǤǤͳͷ͵ǡͳͷͷǤ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
DIGITALAGELEGALPRACTICE
͹ͻ͹
‘—–…‘‡•Ǥ Šƒ‰‡• ‹ –Š‡‹” ‡ƒ‹‰• ‘˜‡” –‹‡ …ƒ „‡ ‘‹–‘”‡†ǡͶͶ
ƒ†ƒ”‰—‡–•…Š‡ƒ‹˜‹–‡–Š‡‘†‡Ž‹‰‘ˆ‡˜‡”‘”‡†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†ƒ”‰—Ǧ
‡–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ‡ƒ‹‰• ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ” ‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ–‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ …‘Ǧ
…‡’–•ǤͶͷ
–‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ȅ•›•–‡ƒ–‹…ƒ†‡š’Ž‹…‹–•’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ†‘ƒ‹…‘Ǧ
…‡’–• —•‡† ‹ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”—Ž‡• ƒ† ˆƒ…– •‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ȄŠ‡Ž’ ƒ …‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
‘†‡Ž –‘ ”‡ƒ•‘ ˆŽ‡š‹„Ž› ™‹–Š Ž‡‰ƒŽ …‘…‡’–•Ǥ –‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ƒŽ•‘ ƒ”‡ ‡›
ˆ‘”•‘‡†ƒ›–”ƒ•‹–‹‘‹‰ˆ”‘…‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘†‡Ž•–Šƒ–”‡ƒ•‘™‹–Š
…ƒ•‡•”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹••–‘…ƒ•‡•”‡’”‡•‡–‡†•‹’Ž›ƒ•–‡š–•Ǥ
Š‡•‡…–‹‘‘RepresentingLegalConceptsandCaseKnowledgeinOnǦ
tologies’”‡•‡–•ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ™‘”‘Ž‡‰ƒŽ‘–‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǢͶ͸•‘‡ ‘–‘Ǧ
Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ”‡“—‹”‡‡–• ˆ‘” •—’’‘”–‹‰ ƒƒŽ‘‰‹…ƒŽǡ –‡Ž‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽǡ ƒ†
Š›’‘–Š‡–‹…ƒŽŽ‡‰ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰—•‹‰ƒ”‰—‡–•…Š‡ƒǢͶ͹ƒ†—’Ǧ–‘Ǧ†ƒ–‡ǡ
•‡‹Ǧƒ—–‘ƒ–‡† ‡ƒ• ˆ‘” …‘•–”—…–‹‰ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‘–‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ˆ”‘ Ž‡‰ƒŽ
–‡š–•ǤͶͺ
C.PartThree:LegalInformationRetrieval,InformationExtraction,and
TextProcessing
ƒ”–Š”‡‡ǯ••‡…–‹‘‘ExplainingHowFullǦTextLegalInformation
Retrieval Works ‹–”‘†—…‡• •–—†‡–• –‘ ’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‹ˆ‘”Ǧ
ƒ–‹‘”‡–”‹‡˜ƒŽȋDzdzȌȋƒ•‡š’Žƒ‹‡†‘”‡ˆ—ŽŽ›‹‡…–‹‘Ȍǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰
–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ‹˜‡”–‡†‹†‹…‡•ǡ–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ–‡”ˆ”‡“—‡…›‹ƒ••‡••‹‰”‡ŽǦ
‡˜ƒ…‡ǡ’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹•–‹…‘†‡Ž•‘ˆ”‡–”‹‡˜ƒŽͶͻ—•‹‰ƒ›‡•‹ƒ‡–™‘”•ǡͷͲ
ͶͶǤ †™‹ƒǤ‹••Žƒ†ƬǤ‹—””‹‡†ƒǡDetectingChangeinLegalConceptsǡͳͻͻͷǤ
ǯǤ
ƬǤͳʹ͹Ǥ
ͶͷǤ ”ƒ„ƒ‹”Ƭ•ŠŽ‡›ǡsupra‘–‡͵ͻǡƒ–ͳ͸ͶǦ͸͸Ǥ
Ͷ͸Ǥ ”‡˜‘” ǤǤ ‡…ŠǦƒ’‘ Ƭ ‡’’‹ ǤǤ ‹••‡”ǡ Ontologies in Legal Information Systems;
The Need for Explicit Specifications of Domain Conceptualisationsǡ ͳͻͻ͹ Ǥ ǯ
Ǥ
Ƭ Ǥͳ͵ʹǢ‘‘•–”‡—‡”ǡ†”‡ƒŽ‡–‡Ƭƒ†„‘—†‹‡Ž•ǡLegal
OntologiesinKnowledgeEngineeringandInformationManagementǡͳʹ
ƬǤ
ʹͶͳȋʹͲͲͶȌǤ
Ͷ͹Ǥ See‡˜‹Ǥ•ŠŽ‡›ǡOntologicalRequirementsforAnalogical,Teleological,andHypothetǦ
icalLegalReasoningǡʹͲͲͻǤǯǤ
ƬǤͳǤ
ͶͺǤ ”‹…‘”ƒ…‡•…‘‹ǡ‹‘‡––ƒ‘–‡ƒ‰‹ǡ‹‡–‡”•Ƭƒ‹‡Žƒ‹•…‘”‹ƒǡIntegrating
a BottomǦUp and TopǦDown Methodology for Building Semantic Resources for the Multilingual
LegalDomain,in ǣ ͻͷ ȋ”‹…‘ ”ƒ…‡•…‘‹ǡ ‹‘‡––ƒ ‘–‡ƒ‰‹ǡ ‹ ‡–‡”• Ƭ ƒ‹‡Žƒ ‹•…‘”‹ƒ
‡†•ǤǡʹͲͳͲȌǤ
ͶͻǤ ‘™ƒ”† —”–Ž‡ǡ Text Retrieval in the Legal Worldǡ ͵ Ƭ Ǥ ͷǡ ͷǦ͸
ȋͳͻͻͷȌǤ
ͷͲǤ See—‰‡‡Šƒ”‹ƒǡBayesianNetworksWithoutTearsǡͳʹ ǡ‹–‡”ͳͻͻͳǡƒ–
ͷͲǤ
͹ͻͺ
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣ͵
‡–Š‘†•ˆ‘”‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰Ž‡‰ƒŽƒ†–Š‡ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ„Ž‡‡ƒ•—”‡•ǡ’”‡…‹•‹‘
ƒ†”‡…ƒŽŽǡͷͳƒ†‡–Š‘†•ˆ‘”‡š–”ƒ…–‹‰‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘Ž‡‰ƒŽ–‡š–•Ǥͷʹ
Š‡•‡…–‹‘CombiningLegalIRandAItoAnalyzeLegalClaims‡šǦ
ƒ‹‡• –Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› …‘’Ž‡‡–ƒ”› ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡• ƒ† †‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•
‘ˆ ˆ—ŽŽǦ–‡š– Ž‡‰ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ† ƒ™ ‘†‡Ž•Ǥ Š‡ •‡…–‹‘ ƒŽ•‘ ‡š’Ž‘”‡•
‡–Š‘†•‘ˆ …‘„‹‹‰–Š‡ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰—•‹‰…ƒ•‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ‘†‡Ž•ƒ—–‘Ǧ
ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ›–‘ˆ‹†Ž‡‰ƒŽŽ›”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–’ƒ••ƒ‰‡•‹…ƒ•‡‘’‹‹‘•‹–Š‡
’”‘‰”ƒǡͷ͵—•‹‰Ž‡‰ƒŽ‘–‘Ž‘‰‹‡•–‘‹’”‘˜‡”‡–”‹‡˜ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡‡••ǡͷͶ
‡š–”ƒ…–‹‰ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ› ˆ”‘ …ƒ•‡ Žƒ™ǡͷͷ ƒ† •—’’‘”–‹‰
ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰•ǡ •—…Š ƒ• ƒ Š‡—”‹•–‹…ƒŽŽ› ‰—‹†‡†
•‡ƒ”…Š–Š”‘—‰Š‡–™‘”•‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥǡ–Š‡‡–™‘”
…‘’”‹•‡† Ž‡‰ƒŽ …ƒ•‡• ƒ”‡ Ž‹‡† ˜‹ƒ •Šƒ”‡† –‡”• ‘” …‹–ƒ–‹‘•Ǥͷ͸ 
ƒǡ –Š‡ ‡–™‘” ‘ˆ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ …‘‡…–‡† ƒ‘–ƒ–‡† ‘†‡•
”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰…ƒ•‡•ƒ••‡–•‘ˆˆƒ…–‘”•ƒ†„—†Ž‡•‘ˆ…‹–ƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ†”‡’Ǧ
”‡•‡–‹‰‡š‡’Žƒ”•‘ˆ’”‘–‘–›’‹…ƒŽ•–‘”‹‡•ƒ†Ž‡‰ƒŽ–Š‡‘”‹‡•ƒ•„—Ǧ
†Ž‡•‘ˆˆƒ…–‘”•Ǥͷ͹
Š‡™‘”‹–Š‡•‡…–‹‘‘LegalInformationExtractionandText
Processing…‘‡…–•…‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘†‡Ž•‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ƒ†Ž‡‰ƒŽ
–‡š–•Ǥ Š‡ Ϊ ’”‘‰”ƒ …Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡• –‡š–—ƒŽŽ› †‡•…”‹„‡† …ƒ•‡• ‹
–‡”• ‘ˆ ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ„Ž‡ ˆƒ…–‘”• ƒ† –Š‡ ’”‡†‹…–• ƒ† ‡š’Žƒ‹• –Š‡‹” ‘—–Ǧ
…‘‡• —•‹‰ Ǥͷͺ –Š‡” ’”‘‰”ƒ• ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ› …Žƒ••‹ˆ› •–ƒ–—–‘”›
–‡š–•‹–‡”•‘ˆƒŒ‘”–›’‡•ǡƒ„•–”ƒ…–…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ǡƒ†•—„Œ‡…–ƒ––‡”•
ȋŽ‹‡ Dz†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ™dz ‘” Dz–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ ”‘’‡”–› ƒ™dzȌ ‘” ‘”
–›’‡•ȋ•—…Šƒ•†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ǡ’‡”‹••‹‘ǡ‘”‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ȍƒ†–Š‡‡š–”ƒ…–•
‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ •—…Š ƒ• ‘” ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ȋŽ‹‡ †—–›ǡ †—–› „‡ƒ”‡”ǡ ƒ…–‹‘ǡ ‘”
‘„Œ‡…– ‘ˆ ƒ…–‹‘Ȍ ƒ† ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”› ˆ—…–‹‘• ȋ–Šƒ– ‹•ǡ functional ‹ˆ‘”Ǧ
ͷͳǤ ƒ˜‹†ǤŽƒ‹”ƬǤǤƒ”‘ǡAnEvaluationofRetrievalEffectivenessforaFullǦTextDocǦ
umentǦRetrievalSystemǡʹͺǤʹͺͻȋͳͻͺͷȌǤ
ͷʹǤ ‡–‡”ƒ…•‘ǡŠƒŽ‹†ŽǦ‘ˆƒŠ‹ǡŽ‡š›””‡ŽŽƬ”—ƒ…Š‡”ǡInformationExtractionfrom
CaseLawandRetrievalofPriorCasesǡͳͷͲ
ʹ͵ͻȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ
ͷ͵Ǥ ‘†›Ǥƒ‹‡Ž•Ƭ†™‹ƒǤ‹••Žƒ†ǡFindingLegallyRelevantPassagesinCaseOpinionsǡ
ͳͻͻ͹ǤǯǤ
ƬǤ͵ͻǤ
ͷͶǤ Ǥƒ”ƒ˜ƒƒǡǤƒ˜‹†”ƒƬǤƒƒǡImprovingLegalInformationRetrievalUsingan
OntologicalFrameworkǡͳ͹
ƬǤͳͲͳǡͳͲ͵ȋʹͲͲͻȌǤ
ͷͷǤ ƒ…•‘‡–ƒŽǤǡsupra‘–‡ͷʹǤ
ͷ͸Ǥ ƒ‹‡Ž Ǥ ‘•‡ Ƭ ‹…Šƒ”† Ǥ ‡Ž‡™ǡ A Connectionist and Symbolic Hybrid for Improving
LegalResearchǡ͵ͷǯǤǦǤǤͳȋͳͻͻͳȌǤ
ͷ͹Ǥ †™‹ƒ‹••Žƒ†ǡƒ˜‹†ƒŽƒƬ‹—””‹‡†ƒǡBankXX:SupportingLegalArguments
throughHeuristicRetrievalǡͶ
ƬǤͳǡͷǦͺȋͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ
ͷͺǤ ‡˜‹Ǥ•ŠŽ‡›Ƭ–‡ˆƒ‹‡”ò‹‰Šƒ—•ǡAutomaticallyClassifyingCaseTextsandPredictǦ
ingOutcomesǡͳ͹
ƬǤͳʹͷǡͳ͵ͻǦͶͲȋʹͲͲͻȌǤ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
DIGITALAGELEGALPRACTICE
͹ͻͻ
ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—–™Šƒ–‡–‹–‹‡•ƒ†‡˜‡–•ƒ•–ƒ–—–‡‰‘˜‡”•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡
’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–—–‡ƒ†‹–•…‘•–”ƒ‹–•ȌǤͷͻ
’”‡˜‹‘—•ƒ†ƒ™™‘”‘Ž‡‰ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‡š–”ƒ…–‹‘ƒ†
–‡š– ’”‘…‡••‹‰ǡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• …‘—Ž† ƒ••—‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ –‡š–• Šƒ† ƒ
ˆƒ‹”Ž› Š‘‘‰‡‡‘—• •–”—…–—”‡ ƒ† …‘ˆ‘”‡† –‘ …‡”–ƒ‹ …‘•–”ƒ‹–•
ƒ„‘—– …‘–‡–Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‘•‡ ƒ••—’–‹‘• †‘ ‘– ƒ’’Ž› ‹ ‡Ǧ
†‹•…‘˜‡”›ǡ ‹ ™Š‹…Š ’ƒ”–‹‡• –‘ Žƒ™•—‹–• —•– ƒƒŽ›œ‡ ƒ† ’”‘†—…‡
‡‘”‘—• —„‡”• ‘ˆ †‘…—‡–• ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– –‘ –Š‡ ƒŽŽ‡‰ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡
…‘’Žƒ‹–ƒ†ƒ•™‡”ǤŠ‡™‘”‹–Š‡•‡…–‹‘AIandLawToolsforEǦ
Discovery: Obtaining Evidence Relevant to Lawyers’ Hypotheses about
Claims and Documents ƒ††”‡••‡• –Š‡•‡ …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•Ǥ͸Ͳ ‹˜‡ –Š‡ Š‹‰Š
˜‘Ž—‡• ‘ˆ †‘…—‡–•ǡ –Š‹• ‹• ƒ †‘ƒ‹ ™Š‡”‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ”‡–”‹‡˜ƒŽ
–‘‘Ž• ‡…‡••ƒ”‹Ž› –ƒ‡ –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ†ǡ͸ͳ „—– ™Š‡”‡ •–ƒ–‹•–‹…ƒŽ –‡…Š‹“—‡• ƒ†
‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ‘†‡Ž• ‘ˆ Ž‡‰ƒŽ …Žƒ‹• ƒ† Š›’‘–Š‡•‡• …ƒ …‘’Ž‡Ǧ
‡–‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”Ǥ͸ʹ–‘‘Ž•ƒ›’Žƒ›ƒ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡”‘Ž‡ǡ•—…Šƒ•‹ˆ‹Ž–‡”Ǧ
‹‰ †‘…—‡–• —•‹‰ •‘…‹ƒŽ ‡–™‘” –‡…Š‹“—‡•ǡ͸͵ …”‡ƒ–‹‰ ‘’–‹ƒŽ
•‡‡†•‡–•‘ˆ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–†‘…—‡–•ˆ‘”’”‡†‹…–‹˜‡…‘†‹‰ȋ–Šƒ–‹•ǡƒ…Š‹‡
Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ǧ„ƒ•‡† …Žƒ••‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ —•‡‡ †‘…—‡–•͸ͶȌǡ ƒ† •—’’‘”–‹‰
ƒ––‘”‡›•‹‡š’Ž‘”‹‰†‘…—‡–•—•‹‰‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡‹–‡”ˆƒ…‡•Ǥ͸ͷ
D.PartFour:TheFutureofAIandLaw:BridgingComputationalModels
andLegalTexts
ƒ”– ‘—” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ›ŽŽƒ„—• –—”• –‘ •‘‡ ˆ—–—”‡ ƒ† ƒ™ ™‘”
–Šƒ–’”‘‹•‡•–‘„”‹†‰‡–Š‡‰ƒ’„‡–™‡‡…‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘†‡Ž•‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽ
”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ ƒ† Ž‡‰ƒŽ –‡š–•Ǥ Š‡ •‡…–‹‘ Near Term Developments in AI
and Law ’”‡•‡–• •‘‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–• ‘‡ …ƒ ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž› ƒ–‹…‹’ƒ–‡
ͷͻǤ ”‹…‘”ƒ…‡•…‘‹Ƭ†”‡ƒƒ••‡”‹‹ǡAutomaticClassificationofProvisionsinLegislaǦ
tiveTextsǡͳͷ Ƭ ǤͳǡʹǦ͵ȋʹͲͲ͹ȌǢ‹Ž‡†‡ƒƒ–ǡƒ‹”ƒ„„‡Ƭƒ†„‘—†
‹‡Ž•ǡMachineLearningVersusKnowledgeBasedClassificationofLegalTextsǡʹͲͳͲǤ
ǦǤǤ
ƬǤǤͺ͹Ǥ
͸ͲǤ See‡˜‹•ŠŽ‡›Ƭ‹ŽŽ”‹†‡™‡ŽŽǡEmergingAI&LawApproachestoAutomatingAnalysis
and Retrieval of Electronically Stored Information in Discovery Proceedingsǡ ͳͺ ƬǤ͵ͳͳȋʹͲͳͲȌǤ
͸ͳǤ ‘—‰Žƒ• Ǥ ƒ”†ǡ ƒ•‘ Ǥ ƒ”‘ǡ ”—…‡ ‡†‹ǡ ƒ˜‹† Ǥ ‡™‹• Ƭ –‡’Š‡ ‘Ž‹•‘ǡ
EvaluationofInformationRetrievalforEǦdiscoveryǡͳͺ
ƬǤ͵Ͷ͹ȋʹͲͳͲȌǤ
͸ʹǤ ƒ˜‹†Ǥ‡™‹•ǡAfterword:Data,Knowledge,andEǦdiscoveryǡͳͺ ƬǤͶͺͳȋʹͲͳͲȌǤ
͸͵Ǥ ƒ• ‡•‡Ž‡”ǡ NetworkǦbased Filtering for Large Email Collections in EǦDiscoveryǡ ͳͺ
ƬǤͶͳ͵ȋʹͲͳͲȌǤ
͸ͶǤ Š”‹•–‘’Š‡”‘‰ƒǡ‘„‡”–Ǥƒ—‡”Ƭƒ‹‡Ž”ƒ••‹ŽǡAutomationofLegalSensemakingin
EǦdiscoveryǡͳͺ
ƬǤͶ͵ͳȋʹͲͳͲȌǤ
͸ͷǤ ƒ”‘Ž‹‡”‹˜ƒ—Ž–ǡƒ…‹ǯ‡‹ŽŽǡ‹…–‘”‹”‹œƒƬ‡ƒǦ‹…Š‡Ž‡†‡”•ǡANewTangibleUser
InterfaceforMachineLearningDocumentReviewǡͳͺ
ƬǤͶͷͻȋʹͲͳͲȌǤ
ͺͲͲ
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣ͵
•‘‘Ǥ Š‡ ‡‡’ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡‘’ƒ”†›̻Ǧ™‹‹‰ ƒ–•‘
’”‘‰”ƒ͸͸™‹ŽŽŽ‹‡Ž›Šƒ˜‡ƒ’”‘ˆ‘—†‡ˆˆ‡…–‘Š‘™–‘‡š–”ƒ…–”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–
‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ› ˆ”‘ Ž‡‰ƒŽ †‡…‹•‹‘ –‡š–•Ǥ •‹‰ ‡‡’
ƒ–—”ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ’”‘…‡••‹‰ –‘‘Ž• –‘ ƒ‘–ƒ–‡ ƒ”‰—‡–Ǧ•…Š‡ƒ–‹…
‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹Ž‡‰ƒŽ†‡…‹•‹‘–‡š–•ǡƒ’”‘‰”ƒ…‘—Ž†…‘…‡‹˜ƒ„Ž›•…”‡‡
‡™ –‡š–• –Šƒ– ’”‘˜‹†‡ ‡˜‹†‡…‡ ‘ˆ Ž‡‰ƒŽ …‘’Ž‹ƒ…‡Ǥ͸͹ ƒ›‡•‹ƒ ‡–Ǧ
™‘”•™‹ŽŽ„‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†™‹–Šƒ”‰—‡–•…Š‡ƒ•‘–Šƒ–…‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
‘†‡Ž• ‘ˆ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ƒ”‰—‡– …ƒ ƒ……‘—– ˆ‘” ˆƒ…–—ƒŽǡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ ‘”ƒŽǡ
ƒ†‡’‹”‹…ƒŽ—…‡”–ƒ‹–‹‡•͸ͺ‘”‡•›•–‡ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ›–Šƒ‹ƒ–‡”ƒǯ•
•‡––Ž‡‡–Ǧ‰—‹†‹‰’”‘‰”ƒǤ͸ͻ‡ˆ‡ƒ•‹„Ž‡Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‘†‡Ž•‘ˆ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›
”‡“—‹”‡‡–•™‹ŽŽŠ‡Ž’‡•—”‡–Šƒ–„—•‹‡••’”‘…‡••‡•ƒ”‡†‡•‹‰‡†–‘
…‘’Ž›™‹–Š–Š‡Žƒ™͹Ͳƒ†–‘ƒ—–‘ƒ–‡™‡„Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ƒ‰‡–•‹‡–‡”‹‰
‹–‘‡Ž‡…–”‘‹……‘–”ƒ…–•Ǥ͹ͳŠ‡„—•‹‡••’”‘…‡••ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š™‹ŽŽ…‘–‹Ǧ
—‡–‘„‡‡š–‡†‡†–‘ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ‰‡…‹‡•Ǥ–Š‡‹
’”‘Œ‡…–‘ˆ
–Š‡—–…Š‹‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ–—”ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘•‡”˜‹…‡ǡŽƒ™•ƒ†”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•
ƒ”‡‹’Ž‡‡–‡†‹ƒ”—Ž‡‡‰‹‡•‡”˜‹…‡–Šƒ–‹‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ƒ‰‡–•ƒ†
‘–Š‡” —•‡”• …ƒŽŽ ‹ •—’’‘”– ‘ˆ …ƒ•‡ ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ Š‡ ”—Ž‡ ‡‰‹‡ ’”‘Ǧ
˜‹†‡•ƒŽ‹•–‘ˆ–ƒ••ˆ‘”–Š‡•’‡…‹ˆ‹……ƒ•‡ǡ„—–‡†—•‡”•†‡…‹†‡‘‘”†‡”Ǧ
‹‰–Š‡–ƒ••Ǥ’‡…‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†–‘‘Ž•‡ƒ„Ž‡–Š‡‡†—•‡”•–‘’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡”—Ž‡
‘†‡Ž‡”• ƒ† –Š‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”• ™‹–Š ˆ‡‡†„ƒ… ˆ‘” …‘–‹—ƒŽŽ› ‹’”‘˜‹‰
–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ†”—Ž‡•Ǥ͹ʹ
͸͸Ǥ ƒ˜‹† ‡””—……‹ǡ ”‹… ”‘™ǡ ‡‹ˆ‡” Š—Ǧƒ””‘ŽŽǡ ƒ‡• ƒǡ ƒ˜‹† ‘†‡ǡ †‹–›ƒ Ǥ
ƒŽ›ƒ’—”ǡ †ƒ ƒŽŽ›ǡ Ǥ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ —”†‘…ǡ ”‹… ›„‡”‰ǡ ‘Š ”ƒ‰‡”ǡ ‹…‘ …ŠŽƒ‡ˆ‡” Ƭ Š”‹•
‡Ž–›ǡBuildingWatson:AnOverviewoftheDeepQAProjectǡ͵ͳ
ǡƒŽŽʹͲͳͲǡƒ–ͷͻǤ
͸͹Ǥ ‡˜‹ Ǥ •ŠŽ‡› Ƭ ‡” Ǥ ƒŽ‡”ǡ —–‘ƒ–‡† ‘‹–‘”‹‰ ‘ˆ ‡‰ƒŽǦ—Ž‡ ‘’Ž‹ƒ…‡
•‹‰ ‡‡’ǣ …”‡‡‹‰ ‡‰ƒŽ ‘…—‡–• ˆ‘” ”‰—‡–ƒ–‹‘ ˜‹†‡…‡ ȋ—’—„Ž‹•Š‡† ƒ—Ǧ
•…”‹’–Ȍȋ‘ˆ‹Ž‡™‹–Šƒ—–Š‘”•ȌǤ
͸ͺǤ ƒ––Š‹ƒ•
”ƒ„ƒ‹”Ƭ‡˜‹Ǥ•ŠŽ‡›ǡASurveyofUncertaintiesandtheirConsequences,in
Probabilistic Legal Argumentation, in ͸ͳǡ ͸ͳǦ͸ʹ ȋ”ƒ ‡‡” ‡†Ǥǡ
ʹͲͳʹȌǤ
͸ͻǤ Ƭǡsupra‘–‡ͶǤ
͹ͲǤ —‹†‘
‘˜‡”ƒ–‘”‹Ƭ‹†‡›Š‡ǡRuleBasedBusinessProcessComplianceǡͺ͹ͶǤ
ʹͲͳʹ̷
ǡǯǤƒ’‡”‘ǤͷȋʹͲͳʹȌǡavailable
atŠ––’ǣȀȀ…‡—”Ǧ™•Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ‘ŽǦͺ͹ͶȀ’ƒ’‡”ͳ͹Ǥ’†ˆǤ
͹ͳǤ ‡Œƒ‹ Ǥ ”‘•‘ˆǡ ƒ‹• ƒ„”‘— Ƭ ‘‹ Ǥ Šƒǡ A Declarative Approach to Business
Rules in Contracts: Courteous Logic Programs in XMLǡ ͳͻͻͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ
͹ʹǤ —†”‡›Š‡—‹•œǡ‹
ǣ—Ž‡•Ǧ†”‹˜‡—•‹‡••‡”˜‹…‡•ǢŽ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–›‹–Š‹–Š‡‘—†Ǧ
ƒ”‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ™ǡ”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡—–…Š‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ–—”ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘‡”˜‹…‡ȋ…–ǤͷǡʹͲͳͲȌǡ
availableat
Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ•‡”˜‹…‡–‡…Š•›’‘•‹—Ǥ…‘Ȁ•‘ƒ̴ƒ”…Š‹˜‡Ȁ’†ˆ̴„‡”Ž‹Ȁ—†”‡›̴Š‡—‹•œ̴—Ž‡•̴”‹˜‡
Ǥ’†ˆǤ–Š‡ƒ„•‡…‡‘ˆƒ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†’ƒ’‡”‹‰Ž‹•Š‘‹
ǡ–Š‹••‡‡•–‘„‡–Š‡‘•–‹ˆ‘”ƒǦ
–‹˜‡†‘…—‡–’—„Ž‹…Ž›ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡Ǥ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
DIGITALAGELEGALPRACTICE
ͺͲͳ
E.Addenda:IntelligentTutoringSystemsandEthics
‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ ›ŽŽƒ„—• ‹…Ž—†‡• –™‘ –‘’‹…• –Šƒ– …‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ††”‡••‡†
ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‹ƒ”‘”‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†ƒ–ƒ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”•–ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡•‡…–‹‘ǡ
Intelligent Tutoring Systems in Law and Ethical Reasoning, Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–•
…‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘†‡Ž•‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰–Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‡†
‹ •›•–‡• †‡•‹‰‡† –‘ –”ƒ‹ Žƒ™ •–—†‡–• ‹ ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ” Ž‡‰ƒŽ …‘Ǧ
…‡’–•ǡ͹͵ƒ†‹†‹ƒŽ‡…–‹…ƒŽ•‹ŽŽ••—…Šƒ•†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‹‰…ƒ•‡•ǡ͹Ͷƒ†…‘Ǧ
•–”—…–‹‰ǡ͹ͷ ”‡˜‹‡™‹‰ǡ͹͸ ƒ† —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ƒ”‰—‡–•Ǥ͹͹ Š‡•‡
‘Ž‹‡ ‹•–”—…–‹‘ƒŽ –‡…Š‹“—‡• ƒ› ’”‘˜‹†‡ Žƒ™ •–—†‡–•ǡ ‡˜‡ –Š‘•‡
’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‰ ‹ ‘ǦŽ‹‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ ‘” • ȋƒ••‹˜‡ ’‡
Ž‹‡‘—”•‡•Ȍǡ–Š‡‹†‘ˆƒ”‰—‡–Ǧƒ‹‰’”ƒ…–‹…‡–Šƒ–•–—†‡–•‹
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡‰ƒŽ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘”‡…‡‹˜‡‹–Š‡…Žƒ••”‘‘Ǥ
•’”‘‰”ƒ•ƒ”‡ˆ‹‡Ž†‡†ǡ–Š‡›”ƒ‹•‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ‹••—‡•ǡƒ†ƒ†ƒ™
’”‘‰”ƒ•ƒ”‡‘‡š…‡’–‹‘ǤŠ‡•‡…–‹‘LegalandEthicalIssuesRelated
toAIandLawProgramsǡˆ‘…—•‡•‘•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‘•‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ‹••—‡•Šƒ˜‹‰
–‘†‘™‹–Š–Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•‘ˆ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡–ƒ‰‡–•ǡ͹ͺŽ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡–
ƒ‰‡–•ǡ͹ͻ —ƒ—–Š‘”‹œ‡† ’”ƒ…–‹…‡ ‘ˆ Žƒ™ —•‹‰ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‡š’‡”– •›•–‡•ǡͺͲ
ƒ†‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–›‹˜‹”–—ƒŽ‡˜‹”‘‡–•‘”‹…‘–‡š–•‹˜‘Ž˜Ǧ
‹‰ ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡– ƒ‰‡–•Ǥͺͳ ƒ™ •–—†‡–• ˆ‡‡Ž …‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡ –ƒ‹‰ ‘ •—…Š
–‘’‹…•—•‹‰–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡‰ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š–‘‘Ž•ǡ„—–ƒ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡Ž‡‰ƒŽƒƒŽǦ
›•‹•–—”•‘ƒ†‡‡’‡”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆŠ‘™–Š‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›™‘”•Ǥ›
–Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—”•‡•–—†‡–•ƒ›–Š—•„‡„‡––‡”‡“—‹’’‡†–‘–ƒ‡‘
–Š‡•‡‹••—‡•‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
‘”‹•–ƒ…‡ǡƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ‡Ǧ–”‡ƒ–‹•‡ƒ†ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ‡š’‡”–•›•–‡„‘–Š…‘Ǧ
–ƒ‹Ž‡‰ƒŽ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ•‘‡‘ˆ™Š‹…Šƒ›„‡‹•–ƒ‡‘”ƒ’’Ž‹‡†™‹–Š
͹͵Ǥ –‘‹‡––‡Ǥ—–Œ‡™‡”ˆˆǡICTinLegalEducationǡͳͲ
ǤǤǤ͸͸ͻȋʹͲͲͻȌǤ
͹ͶǤ SeeŽ‡˜‡ǡsupra‘–‡ʹͻǤ
͹ͷǤ Šƒ†Ǥƒ””ǡUsingComputerSupportedArgumentVisualizationtoTeachLegalArgumenǦ
tationǡin
ǣ Ǧ
͹ͷȋƒ—ŽǤ‹”•…Š‡”ǡ‹‘Ǥ—…‹‰ŠƒŠ—ƬŠƒ†Ǥƒ””‡†•ǤǡʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ
͹͸Ǥ ‡˜‹ •ŠŽ‡› Ƭ Ž›ƒ ‘Ž†‹ǡ Toward AIǦenhanced ComputerǦsupported Peer Review in
LegalEducationǡʹͲͳͳǤǦǤǤ
ƬǤǤͳǤ
͹͹Ǥ ‘ŽŽ‹ ›…Šǡ ‡˜‹ Ǥ •ŠŽ‡› Ƭ ‘Šƒƒ† Ǥ ƒŽƒƒ•‹”ǡ Comparing Argument DiaǦ
gramsǡʹͲͳʹǤǦǤǤ
ƬǤǤͺͳǤ
͹ͺǤ Ƭ ǡ ͳͳͻ
ȋʹͲͳͳȌǤ
͹ͻǤ ƒ†ǤǤƒŠ‹›ƒ–ǡIntelligentAgentsandLiability:IsItaDoctrinalProblemorMerelyA
ProblemofExplanation?ǡͳͺ
ƬǤͳͲ͵ȋʹͲͳͲȌǤ
ͺͲǤ ƒ‹™‘Ǥ”‹‘ŽƒǡTheUseofLegalSoftwarebyNonǦLawyersandthePerilsofUnauthorised
Practice of Law Charges in the United States: A Review of Jayson Reynoso Decisionǡ ͳͺ ƬǤʹͺͷȋʹͲͳͲȌǤ
ͺͳǤ ‘‘†”‘™ ƒ”ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ Intellectual Property Rights in Virtual Environments: Considering the
RightsofOwners,ProgrammersandVirtualAvatarsǡ͵ͻǤǤ͸ͶͻȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ
ͺͲʹ
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣ͵
‹Œ—”‹‘—• ”‡•—Ž–•Ǥ Š‡•‡ –™‘ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• †‹ˆˆ‡”ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹ –Š‡ ™ƒ›•
ƒ† ‡š–‡– –‘ ™Š‹…Š –Š‡› ‹˜‹–‡ ”‡Ž‹ƒ…‡ǡ ’”‡•—ƒ„Ž› ™‹–Š †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”•‘”‘™Ž‡†‰‡‡‰‹‡‡”•ǤŠ—•ǡ
Žƒ™•–—†‡–•…ƒ™”‹–‡ƒ„‘—–•‘‡–Š‹‰–Š‡›‘™Š‘™–‘†‘ȋ–Šƒ–‹•ǡ
ƒƒŽ›œ‡Ž‡‰ƒŽŽ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ȍǡ„—–•–‹ŽŽ„‡‡ˆ‹–ˆ”‘—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰Š‘™ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ
‡š’‡”– •›•–‡ •‡Ž‡…–• ƒ† ƒ’’Ž‹‡• ‹–• Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ƒ† Š‘™ ‹– ‡šǦ
’Žƒ‹•‹–•…‘…Ž—•‹‘•Ǥ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡’”‘…‡••…ƒŠ‡Ž’Žƒ™ •–—†‡–•
—†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡ Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ –‡…Š‹“—‡•
„›ˆ‘…—•‹‰‘–Š‡‰ƒ’•‹‹–•‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ‡…‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘‹ƒ‰‹‡‹˜‹–Ǧ
‹‰ƒŽƒ™•–—†‡––‘…‘•‹†‡”—•‹‰–Š‡–ƒ•‘ˆƒƒŽ›œ‹‰Ž‡‰ƒŽŽ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›
‘ˆ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡–ƒ‰‡–•ƒ•–Š‡–ƒ•–‘„‡‘†‡Ž‡†—•‹‰ƒ†ƒ™–‡…ŠǦ
‹“—‡•Ǥ
Š‡ ›ŽŽƒ„—• –Š—• …‘˜‡›• ƒ …‘Š‡”‡– ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ„‘—– ’ƒ•– ƒ†
…—””‡– ™‘” ‹ ƒ† ƒ™ǡ ‹–• …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ƒ† ‹–• ’”‘‰”‡••Ǥ Š‡ ‡š–
–™‘•‡…–‹‘•Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š––Š‡•ƒŽ‹‡–Ž‡••‘•ˆ‘”Žƒ™•–—†‡–•…‘…‡”‹‰
„‘–ŠŽ‡‰ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ƒ†—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡‡™–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ˆ‘”Ž‡‰ƒŽ
’”ƒ…–‹…‡Ǥ ‘” …‘˜‡‹‡– ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡ǡ –Š‡ Ž‡••‘• ƒ”‡ Ž‹•–‡† ‹ ‹‰—”‡ ͳ
ƒ†—•‡†–‘‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡–Š‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡‡š––™‘•‡…–‹‘•Ǥ
A.Lessonsaboutlegalrules
LessonA1:Legalrulesaresubjecttosemanticambiguity.
LessonA2:Legalrulesaresubjecttologicalambiguity.
LessonA3:Statutorystructureaffectsthemeaningoflegalrules.
LessonA4:Legalrulesaresubjecttounstatedconditions.
B.Lessonsaboutreasoningwithlegalcases
LessonB1:Distinguishinghardfromeasycasesoflawisakeyprocess.
LessonB2:AnalogizinganddistinguishingcasesarespecifiableproͲ
cesses.
LessonB3:ReasoningwithcasesandvaluesisakindoftheoryconͲ
struction.
LessonB4:Legaladvocatesposehypotheticalcasestotestlegalrules.
C.Lessonsaboutlegalargument
LessonC1:AdvocatesemploylegalͲdomainͲspecificargument
schemes.
LessonC2:OnemayattackalegalargumentbyattackingitsassumpͲ
tionsoridentifyingexceptions.
LessonC3:LegalargumentsinvolvecomplexrelationshipsamonglogͲ
ic,rhetoric,uncertainty,andnarrative.
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
DIGITALAGELEGALPRACTICE
ͺͲ͵
D.LessonsaboutlegalDigitalDocumentsTechnologies
LessonD1:LegalDigitalDocumentsTechnologiesarebasedonprocess
modelsandalgorithms.
LessonD2:ProcessesunderlyinglegalDigitalDocumentsTechnologies
involvedifferentkindsoftextsasinputs.
LessonD3:DigitalDocumentsTechnologiesfindtextsrelevanttolegal
problems.
LessonD4:DigitalDocumentsTechnologiesandtheirprocessmodels
needempiricalmethodologiesfortesting.
LessonD5:Findingtextsrelevanttolegalproblemsisdifferentfrom
applyingrelevanttextstosolvelegalproblems.
LessonD6:Computationalmodelsoflegalreasoningcanbeabridge
betweenlegaltextsandlegalproblemsolving.
Figure 1: Lessons law students can learn from the materials in the AI and Law
Seminar Syllabus
Ǥ ǡǡ
—‹“—‡Ž›…‘…”‡–‡™ƒ›•ǡƒ†ƒ™ƒ††”‡••‡•Ž‡••‘•–Šƒ–Žƒ™
•–—†‡–• ‡‡† –‘ Ž‡ƒ” ƒ„‘—– Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”—Ž‡•ǡ ƒ„‘—– ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ ™‹–Š …ƒ•‡•ǡ
ƒ† ƒ„‘—– Ž‡‰ƒŽ ƒ”‰—‡–• ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›Ǥ ’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• –‘ †”‹˜‡ Š‘‡
–Š‡•‡Ž‡••‘•ƒ”‹•‡ƒ–˜ƒ”‹‘—•’‘‹–•‹–Š‡›ŽŽƒ„—•ǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡‘’’‘”Ǧ
–—‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”•–—†‡–•–‘‡š’‡”‹‡…‡DzŠƒǨdz‘‡–•Ȅ•ƒŽŽƒ’‘–Š‡‘•‡•
–Šƒ–…ƒŠ‡Ž’‹†‡ƒ•ˆƒŽŽ‹–‘’Žƒ…‡‹Žƒ™•–—†‡–•ǯ‹†•ǤŠ‹••‡…–‹‘
‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡•–Š‘•‡‘‡–•‹–Š‡›ŽŽƒ„—•ƒ†’”‘˜‹†‡••‘‡…‘–‡š–Ǥ
A.LessonsAboutLegalRules
LessonA1:LegalrulesaresubjecttosemanticambiguityǤ›•‘‡Ǧ
–‹‡ ‹ –Š‡‹” ˆ‹”•– •‡‡•–‡”ǡ Žƒ™ •–—†‡–• Šƒ˜‡ ’”‘„ƒ„Ž› Ž‡ƒ”‡† –Šƒ–
–Š‡‡ƒ‹‰•‘ˆ…‘…‡’–•‹ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ”—Ž‡‘ˆ–‡ƒ”‡‘–™‡ŽŽ•’‡…‹ˆ‹‡†Ǥ›
–Š‡–‹‡–Š‡›–ƒ‡ƒƒ†ƒ™•‡‹ƒ”–Š‹•‹•‘Ž‘‰‡”‡™•ǡ„—–‹–
ƒ››‡–„‡‡†‹ˆ›‹‰ˆ‘”•–—†‡–•–‘‘„•‡”˜‡–Š‡’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ”ƒ‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘•
ˆ‘”„—‹Ž†‹‰…‘’—–‡”’”‘‰”ƒ•–Šƒ–”‡ƒ•‘™‹–ŠŽ‡‰ƒŽ”—Ž‡•Ǥ
•–ƒ–—–‡ …ƒ „‡ ‘†‡Ž‡† ƒ• ƒ Ž‘‰‹… ’”‘‰”ƒͺʹ ‘” —•‹‰ Š‡—”‹•–‹…
”—Ž‡•ǡ „—– ™Š‡ –Š‡ ”—Ž‡• ”— ‘—–ǡ ”‡•‘”– —•– „‡ ƒ†‡ –‘ •‘‡–Š‹‰
‡Ž•‡ǣ ‡š’‡”– “—‡”‹‡•ǡ ƒ”‰—‡–• ˆ”‘ …ƒ•‡•ǡ ‘” ƒ”‰—‡–• ˆ”‘ –Š‡
•–”—…–—”‡ƒ†’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–—–‡Ǥ
ͺʹǤ See‡”‰‘–‡–ƒŽǤǡsupra‘–‡ʹͲǤ
ͺͲͶ
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣ͵
ƒ–‡”ƒˆƒ…‡†–Š‹•’”‘„Ž‡‡ƒ”Ž›‘™Š‡—•‹‰”—Ž‡•–‘†‡ˆ‹‡
’”‘†—…–Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ•–”‹…–Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡƒ†…‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡‡‰Ž‹‰‡…‡‹Š‹•’”‘Ǧ
‰”ƒ –‘ ‰—‹†‡ •‡––Ž‡‡– †‡…‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰Ǥ Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡ Š‹• ”—Ž‡
‹ ‹‰—”‡ ʹ †‡ˆ‹‹‰ Dz•–”‹…– Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›dz ‡’Ž‘›• –‡”• ƒ† …‘…‡’–• –Šƒ–
ƒ”‡†‡ˆ‹‡†‹‘–Š‡””—Ž‡•ǡ•—…Šƒ•ǡDz”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”—•‡‘ˆ’”‘†—…–dzƒ†
Dz‹…‹†‡–ƒŽ•ƒŽ‡ǡdz‡ƒ…Š‘ˆ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡†‡ˆ‹‡†‹•–‹ŽŽ‘–Š‡””—Ž‡•Ǥͺ͵‘™Ǧ
‡˜‡”ǡ •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ’”‡†‹…ƒ–‡• ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‹ –Š‹• ’”‘†—…– Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›
…‘–‡š–ǡ•—…Šƒ•Dz”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†’”‘’‡”dz‘”Dzˆ‘”‡•‡‡ƒ„Ž‡ǡdzƒ”‡not‘–ŠǦ
‡”™‹•‡ †‡ˆ‹‡† ‹ ƒ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”—Ž‡Ǥ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ …‘…‡’–•Ȅ‹…Ž—†‹‰
Dz‡‡”‰‡…›ǡdz Dz‹’”‘’‡” †‡•…”‹’–‹‘ǡdz Dz’”‘’‡”–›ǡdz Dz‹Œ—”›ǡdz Dz†‡ˆ‡…–‹˜‡ǡdz
ƒ†Dz…ƒ”‡Ž‡••ǡdzȄ™Š‡–Š‡”†‡ˆ‹‡†‹”—Ž‡•‘”‘–ǡƒ”‡‹ŽŽǦ†‡ˆ‹‡†Ǥ’’Ž›Ǧ
‹‰–Š‡–‘•’‡…‹ˆ‹…ˆƒ…–•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•‹•ƒ‘ˆ–ǦŽ‹–‹‰ƒ–‡†ƒ––‡”‘ˆ‹–‡”’”‡Ǧ
–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† Ž‡‰ƒŽŽ› ’Žƒ—•‹„Ž‡ ƒ”‰—‡–• ƒ› ‘ˆ–‡ „‡ ƒ†‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡
…‘…‡’–†‘‡•‘”†‘‡•‘–ƒ’’Ž›Ǥ
[RULE4:STRICTLIABILITYDEFINITION]
IF(theplaintiffisinjuredbytheproduct
or(theplaintiffdoesrepresentthedecedent
andthedecedentiskilledbytheproduct)
ortheplaintiff’spropertyisdamagedbytheproduct)
andtheincidentalͲsaledefenseisnotapplicable
and(theproductismanufacturedbythedefendant
ortheproductissoldbythedefendant
ortheproductisleasedbythedefendant)
andthedefendantisresponsiblefortheuseoftheproduct
and(Californiaisthejurisdictionofthecase
ortheuseroftheproductisthevictim
orthepurchaseroftheproductisthevictim)
andtheproductisdefectiveatthetimeofthesale
and(theproductisunchangedfromthemanufacturetothesale
or(thedefendant’sexpectationis‘theproductisunchanged
fromthemanufacturetothesale’
andthedefendant’sexpectationisreasonableͲandͲproper))
THENassertthetheoryofstrictͲliabilitydoesapplytotheplaintiff’sloss
Figure 2: Waterman’s Rule Defining Strict Liability
—ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽƒƒŽ›•‹•†‘‡•‘–…‘‡–‘ƒ•–ƒ†•–‹ŽŽ™Š‡‡…‘—Ǧ
–‡”‹‰ƒ–‡”™Š‘•‡‡ƒ‹‰‹•—†‡”•’‡…‹ˆ‹‡†ǡƒ†•›•–‡†‡•‹‰‡”•
ƒ†‘™Ž‡†‰‡‡‰‹‡‡”•‡‡†–‘‘†‡ŽŠ‘™Š—ƒ•’”‘…‡‡†ǤŠ‹Ž‡
Žƒ™•–—†‡–•ƒ›—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡…‘…‡’–‘ˆDz•‡ƒ–‹…ƒ„‹‰—‹–›ǡdz‹–‹•
ͺ͵Ǥ Ƭǡ•—’”ƒ‘–‡Ͷǡƒ–ͳ͸ǡ͵ͺǤ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
DIGITALAGELEGALPRACTICE
ͺͲͷ
Ž‡•• …Ž‡ƒ” Š‘™ †‡‡’Ž› –Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š– ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ‡–Š‘†• Š—ƒ
Žƒ™›‡”• —•‡ –‘ †‡ƒŽ ™‹–Š •‡ƒ–‹… ƒ„‹‰—‹–›ǡ –Š‡ ‹†• ‘ˆ ƒ”‰—‡–•
–Š‡›—•‡ǡ™Šƒ––Š‘•‡ƒ”‰—‡–•ƒ••—‡ǡƒ†Š‘™–Š‘•‡ƒ”‰—‡–•…ƒ
„‡ƒ––ƒ…‡†Ǥ
ƒ–‡”ƒ Ž‹•–‡† ˆ‘—” …‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ –‡…Š‹“—‡• ™‹–Š ™Š‹…Š ƒ Ž‡Ǧ
‰ƒŽ‡š’‡”–•›•–‡…‘—Ž††‡ƒŽ™‹–Š‹ŽŽǦ†‡ˆ‹‡†Ž‡‰ƒŽ…‘…‡’–•ǣ
ͳǤ
ʹǤ
͵Ǥ
ͶǤ
•‹‰ Š‡—”‹•–‹… ”—Ž‡• ȋ‰Ž‡ƒ‡† ˆ”‘ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‡š’‡”–• ‘” ‹•—”Ǧ
ƒ…‡ ƒ†Œ—•–‡”•Ȍ –Šƒ– ƒ––‡’– –‘ …ƒ’–—”‡ Š‘™ –Š‡ –‡” ™ƒ•
—•‡†‹–Š‡’ƒ•–Ǣ
”‡•‡–‹‰‡šƒ’Ž‡•ƒ†Ž‡––‹‰–Š‡—•‡”†‡…‹†‡‹ˆ–Š‡–‡”
‹••ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡†‹–Š‡…—””‡–ˆƒ…–•‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǣ
ƒ„Ž‹‰ –Š‡ •›•–‡ –‘ …‘’ƒ”‡ –Š‡ …—””‡– ˆƒ…– •‹–—ƒ–‹‘
™‹–Š‡šƒ’Ž‡•‹‘”†‡”–‘†‡–‡”‹‡‹ˆ–Š‡–‡”‹••ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡†Ǣ
ƒ†
‘†‹ˆ›‹‰ –Š‡ •›•–‡ǯ• ”—Ž‡• ‹ ƒ ’”‘…‡•• ‘ˆ •—……‡••‹˜‡ ”‡Ǧ
ˆ‹‡‡–‹‘”†‡”–‘…ƒ’–—”‡–Š‡…‘…‡’–ǯ•‡ƒ‹‰ǤͺͶ
—…Š•—„•‡“—‡–™‘”‹ƒ†ƒ™Šƒ•ƒ††”‡••‡†–Š‡•‡…‘’—Ǧ
–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–‡…Š‹“—‡•Ǥ‘”‹•–ƒ…‡ǡŽ‡‰ƒŽ‡š’‡”–•›•–‡•—•‡–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ƒ†
•‡…‘† –‡…Š‹“—‡• –‘ ‰—‹†‡ —•‡”• ‹ ’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ †‡…‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰Ǥ ‡Ǧ
•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• Šƒ˜‡ ˆ‘…—•‡† ‘ –Š‡ –Š‹”† –‡…Š‹“—‡ǡ ‹ ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”ǡ „› ‡ƒǦ
„Ž‹‰ƒ•›•–‡–‘”‡ƒ•‘ƒƒŽ‘‰‹…ƒŽŽ›™‹–Š…ƒ•‡•ƒ†ƒ‡ƒ”‰—‡–•
–Šƒ– –Š‡ …‘…‡’– •Š‘—Ž† ƒ’’Ž› ‘” ‘– ƒ’’Ž› –‘ ƒ ‡™ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‹• ‹•
–Š‡ •—„Œ‡…– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘” †‹•…—••‡† ‹ ‡…–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ›ŽŽƒ„—•Ǥ ‘‡
™‘” Šƒ• ƒ††”‡••‡† –Š‡ ˆ‘—”–Š –‡…Š‹“—‡ǡ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ •—……‡••‹˜‡ ”‡Ǧ
ˆ‹‡‡–…‘‡•‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆƒ‘–ƒ–‹‰Œ—†‹…‹ƒŽ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ†‡…‹Ǧ
•‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ ƒ‘–ƒ–‹‘• Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š– ’‘”–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘• –Šƒ– …ƒ
„‡ƒ–…Š‡†–‘ƒƒŽ›œ‡‡™ˆƒ…–•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥͺͷ
Lesson A2: Legal rules are subject to logical ambiguity. Š‹Ž‡ •‡Ǧ
ƒ–‹… ƒ„‹‰—‹–› •—”’”‹•‡• ˆ‡™ Žƒ™ •–—†‡–•ǡ ˆƒ” ˆ‡™‡” ƒ”‡ ƒ™ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ
–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆŽ‘‰‹…ƒŽƒ„‹‰—‹–›‹Ž‡‰ƒŽ”—Ž‡•Ǥ‘•–•‡‡•—”’”‹•‡†–‘
Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–‡˜‡–Š‡logic‘ˆƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ”—Ž‡ƒ›„‡ƒ„‹‰—‘—•„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡
•…‘’‡• ‘ˆ Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ …‘‡…–‘”• ƒ”‡ ‘– …Ž‡ƒ”Ž› †‡Ž‹‹–‡† ‹ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ŽƒǦ
‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ† „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘’Ž‡š‹–› ‘ˆ •–ƒ–—–‘”› •–”—…–—”‡Ǥ  ˆ‘”ƒŽ
‘”ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ‘‰‹…ǡ’ƒ”‡–Š‡•‡•†‡Ž‹‹–•…‘’‡•‘ˆŽ‘‰‹…ƒŽ‘”ƒ–Š‡Ǧ
ƒ–‹…ƒŽ‘’‡”ƒ–‘”•ǡ„—––Š‹•‹•‘––Š‡…ƒ•‡‹•–ƒ–—–‘”›ƒ†‘–Š‡”ƒ–—Ǧ
”ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‡š–•Ǥ ƒ›ƒ ŽŽ‡ ’”‘˜‹†‡† ƒ› ‡šƒ’Ž‡•
†‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‰ –Šƒ– ‡˜‡ •‹’Ž‡ •–ƒ–—–‘”› ”—Ž‡• Šƒ˜‡ —Ž–‹’Ž‡ Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ
‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‘ˆ™Š‹…Š–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡™ƒ•’”‘„ƒ„Ž›‘•–Ž›—ƒ™ƒ”‡Ǥ
ͺͶǤ Id.ƒ–ʹ͸Ǥ
ͺͷǤ See,e.g.,”ƒ–‹‰ǡ supra‘–‡ʹ͸Ǣ …ƒ”‡ǡsupra‘–‡͵͸Ǣ•ŠŽ‡› Ƭ ƒŽ‡”ǡ supra ‘–‡
͸͹Ǥ
ͺͲ͸
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣ͵
Š‹• ‹• ‹ •Šƒ”’ …‘–”ƒ•– –‘ •‡ƒ–‹… ƒ„‹‰—‹–‹‡• –Šƒ– ƒ› Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡
‹…Ž—†‡† ‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ ƒ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ …‘’”‘‹•‡Ǥ
‘”‹•–ƒ…‡ǡƒ‘—‹•‹ƒƒ•–ƒ–—–‡’”‘˜‹†‡†ǡDz‘’‡”•‘•ŠƒŽŽ‡‰ƒ‰‡‹
‘” ‹•–‹–—–‡ ƒ Ž‘…ƒŽ –‡Ž‡’Š‘‡ …ƒŽŽǤǤǤ ‘ˆ ƒ ƒ‘›‘—• ƒ–—”‡ ƒ†
–Š‡”‡‹—•‡ ‘„•…‡‡ǡ’”‘ˆƒ‡ǡ˜—Ž‰ƒ”ǡŽ‡™†ǡŽƒ•…‹˜‹‘—•‘”‹†‡…‡–ŽƒǦ
‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ •—‰‰‡•–‹‘• ‘” ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ• ‘ˆ ƒ ‘„•…‡‡ ƒ–—”‡ ƒ† –Š”‡ƒ–• ‘ˆ
ƒ› ‹† ™Šƒ–•‘‡˜‡”Ǥdzͺ͸ ‘ „‡ ‹ ˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ —•– –Š‡ –‡Ž‡Ǧ
’Š‘‡…ƒŽŽ‹…Ž—†‡‘„•…‡‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡and–Š”‡ƒ–•ǡ‘”‹•‡‹–Š‡”•—ˆˆ‹…‹‡–ǫ
ƒ…”‹‹ƒŽŽƒ™…‘–‡š–ǡ‘ˆ…‘—”•‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ•™‡”…ƒ‡ƒƒƒ…“—‹––ƒŽǤ
‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ •–—†‡–• Ž‡ƒ” –Šƒ– Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ƒ„‹‰—‹–› ƒ› „‡ …”—…‹ƒŽ ‹ –Š‡
‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹•—”ƒ…‡’‘Ž‹…‹‡•ƒ†…‘–”ƒ…–•Ǥ
‹˜‡–Šƒ–‘‡…ƒǦ
‘– ƒ••—‡ –Šƒ– –‘†ƒ›ǯ• Žƒ™ •–—†‡–• ƒ’’”‡…‹ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‡‡† ˆ‘” …Ž‘•‡
”‡ƒ†‹‰ƒ††”ƒˆ–‹‰‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽ”—Ž‡•ǡ–Š‹•‹•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž‡••‘Ǥ
ŽŽ‡ Žƒ›• ‘—– ƒ •–‡’™‹•‡ ’”‘…‡†—”‡ ˆ‘” ‘”ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ ƒ •–ƒ–—–‡Ȅ
–Šƒ–‹•ǡˆ‘”•›•–‡ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ›‡—‡”ƒ–‹‰–Š‡ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹Ǧ
–‹‡•Ȅ•‘ –Šƒ– ‘‡ …ƒ •‡Ž‡…– ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒǦ
–‹‘•Ǥ ‡ ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡•ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ …Š‘‹…‡ ‹• ƒ ƒ––‡” ˆ‘” –Š‡
Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ǡ ‹†‡ƒŽŽ› ‹ –Š‡ †”ƒˆ–‹‰ ’”‘…‡••Ǥ Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ ƒ Ž‡‰ƒŽ
‡š’‡”– •›•–‡ …‘’”‹•‹‰ •–ƒ–—–‘”› ”—Ž‡•ǡ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‡‰‹‡‡”• ƒŽ•‘
‡‡†–‘•‡Ž‡…–ƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•ǤŠ‡›–”›–‘•‡Ž‡…––Š‡ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡
–Šƒ––Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡’”‘„ƒ„Ž›‡ƒ–ǡ„—––Š‡‹”•‡Ž‡…–‹‘‹•‘–ƒ—–Š‘”‹–ƒǦ
–‹˜‡Ǥ – ‹• •‹’Ž› –Š‡ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‡‰‹‡‡”ǯ• ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ–Ǧ
—–‡Ǥͺ͹ Ž–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ǡ –Š‡ ”—Ž‡• ‹ ƒ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‡š’‡”– •›•–‡ …‘—Ž† „‡
Š‡—”‹•–‹…”—Ž‡•‡„‘†›‹‰ƒ‡š’‡”–ǯ•˜‹‡™‘ƒˆ‹‡Ž†‘ˆ•–ƒ–—–‘”›Žƒ™Ǥ
Š‡ ‡š’‡”– ƒ› Šƒ˜‡ ”‡Ǧ…‘…‡’–—ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‘” ”‡Ǧ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡† •–ƒ–—–‘”›
–‡”•‹‘–Š‡”™ƒ›•–Šƒ–”‡•‘Ž˜‡•›–ƒ…–‹…ȋƒ†•‡ƒ–‹…Ȍƒ„‹‰—‹–‹‡•
‹ Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”–ǯ• ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡ ƒ† –Šƒ– •—ˆˆ‹…‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’—”’‘•‡ ‘ˆ
–Š‡•›•–‡Ǥ
ŽŽ‡ǯ•™‘”ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘…—•‡••–—†‡–•‘–Š‡—–‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘
ƒ† ‘—–Ž‹‡ ‹†‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ ƒ ˆŽ‘™Ǧ…Šƒ”–ǦŽ‹‡ ƒ‹† –‘ —†‡”Ǧ
•–ƒ†‹‰ƒ…‘’Ž‡š•–ƒ–—–‡Ǥ‡‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡•–Š‹•™‹–Šƒ…‘’Ž‡š–ƒš’”‘Ǧ
˜‹•‹‘ǡ ‡…Ǥ ͵ͷͶ ‰‘˜‡”‹‰ ‡š…Šƒ‰‡• ‘ˆ •–‘… ƒ† •‡…—”‹–‹‡• ‹
…‡”–ƒ‹”‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ™Š‹…ŠǡŽ‹‡‘–Š‡”’”‘˜‹•‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ǤǤ–‡”ƒŽ
‡˜‡—‡ ‘†‡ǡ ‹• DzŒ—•– ’Žƒ‹ ƒ™ˆ—Ž ˆ”‘ ƒ •›–ƒ…–‹… ˜‹‡™’‘‹–Ǥdzͺͺ ‡
–Š‡…‘’ƒ”‡•‹–™‹–Šƒ‘”ƒŽ‹œ‡†˜‡”•‹‘–Šƒ–’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒˆŽ‘™…Šƒ”–
ͺ͸Ǥ ŽŽ‡Ƭ‰Š‘Žǡsupra‘–‡ʹʹǡƒ–͵ͺͶȋ“—‘–‹‰–ƒ–‡˜Ǥ‹ŽŽǡͳͷ͹‘Ǥʹ†Ͷ͸ʹǡͶ͸ʹȋͳͻ͸͵ȌȌǤ
ͺ͹Ǥ Id.ƒ–͵ͻ͸ȋDzȏȐŠ‡ƒŽƒ™ Šƒ•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›„‡‡‡ƒ…–‡†ǡƒ›ˆ‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ •–ƒ–—–‡‘–Š‡”–Šƒ
–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ‡ƒ…–‡–”‡’”‡•‡–•ƒ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ–‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––Šƒ–ƒ›”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘™Š‹…Š
’—”’‘”–•–‘…‘””‡•’‘†–‘ƒ•–ƒ–—–‡•ƒ›‡‹–Š‡”‘”‡‘”Ž‡••–Šƒ–Š‡•–ƒ–—–‡‹–•‡Žˆ†‘‡•ǤdzȌǤ
ͺͺǤ Id.ƒ–͵ͺͺǤ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
DIGITALAGELEGALPRACTICE
ͺͲ͹
–Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘ǯ• Ž‘‰‹…Ǥͺͻ – ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡• ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‡ ’ƒ–Š• –Š”‘—‰Š
–Š‡•–ƒ–—–‘”›”—Ž‡ǯ•…‘†‹–‹‘•–‘ƒ…‘…Ž—•‹‘ƒ†ƒ‡•‹–—…Š‡ƒ•‹Ǧ
‡”–‘•‡‡‹ˆ–Š‡”‡isƒ’ƒ–Š–‘ƒ…‘…Ž—•‹‘Ǥ–—†‡–•„‡‰‹–‘ƒ’’”‡…‹ƒ–‡
–Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ˆ‘” ƒ ‘”‡ •›•–‡ƒ–‹… ™ƒ› ‘ˆ †”ƒˆ–‹‰ ƒ† ’”‡•‡–‹‰
…‘’Ž‡š Ž‡‰ƒŽ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘• ƒ• ƒ ƒ‹† –‘ –Š‡‹” —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ •–ƒ–—–‡•
ƒ†ƒ•ƒ‰‘ƒŽˆ‘”†”ƒˆ–‹‰…‘–”ƒ…–—ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ
LessonA3:StatutorystructureaffectsthemeaningoflegalrulesǤŽǦ
Ž‡ǯ•–ƒš…‘†‡‡šƒ’Ž‡ƒŽ•‘”ƒ‹•‡•–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ…Šƒ”–‹‰Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ’ƒ–Š•
™Š‡ƒ•–ƒ–—–‘”›’”‘˜‹•‹‘‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‡•‘–Š‡”’”‘˜‹•‹‘•„›”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡
ȋ™Š‹…Šƒ›‹˜‘Ž˜‡›‡–‘–Š‡”‡š…‡’–‹‘•Ȍ‘”™‘”•‡ǡ™Š‡‘–Š‡”’”‘˜‹Ǧ
•‹‘•’”‘˜‹†‡‡š…‡’–‹‘•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‘–‡š’Ž‹…‹–Ž›…”‘••Ǧ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡†ǤŠ‹•
Ž‡••‘ƒŽ•‘Ž‡ƒ†••–—†‡–•–‘…‘•‹†‡”–Š‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ…‡‹•–ƒ–—–‘”›‹Ǧ
–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘ǯ• ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ •–ƒ–—–‡ ‘” •–ƒ–—–‘”› …‘†‡
”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ –‘ ‘–Š‡” ’”‘˜‹•‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ Š‹‡”ƒ”…Š‹…ƒŽ •–”—…–—”‡ ‘ˆ ƒ •–ƒ–—–‡ ‘”
…‘†‡ …ƒ””‹‡• ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– …ƒ Š‡Ž’ –‘ ”‡•‘Ž˜‡ ƒ ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ ‹ŽŽǦ
†‡ˆ‹‡†–‡”ǡƒ•‘……—”•”‡‰—Žƒ”Ž›‹…‹˜‹ŽŽƒ™‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
ƒ†ƒ™”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•Šƒ˜‡‘–ƒ†‡—…Š’”‘‰”‡••‘‘†‡ŽǦ
‹‰ •—…Š ’Š‡‘‡ƒǤͻͲ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡› ‡…‘—–‡” –Š‡•‡ ’”‘„Ž‡• ˆ”‡Ǧ
“—‡–Ž› ƒ† —•—ƒŽŽ› ™‹–Š ˆ”—•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  ™‘” ‘ ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ›
‡š–”ƒ…–‹‰ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘ •–ƒ–—–‘”› –‡š–• —•‹‰ ƒ…Š‹‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ȅ
ˆ‘”‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ™Š‡”‡‹–‹•”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡–‘ƒ••—‡–Šƒ–ƒ’”‘˜‹•‹‘ǯ•‘—–Ž‹‡
•–”—…–—”‡ ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–• ƒ† •—„’ƒ”–• ’”‘˜‹†‡• •‡ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ› ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ ‹ˆ‘”Ǧ
ƒ–‹‘Ȅ‹–ƒ›‡˜‡„‡—…Ž‡ƒ”–‘ƒ…‘’‡–‡–Š—ƒ”‡ƒ†‡”™Š‡–Š‡”
ƒ —Žƒ„‡Ž‡† ’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š ƒ– –Š‡ ‡† ‘ˆ ƒ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘ ‹• ƒ •—„’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡
’”‡…‡†‹‰•—„•‡…–‹‘‘”ƒ‹†‡’‡†‡–•—„’ƒ”–Ǥ
LessonA4:Legalrulesaresubjectto unstatedconditionsǤ—•–ƒ•ƒ
Ž‡‰ƒŽ”—Ž‡ƒ›Šƒ˜‡—”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡†‡š…‡’–‹‘•ǡ‹–ƒŽ•‘ƒ›Šƒ˜‡—•–ƒ–‡†
…‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ ˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ –Šƒ– ‹– ‹• ‘– —…‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽǡ –Šƒ– ‹– ‹• ‘–
’”‡‡’–‡†ǡ‘”–Šƒ–‹–…ƒ„‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†™‹–Š‘—–…‘–”ƒ˜‡‹‰Ž‡‰ƒŽ’”‹…‹Ǧ
’Ž‡•ǤŽŽ‡”ƒ‹•‡•–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆŠ‘™‘‡‘™•™Š‹…Š—•–ƒ–‡†…‘†‹Ǧ
–‹‘• –‘ ‹…Ž—†‡ǡ ™Š‡ •—…Š ƒ …‘†‹–‹‘ ƒ’’Ž‹‡• ƒ† Š‘™ –‘ ”‡•‘Ž˜‡
™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡”—Ž‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡•ǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡–‘—‰Š“—‡•–‹‘•ˆ‘”„‘–ŠŽƒ™•–—Ǧ
†‡–• ƒ† ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‡‰‹‡‡”•Ǥ Š‹Ž‡ ‹– ‹‰Š– „‡ –Š‘—‰Š– –Šƒ– •‘Ǧ
…ƒŽŽ‡† …ƒ‘• ‘ˆ …‘•–”—…–‹‘ ”‡•‘Ž˜‡ •—…Š “—‡•–‹‘•ǡ ŽŽ‡ ’‘‹–• –‘
ͺͻǤ Id.ƒ–͵ͻ͵ǡˆ‹‰ǤͶǤ
ͻͲǤ But see ‡…ŠǦƒ’‘ Ƭ ‘‡‡ǡ supra ‘–‡ ʹͳǢ ‘ ‘—–‡ǡ Hierarchically Organised
FormalisationsǡͳͻͺͻǤǯǤ
ƬǤʹͶʹǤ
ͺͲͺ
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣ͵
ƒ”Ž Ž‡™‡ŽŽ›ǯ• …‘˜‹…‹‰ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ …ƒ‘• ƒ• ƒ‡Ǧ
™‡‹‰Š–•Ǥͻͳ
 Obstacles to the Development of LogicǦBased Models of Legal
Reasoningǡ‡”ƒƒ†ƒˆ‡”ƒ”‰—‡†’‡”•—ƒ•‹˜‡Ž›–Šƒ–ǡ‡˜‡‹ˆ–Š‡”‡
‹•ƒ‰”‡‡‡–‘ˆƒ…–•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ„Ž‡Žƒ™ǡƒ†˜‡”•ƒ”‹‡•…ƒ•–‹ŽŽ‰‡Ǧ
‡”ƒ–‡”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡’”‘ƒ†…‘ƒ”‰—‡–•ǡƒ†…‘—”–•…‘‡–‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
…‘…Ž—•‹‘•ǤŠ‹•Ž‡‰ƒŽ‹†‡–‡”‹ƒ…›‹•…ƒ—•‡†„›…‘ˆŽ‹…–•‹Š‡”‡–‹
–Š‡—•–ƒ–‡†…‘†‹–‹‘•…‘…‡”‹‰™Š‡–Š‡”ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ”—Ž‡”‡ƒŽŽ› •Š‘—Ž†
ƒ’’Ž›ǡ ™Š‡–Š‡” ƒ’’Ž›‹‰ ‹– …‘—–‡”• —†‡”Ž›‹‰ ’”‹…‹’Ž‡•ǡ ™Šƒ– –Š‡
”—Ž‡ǯ• ‘’‡Ǧ–‡š–—”‡† …‘…‡’–• ‡ƒ ‹ ƒ ‰‹˜‡ …‘–‡š–ǡ ƒ† Š‘™ –‘
”‡•‘Ž˜‡ ‹…‘•‹•–‡– …ƒ‘• ‘ˆ …‘•–”—…–‹‘ ƒ† ‹…‘•‹•–‡– ’”‡…‡Ǧ
†‡–•Ǥ • ƒ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ –Š‹• Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‹†‡–‡”‹ƒ…›ǡ –Š‡› ƒ”‰—‡†ǡ †‡†—…–‹˜‡
Ž‘‰‹…Ǧ‘”‹‡–‡†‘†‡Ž•‘ˆ•–ƒ–—–‘”›Žƒ™…ƒ‘–•—……‡‡†Ǥͻʹ
‡”ƒ ƒ†ƒˆ‡”…‹–‡ Riggsv.Palmerͻ͵ƒ‘‰ ‘–Š‡”‡šƒ’Ž‡•
‘ˆ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‹†‡–‡”‹ƒ…›Ǥ Riggs ’‘•‡† –Š‡ “—ƒ†ƒ”› ƒ• –‘ ™Š‡–Š‡” ƒ
‰”ƒ†•‘ ™Š‘ —”†‡”‡† Š‹• ‰”ƒ†ˆƒ–Š‡” ™‘—Ž† ‹Š‡”‹– —†‡” Š‹•
‰”ƒ†ˆƒ–Š‡”ǯ•™‹ŽŽǤŠ‡‡š’Ž‹…‹–…‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡”—Ž‡–Šƒ–Dzƒ›Š‡‹”–‘
’”‘’‡”–›‘ˆƒ†‡…‡ƒ•‡†’‡”•‘ƒ›…Žƒ‹–Šƒ–’”‘’‡”–›ˆ”‘–Š‡‡•–ƒ–‡
‘ˆ–Š‡†‡…‡†‡–dzƒ”‡•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡†Ǥ—–ƒ’’Ž›‹‰–Š‡”—Ž‡™‘—Ž†˜‹‘Žƒ–‡–Š‡
’”‹…‹’Ž‡ –Šƒ– Dzƒ› Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”—Ž‡ ™‹ŽŽ ‘– ƒ’’Ž› –‘ –Š‡ „‡‡ˆ‹– ‘ˆ ƒ ’ƒ”–›
™Š‘’‡”ˆ‘”‡†ƒˆ‡Ž‘‹‘—•ƒ…–‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰•‡”‹‘—•Šƒ”–‘‘–Š‡”•ǡ™Š‹…Š
„”‘—‰Š–ƒ„‘—–…‘†‹–‹‘•—†‡”™Š‹…Š–Š‡”—Ž‡™‘—Ž†ƒ’’Ž›–‘Š‹•„‡Ǧ
‡ˆ‹–Ǥdz —…Š ƒ ’”‹…‹’Ž‡ ‹• ƒ ”—Ž‡ ƒ„‘—– ”—Ž‡• ƒ† ’‘•‡• –‡…Š‹…ƒŽ ’”‘„Ǧ
Ž‡•ǤŠ‡Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ•›•–‡™‘—Ž†‡‡†–‘•—’’‘”–“—ƒ–‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ”—Ž‡
‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ”—Ž‡•Ǥ
‘”‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ǡ ‡”ƒ ƒ† ƒˆ‡” …‘…Ž—†‡†ǡ –Š‡ ’Š‡‘‡Ǧ
‘ ‘ˆ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‹†‡–‡”‹ƒ…› Ž‡ƒ†• –‘ ƒ ‘”‡ ’”‘ˆ‘—† ’”‘„Ž‡ǣ Ž‘‰‹…Ǧ
„ƒ•‡†…‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘†‡Ž•ƒ”‡‹ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ˆ‘”‘†‡Ž‹‰Š‘™Žƒ™Ǧ
›‡”•”‡ƒ•‘ǤŠ‡–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡‹•–Šƒ–ǡ‹…Žƒ••‹…ƒŽŽ‘‰‹…ǡ‹–‹•‹’‘•Ǧ
•‹„Ž‡ –‘ ˜ƒŽ‹†Ž› ’”‘˜‡ ȋ‘” ƒ”‰—‡ ˆ‘”Ȍ ƒ ’”‘’‘•‹–‹‘ ƒ† ‹–• ‘’’‘•‹–‡Ǥ
Š‡‹” ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Šƒ– ‡˜‡ ™Š‡ ƒ†˜‘…ƒ–‡• •–ƒ”–
™‹–Š –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ’”‡‹•‡• ȋ–Šƒ– ‹•ǡ ƒš‹‘•ǡ ”—Ž‡•ǡ ƒ† ƒ……‡’–‡† ˆƒ…–•Ȍǡ
–Š‡› •–‹ŽŽ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽŽ› ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡ǡ „—– …‘–”ƒ†‹…–‘”› ƒ”‰—‡–•ǤͻͶ
ͻͳǤ ƒ›ƒŽŽ‡ƬŠƒ”Ž‡•ƒš‘ǡ SomeProblemsinDesigningExpertSystemstoAidLegal
Reasoningǡͳͻͺ͹ǤǯǤ
ƬǤͻͶǡͳͲͷǤ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ
Dz •–ƒ–—–‡ …ƒ‘– ‰‘ „‡›‘† ‹–• –‡š–Ǥdz ˜Ǥ Dz‘ ‡ˆˆ‡…– ‹–• ’—”’‘•‡ ƒ •–ƒ–—–‡ ƒ› „‡ ‹’Ž‡‡–‡†
„‡›‘† ‹–• –‡š–Ǥdz Dzˆ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‹• ’Žƒ‹ ƒ† —ƒ„‹‰—‘—• ‹– —•– „‡ ‰‹˜‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…–Ǥdz ˜Ǥ Dz‘– ™Š‡
Ž‹–‡”ƒŽ ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ ™‘—Ž† Ž‡ƒ† –‘ ƒ„•—”† ‘” ‹•…Š‹‡˜‘—• …‘•‡“—‡…‡• ‘” –Š™ƒ”– ƒ‹ˆ‡•–
’—”’‘•‡Ǥdz
ͻʹǤ ‡”ƒƬƒˆ‡”ǡsupra‘–‡ʹ͵Ǥ
ͻ͵Ǥ ʹʹǤǤͳͺͺȋǤǤͳͺͺͻȌǤ
ͻͶǤ ‡”ƒƬƒˆ‡”ǡsupra‘–‡ʹ͵ǡƒ–ͳͻͳǤ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
DIGITALAGELEGALPRACTICE
ͺͲͻ
†‡‡†ǡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‹•–”—…–‘”• ”‡‰—Žƒ”Ž› †‡ƒ† –Šƒ– Žƒ™ •–—†‡–• ’”‘†—…‡
ƒ”‰—‡–• ƒ† …‘—–‡”ƒ”‰—‡–• ‹ ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰ ‡šƒ ’”‘„Ž‡• ƒ†
†‡ƒ†–Šƒ–•–—†‡–•”‡…‘‡†”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ
‡ƒ†‹‰ ‡”ƒ ƒ† ƒˆ‡”ǯ• ƒ……‘—–ǡ ‹– ™‘—Ž† „‡ Šƒ”† ˆ‘” Žƒ™
•–—†‡–• ‘– –‘ ”‡ˆŽ‡…– ‘ Š‘™ –Š‡›ǡ ƒ• Š—ƒ ”‡ƒ•‘‡”•ǡ †‡ƒŽ ™‹–Š
Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‹†‡–‡”‹ƒ…›Ǥ ‹˜‡ –Š‡•‡ ’”‘„Ž‡• ‘ˆ •‡ƒ–‹… ƒ† •›–ƒ…–‹…
ƒ„‹‰—‹–›ǡ‹’Ž‹…‹–‡š…‡’–‹‘•ǡƒ†—•–ƒ–‡†…‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ‹–‹•…Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–
ƒ––‘”‡›•”‡ƒ•‘aboutŽ‡‰ƒŽ”—Ž‡•ƒ•‘’’‘•‡†–‘•‹’Ž›”‡ƒ•‘‹‰with
Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”—Ž‡•Ǥ ––‘”‡›• ‡’Ž‘› ƒ”‰—‡–• ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ …‘˜‹…‡ –Š‡Ǧ
•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ†‘–Š‡”•™Šƒ–ƒ…‘…‡’–‡ƒ•ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”ƒ‡š…‡’–‹‘ƒ’’Ž‹‡•ǡ
‘” ™Š‡–Š‡” ƒ —•–ƒ–‡† …‘†‹–‹‘ ‹• •ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡†Ǥ Š‡ Ž‡••‘ ˆ‘” Žƒ™ •–—Ǧ
†‡–•ǡ ƒ† ˆ‘” ƒ† ƒ™ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•ǡ ‹• –Šƒ– ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ ƒ„‘—– Ž‡‰ƒŽ
”—Ž‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‡•–Š‡‡‡†–‘…‘•‹†‡”ƒ”‰—‡–•ˆ‘”ƒ†ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ’’Ž›‹‰
–Š‡”—Ž‡Ǥ
•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‹–Š‡›ŽŽƒ„—•ǡƒ†ƒ™”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•Šƒ˜‡•‘—‰Š–
–‘‘†‡Ž•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‘•‡–›’‡•‘ˆƒ”‰—‡–•ȋ‹…Ž—†‹‰”‡ƒ•‘‹‰™‹–Š
…ƒ•‡•ǡ˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡƒ†’”‹…‹’Ž‡•Ȍ—•‹‰ ƒ”‰—‡–•…Š‡ƒ™‹–Š…‘†‹–‹‘•
ƒ†‡š…‡’–‹‘•ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘–Š‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰’‡†ƒ‰‘‰‹…ƒŽŽ‡••‘•Ǥͻͷ
B. LessonsAboutReasoningwithLegalCases
LessonB1:DistinguishinghardfromeasycasesoflawisakeyproǦ
cess.Š‡”‡ƒ”‡•‘ƒ›’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…–•‹ƒ’’Ž›‹‰Ž‡‰ƒŽ”—Ž‡•–Šƒ–
•–—†‡–• ‹‰Š– ™‡ŽŽ ™‘†‡” Š‘™ Š—ƒ ”‡ƒ•‘‡”• †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š Šƒ”†
ˆ”‘‡ƒ•›…ƒ•‡•‘ˆŽƒ™Ǥ
ˆŠƒ”†“—‡•–‹‘•ƒ”‡–Š‘•‡™Š‡”‡ǡ‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Šƒ––‘”‡›•ƒ‰”‡‡‘
–Š‡ ˆƒ…–•ǡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ …‘ˆŽ‹…–‹‰ ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ”‰—‡–• ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ‘—–Ǧ
…‘‡‘”–Š‡‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ǡƒ”‡–Š‡”‡ƒ›‡ƒ•›“—‡•–‹‘•™Š‡”‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ‡šǦ
’‡”–•™‘—Ž†ƒ‰”‡‡‘„‘–Š–Š‡‘—–…‘‡ƒ†‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–ǫ
—”‡Ž›•‘‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ†‡…‹•‹‘•”ƒ‹•‡‘†‹•’—–ƒ„Ž‡’‘‹–‘ˆŽƒ™ˆ‘”ƒ•‹†‡Ǣ
Ž‡‰ƒŽ’”ƒ…–‹–‹‘‡”•”‘—–‹‡Ž›ƒ‡†‘œ‡•‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽ†‡…‹•‹‘•Ǩ
 ƒ ˆ‹”•–Ǧ›‡ƒ” Ž‡‰ƒŽ ™”‹–‹‰ ‘” Ž‡‰ƒŽ ’”‘…‡•• …‘—”•‡ǡ Žƒ™ •–—†‡–•
ƒ› Šƒ˜‡ ‡…‘—–‡”‡† –Š‹• ‹••—‡ ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ –Š‡ Œ—”‹•’”—†‡–‹ƒŽ
†‡„ƒ–‡„‡–™‡‡ǤǤǤƒ”–ƒ†‘—ŽŽ‡”ǡͻ͸„—–‹–‹•ƒ‹••—‡–Šƒ–Žƒ™
•–—†‡–• …‘ˆ”‘– ”‡’‡ƒ–‡†Ž›ǡ ‹ˆ ‘– ”‡ˆŽ‡…–‹˜‡Ž›ǡ ƒ– –Š‡ ‡† ‘ˆ ‡˜‡”›
•‡‡•–‡”Ǥƒ™•–—†‡–•—•–ǡ‘ˆ…‘—”•‡ǡ†‡…‹†‡™Š‹…Š‹••—‡•–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’
ƒ–Ž‡‰–Š‘ƒ‡šƒƒ†™Š‹…Š–‘‹‰‘”‡ǡƒ†‡…‹•‹‘–Šƒ–‹˜‘Ž˜‡•ƒ•Ǧ
ͻͷǤ Ž–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ǡ ƒ† ƒ™ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• Šƒ˜‡ •‘—‰Š– –‘ ˆ‹† ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘• ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡•‡
Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•‘Ž‘‰‹…™‹ŽŽ‘–Šƒ˜‡‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ…‘•‡“—‡…‡•Ǥ
ͻ͸Ǥ See,e.g.,‡”ƒƬƒˆ‡”ǡsupra‘–‡ʹ͵ǡƒ–ͳͺͷǦͺ͸Ǥ
ͺͳͲ
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣ͵
•‡••‹‰–Š‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•’”‡•‡–‡† „›–Š‡•–”‡‰–Š•ƒ†™‡ƒ‡••‡•
…”ƒˆ–‡†‹–‘–Š‡‹•–”—…–‘”ǯ••…‡ƒ”‹‘‹Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ”—Ž‡•ƒ††‡…‹Ǧ
•‹‘•…‘˜‡”‡†‹–Š‡…‘—”•‡Ǥ†‡‡†ǡƒ••‡••‹‰•–—†‡–•ǯƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘ƒ‡
•—…Š †‡…‹•‹‘• ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡Ž›ǡ ˆŽ‡š‹„Ž› ƒ† —†‡” ’”‡••—”‡ ‹• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
”‡ƒ•‘• ™Š› ‹•–”—…–‘”• ƒ••‹‰ ‡••ƒ›Ǧ–›’‡ ‡šƒ ’”‘„Ž‡• ‹ Žƒ™
•…Š‘‘ŽǤ Š—•ǡ Š‡Ž’‹‰ Žƒ™ •–—†‡–• –‘ ”‡ˆŽ‡…– ‘ Š‘™ –Š‡•‡ †‡…‹•‹‘•
ƒ”‡ƒ†‡…ƒ„‡ƒ–‹‡Ž›ƒ†—•‡ˆ—ŽŽ‡••‘Ǥ
 Š‡” …‘–”ƒ…–•Ǧ–‡•–Ǧ–ƒ‹‰ ’”‘‰”ƒǡ ‡ ƒ”†‡” ™ƒ• –Š‡ ˆ‹”•–
–‘ ‘ˆˆ‡” ƒ ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š‹… Š‡—”‹•–‹… ‡–Š‘† ˆ‘” †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‹‰ Šƒ”† ˆ”‘
‡ƒ•›“—‡•–‹‘•ǤŠ‡‹’—–•–‘Š‡”ȋ—ƒ‡†Ȍ’”‘‰”ƒƒ”‡”‡’”‡•‡–ƒǦ
–‹‘•‘ˆŽƒ™•–—†‡–…‘–”ƒ…–•‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘’”‘„Ž‡•†‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Š‘ˆˆ‡”
ƒ† ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡Ǥ Š‡ ‘—–’—–• ƒ”‡ ƒƒŽ›•‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œǦ
‹‰–Š‡‡˜‡–•ƒ•‘ˆˆ‡”•‘”ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡•ƒ†‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰–Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ‹••—‡•
‹˜‘Ž˜‡†Ǥ ƒ”†‡” –‘‘ –Š‡ ’‘•‹–‹‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ —•– „‡ ‡ƒ•› …ƒ•‡•Ǥ –
Ž‡ƒ•–ǡ™‡–”‡ƒ–“—‡•–‹‘•ƒ•‡ƒ•›ƒŽŽ–Š‡–‹‡Ǥˆ–Š‡”‡™‡”‡‘‡ƒ•›…ƒ•Ǧ
‡•ǡ ‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ ™‘—Ž† „‡ ‘’‡ –‘ ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ƒ•™‡”• ™‘—Ž†
ˆ‘”‡˜‡”‡Ž—†‡—•Ǥ”—…‹ƒŽŽ›ˆ”‘–Š‡˜‹‡™’‘‹–‘ˆ•›•–‡†‡•‹‰‡”•ǡ•Š‡
’‘‹–‡† ‘—– –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡–Š‘† ˆ‘” †‡–‡”‹‹‰ ™Š‡–Š‡” ƒ …ƒ•‡ ‹• ‡ƒ•›
—•– „‡ ‡ƒ•›ǡ –‘‘Ǥ ‡” Š‡—”‹•–‹… ‡–Š‘† ˆ‘” †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‹‰ Šƒ”† ˆ”‘
‡ƒ•›…ƒ•‡•‹•’”‡•‡–‡†‹‹‰—”‡͵ƒ•ƒ’Ž‹ˆ‹‡†‹ƒ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œƒ–‹‘„›
‹••Žƒ†Ǥͻ͹
Foreverypredicateintherule,
Ifcommonsenseknowledgerulesprovideananswer,thenCSKͲAnswerisTrue,elseFalse.
Ifproblemmatchespositiveexamplesofpredicate,thenPosͲExamplesisTrue,elseFalse.
Ifproblemmatchesnegativeexamplesofpredicate,thenNegͲExamplesisTrue,elseFalse.
If¬CSKͲAnswer
If¬(PosͲExamplesorNegͲExamples)ͲͲ>QuestionisHARD
If(onlyoneofPosͲExamples/NegͲExamples)ͲͲ>QuestionisEASY
If(PosͲExamplesandNegͲExamples)ͲͲ>QuestionisHARD
IfCSKͲAnswer
If¬(PosͲExamplesorNegͲExamples)ͲͲ>QuestionisEASY
If(onlyoneofPosͲExamples/NegͲExamples)
If(agreesonlyͲonew/CSKͲAnswer)ͲͲ>Questioneasy,elseQuestionisHARD
If(PosͲExamplesandNegͲExamples)ͲͲ>QuestionisHARD
Figure 3: Gardner's Heuristic Method for Distinguishing Hard from Easy Cases
– ‹• ‹•–”—…–‹˜‡ ˆ‘” Žƒ™ •–—†‡–• –‘ ’‘†‡” ƒ”†‡”ǯ• ‡–Š‘† ƒ•
–Š‡› –Š‹ ƒ„‘—– Š‘™ ƒ––‘”‡›• †‡…‹†‡ ™Š‹…Š ’”‡†‹…ƒ–‡• –‘ ƒ”‰—‡
ͻ͹Ǥ ‹••Žƒ†ǡsupra‘–‡ͳ͹ǡƒ–ͳͻ͹ͲǡǤ͸ʹǢ
ƒ”†‡”ǡsupra‘–‡ͳͻǡƒ–ͷͶǦͷͷǡͳ͸ͲǦ͸ͳǤ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
DIGITALAGELEGALPRACTICE
ͺͳͳ
ƒ„‘—–ǡƒ†ǡ‹†‡‡†ǡŠ‘™–Š‡›ȋ–Š‡•–—†‡–•Ȍ†‡…‹†‡™Š‹…Š‡šƒ‹••—‡•
–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ǤŠ‡•–”ƒ–‡‰›‹
ƒ”†‡”ǯ•’”‘‰”ƒ…ƒ„‡‡š’”‡••‡†ƒŽ‰‘Ǧ
”‹–Š‹…ƒŽŽ› ƒ• ƒ •‡– ‘ˆ •–‡’• ƒ† ’”‘˜‹†‡• ƒ ‘†‡Ž –Šƒ– •–—†‡–• …ƒ
ƒ†ƒ’–‹–‘ƒ‘”‡”‡ƒŽ‹•–‹…•–”ƒ–‡‰›Ǥ‘”‘‡–Š‹‰ǡ•–—†‡–•™‹ŽŽ’”‘„ƒǦ
„Ž›”‡“—‹”‡–Š‡ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š–‘‹˜‘Ž˜‡…ƒ•‡…‘’ƒ”‹•‘•Ǥ

ƒ”†‡”ǯ•’”‘‰”ƒǡ–Š‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•™‡”‡‘–ˆ—ŽŽǦ„Ž‘™…ƒ•‡•ǡ„—–
ƒ– „‡•– •‹’’‡–• ‘ˆ …ƒ•‡• …ƒ’–—”‹‰ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ǡ •–ƒ†ƒ”†ǡ ‘” ‡š–”‡‡
˜ƒŽ—‡•ˆ‘”˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•Ž‹‡Dz‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›Ǥdz‘™‡˜‡”ǡ•‹’Ž‡†‹”‡…–ƒ–…ŠǦ
‡•‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ƒ†‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•ƒ”‡‘–•—ˆˆ‹…‹‡–Ǥ™ƒ›‹•‡‡†‡†
–‘ …‘’ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ –‘ …ƒ•‡ ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‘”‡ ”‘„—•–Ž›Ǥ Š‡ ƒŽ‰‘Ǧ
”‹–Š ™‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ ‘”‡ —•‡ˆ—Ž ‘†‡Ž ‘ˆ •–—†‡–•ǯ ‡šƒǦ–ƒ‹‰ •–”ƒ–‡Ǧ
‰‹‡•ǡ‹ˆ‹––‘‘‹–‘ƒ……‘—–…‘’ƒ”‹‰ƒ’”‘„Ž‡•…‡ƒ”‹‘ǯ•ˆƒ…–•™‹–Š
–Š‘•‡‘ˆ…ƒ•‡•™Š‡”‡…‘—”–•†‡…‹†‡†–Šƒ––Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ’”‡†‹…ƒ–‡†‹†‘”†‹†
‘–ƒ’’Ž›ǤŠ‡†‡…‹•‹‘‘ˆ™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡‹•ƒŠƒ”†‘”‡ƒ•›…ƒ•‡
†‡’‡†•‘–Š‡•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ƒƒŽ‘‰‹‡•–‘‘–Š‡”…ƒ•‡•Ǥˆ–Š‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡
…ƒ•‡ ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ‹• ˜‡”› …Ž‘•‡ ‘ –Š‡ ˆƒ…–• „—– –Š‡ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘‡ ‹• ‘–ǡ ‹–
ƒ›‘–„‡ƒŠƒ”†“—‡•–‹‘Ǥ
LessonB2:AnalogizinganddistinguishingcasesarespecifiableproǦ
cessesǤ ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ ƒ ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š ˆ‘” †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‹‰ Šƒ”† ˆ”‘ ‡ƒ•›
“—‡•–‹‘• ‘ˆ Žƒ™ Ž‡ƒ†• ƒ–—”ƒŽŽ› –‘ …‘•‹†‡”‹‰ –Š‡ †‡•‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒŽ‰‘Ǧ
”‹–Š•ˆ‘”…‘’ƒ”‹‰…ƒ•‡•Ǥ•Š‘”–ǡ‹–Ž‡ƒ†••–—†‡–•–‘…‘–‡’Žƒ–‡
–Š‡’‘‹–‘ˆ†”ƒ™‹‰Ž‡‰ƒŽƒƒŽ‘‰‹‡•ǡŠ‘™‘‡†‡ˆ‹‡•Dz”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–•‹‹Žƒ”Ǧ
‹–›dzƒ†Dz”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡dzǡƒ†Š‘™‘‡ƒ••‡••‡•–Š‡•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡
ƒƒŽ‘‰‹‡•Ǥ ƒ”†‡”ǯ• ‡šƒ’Ž‡• …Ž‡ƒ”Ž› †‹† ‘– …‘–ƒ‹ ‡‘—‰Š ˆƒ…–—ƒŽ
‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–‘…‘’ƒ”‡Š‘™ƒƒŽ‘‰‘—•…ƒ•‡•ƒ”‡ǡ–‘ƒ••‡••Š‘™–Š‡‹”
•‹‹Žƒ”‹–‹‡•‹‰Š–Œ—•–‹ˆ›–”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ’”‘„Ž‡•…‡ƒ”‹‘‹–Š‡•ƒ‡™ƒ›
ƒ•ƒ…ƒ•‡ǡ‘”–‘ƒ••‡••Š‘™–Š‡‹”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•‹‰Š–Œ—•–‹ˆ›‘–†‘‹‰•‘Ǥ
ƒ™•–—†‡–•ƒŽŽ‘™–Šƒ––Š‡›‡‡†–‘ƒƒŽ‘‰‹œ‡ƒ††‹•–‹‰—‹•Š
…ƒ•‡•Ǥ —…Š ‘…”ƒ–‹… …Žƒ••”‘‘ †‹•…—••‹‘ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• •–—†‡–• †‹•–‹Ǧ
‰—‹•Š‹‰ ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ …ƒ•‡• ‹ –Š‡ …‘—”•‡ –‡š– ‘ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ” ‹••—‡Ǥ 
…‘—”•‡ ‡••ƒ› ‡šƒ•ǡ •–—†‡–• ƒ”‡ …ƒŽŽ‡† —’‘ –‘ ƒƒŽ‘‰‹œ‡ ‘” †‹•–‹Ǧ
‰—‹•Š –Š‘•‡ …ƒ•‡• ƒ† –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ •…‡ƒ”‹‘Ǥ – ‹• Ž‡•• …Ž‡ƒ” –Šƒ– Žƒ™
•–—†‡–•—†‡”•–ƒ†™Šƒ–ƒƒŽ‘‰‹‡•ƒ††‹•–‹…–‹‘•ƒ”‡ƒ†™Š›–Š‡›
ƒ––‡”‹Ž‡‰ƒŽƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ
••—ƒ”‹œ‡†‹ƒ„Ž‡ͳǡ–Š‡›ŽŽƒ„—•’”‘˜‹†‡•—‡”‘—•‡šƒǦ
’Ž‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™ƒ›• ‹ ™Š‹…Š ƒ† ƒ™ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• Šƒ˜‡ ƒ––‡’–‡† –‘
‘†‡ŽŽ‡‰ƒŽŽ›”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–•‹‹Žƒ”‹–‹‡•ƒ††‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•ǤŠ‡›ˆ‘…—•‘‹†‡Ǧ
–‹ˆ›‹‰Ž‡‰ƒŽŽ›‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž’ƒ––‡”•‘ˆˆƒ…–ǡ”ƒ‰‹‰ˆ”‘ǣ
x
‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡†ˆƒ…–†‡•…”‹’–‹‘•™Š‘•‡’”‡•‡…‡‘”ƒ„•‡…‡‹•
†‡‡‡†„›ƒ‡š’‡”––‘„‡ƒ”‘ƒ‹••—‡ǡ–‘
ͺͳʹ
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
x
x
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣ͵
•–‡”‡‘–›’‹…ƒŽ’ƒ––‡”•‘ˆˆƒ…–•–Šƒ–ǡƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘‡š’‡”–•ǡƒ†
ƒ•…‘ˆ‹”‡†‹…ƒ•‡•ǡ–›’‹…ƒŽŽ›•–”‡‰–Š‡ƒ•‹†‡ǯ•…Žƒ‹‘”
ƒ”‰—‡–‘ƒ‹••—‡ǡ–‘˜ƒ”›‹‰†‡‰”‡‡•ǡ–‘
‡š…‡”’–•‘ˆ–Š‡…”‹–‹…ƒŽˆƒ…–•ˆ”‘ƒŒ—†‰‡ǯ•‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘Œ—•–‹Ǧ
ˆ›‹‰Š‹•‘”Š‡”†‡…‹•‹‘‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”‹••—‡Ǥ
‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•‹†‡š–Š‡•‡’ƒ––‡”•„›…Žƒ‹•ǡ‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆ…Žƒ‹•‘”
‘–Š‡”‹••—‡•ǡƒ†—†‡”Ž›‹‰˜ƒŽ—‡•‘”’”‹…‹’Ž‡•ǤŠ‡‹†‡š‡•ƒ”‡–Š‡
ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ”‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ • ƒ ”‡•—Ž–ǡ …‘’—–‡” ’”‘‰”ƒ• …ƒ ‹†‡–‹ˆ›
Ž‡‰ƒŽŽ›”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–•‹‹Žƒ”‹–‹‡•ƒ††‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•ǡ—•‡–Š‡–‘ƒƒŽ‘‰‹œ‡ƒ†
†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š …ƒ•‡•ǡ ƒ† ‡š’Žƒ‹ –Š‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒƒŽ‘‰‹‡• ƒ†
†‹•–‹…–‹‘• –‘ –Š‡ †‡…‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ’”‘„Ž‡Ǥ Š‡•‡ –ƒ•• ˆ‘…—• ‘ –Š‡
ƒ‡”‹™Š‹…Š—†‡”Ž›‹‰˜ƒŽ—‡•’Žƒ›ƒ”‘Ž‡‹”‡Ž‡˜ƒ…‡Ǥ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
ͺͳ͵
DIGITALAGELEGALPRACTICE
Table 1: Computational Measures of Relevance
Relevance
Representation
Definition
Domain/Example
RelevanceMeasǦ
ure
Source
‡•…”‹’–‘”
‹ƒ”›ˆƒ…–†‡•…”‹’–‹‘•
”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‘Ž‡‰ƒŽ‘—–…‘‡
ȋͶ͸†‡•…”‹’–‘”•ˆ‘”–ƒš
Žƒ™ǡ…ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‰ƒ‹•Ȍ
–‡”‡‘–›’‹…ƒŽ’ƒ––‡”‘ˆ
ˆƒ…–•–Šƒ–•–”‡‰–Š‡Ȁ
™‡ƒ‡ǣƒ•‹†‡ǯ•…Žƒ‹
ȋͳ͵–”ƒ†‡•‡…”‡–†‹‡Ǧ
•‹‘•Ȍ
–‡”‡‘–›’‹…ƒŽ’ƒ––‡”‘ˆ
ˆƒ…–•–Šƒ–•–”‡‰–Š‡Ȁ
™‡ƒ‡ǣ•‹†‡ǯ•ƒ”‰—‡–
”‡‹••—‡ȋͳͶ†‹‡•‹‘•
ˆ‘”–ƒšŽƒ™ǡŠ‘‡‘ˆˆ‹…‡
†‡†—…–‹‘Ȍ
‹ƒ”›˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ†‹‡Ǧ
•‹‘ȋʹ͸–”ƒ†‡•‡…”‡–
ˆƒ…–‘”•Ȍ
‡ƒ•‘™Š›ˆƒ…–‘”ƒ–Ǧ
–‡”•ȋͳ͵–”ƒ†‡•‡…”‡–
ƒ„•–”ƒ…–ˆƒ…–‘”•Ȍ
‹ƒ”›˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ†‹‡Ǧ
•‹‘ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‹••—‡
—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡†ˆ‘”…ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‰ƒ‹•–ƒšȀ
ƒ––‹‡‘ˆ’—”…Šƒ•‡ǡ’”‹˜ƒ–‡
’ƒ”–›Šƒ†‘–Š‡”‹–‡–‹‘–Šƒ
–‘”‡•‡ŽŽƒ–ƒ’”‘ˆ‹–
”ƒ†‡•‡…”‡–‹•ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‹‘
Ȁ‹•…Ž‘•—”‡•Ǧ–‘Ǧ‘—–•‹†‡”•
Ǧ‡ƒ”‡•–‡‹‰Š„‘”
ƒ…ƒƒ›Ƭ
‘„‹ŽŽƒ”†ǡsupra
‘–‡͵ͳǤ
˜‡”Žƒ’‘ˆ•‡–•‘ˆ
†‹‡•‹‘•‹
•…‡ƒ”‹‘ƒ†…ƒ•‡•
•ŠŽ‡›ǡsupra
‘–‡ͷǤ
‘‡‘ˆˆ‹…‡†‡†—…Ǧ
–‹‘Ȁ’”‹…‹’ƒŽǦ’Žƒ…‡‘ˆ„—•‹Ǧ
‡••ǣ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ǦŠ‘‡Ǧ™‘”Ǧ–‹‡
˜‡”Žƒ’‘ˆ•‡–•‘ˆ
†‹‡•‹‘•’‡”
‹••—‡‹•…‡ƒ”‹‘
ƒ†…ƒ•‡•
‹••Žƒ†Ƭ
ƒŽƒǡsupra
‘–‡͵͵Ǥ
”ƒ†‡•‡…”‡–‹•ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‹‘
Ȁ‹•…Ž‘•—”‡•Ǧ–‘Ǧ‘—–•‹†‡”•ȋ
‘”Ȍ
”ƒ†‡•‡…”‡–‹•ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‹‘
Ȁˆˆ‘”–•–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹•‡…”‡…›
˜‡”Žƒ’‘ˆ•‡–•‘ˆ
ˆƒ…–‘”•‹•…‡ƒ”‹‘
ƒ†…ƒ•‡•
Šƒ”‡†”‡ƒ•‘
Ž‡˜‡ǡsupra
‘–‡ʹͻǤ
”ƒ†‡•‡…”‡–‹•ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‹‘
Ȁˆ‘Ǧ–”ƒ†‡Ǧ•‡…”‡–Ȁƒ‹–ƒ‹Ǧ
•‡…”‡…›
˜‡”Žƒ’‘ˆ•‡–•‘ˆ
ˆƒ…–‘”•’‡”‹••—‡‹
•…‡ƒ”‹‘ƒ†…ƒ•‡•
”‹–‡”‹ƒŽ‡š’ŽƒƒǦ
–‹‘’‡”‹••—‡
‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‡š…‡”’–ˆ”‘
‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™Š›Œ—†‰‡
†‡…‹†‡†‹••—‡ȋ”‡’”‡•‡–Ǧ
‡†ƒ••‡ƒ–‹…‡–™‘”Ȍ
ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ…ƒ•‡
…”‹–‡”‹ƒŽˆƒ…–•
ƒ–…Š‡†‹•…‡ƒ”Ǧ
‹‘
ƒ…–‘”•’Ž—•
˜ƒŽ—‡•
‡‰ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡•‡”˜‡†„›
ˆƒ…–‘”ȋͶˆƒ…–‘”•ƒ†͵
˜ƒŽ—‡•ˆ‘”’”‘’‡”–›Žƒ™‹
™‹Ž†ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ȍ
Š‡‡’Ž‘›‡‡ȋƒ—‰ŠȌŠƒ†
‹–‡•‡Š—‰‡”ǡ™Š‹…Š‹Ǧ
’‡†‡•Š‹•†—–‹‡•ƒ•–”—…
†”‹˜‡”ƒ†™Š‹…Š™ƒ•†‡Ǧ
…”‡ƒ•‡†„›Šƒ˜‹‰ˆ‘‘†ƒ–ƒ
”‡•–ƒ—”ƒ–Ǥ
”‘’‡”–›‹™‹Ž†‰ƒ‡Ȁ’Žƒ‹Ǧ
–‹ˆˆǦ’—”•—‹‰ǦŠ‹•ǦŽ‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†
•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†••‘…‹ƒŽŽ›†‡•‹”ƒ„Ž‡
‡…‘‘‹…ƒ…–‹˜‹–›Ǥ
•ŠŽ‡›Ƭ”üǦ
‹‰Šƒ—•ǡComǦ
puterModelsǡ
supra‘–‡͵ͲǤ
”ƒ–‹‰ǡsupra
‘–‡ʹ͸Ǥ
”‹–‡”‹ƒŽ‡š’ŽƒƒǦ
–‹‘•’‡”’”‹…‹’Ž‡
”‹–‹…ƒŽ‡š…‡”’–ˆ”‘
‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™Š›Œ—†‰‡
†‡…‹†‡†’”‹…‹’Ž‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†
ȋ‘”‘–Ȍ
™‡”ǯ•ƒ––‘”‡›‹•–”—…–•
‰‹‡‡”–‘™‹–ŠŠ‘Ž†‹ˆ‘”Ǧ
ƒ–‹‘”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ƒ’ƒ”–‡–
„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ
‹‡•‹‘
‹‡•‹‘’‡”
‹••—‡ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ…Žƒ‹
‡Ž‡‡–‘””—Ž‡
–‡”Ȍ
ƒ…–‘”
„•–”ƒ…–ˆƒ…–‘”
ƒ…–‘”’‡”‹••—‡
‡•––Š‡‘”›‘ˆ
’”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡•ƒ‘‰
…‘’‡–‹‰ˆƒ…–‘”•
ƒ†…‘’‡–‹‰
˜ƒŽ—‡•
‡•–•–”—…–—”ƒŽ
ƒ’’‹‰—•‹‰
Š‡—”‹•–‹……‘•–
ˆ—…–‹‘
Ž‡˜‡ǡsupra
‘–‡ʹͻǤ
‡…ŠǦƒ’‘Ƭ
ƒ”–‘”ǡsupra
‘–‡͵ͷǤ
…ƒ”‡ǡsupra
‘–‡͵͸Ǥ
ͺͳͶ
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣ͵
–‹•‹•–”—…–‹˜‡ˆ‘”Žƒ™•–—†‡–•–‘…‘’ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
–‡…Š‹“—‡•‹ƒ„Ž‡ͳ‹–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‡š–‡––‘ ™Š‹…Š–Š‡›…ƒ’–—”‡‘”
‘‹–Ž‡‰ƒŽŽ›”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–…‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‘”‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ†‡•…”‹’–‘”•ǡ†‹‡Ǧ
•‹‘•ƒ†ˆƒ…–‘”••‡”˜‡ƒ•ƒ‹†‘ˆ…Š‡…Ž‹•–‘ˆ‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆƒ…–’ƒ––‡”•Ǥ
Š‡•‡Ž‹•–••—’’‘”–”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ƒ„‘—–ƒ’”‘„Ž‡‹–‡”•‘ˆˆƒ…–’ƒ––‡”•
–Šƒ–ƒ”‡not’”‡•‡–ǡƒ†–Š‡›ƒ”‡ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†‡š’Ž‹…‹–Ž›™‹–Š”‡ƒ•‘•‘”
˜ƒŽ—‡•–Šƒ–•‡”˜‡–‘‡š’Žƒ‹™Š›–Š‡›ƒ––‡”Ǥ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ–Š‡•‡
Ž‹•–•ƒ”‡ˆ‹š‡†Ǣ–Š‡›‡‡†–‘„‡—’†ƒ–‡†ƒ•‡™’ƒ––‡”•‡‡”‰‡Ǥ”‹–‡Ǧ
”‹ƒŽ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡†›ƒ‹…‹–Š‡•‡•‡–Šƒ–ǡƒ•ƒŠ—ƒ‡–‡”•–Š‡
…ƒ•‡• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘• ‹–‘ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡ǡ –Š‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ …ƒ ƒǦ
‘–ƒ–‡–Š‡‡š’Žƒƒ–‘”›•‹’’‡–•–Šƒ––Š‡Œ—†‰‡”‡‰ƒ”†‡†ƒ•…”‹–‹…ƒŽǤŠ‡
‡š’Žƒƒ–‘”› •‹’’‡–• …ƒ –Š‡ „‡ ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ‘” ‹†‡š‡† „› –Š‡
”‡ƒ•‘• ‘” ˜ƒŽ—‡• –‘ ™Š‹…Š –Š‡› ”‡Žƒ–‡Ǥ  ’”‘…‡••‹‰ ƒ ‡™ …ƒ•‡ǡ –Š‡
‡š’Žƒƒ–‘”› •‹’’‡–• …ƒ „‡ ƒ–…Š‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‡™ …ƒ•‡ǯ• ˆƒ…–•ǡ –ƒ‹‰
‹–‘ƒ……‘—––Šƒ––Š‡•‡ˆƒ…–•ƒ›„‡‡š’”‡••‡†‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––‡”•Ǥ
‡™ƒ›‘”–Š‡‘–Š‡”ǡŽ‡‰ƒŽŽ›‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆƒ…–’ƒ––‡”•…ƒ„‡ƒ••‘Ǧ
…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š—†‡”Ž›‹‰”‡ƒ•‘•ǡ˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡƒ†’”‹…‹’Ž‡•ǤŠ‹•ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‹‘
‹•‹’‘”–ƒ–ǡ„‡…ƒ—•‡ǡƒ•‡”ƒƒ†ƒˆ‡”†”‘˜‡Š‘‡ǡͻͺ–Š‡•‘‡Ǧ
–‹‡•…‘’‡–‹‰˜ƒŽ—‡•–‘™Š‹…Š–Š‡ˆƒ…–•‰‹˜‡”‹•‡ƒ”‡ƒ…”—…‹ƒŽˆ‘…—•
‘ˆ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ƒ”‰—‡–• ‘ Š‘™ –‘ †‡…‹†‡ ƒ ’”‘„Ž‡ •…‡ƒ”‹‘ ƒ† ƒ ƒŒ‘”
ˆ‘…—• ‘ˆ Œ—”‹•’”—†‡–‹ƒŽ ‡ˆˆ‘”–• –‘ Œ—•–‹ˆ› Ž‡‰ƒŽ ƒƒŽ‘‰› ƒ• ƒ ‹–‡”’”‡Ǧ
–‹˜‡’Š‡‘‡‘Ǥ‘™–‘”‡’”‡•‡––Š‡™‡‹‰Š–•‘”•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡
’ƒ––‡”• ƒ† ˜ƒŽ—‡• ‹ –Š‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ ƒ •…‡ƒ”‹‘ǡ ƒ† Š‘™ –‘ ”‡•‘Ž˜‡
…‘’‡–‹‰ ˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡ Šƒ• ’”‘˜‡ …‘–”‘˜‡”•‹ƒŽǤ Š‹Ž‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰
™‡‹‰Š–• —‡”‹…ƒŽŽ› ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡• …‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ’”‘…‡••‹‰ǡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•
‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› ‘„•‡”˜‡ –Šƒ– ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘• ƒ† ƒ”‰—‡–• †‹”‡…–‡† –‘ Ž‡‰ƒŽ
’”ƒ…–‹–‹‘‡”• ƒ† Œ—†‰‡• †‘ ‘– –”‡ƒ– ™‡‹‰Š–• —‡”‹…ƒŽŽ›Ǥ – ‹• ƒŽ•‘
ƒ‰”‡‡†–Šƒ––Š‡™‡‹‰Š–•‘ˆ˜ƒŽ—‡•…ƒ‘–„‡‘†‡Ž‡†—•‹‰ˆ‹š‡†Š‹‡”Ǧ
ƒ”…Š‹‡•Ǣ •‘‡ ‘”‡ …‘–‡š–Ǧ•‡•‹–‹˜‡ ‡ƒ• ‘ˆ •‡––‹‰ –Š‡ ™‡‹‰Š–• ‹•
‡‡†‡†Ǥ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹–‹•ƒ‰”‡‡†–Šƒ––Š‡™‡‹‰Š–•˜ƒ”›‘˜‡”–‹‡ƒ••‘…‹‡–›ǯ•
˜ƒŽ—‡• …Šƒ‰‡Ǥ ‘” ‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› •Š‘”– ’‡”‹‘† ‹ ™Š‹…Š
–Š‡ –‡”‡– Šƒ• „‡…‘‡ ’‡”˜ƒ•‹˜‡ǡ –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ ’”‹˜ƒ…› ƒ…”‘•• •‘…‹‡Ǧ
–‹‡•ƒ†‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š‹ƒ•‘…‹‡–›Šƒ•‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›„‡‡‹ˆŽ—šǤ
LessonB3:ReasoningwithcasesandvaluesisakindoftheoryconǦ
struction.  –Š‡‹” ‘†‡Ž ‘ˆ ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ ™‹–Š …ƒ•‡• ƒ† ˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡ ‡…ŠǦ
ƒ’‘ƒ†ƒ”–‘”…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡–Š‡‘†‡ŽDzƒ•ƒ’”‘…‡••‘ˆ…‘•–”—…–‹‰
ƒ†—•‹‰ƒ–Š‡‘”›Ǥdzͻͻ–Š‹•‹†‘ˆ–Š‡‘”›…‘•–”—…–‹‘ǡ–Š‡‘—–…‘‡•
ͻͺǤ ‡”ƒƬƒˆ‡”ǡsupra‘–‡͵ͶǤ
ͻͻǤ ‡…ŠǦƒ’‘Ƭƒ”–‘”ǡsupra‘–‡͵ͷǡƒ–ͻͺǤŠ‹•‹’‘”–ƒ–‹•‹‰Š–•–‡•ˆ”‘…ƒ”–›ǡ
supra‘–‡ʹͶǡƒ–ʹͺͷǣDzŠ‡–ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒŽƒ™›‡”‘”ƒŒ—†‰‡‹ƒǮŠƒ”†…ƒ•‡ǯ‹•–‘…‘•–”—…–ƒ–Š‡‘”›‘ˆ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
DIGITALAGELEGALPRACTICE
ͺͳͷ
‘ˆ ’ƒ•– …ƒ•‡• ”‡˜‡ƒŽ ’”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡• „‡–™‡‡ •‡–• ‘ˆ ˆƒ…–‘”• ’”‡•‡– ‹
–Š‘•‡…ƒ•‡•ǡƒ†–Š‘•‡ǡ‹–—”ǡ”‡˜‡ƒŽ’”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡•„‡–™‡‡•‡–•‘ˆ˜ƒŽǦ
—‡•Ǥ Š‡ –Š‡‘”› Šƒ• ‡š’Žƒƒ–‘”› ’‘™‡”Ǥ Š‡ ‹†—…‡† ’”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡• „‡Ǧ
–™‡‡ •‡–• ‘ˆ ˜ƒŽ—‡• ‡š’Žƒ‹ ’”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡• „‡–™‡‡ •‡–• ‘ˆ ˆƒ…–‘”•ǡ ƒ†
–Š‡•‡‡š’Žƒ‹–Š‡‘—–…‘‡‹’ƒ•–…ƒ•‡•ǤŠ‡–Š‡‘”›…ƒƒŽ•‘„‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†
–‘†‡–‡”‹‡ƒ†‡š’Žƒ‹–Š‡‘—–…‘‡‘ˆ‡™…ƒ•‡•Ǥ
–‹•ƒ‡Ž‡‰ƒ––Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ‘†‡Žǡ„—–‘–™‹–Š‘—–’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ‹”•–ǡ
‘”‡–Šƒ‘‡–Š‡‘”›…ƒ„‡‹†—…‡†Ǣ‘‡Šƒ•–‘ƒ••‡••–Š‡…‘’‡–‹‰
–Š‡‘”‹‡• ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” …‘Š‡”‡…‡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡‹”
‡š’Žƒƒ–‘”› ’‘™‡” ȋ–Šƒ– ‹•ǡ –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ …ƒ•‡• –Š‡ –Š‡‘”› ‡š’Žƒ‹•Ȍǡ
…‘•‹•–‡…›ǡ ƒ† •‹’Ž‹…‹–›Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ Žƒ––‡” –™‘ …”‹–‡”‹ƒ ƒ”‡ ‘–
˜‡”›™‡ŽŽ—†‡”•–‘‘†Ǥ‡…‘†ǡˆ”‘ƒŒ—”‹•’”—†‡–‹ƒŽ˜‹‡™’‘‹–ǡ‹–†‘‡•
‘–ƒ’’‡ƒ”–Šƒ–Œ—†‰‡•†‘‘”•Š‘—Ž†—•‡’”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡•ƒ‘‰…‘’‡–‹‰
˜ƒŽ—‡•‹’ƒ•–…ƒ•‡•–‘†‡…‹†‡‡™’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ••‡••‹‰’”‘’‘•‡†‘—–Ǧ
…‘‡•‘ˆƒ’”‘„Ž‡‹–‡”•‘ˆ˜ƒŽ—‡•‹•ƒ‡–Š‹…ƒŽ†‡…‹•‹‘‘ˆ‹–•‘™Ǥ
Œ—†‰‡ ‡‡†• –‘ …‘•‹†‡” Š‘™ –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡• ƒ’’Ž›ǡ ‰‹˜‡ –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ǯ•
’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ” ˆƒ…–•Ǥ ˜‡ ‹ˆ ƒ Œ—†‰‡ ™‡”‡ –‘ —•‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ’”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡• ‹ ’ƒ•–
…ƒ•‡• ƒ• ƒ ‰—‹†‡ǡ ‘‡ ™‘—Ž† ‡š’‡…– –Šƒ– –Š‡ Œ—†‰‡ ™‘—Ž† •–‹ŽŽ ‡‡† –‘
…‘’ƒ”‡–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡–‘–Š‡…ƒ•‡•‹†‡–ƒ‹Ž–‘„‡•—”‡–Šƒ–ƒ’’Ž›‹‰–Šƒ–
’”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡™ …‹”…—•–ƒ…‡ ‹• ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡Ǥ ‘” –Š‹• ‹† ‘ˆ
…‘’ƒ”‹•‘ǡƒˆ‹‡”‰”ƒ‹‡†”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ…–•™‘—Ž†•—”‡Ž›„‡
‡…‡••ƒ”›Ǥ
 ƒ› ‡˜‡–ǡ ˆ”‘ ƒ ‹•–”—…–‹‘ƒŽ ˜‹‡™’‘‹–ǡ –Š‡ ‡…ŠǦƒ’‘
ƒ†ƒ”–‘”’‹‡…‡ˆ‘…—•‡•Žƒ™•–—†‡–•‘–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ™Šƒ–ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ
–Š‡‘”›‘ˆƒ…ƒ•‡Ž‘‘•Ž‹‡ǡŠ‘™‹–”‡Žƒ–‡•–‘’”‡…‡†‡–•ƒ†˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡƒ†
–Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ —†‡”Ž›‹‰ ˜ƒŽ—‡• ‹ †‡ˆ‹‹‰ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– •‹‹Žƒ”‹–‹‡• ˆ‘” ’—”Ǧ
’‘•‡• ‘ˆ ƒƒŽ‘‰‹œ‹‰ ƒ† †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‹‰ …ƒ•‡•Ǥ ‘”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡
“—‡•–‹‘‹•ǡŠ‘™doŽ‡‰ƒŽ’”ƒ…–‹–‹‘‡”•–ƒ‡˜ƒŽ—‡•ƒ†’”‹…‹’Ž‡•‹–‘
ƒ……‘—–‹”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ƒ„‘—–Š‘™–‘†‡…‹†‡’”‘„Ž‡•ǫ
Lesson B4: Legal advocates pose hypothetical cases to test legal
rulesǤ ‡ ™ƒ› Ž‡‰ƒŽ ’”ƒ…–‹–‹‘‡”• –ƒ‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡• ƒ† ’”‹…‹’Ž‡• ‹–‘ ƒ…Ǧ
…‘—–‹•„›’‘•‹‰Š›’‘–Š‡–‹…ƒŽ•ǤŠ›’‘–Š‡–‹…ƒŽ‹•ƒƒ†‡Ǧ—’•…‡ƒ”‹‘
†‡•‹‰‡† –‘ –‡•– …‡”–ƒ‹ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‘ˆ ƒ ’”‘’‘•‡† ”—Ž‡ ˆ‘” †‡…‹†‹‰ ƒ
…ƒ•‡Ǥ ƒ™ •–—†‡–• ™Š‘ Šƒ˜‡ ”‡ƒ†ǡ Ž‹•–‡‡† –‘ǡ ‘” ™ƒ–…Š‡† ƒ› ‘”ƒŽ
ƒ”‰—‡–•„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•—’”‡‡‘—”–™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡ ‡…‘—Ǧ
–‡”‡†Š›’‘–Š‡–‹…ƒŽ•Ǥ‘–Š‡…‘•–‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽƒ†˜‘…ƒ–‡•ǡ–Š‡Œ—•–‹…Ǧ
‡• ƒ”‡ ˆƒ‘—• ˆ‘” ’‘•‹‰ Š›’‘–Š‡–‹…ƒŽ•Ǥ †ǡ ‘ˆ …‘—”•‡ǡ •–—†‡–• Šƒ˜‡
Ž‹‡Ž› ‡…‘—–‡”‡† Š›’‘–Š‡–‹…ƒŽ• ’‘•‡† „› ƒ ‹•–”—…–‘” ‹ ‘…”ƒ–‹…
–Š‡†‹•’—–‡†Ž‡‰ƒŽ”—Ž‡•–Šƒ–’”‘†—…‡•–Š‡†‡•‹”‡†Ž‡‰ƒŽ”‡•—Ž–ǡƒ†–Š‡–‘’‡”•—ƒ†‡–Š‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–
ƒ—†‹‡…‡–Šƒ––Š‹•–Š‡‘”›‹•’”‡ˆ‡”ƒ„Ž‡–‘ƒ›–Š‡‘”‹‡•‘ˆˆ‡”‡†„›ƒ‘’’‘‡–Ǥdz
ͺͳ͸
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣ͵
…Žƒ••”‘‘ †‹•…—••‹‘•Ǥ –—†‡–•ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒ› ‘– Šƒ˜‡ ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡Ž›
…‘•‹†‡”‡†–Š‡”Š‡–‘”‹…ƒŽ’‘‹–‘ˆ’‘•‹‰Š›’‘–Š‡–‹…ƒŽ•‹ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽƒ”‰—Ǧ
‡–ǣ Šƒ– …‘•–‹–—–‡• ƒ ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡ Š›’‘–Š‡–‹…ƒŽǡ ™Šƒ– ˆ‘”…‡ †‘‡• ƒ
Š›’‘–Š‡–‹…ƒŽŠƒ˜‡ǡƒ†Š‘™…ƒ‘‡”‡•’‘†–‘•—…Šƒƒ”‰—‡–ǫ
ƒ† ƒ™ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• Šƒ˜‡ ƒ†‡ ’”‘‰”‡•• ‹ …‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›
‘†‡Ž‹‰ Š›’‘–Š‡–‹…ƒŽ ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ǤͳͲͲ ‘” Žƒ™ •–—†‡–•ǡ –Š‹• ™‘” …ƒ
Š‡Ž’–‘…Žƒ”‹ˆ›–Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ†˜‡”•ƒ”‹ƒŽ’”‘…‡••‹™Š‹…Šƒƒ†˜‘Ǧ
…ƒ–‡ –”‹‡• –‘ …‘˜‹…‡ ƒ …‘—”– Š‘™ –‘ †‡…‹†‡ ƒ …ƒ•‡Ǥ Š‡ ƒ†˜‘…ƒ–‡ ‹•
”‡ƒŽŽ›–”›‹‰–‘…‘˜‹…‡–Š‡…‘—”––Šƒ––Š‡ƒ†˜‘…ƒ–‡ǯ•’”‘’‘•‡†”—Ž‡‘”
–‡•–ˆ‘”†‡…‹†‹‰–Š‡…ƒ•‡ƒ–„ƒ”‹•ƒ‰‘‘†”—Ž‡–‘ƒ†‘’–„‘–Š‹–Š‡‹Ǧ
•–ƒ– …ƒ•‡ ƒ† ˆ‘” ˆ—–—”‡ …ƒ•‡•Ǥ  ‘‡ ˜‹‡™ǡ –Š‡ ƒ†˜‘…ƒ–‡ ‹• ƒ”‰—‹‰
–Šƒ––Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‘ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ†‡…‹†‹‰–Š‡…ƒ•‡‹ƒ……‘”†™‹–Š
–Š‡’”‘’‘•‡†”—Ž‡‹•’”‡ˆ‡”ƒ„Ž‡–‘–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‘ˆ‘–†‘‹‰•‘‘”‘ˆƒ’’Ž›Ǧ
‹‰•‘‡‘–Š‡””—Ž‡Ǥ
Š—•ǡ –Š‡ ƒ†˜‡”•ƒ”‹ƒŽ ’”‘…‡•• —ˆ‘Ž†• ƒ• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ Š‡ ƒ†˜‘…ƒ–‡
’”‘’‘•‡•ƒ”—Ž‡‘”–‡•––‘†‡…‹†‡–Š‡…ƒ•‡ƒ–„ƒ”‹ˆƒ˜‘”‘ˆŠ‹•‘”Š‡”
…Ž‹‡–ǤŠ‡Œ—†‰‡…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•–Š‡’”‘’‘•‡†–‡•–„›’‘•‹‰ƒŠ›’‘–Š‡–‹…ƒŽ
•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž– —†‡” –Š‡ –‡•– ‹• †‡„ƒ–ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ Š‡ ƒ†˜‘…ƒ–‡
”‡•’‘†•–‘–Š‡Š›’‘–Š‡–‹…ƒŽ„›ƒ”‰—‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡”‡•—Ž–—†‡”–Š‡’”‘Ǧ
’‘•‡†–‡•–‹•Œ—•–‹ˆ‹ƒ„Ž‡ǡ‡‹–Š‡”„›‘†‹ˆ›‹‰–Š‡’”‘’‘•‡†–‡•–•‘–Šƒ–
–Š‡ ”‡•—Ž– ‹• Œ—•–‹ˆ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‘” „› †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‹‰ ‘” ƒƒŽ‘‰‹œ‹‰ –Š‡ Š›’‘Ǧ
–Š‡–‹…ƒŽǤͳͲͳ
ˆ–Š‡Œ—†‰‡‹•…‘…‡”‡†–Šƒ––Š‡’”‘’‘•‡†”—Ž‡ƒ›„‡–‘‘„”‘ƒ†ǡ
Š‡ ‘” •Š‡ ƒ› …‘•–”—…– ƒ Š›’‘–Š‡–‹…ƒŽ –‘ ™Š‹…Š –Š‡ ”—Ž‡ ƒ’’Ž‹‡•ǡ „—–
™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…–• ‘ˆ ƒ’’Ž›‹‰ –Š‡ ”—Ž‡ –‘ –Š‡ Š›’‘–Š‡–‹…ƒŽ ƒ”‡ †‡–”‹Ǧ
‡–ƒŽ –‘ ƒ ˜ƒŽ—‡ —†‡”Ž›‹‰ –Š‡ ”—Ž‡Ǥ Š‡ ƒ†˜‘…ƒ–‡ ƒ› ”‡•’‘† „›
ƒ”‰—‹‰–Šƒ–ǣ
x
x
x
x
–Š‡”—Ž‡†‘‡•‘–ƒ’’Ž›–‘–Š‡Š›’‘–Š‡–‹…ƒŽǡ™Š‹…Š‹•†‹•–‹Ǧ
‰—‹•Šƒ„Ž‡ǡ‘”
–Š‡”—Ž‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡•„—––Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‘–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‹•‘–ƒ••‡˜‡”‡ƒ•
–Š‡Œ—†‰‡•—‰‰‡•–•ǡ‘”
–Š‡”—Ž‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡•ƒ†‹•†‡–”‹‡–ƒŽ–‘–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡ǡ„—––Šƒ–ƒǦ
‘–Š‡”˜ƒŽ—‡”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡”—Ž‡‹•’”‘‘–‡†ǡ‘”
–Š‡”—Ž‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡•ƒ†‹•†‡–”‹‡–ƒŽ–‘–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡
”—Ž‡ •Š‘—Ž† „‡ …Šƒ‰‡† •‘ –Šƒ– ‹– ‘ Ž‘‰‡” ƒ’’Ž‹‡• –‘ –Š‡
Š›’‘–Š‡–‹…ƒŽǤ
ͳͲͲǤ See,e.g.,•ŠŽ‡›ǡsupra ‘–‡ͷǢ‡˜‹Ǥ•ŠŽ‡›ǡ TeachingaProcessModel ofLegalArguǦ
ment with Hypotheticalsǡ ͳ͹ Ƭ Ǥ ͵ʹͳ ȋʹͲͲͻȌǢ ”ƒ„ƒ‹” Ƭ •ŠŽ‡›ǡ supra
‘–‡͵ͻǤ
ͳͲͳǤ •ŠŽ‡›ǡTeaching aProcess Modelǡ supra ‘–‡ͳͲͲǡƒ–͵ʹ͸Ǧʹ͹Ǣ
”ƒ„ƒ‹”Ƭ •ŠŽ‡›ǡ supra
‘–‡͵ͻǡƒ–ͳ͸ͶǤ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
DIGITALAGELEGALPRACTICE
ͺͳ͹
…‘’Ž‡‡–ƒ”›•…Š‡‡‘ˆƒ”‰—‡–•ƒ’’Ž‹‡•™Š‡”‡–Š‡Œ—†‰‡‹•
…‘…‡”‡†–Šƒ––Š‡’”‘’‘•‡†”—Ž‡ƒ›„‡–‘‘ƒ””‘™Ǥ
›…‘•‹†‡”‹‰–Š‡‘†‡Ž•‘ˆŠ›’‘–Š‡–‹…ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ƒ†‹–•ƒ’’Ž‹Ǧ
…ƒ–‹‘‹—’”‡‡‘—”–ƒ”‰—‡–•ǡŽƒ™•–—†‡–•…ƒ…‘‡–‘—†‡”Ǧ
•–ƒ†–Š‹•‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž‡‰ƒŽƒ†”Š‡–‘”‹…ƒŽ•–”ƒ–‡‰›Ǥ
C.
LessonsAboutLegalArgument
Lesson C1: Advocates employ legal domainǦspecific argument
schemes.•–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž‡••‘••—‰‰‡•–ǡ‘‡™ƒ›–‘…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡–Š‡
’”‘‰”‡•• ‘ˆ ƒ† ƒ™ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‹• ƒ• ƒ …‘–‹—‹‰ •‡ƒ”…Š –‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ›
ƒ†‘†‡ŽŽ‡‰ƒŽ†‘ƒ‹Ǧ•’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒ”‰—‡–•…Š‡‡•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰•…Š‡‡•
ˆ‘” ƒ”‰—‹‰ ˆ”‘ ”—Ž‡•ǡ ˆ”‘ …ƒ•‡•ǡ ƒ† ™‹–Š ˜ƒŽ—‡•Ǥ  ƒ”‰—‡–
•…Š‡‡…‘””‡•’‘†•–‘ƒ–›’‹…ƒŽˆ”ƒ‡™‘”‹–Š‡†‘ƒ‹ˆ‘”ƒ‹‰
ƒ ‹ˆ‡”‡…‡ •ƒ…–‹‘‡† „› –Š‡ ƒ”‰—‡–Ǣ ‹– …‘””‡•’‘†• –‘ ƒ ‹† ‘ˆ
primafacie”‡ƒ•‘ˆ‘”„‡Ž‹‡˜‹‰–Š‡ƒ”‰—‡–ǯ•…‘…Ž—•‹‘ǤͳͲʹ‘‡‘ˆ
–Š‡•‡ ƒ”‰—‡– •…Š‡‡• …‘‡…– ™‹–Š –Š‡ …‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘†‡Ž• ‘ˆ
Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ –Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† –Š—• ˆƒ”Ǥ –Š‡”• ƒ”‡ ‡™Ǣ
”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• ƒ”‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ ƒ”‰—‡– •…Š‡‡• ˆ‘” ƒ”‰—‹‰ ˆ”‘ ‡˜‹Ǧ
†‡–‹ƒ”›ˆƒ…–•–‘”—Ž‡Ǧ†”‹˜‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ…‘…Ž—•‹‘•ǤͳͲ͵
”‘–Š‡‹”‡‰ƒŽ”‹–‹‰…‘—”•‡ǡŽƒ™•–—†‡–•ƒ”‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”
™‹–Š•—‰‰‡•–‡†ˆ‘”ƒ–•‘”•…Š‡‡•ˆ‘”’”‘˜‹‰ƒ…‘…Ž—•‹‘‘ˆŽƒ™‹ƒ
™”‹––‡„”‹‡ˆǤ‘”‹•–ƒ…‡ǣ
ͳǤ–ƒ–‡›‘—”…‘…Ž—•‹‘Ǥ
ʹǤ–ƒ–‡–Š‡’”‹ƒ”›”—Ž‡–Šƒ–•—’’‘”–•–Š‡…‘…Ž—•‹‘Ǥ
͵Ǥ”‘˜‡ƒ†‡š’Žƒ‹–Š‡”—Ž‡–Š”‘—‰Š…‹–ƒ–‹‘–‘ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ǡ†‡•…”‹’Ǧ
–‹‘‘ˆŠ‘™–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›•–ƒ†•ˆ‘”–Š‡”—Ž‡ǡ†‹•…—••‹‘‘ˆ•—„•‹†‹ƒ”›
”—Ž‡•ǡƒƒŽ›•‡•‘ˆ’‘Ž‹…›ǡƒ†…‘—–‡”ǦƒƒŽ›•‡•Ǥ
ͶǤ ’’Ž› –Š‡ ”—Ž‡ǯ• ‡Ž‡‡–• –‘ –Š‡ ˆƒ…–• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ‹† ‘ˆ •—„•‹†‹ƒ”›
”—Ž‡•ǡ •—’’‘”–‹‰ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ǡ ’‘Ž‹…› …‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ƒ† …‘—–‡”Ǧ
ƒƒŽ›•‡•Ǥ
ͷǤ ˆ •–‡’• ͳ –Š”‘—‰Š Ͷ ƒ”‡ …‘’Ž‹…ƒ–‡†ǡ •— —’ „› ”‡•–ƒ–‹‰ ›‘—”
…‘…Ž—•‹‘ǤͳͲͶ
–Ž‡ƒ•–•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‘•‡•–‡’•ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ…ƒ„‡—’ƒ…‡†‹–‘ƒ††‹Ǧ
–‹‘ƒŽ •…Š‡‡•Ǥ ‘” ‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ ‘‡ …ƒ ‹ƒ‰‹‡ —’ƒ…‹‰ –‡’ Ͷ ‹–‘ǡ
ƒ† ƒ† ƒ™ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• Šƒ˜‡ ‹’Ž‡‡–‡†ǡ ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ”‰—‡–
•…Š‡ƒ –‘ •—’’‘”– ‘” …‘—–‡” –Š‡ ƒ••‡”–‹‘ –Šƒ– ƒ ’”‘’‘•‡† ”—Ž‡
ͳͲʹǤ ǡ
ǡ
ǡ
ʹ͵͸ȋƒ˜‹†‹–…Š…‘…Ƭƒ”–‡”Š‡‹Œ‡†•ǤǡʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ
ͳͲ͵Ǥ See,e.g.,ƒŽ‡”‡–ƒŽǤǡsupra‘–‡ͶͲǤ
ͳͲͶǤ Ǥ ǡ ǣ ǡ ͻ͵ǦͻͶȋ͸–Š‡†ǤʹͲͲͻȌǤ
ͺͳͺ
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣ͵
•Š‘—Ž†ƒ’’Ž›„›ƒƒŽ‘‰‹œ‹‰ƒ…ƒ•‡‹•—’’‘”–‘ˆƒ’’Ž›‹‰ƒ”—Ž‡ǯ•‡Ž‡Ǧ
‡–•–‘–Š‡ˆƒ…–•‘”„›…‘—–‡”‹‰•—…ŠƒƒƒŽ‘‰›ǤͳͲͷ
rules.1601ͲBGB
Person1isobligatedtosupportPerson2
ifPerson1isindirectlineagetoPerson2
rules.1589ͲBGB
Person1isindirectlineagetoPerson2
ifPerson1isanancestorofPerson2
rules.91ͲBSHG
s.1601ͲBGBexcludes“Person1isobligatedtosupͲ
portPerson2”
if“Person1isobligatedtosupportPerson2”would
causePerson1unduehardship
rules.1602ͲBGB
Person1isnotobligatedtosupportPerson2under
s.1601ͲBGB
unlessPerson2isneedy.
rules.1601ͲBGBisalegalrulewith
• Premises:
IfdirectͲlineage(Person1,Person2)
• Conclusion
…thenobligatedͲtoͲsupport(Person1,Person2)is
presumablytrue.
• CriticalQuestions
o Unlessexceptionto1601applies(e.g.,rule
s.1602ͲBGB)
o Assumingassumptionsof1601aremet
o Assuming1601isavalidlegalrule
o Unlesssomeruleexcluding1601(e.g.,rules.91Ͳ
BSHG)applies
o Unlesssomeconflictingruleofhigherpriority
than1601applies
Figure 4: “Family law” rule set and representation of rule as defeasible
Lesson C2: One may attack a legal argument by attacking its asǦ
sumptionsoridentifyingexceptions.ƒ”‰—‡–•…Š‡‡ˆ‘”‹–‡”’”‡–Ǧ
‹‰ Š‘™ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”—Ž‡• •Š‘—Ž† ƒ’’Ž› –‘ ’”‘„Ž‡•ǡ ˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ …ƒ ˆ‘…—•
Žƒ™ •–—†‡–• ‘ “—‡•–‹‘‹‰ –Š‡ ”—Ž‡ǯ• ƒ••—’–‹‘• ‘” …‘•‹†‡”‹‰
‡š…‡’–‹‘•Ǥ —””‡–Ž› ‹ ƒ† ƒ™ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ ™‹–Š ƒ Ž‡‰ƒŽ
”—Ž‡™‘—Ž†„‡–”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ•†‡ˆ‡ƒ•‹„Ž‡ƒ†•—„Œ‡…––‘ƒƒ”‰—‡–•…Š‡‡
ˆ‘””‡ƒ•‘‹‰™‹–Š†‡ˆ‡ƒ•‹„Ž‡”—Ž‡•Ǥ
‡ˆ‡ƒ•‹„Ž‡ ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ”‰—‡– …ƒ „‡ ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡† ‹ ƒ
ƒ”‰—‡–Ǧ•…Š‡‡Ǧ†”‹˜‡ ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ‘ˆ •–ƒ–—–‘”› ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ —•‹‰ ‘
‘”†‘ǯ•ƒ”‰—‡–†‹ƒ‰”ƒ‹‰’”‘‰”ƒǡƒ”‡ƒ†‡•ǤͳͲ͸‘”‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ
–Š‡ Ž‡ˆ– ŠƒŽˆ ‘ˆ ‹‰—”‡ Ͷ •Š‘™• ˆ‘—” Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”—Ž‡• ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ ˆƒ‹Ž› Žƒ™
ͳͲͷǤ See,e.g.,
”ƒ„ƒ‹”Ƭ•ŠŽ‡›ǡsupra‘–‡͵ͻǡƒ–ͳ͸ͶǦ͸͸Ǥ
ͳͲ͸Ǥ ‘”†‘ Ƭ ƒŽ–‘ǡ supra ‘–‡ ͵ͺǢ Š‘ƒ• Ǥ ‘”†‘ǡ Analyzing Open Source License
Compatibility Issues with Carneadesǡ ʹͲͳͳ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ Ƭ ǤͷͲǡͷͳǢŠ‘ƒ•Ǥ
‘”†‘ǡConstructingLegalArgumentswithRulesintheLegal
Knowledge Interchange Format (LKIF)ǡ in ͳ͸ʹǡ ͳ͸ͺǦ͸ͻ ȋ‘’‡—
ƒ•ƒ‘˜ƒ•ǡ
‹‘˜ƒ‹ƒ”–‘”ǡƒƒ•‡ŽŽƒ•Ƭ‘••‡ŽŽƒ—„‹‘‡†•ǤǡʹͲͲͺȌǤ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
DIGITALAGELEGALPRACTICE
ͺͳͻ
„ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ‡”ƒ ‹˜‹Ž ‘†‡Ǥ —Ž‡ •Ǥͳ͸ͲͳǦ
†‡…Žƒ”‡• –Šƒ– ’‡”Ǧ
•‘ͳ‹•‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‡†–‘•—’’‘”–’‡”•‘ʹ‹ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘”‡”‹•‹Dz†‹”‡…–Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡dz
™‹–Š–Š‡Žƒ––‡”ǡƒ…‘…‡’–†‡ˆ‹‡†‹—Ž‡•ǤͳͷͺͻǦ
Ǥ
’Ž‘›‹‰ƒ•…Š‡‡ˆ‘”ƒ”‰—‹‰™‹–Š†‡ˆ‡ƒ•‹„Ž‡”—Ž‡•‹•‡…‡••ƒ”›
„‡…ƒ—•‡ ƒ …Žƒ••‹…ƒŽ Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ •›•–‡ …‘—Ž† ‘– •—……‡••ˆ—ŽŽ› Šƒ†Ž‡ –Š‡
”—Ž‡•‘–Š‡Ž‡ˆ–‘ˆ‹‰—”‡ͶǤˆ–Š‡‰‘ƒŽ‹•–‘†‡–‡”‹‡‹ˆƒ””›‹•‘„Ž‹Ǧ
‰ƒ–‡†–‘•—’’‘”–ƒŽŽ›ƒ†‘‡Ž‡ƒ”•–Šƒ–ƒ””›‹•ƒƒ…‡•–‘”‘ˆƒŽŽ›ǡ
ƒ …Žƒ••‹…ƒŽ Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ •›•–‡ Šƒ• ‘ †‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–› ‹ …Šƒ‹‹‰ „ƒ…™ƒ”† ˆ”‘
—Ž‡•Ǥͳ͸ͲͳǦ
–‘—Ž‡•ǤͳͷͺͻǦ
ǡ‹ˆ‡””‹‰ˆ”‘ƒ””›ǯ•„‡‹‰ƒŽǦ
Ž›ǯ•ƒ…‡•–‘”–Šƒ–ƒ””›‹•‹Dz†‹”‡…–Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡dz–‘ƒŽŽ›ƒ†–Š—•Šƒ•–Š‡
‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‘–‘•—’’‘”–Š‡”Ǥ—’’‘•‡‘‡–Š‡Ž‡ƒ”•ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Šƒ–„‡Ǧ
‹‰‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‡†–‘•—’’‘”–ƒŽŽ›™‘—Ž†…ƒ—•‡ƒ””›—†—‡Šƒ”†•Š‹’Ǥ•ƒ
ƒ––‡” ‘ˆ †‡†—…–‹˜‡ ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ǡ ”—Ž‡ •ǤͻͳǦ
‹’Ž‹‡• –Šƒ– ƒ””›ǯ•
‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‘ –‘ •—’’‘”– ƒŽŽ› ‹• ‡š…Ž—†‡†Ǥ Š‡ •›•–‡ ™‘—Ž† –Š‡ Šƒ˜‡
’”‘˜‡–™‘‹…‘•‹•–‡–…‘•‡“—‡…‡•Ǣƒ””›‹•„‘–Š‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‡†ƒ†‘–
‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‡† –‘ •—’’‘”– ƒŽŽ›Ǥ ‡”ƒ ƒ† ƒˆ‡” ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† –Š‹• ’”‘„Ǧ
Ž‡ǤͳͲ͹ Žƒ••‹…ƒŽ Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ †‡†—…–‹‘ ‹• ‘‘–‘‹…Ǣ ‘…‡ ‘‡ ’”‘˜‡• ƒ
’”‘’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ ‘‡ …ƒ‘– –ƒ‡ ‹– „ƒ… Œ—•– „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘‡ Ž‡ƒ”• ‘ˆ ‡™
‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘’”‘˜‡ƒ’”‘’‘•‹–‹‘and‹–•‘’’‘•‹–‡‡ƒ•
–Š‡•›•–‡‹•‹…‘•‹•–‡–ƒ†…ƒ’”‘˜‡ƒ›–Š‹‰ǤǨ
†›‡–ǡƒ•‡š’Žƒ‹‡†„›‡”ƒƒ†ƒˆ‡”ǡͳͲͺ–Šƒ–‹†‘ˆ–Š‹‰
Šƒ’’‡• ƒŽŽ –Š‡ –‹‡ ‹ Žƒ™Ǩ ˆ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• ™ƒ– ƒ …‘’—–‡” –‘ †”ƒ™
‹ˆ‡”‡…‡• ˆ”‘ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”—Ž‡• ‹ ƒ ”‡ƒŽ‹•–‹… ƒ‡”ǡ …Žƒ••‹…ƒŽ Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ †‡Ǧ
†—…–‹‘…ƒ‘–„‡—•‡†Ǥ‡Šƒ•–‘—•‡•‘‡–Š‹‰‡Ž•‡Ǥ
 –Š‡ ˆ‹‡Ž† ‘ˆ ƒ† ƒ™ǡ –Š‡ …—””‡– ƒ•™‡” –‘ Dz™Šƒ– ‡Ž•‡ ‹•
–Š‡”‡ǫdz ‹• ƒ …‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘†‡Ž ‘ˆ ƒ”‰—‡– ™‹–Š ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ƒ”‰—Ǧ
‡–•…Š‡‡•–‘‡ƒ„Ž‡†‡ˆ‡ƒ•‹„Ž‡”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ǤŠƒ–‹•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ„‘—–
–Š‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”—Ž‡ ƒ• †‡ˆ‡ƒ•‹„Ž‡ ‹• •Š‘™ ‹ –Š‡ ”‹‰Š–
ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ‹‰—”‡ͶǤ—Ž‡•Ǥͳ͸ͲͳǦ
‹•†‡ˆ‡ƒ•‹„Ž‡„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡•–ƒ–—–‡…‘Ǧ
–ƒ‹• –™‘ ‡š…‡’–‹‘• –‘ –Š‡ ‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‘ –‘ •—’’‘”–Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ —†‡” —Ž‡
•ǤͻͳǦ
’‡”•‘ͳ ‹• ‘– ‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‡† –‘ •—’’‘”– ™Š‡ ‹– ™‘—Ž† …ƒ—•‡
’‡”•‘ͳ Dz—†—‡ Šƒ”†•Š‹’Ǥdz ‡…‘†ǡ —Ž‡ •Ǥͳ͸ͲʹǦ
’”‘˜‹†‡• ˆ‘” ƒǦ
‘–Š‡”‡š…‡’–‹‘‹ˆ’‡”•‘ʹ‹•‘–Dz‡‡†›Ǥdz
Š—•ǡ —Ž‡ •Ǥͳ͸ͲͳǦ
…‘–ƒ‹• ’”‡‹•‡• ƒ† ƒ …‘…Ž—•‹‘ǡ „—–
–Š‡ …‘…Ž—•‹‘ ‹• ‘Ž› presumably ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ †‡ˆ‡ƒ•‹„Ž›Ȍ –”—‡ǡ •‹‰ƒŽ‹‰ –Šƒ–
–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡•‘‡ˆƒ…–•–Š‡•›•–‡‹‰Š–Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–…‘—Ž††‡ˆ‡ƒ––Š‡…‘Ǧ
…Ž—•‹‘ǡ‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡’”‡‹•‡•™‡”‡–”—‡ǤŠ‡•‡†‡ˆ‡ƒ•‹„‹Ž‹–›…‘†‹Ǧ
ͳͲ͹Ǥ ‡”ƒƬƒˆ‡”ǡsupra‘–‡ʹ͵Ǥ
ͳͲͺǤ Id.
ͺʹͲ
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣ͵
–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† ƒ• Dz”‹–‹…ƒŽ —‡•–‹‘•ǡdz ™Š‹…Š ‹†‡–‹ˆ› ƒ••—’Ǧ
–‹‘• ƒ† ‡š…‡’–‹‘• –Šƒ– ƒˆˆ‡…– –Š‡ ”—Ž‡ǯ• ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǣ ”‡ –Š‡ •’‡…‹Ǧ
ˆ‹‡†—†‡”Ž›‹‰ƒ••—’–‹‘•‡–ǫ‘‡•ƒ•’‡…‹ˆ‹‡†‡š…‡’–‹‘ƒ’’Ž›ǫ•
–Š‡”—Ž‡˜ƒŽ‹†ǫ‘‡••‘‡‡š…Ž—•‹‘ƒ”›”—Ž‡ƒ’’Ž›ǫ‘‡••‘‡…‘ˆŽ‹…–Ǧ
‹‰”—Ž‡‘ˆŠ‹‰Š‡”’”‹‘”‹–›ƒ’’Ž›ǫ
Š‡”‡ ‹• Ž‹––Ž‡ ƒ‰”‡‡‡– ƒ…”‘•• –Š‡ ˆ‹‡Ž† ƒ„‘—– Š‘™ –‘ ‡š’”‡••
•—…Š“—‡•–‹‘•‘”™Šƒ––‘…ƒŽŽ–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––›’‡•‘ˆ†‡ˆ‡ƒ•‹„‹Ž‹–›…‘†‹Ǧ
–‹‘•ǡ „—– ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› ƒ‰”‡‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡•‡ †‡ˆ‡ƒ•‹„‹Ž‹–› …‘†‹Ǧ
–‹‘•‡‡†–‘„‡•’‡…‹ˆ‹‡†„‡…ƒ—•‡ǡƒ•†‹”‡…–‡†„›ƒƒ”‰—‡–•…Š‡‡ǡ
–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒ™‹ŽŽ–‡•––Š‡Ǥ
Figure 5: Carneades argument diagram with defeasible inference rules
•›•–‡Ž‹‡‘
‘”†‘ǯ•ƒ”‡ƒ†‡•…ƒ”‡ƒ•‘™‹–Š–Š‡†‡ˆ‡ƒǦ
•‹„Ž‡‹ˆ‡”‡…‡”—Ž‡•ƒ†…‘•–”—…–ƒ”‰—‡–•Ǥ‹‰—”‡ͷ•Š‘™•ƒƒ—Ǧ
ƒŽŽ› ’”‡’ƒ”‡† ˜‡”•‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ƒ”‰—‡– †‹ƒ‰”ƒ –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ƒ†‡• …ƒ
‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ǤͳͲͻ –ƒ–‡‡– ‘†‡• ƒ”‡ „‘š‡• ƒ† ƒ”‰—‡– ‘†‡• ƒ”‡ …‹”Ǧ
…Ž‡•ȋ™‹–ŠƒDzΪdz‹†‹…ƒ–‹‰•—’’‘”–ƒ†ƒ†ƒ•Š‡†Ž‹‡‹†‹…ƒ–‹‰ƒ‡šǦ
…‡’–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ”‰—‡–ǯ• ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ȌǤ ˆ ‘‡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹‡• ƒ ‰‘ƒŽ ‘ˆ
ͳͲͻǤ ‘”†‘ Ƭ ƒŽ–‘ǡ supra ‘–‡ ͵ͺǢ ‘”†‘ǡ Analyzing Open Source License Compatibility
Issuesǡsupra‘–‡ͳͲ͸ǡƒ–ͷͶǦͷͷǢ
‘”†‘ǡConstructingLegalArguments,supra‘–‡ͳͲ͸ǡƒ–ͳ͹ͻǤ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
DIGITALAGELEGALPRACTICE
ͺʹͳ
•Š‘™‹‰ –Šƒ– ƒ””› ‹• ‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‡† –‘ •—’’‘”– ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ†‡• ”—Ž‡•
‡‰‹‡ ”‡ƒ•‘• „ƒ…™ƒ”†• ˆ”‘ –Šƒ– ‰‘ƒŽ –‘ ˆ‹† †‡ˆ‡ƒ•‹„Ž‡ ‹ˆ‡”‡…‡
”—Ž‡• –‘ •—’’‘”– –Šƒ– ‰‘ƒŽǣ ”—Ž‡• •Ǥͳ͸Ͳͳ ƒ† •ǤͳͷͺͻǤ • –Š‡ ƒ”‰—‡–•
ƒ”‡…‘•–”—…–‡†ƒ†‡†‹–‡†ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡˜‹•—ƒŽ‹œ‡†‹ƒƒ”‰—‡–ƒ’‘”
†‹ƒ‰”ƒǤ •Šƒ†‡† •–ƒ–‡‡– ‘†‡ ‹†‹…ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡‡– ‹• ƒ•Ǧ
•—‡† –‘ „‡ –”—‡ ȋ„› –Š‡ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ƒ—†‹‡…‡ǤȌ •Šƒ†‡† —’’‡” •ƒŽŽ
…‹”…Ž‡‡š––‘ƒ‘†‡‹†‹…ƒ–‡•–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ”‰—‡–‹•ƒ……‡’–ƒ„Ž‡ȋƒ……‘”†Ǧ
‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ’”‘‘ˆ •–ƒ†ƒ”†ȌǤ ȋˆ –Š‡ Ž‘™‡” …‹”…Ž‡ ™‡”‡ •Šƒ†‡†ǡ
–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‡–ǯ•…‘’Ž‡‡–‹•ƒ……‡’–ƒ„Ž‡ǤȌ
Figure 6: Rule’s defeasible conclusion prevented by argument based on another rule.
ˆ ‘‡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹‡• ƒ ‰‘ƒŽ ‘ˆ †‡ˆ‡ƒ–‹‰ –Šƒ– ƒ”‰—‡–ǡ –Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ
•‡ƒ”…Š‡•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡…”‹–‹…ƒŽ“—‡•–‹‘•ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡”—Ž‡•–‘ˆ‹†
ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ„Ž‡ ‡š…‡’–‹‘•ǡ ‡š…Ž—•‹‘•ǡ ‘” ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡• ‘ˆ ƒ••—’–‹‘• –Šƒ–
™‘—Ž† ’”‡˜‡– –Š‡ ƒ”‰—‡–ǯ• ’”‡•—‡† …‘…Ž—•‹‘Ǥ Š—•ǡ Šƒ˜‹‰
Ž‡ƒ”‡†–Šƒ–„‡‹‰‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‡†–‘•—’’‘”–ƒŽŽ›™‘—Ž†…ƒ—•‡ƒ””›—†—‡
Šƒ”†•Š‹’ǡ –Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ ™‘—Ž† ˆ‹† •—…Š ƒ ‡š…Ž—•‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ”—Ž‡ •Ǥͻͳ
ƒ’’Ž‹‡•ƒ†’”‡˜‡–•–Š‡ƒ”‰—‡–ǯ•…‘…Ž—•‹‘ǡƒ•‹†‹…ƒ–‡†‹
‹‰—”‡͸Ǥ
—’’‘•‡–Šƒ–„‡‹‰‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‡†–‘•—’’‘”–ƒŽŽ›™‘—Ž†…ƒ—•‡ƒ””›
—†—‡Šƒ”†•Š‹’‹•notƒ‰‹˜‡ˆƒ…–Ǥ•–‡ƒ†ǡŽ‡–—•ƒ••—‡–Šƒ–ǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š
ͺʹʹ
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣ͵
Dz—†—‡Šƒ”†•Š‹’dz‹•‘–†‡ˆ‹‡†„›ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ”—Ž‡ǡ…‘—”–•Šƒ˜‡ˆ‘—†ˆ‘”
‘”ƒ‰ƒ‹•–—†—‡Šƒ”†•Š‹’‹…ƒ•‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰…‡”–ƒ‹ˆƒ…–‘”•ǣ
Plaintiff(P) Factors ȋ’”‘ ˆ‹†‹‰ ‘ˆ undue Defendant(D) Factors ȋ…‘ ˆ‹†‹‰ ‘ˆ
hardshipȌǣ
unduehardshipȌǣ
ͳǤŠƒ•ǦƒŽ”‡ƒ†›Ǧ’”‘˜‹†‡†Ǧ—…ŠǦ•—’’‘”–
ͳǤ
•Š‘”–
‡š’‡…–‡†Ǧ†—”ƒ–‹‘Ǧ‘ˆǦ•—’’‘”–Ǧ‹•Ǧ
ʹǤ‡˜‡”ǦŠƒ†Ǧ’ƒ”‡–Ǧ…Š‹Ž†Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’
ʹǤŠƒ•Ǧ‘–Ǧ’”‘˜‹†‡†Ǧ…ƒ”‡
͵Ǥ ™‘—Ž†Ǧ…ƒ—•‡Ǧ‹””‡’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ǦŠƒ”Ǧ–‘Ǧ
ˆƒ‹Ž›
’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”ǡ•—’’‘•‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–Š”‡‡…ƒ•‡•ǣ
Muellerǣ™‹•unduehardship‹••—‡™Š‡”‡ȓʹȔ
Schmidtǣ™‹•unduehardship‹••—‡™Š‡”‡ȓʹǡͳȔ
Bauerǣ™‹•unduehardship‹••—‡™Š‡”‡ȓʹǡͳǡ͵Ȕ
‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ Ž‡– —• ƒ••—‡ –Šƒ–ǣ ƒ””› ƒ† ƒŽŽ› ‡˜‡” Šƒ† ƒ ’ƒ”‡–Ǧ
…Š‹Ž† ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ǡ ʹǡ ƒ† –Šƒ– ƒŽŽ› ‡‡†• •—’’‘”– ˆ‘” ‘Ž› ƒ •Š‘”–
–‹‡’‡”‹‘†ǡͳǤ
Figure 7: Rule’s defeasible conclusion prevented by argument based on Mueller case,
which, in turn is trumped by argument based on Schmidt Case.
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
DIGITALAGELEGALPRACTICE
ͺʹ͵
 –Š‹• •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ”‡ƒ†‡• …‘—Ž† …‘•–”—…– ƒ”‰—‡–• ˆ‘” ƒ†
ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ƒ””› Šƒ˜‹‰ ƒ ‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‘ –‘ •—’’‘”– ƒŽŽ› „ƒ•‡† ‘ caseǦ
based ‹ˆ‡”‡…‡•ǡ ƒ• •Š‘™ ‹ ‹‰—”‡ ͹ǤͳͳͲ Š‡ Mueller …ƒ•‡ǡ ™Š‹…Š
•Šƒ”‡• ʹ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ǡ •—’’‘”–• ƒ ƒ”‰—‡– –Šƒ– •Ǥͻͳ …ƒ—•‡• –Š‡ ‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‘ –‘ „‡ ‡š…Ž—†‡† —†‡” •Ǥͳ͸Ͳͳ Ǥ Š‡ Schmidt
…ƒ•‡ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹•‘”‡‘’‘‹–ȋ„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡•‡–‘ˆˆƒ…–‘”••Šƒ”‡†„‡Ǧ
–™‡‡ Mueller ƒ† –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ ‹• ƒ •—„•‡– ‘ˆ –Š‘•‡ •Šƒ”‡† „‡–™‡‡
Schmidtƒ†–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡ǡƒ‡Ž›ʹƒ†ͳȌƒ†Šƒ†–Š‡‘’’‘•‹–‡
”‡•—Ž–Ǥ–Š‡–‡”‹‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆͳͳͳ–Š‡Schmidt…ƒ•‡–”—’•MuellerǤ
Lesson C3: Legal arguments involve complex relationships among
logic, rhetoric, uncertainty, and narrative. Ž–Š‘—‰Š –Š‡ ˆƒ‹Ž› Žƒ™ ‡šǦ
ƒ’Ž‡‹••‹’Ž‡ǡŽƒ™•–—†‡–•‹‰Š–•–‹ŽŽ„‡‹’”‡••‡†™‹–Šƒ”‡ƒ†‡•ǯ
ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ƒ†‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡Ž‡‰ƒŽƒ”‰—‡–•‘ˆ—Ž–‹’Ž‡–›’‡•‹–‘
ƒ ˜‹•—ƒŽ ˆ‘”ƒ– –Šƒ– ‹• ”‡ƒ†‹Ž› ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ ƒ™ •–—†‡–• …ƒ •‡‡ ƒ
ƒ”‰—‡– •–”—…–—”‡ –Šƒ– ‹• ‘”‡ …‘’Ž‡š –Šƒ •‹’Ž› ƒ’’Ž›‹‰ Ž‡‰ƒŽ
”—Ž‡•†‡†—…–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ
Š‡ †‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘ ƒŽ•‘ „‡‰• –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ Š‘™ ƒ––‘”‡›• ˆƒ…–‘”
—…‡”–ƒ‹–› ƒ† ”Š‡–‘”‹…ƒŽ …‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘• ‹–‘ –Š‡‹” ƒ••‡••‡–• ‘ˆ
Ž‡‰ƒŽƒ”‰—‡–•Ǥ‡‰ƒŽƒ”‰—‡–‹•ƒ–‡…Š‹“—‡ˆ‘”†‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Š—…‡”Ǧ
–ƒ‹–›ȋ•—…Šƒ•‹Ž‡‰ƒŽ’Žƒ‹‰Ȍǡ„—–—…‡”–ƒ‹–›ƒŽ•‘ƒˆˆ‡…–•Ž‡‰ƒŽƒ”Ǧ
‰—‡–ǤŠ‹•—…‡”–ƒ‹–›‹…Ž—†‡•—…‡”–ƒ‹–›ƒ„‘—–ǣ‡˜‹†‡…‡ƒ†–Š‡
’Žƒ—•‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ ˆƒ…–—ƒŽ ƒ••‡”–‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ™
–‘ˆƒ…–•ǡ‘”ƒŽƒ••‡••‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡”‡•—Ž–•ǡƒ†–Š‡Ž‹‡Ž‹Š‘‘†
‘ˆƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡‘ˆƒ”‰—‡–•Ǥ
Š‡“—‡•–‹‘–Š‡ƒ”‹•‡•‹ˆƒ†Š‘™–‘ˆƒ…–‘”—…‡”–ƒ‹–›‹–‘ƒ”Ǧ
‰—‡–†‹ƒ‰”ƒ•Ǥ—„‡”‘ˆƒ”–‹…Ž‡•‹–Š‡›ŽŽƒ„—•ƒ††”‡••†‡ƒŽ‹‰
™‹–Š—…‡”–ƒ‹–‹‡•‹ƒƒ”‡ƒ†‡•ǦŽ‹‡ƒ”‰—‡–‘†‡ŽǤ‡™ƒ›‹•–‘
‹’Ž‡‡–„—”†‡•‘ˆ’‡”•—ƒ•‹‘‘”„—”†‡•‘ˆ’”‘‘ˆ‹–Š‡ƒ”‰—‡–
†‹ƒ‰”ƒ••—…Šƒ•Dz’”‡’‘†‡”ƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡˜‹†‡…‡dzƒ†Dz„‡›‘†ƒ”‡ƒǦ
•‘ƒ„Ž‡†‘—„–ǤdzŠ‡•‡„—”†‡•‘ˆ’”‘‘ˆƒ••‹•–ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ„›ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–Ǧ
‹‰ ƒ “—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡ ‘ˆ ‡˜‹†‡–‹ƒŽ …‡”–ƒ‹–› ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ”…•
…‘‡…–‹‰ ƒ”‰—‡–• –‘ …‘…Ž—•‹‘• ƒ† ‹’‘•‹‰ ƒ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡
“—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†Ǥͳͳʹ
ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ†‡•ƒ”‰—‡–‘†‡Ž•…‘—Ž†„‡ƒ—‰‡–‡†
™‹–Šƒƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘”‡ƒ•‘™‹–Š—…‡”–ƒ‹–‹‡•ȋ—•‹‰ƒ›‡•‹ƒ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‡–Ǧ
™‘”•ȌǢ –Š‹• …Šƒ‰‡ ™‘—Ž† ƒŽŽ‘™ ƒ ƒ†˜‘…ƒ–‡ –‘ ‡š’Ž‘”‡ –Š‡ …‘•‡Ǧ
ͳͳͲǤ ‡‡•‘—”…‡•…‹–‡†supra‘–‡•͵ͺƒ†ͳͲͻǤ
ͳͳͳǤ •ŠŽ‡›ǡsupra‘–‡ͷǡƒ–͹ͺͶǤ
ͳͳʹǤ ‘”†‘ƬƒŽ–‘ǡsupra‘–‡͵ͺǡƒ–ͳ͵͹Ǧ͵ͺǢ–‹•‘ƒ†‡…ŠǦƒ’‘ǡsupra‘–‡͵͹Ǥ
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CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣ͵
“—‡…‡• ‘ˆ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ƒ••—’–‹‘• ƒ„‘—– ‡˜‹†‡–‹ƒ”› —…‡”–ƒ‹–‹‡•Ǥͳͳ͵
‘”‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ•Š‘—Ž†•Š‡ƒ”‰—‡–Š‡ˆƒ…–•‘”–Š‡Žƒ™ǫ‘”†‡”–‘ƒ••‡••
Š‘™„‡•––‘‹’”‘˜‡Š‡”…Šƒ…‡•‘ˆƒˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž‡†‡…‹•‹‘ǡƒƒ†˜‘…ƒ–‡
…‘—Ž† ‘†‹ˆ› –Š‡ ƒ••—‡† ’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹–› †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘• ”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰ –Š‡
Œ—”›•ǯ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ‹ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‡˜‹†‡–‹ƒŽ ˆƒ…–• ‘” ‘†‹ˆ› –Š‡ ™‡‹‰Š–• ”‡’”‡Ǧ
•‡–‹‰ –Š‡ Œ—”›ǯ• „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ‹ –Š‡ ’Žƒ—•‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ƒ”‰—‡–•Ǥ Š‡
•ƒ‡™‘”‡š’Ž‘”‡•–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡‹ƒ••‡••‹‰‡˜‹†‡–‹ƒŽ—…‡”Ǧ
–ƒ‹–‹‡•‹–Š‡•–‘”‹‡•–Šƒ–ƒ––‘”‡›•ƒ––‡’––‘ˆ‹––‘–Š‡‡˜‹†‡…‡Ǥ‹ˆǦ
ˆ‡”‡– ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡• Ž‡† –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• –‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– Ž‡‰ƒŽ …Žƒ‹•Ǥ ˜‹†‡…‡
–Šƒ– •‡‡• ’Žƒ—•‹„Ž‡ ‰‹˜‡ ‘‡ •–‘”› ƒ› „‡ ‹””‡Ž‡˜ƒ– –‘ ‘” …‘–”ƒǦ
†‹…–‡†„›ƒ‘–Š‡”•–‘”›ǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡…‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–‡…Š‹“—‡•ˆ‘”‘†Ǧ
‡Ž‹‰–Š‡•‡ƒ•’‡…–•‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽƒ”‰—‡–ƒ”‡‹–Š‡‹”‹ˆƒ…›ǡŽƒ™•–—†‡–•
…ƒ„‡‡ˆ‹–ˆ”‘–Š‹‹‰ƒ„‘—––Š‡—†‡”Ž›‹‰’Š‡‘‡ƒǤ
Š‹•…‘’Ž‡–‡•–Š‡†‹•…—••‹‘‘ˆŠ‘™ƒƒ†ƒ™•‡‹ƒ”…ƒ
„‡—•‡†–‘–‡ƒ…ŠŽƒ™•–—†‡–••‘‡…Žƒ••‹…Ž‡••‘•ƒ„‘—–Žƒ™ǤŠ‡ƒǦ
–‡”‹ƒŽ …ƒ ƒŽ•‘ –‡ƒ…Š Ž‡••‘• –Šƒ– Š‡Ž’ ’”‡’ƒ”‡ Žƒ™ •–—†‡–• ˆ‘” Ž‡‰ƒŽ
’”ƒ…–‹…‡‹–Š‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽƒ‰‡Ǥ
Ǥ ƒ™•–—†‡–•‡‡†–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡Dz‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘dzƒˆǦ
ˆ‡…–‹‰–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†‘ˆŽƒ™ƒ†Š‘™‹–‹’ƒ…–•–Š‡‹”’”‘•’‡…–•ˆ‘”Ž‡‰ƒŽ‡Ǧ
’Ž‘›‡–ǡ –Š‡ ‹†• ‘ˆ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‡’Ž‘›‡– ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡‹”
”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ƒ• Ž‡‰ƒŽ ’”ƒ…–‹–‹‘‡”• ‹ ƒ †‹‰‹–ƒŽ ƒ‰‡Ǥ †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡†
ƒ…ƒ†‡‹…‘„•‡”˜‡”‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽ’”ƒ…–‹…‡–”‡†•ƒ†–Š‡‹”‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘–Š‡Žƒ™
•…Š‘‘Ž…—””‹…—Ž—Šƒ•”‡…‡–Ž›‘„•‡”˜‡†ǣ
Š‡ …‘’Ž‡š‹–› ‘ˆ ƒǤǤǤ ȏŽƒ™ •…Š‘‘ŽȐ …—””‹…—Ž— ‹• ˆ—”–Š‡” …‘Ǧ
’‘—†‡† „› ƒ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ –Šƒ– ‹• …Šƒ‰‹‰ –Š‡ ‹š ‘ˆ
…—””‡– ƒ† ˆ—–—”‡ Œ‘„•Ǥ ‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡’Šƒ•‹• ‘ process ƒ†
–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ‘™ –ƒ‹‰ Š‘Ž† ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‹†—•–”›ǡ –Š‡ ’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ
–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ •‹ŽŽ• ƒ††‘ƒ‹ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ȏ‘™ –ƒ—‰Š–Ȑ ƒ› „‡ ‹ƒ†‡Ǧ
“—ƒ–‡ ˆ‘” ƒ Žƒ”‰‡ ’”‘’‘”–‹‘ ‘ˆ Žƒ™•–—†‡–• ‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ›‡ƒ”
ʹͲͳͷǤͳͳͶǤǤǤ ȏ–—†‡–•ȐǤǤǤ ƒ”‡ —’”‡’ƒ”‡† –‘ Ž‡ƒ” –Šƒ– Žƒ™ ‹• „‡Ǧ
…‘‹‰ Ž‡•• ƒ„‘—– Œ—”› –”‹ƒŽ• ƒ† …‘—”–”‘‘ ƒ†˜‘…ƒ…› ƒ† ‘”‡
ƒ„‘—– process engineeringǡ ’”‡†‹…–‹˜‡ …‘†‹‰ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ …‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹˜‡
ƒ†–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ•‹ŽŽ•–Š‘•‡processes‡–ƒ‹ŽǤͳͳͷ
Š‡ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› –‘ ™Š‹…Š ‡†‡”•‘ ”‡ˆ‡”• ƒ‹Ž› ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• ƒ—–‘Ǧ
ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ †‘…—‡– ”‡˜‹‡™ ’”‘…‡•• •‘ –Šƒ– ‹– …ƒ †‡ƒŽ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡šǦ
ͳͳ͵Ǥ ”ƒ„ƒ‹”Ƭ•ŠŽ‡›ǡsupra‘–‡͸ͺǤ
ͳͳͶǤ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒǤ‡†‡”•‘ǡABlueprintforChangeǡͶͲǤǤǤͶ͸ͳǡͷͲͳȋʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ
ͳͳͷǤ Id.ƒ–ͷͲͷǦͲ͸ȋ‡’Šƒ•‹•ƒ††‡†ȌǤ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
DIGITALAGELEGALPRACTICE
ͺʹͷ
–”ƒ‘”†‹ƒ”‹Ž›Žƒ”‰‡—„‡”•‘ˆ‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…†‘…—‡–•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹‘†Ǧ
‡”Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘—•‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰–‡…Š‹“—‡•ǡƒŽ•‘‘™ƒ•’”‡†‹…Ǧ
–‹˜‡…‘†‹‰Ǥ”‘‰”ƒ•ƒ”‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰–‘•‡Ž‡…–‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…†‘…—‡–•ˆ”‘
‡‘”‘—•…ƒ…Š‡•’”‘†—…‡†‹‘†‡”Žƒ™•—‹–•ƒ†–‘…Ž—•–‡”–Š‡‹
–‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ…‡ǡ „ƒ•‡† ‘ Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‘”•ǯ Žƒ„‡Ž‹‰ ‘ˆ •ƒŽŽ •‡–• ‘ˆ
†‘…—‡–•ƒ•”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‘”‘––‘–Š‡…Žƒ‹•ƒ††‡ˆ‡•‡•Ǥ
DzȏȐ”‡†‹…–‹˜‡…‘†‹‰ȏǤǤǤȐȏ‹Ȑ‡••‡…‡ǡǤǤǤ‹•ƒ…Š‹‡algorithms’ƒ”Ǧ
–‹ƒŽŽ› ”‡’Žƒ…‹‰ Š—ƒ• ƒŽ–‘‰‡–Š‡” ‹ –Š‡ •‡ƒ”…Š ˆ‘” ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ‹ˆ‘”Ǧ
ƒ–‹‘Ǥdzͳͳ͸Š‹•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹•†”‹˜‡„›–Š‡•‹œ‡ƒ††‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ
–Š‡‡Ǧ†‹•…‘˜‡”›…ƒ…Š‡•Ǥ
‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ••‹˜‡ ‡š’Ž‘•‹‘ ‘ˆ †‹‰‹–ƒŽ †ƒ–ƒǡ ™Š‡”‡ •‘ —…Š ‘ˆ
‘—” †ƒ‹Ž› Ž‹˜‡• ƒ”‡ ‡…‘†‡† ‹–‘ ‡ƒ‹Ž•ǡ –‡š– ‡••ƒ‰‡•ǡ ‹–‡”ƒŽ
‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ƒƒ‰‡‡– ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”• †‡•‹‰‡† –‘ ”‡’Žƒ…‡ ‡ƒ‹Žǡ ƒ†
†‹‰‹–‹œ‡†˜‘‹…‡ƒ‹Žǡ–Š‡•…‘’‡‘ˆ†‹•…‘˜‡”›‹…‹˜‹Ž‘”™Š‹–‡…‘ŽŽƒ”Ž‹–Ǧ
‹‰ƒ–‹‘ Šƒ• „‡…‘‡ ’”‘Š‹„‹–‹˜‡Ž› ‡š’‡•‹˜‡ —•‹‰ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‡–ŠǦ
‘†•‘ˆ”‡˜‹‡™Ǥͳͳ͹
Š‡ ‡’Šƒ•‹• ‘ Dz’”‘…‡••‡•dz ‹• ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ› ‹’‘”–ƒ– ˆ‘” Žƒ™ •–—Ǧ
†‡–•ˆƒ…‹‰–Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ‡’Ž‘›‡–ƒ”‡–Ǥƒ”ƒ’Š”ƒ•‹‰‹…Šƒ”†—••Ǧ
‹†ǯ•TheEndofLawyers?ǡͳͳͺ‡†‡”•‘•–ƒ–‡•ǡ
Š‡•‡ …Šƒ‰‡• ȏˆ”‘ Ž‡‰ƒŽ™‘”–Šƒ– ‹•„‡•’‘‡ ȋ‘” …—•–‘‹œ‡†Ȍ–‘
•–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œ‡†ǡ •›•–‡ƒ–‹œ‡†ǡ ’ƒ…ƒ‰‡†ǡ ƒ†ǡ —Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ …‘‘†‹Ǧ
–‹œ‡†Ȑ ƒ”‡ ƒ†‡ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ „› ‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰ ”‡…—”•‹˜‡ ’ƒ––‡”• ‹ Ž‡‰ƒŽ
ˆ‘”• ƒ† Œ—†‹…‹ƒŽ ‘’‹‹‘•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‡ƒ„Ž‡• –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ process ƒ†
–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› –‘ ”‘—–‹‹œ‡ ƒ† •…ƒŽ‡ ˜‡”› …Š‡ƒ’ ƒ† ˜‡”› Š‹‰Š “—ƒŽ‹–›
•‘Ž—–‹‘•–‘–Š‡›”‹ƒ†‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽ‡‡†•Ǥͳͳͻ
ȏȐ‘”‡”Ž› Žƒ„‘”Ǧ‹–‡•‹˜‡ ™‘” –Šƒ– Šƒ• –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ› „‡‡ ’‡”Ǧ
ˆ‘”‡†„›‡–”›ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•Žƒ™•…Š‘‘Ž‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡•ǤǤǤ‹•‘™
„‡‹‰†‘‡„›†‹ƒŽƒ™‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡•ȏ™‘”‹‰ˆ‘”‡‰ƒŽProcess—–Ǧ
•‘—”…‡”•ȋ•ȌǡȐ™Š‘ƒ”‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Š‘™–‘†‡•‹‰ƒ†‘’‡”ƒ–‡proǦ
cesses –Šƒ– ‡š–”ƒ…– —•‡ˆ—Ž ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘ Žƒ”‰‡ ƒ••‡• ‘ˆ †‹‰‹–ƒŽ
–‡š–Ǥ‘–‘Ž›ƒ”‡–Š‡†‹ƒŽƒ™‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡•‰‡––‹‰–Š‡‡’Ž‘›‡–ǡ
–Š‡› ƒ”‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ •‹ŽŽ• –Šƒ–ƒ”‡ ‡–‹”‡Ž›ȄentirelyȄƒ„•‡–
ˆ”‘ǤǤŽƒ™•…Š‘‘Ž•ǤͳʹͲ
––‘”‡›•ǡŽƒ™ˆ‹”•ǡŒ—†‰‡•ǡƒ†”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›ƒ‰‡…‹‡•‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›
™‹ŽŽ‡‡†–‘ƒ••‡••ǡ’—”…Šƒ•‡ǡ”‡Ž›—’‘ǡƒ†Œ—•–‹ˆ›’”‘†—…–•ƒ†•‡”Ǧ
˜‹…‡• –Šƒ– ‡’Ž‘› ƒ…Š‹‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ †ƒ–ƒ ‹‹‰ǡ ƒ–—”ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡
’”‘…‡••‹‰ǡƒ†‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘”‡–”‹‡˜ƒŽˆ‘”—•‡‹‡Ǧ†‹•…‘˜‡”›ƒ†‘–Š‡”
Ž‡‰ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒƒ‰‡‡–’”‘…‡••‡•Ǥ‘”‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡ǡ–Š‡•‡
–‡…Š‹“—‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡Ž›ƒ•Dz‹‰‹–ƒŽ‘…—‡–•‡…ŠǦ
ͳͳ͸Ǥ
ͳͳ͹Ǥ
ͳͳͺǤ
ͳͳͻǤ
ͳʹͲǤ
Id.ƒ–Ͷͺ͹ȋ‡’Šƒ•‹•ƒ††‡†ȌǤ
Id.
ǡǫ͸ȋʹͲͳͲȌǤ
‡†‡”•‘ǡsupra‘–‡ͳͳͶǡƒ–Ͷ͹ͻȋ‡’Šƒ•‹•ƒ††‡†ȌǤ
Id.ƒ–Ͷͺ͹ȋ‡’Šƒ•‹•ƒ††‡†ȌǤ
ͺʹ͸
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣ͵
‘Ž‘‰‹‡•dzǤ Ž–Š‘—‰Š †”‹˜‡ „› –Š‡ ’”‡••—”‡• ‘ˆ ‡Ǧ†‹•…‘˜‡”›ǡ ‹‰‹–ƒŽ
‘…—‡–• ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ƒ”‡ ‘– Œ—•– ˆ‘” Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡› ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ‹Ǧ
’‘”–ƒ– ‹ ƒŽŽ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ …‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ „—•‹‡•• ƒ† Ž‡‰ƒŽ ’”ƒ…–‹…‡ –Šƒ– ‹Ǧ
˜‘Ž˜‡ –Š‡ ‡‡† –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ ’”‘…‡••‡• ˆ‘” ƒƒ‰‹‰ …‘”’‘”ƒ–‡
†‘…—‡–•ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ–ƒšǡ‡”‰‡”•ƒ†ƒ…“—‹•‹–‹‘•ǡƒ†”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›
…‘’Ž‹ƒ…‡Ǥ
• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† „‡Ž‘™ǡ –Š‡ ƒ† ƒ™ •‡‹ƒ” …ƒ Š‡Ž’ Žƒ™ •–—Ǧ
†‡–•—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‹–ƒŽ‘…—‡–•‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•„›‡š’‘•‹‰–Š‡–‘
‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘…‡••‡•ǡ ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š•ǡ ƒ† ’”‘…‡•• ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰Ǥ †‡‡†ǡ
–Š‡•‡‹ƒ”ƒ›ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›„‡–Š‡‹”first•›•–‡ƒ–‹…‡š’‘•—”‡–‘–Š‡•‡
…‘…‡’–•Ǥ
–•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ†‡…Ž‡ƒ”ˆ”‘–Š‡‘—–•‡–ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Šƒ––Š‡…‘’—Ǧ
–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘†‡Ž•‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰†‹•…—••‡†‹ƒ”–•ͳǡʹǡƒ†͵‘ˆ–Š‡
›ŽŽƒ„—•ƒ”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ”‘–Š‘•‡ƒ––Š‡Š‡ƒ”–‘ˆ…—””‡–‹‰‹–ƒŽ‘…—Ǧ
‡–• ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ‹‰‹–ƒŽ‘…—‡–•‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡‹””‘‘–•
‹ ˆ—ŽŽǦ–‡š– Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ”‡–”‹‡˜ƒŽǡ ƒ†˜ƒ…‡• ‹ …‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‹Ǧ
‰—‹•–‹…• ȋ•—…Š ƒ• •ŠƒŽŽ‘™ –‡š– ’ƒ”•‹‰ ƒ† ƒ‡† ‡–‹–› ”‡…‘‰‹–‹‘Ȍ
ƒ†•–ƒ–‹•–‹…ƒŽƒ–—”ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡’”‘…‡••‹‰ǡƒ…Š‹‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ††ƒ–ƒ
‹‹‰ǤŠ‡”ƒ‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–”‘‘–•ƒ†ƒ†‡•…”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ
Š‘™–Š‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡•‹‰Š–—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›‹–‡”–™‹‡ƒ”‡†‡•…”‹„‡†„‡Ž‘™Ǥ
Š‡ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ’‘‹– Š‡”‡ ‹•ǡ •‹’Ž›ǡ –Šƒ– ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ† ƒ™
™‘” ‹ –Š‡ ›ŽŽƒ„—•ǡ —•‡† –‘ –‡ƒ…Š Žƒ™ •–—†‡–• Ž‡••‘• ƒ„‘—– Ž‡‰ƒŽ
”—Ž‡•ǡ…ƒ•‡•ǡƒ†ƒ”‰—‡–•ǡ†‘‡•notƒ††”‡••–Š‡•ƒ‡–ƒ••ƒ†’”‘Ǧ
…‡••‡•ƒ•–Š‡‹‰‹–ƒŽ‘…—‡–•‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ†‡‡†ǡƒ•–ƒ”…‘–”ƒ•–
‡š‹•–•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡™ƒ›•‹™Š‹…Š‹‰‹–ƒŽ‘…—‡–•‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ†
•–—†‡–•’”‘…‡••Ž‡‰ƒŽ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡƒ…‘–”ƒ•––Šƒ–’‹–•–Š‡‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡…›‘ˆ
–Š‡ ƒ…Š‹‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ †ƒ–ƒ ‹‹‰ǡ ƒ–—”ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ’”‘…‡••‹‰ ƒ†
‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘”‡–”‹‡˜ƒŽ‘†‡Ž•ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡‡š’”‡••‹˜‡‡••‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ†
ƒ™ ‘†‡Ž•Ǥ ‡‰ƒŽ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ”‡–”‹‡˜ƒŽǡ ˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ †‡ƒŽ• ™‹–Š ˜ƒ•–
—„‡”• ‘ˆ †‘…—‡–• ƒ† ƒ–—”ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ “—‡”‹‡•ǡ ™‹–Š ™Š‹…Š
‡•–Žƒ™ƒ†‡š‹•ƒ”‡”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž›‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‘•‡’”‘‰”ƒ•
†‘‘–’”‘…‡••–Š‡–‡š–•‹ƒ›†‡’–ŠǢ‡•–Žƒ™ƒ†‡š‹•…ƒ‘–‡˜‡
–‡ŽŽ™Š‘™‘ƒ…ƒ•‡‘”‹••—‡ǡ—…ŠŽ‡••Š‘™–‘—•‡–Š‡–‡š–‹ƒƒ”‰—Ǧ
‡–ƒ„‘—–ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ‹••—‡Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ–Š‡•‡’”‘‰”ƒ•…ƒ‘–ˆ‹Ž–‡”†‘…Ǧ
—‡–• –Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡Ȁ†‘ ‘– Šƒ˜‡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹‡† ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ǡ ƒ• ‘’’‘•‡† –‘
’Š”ƒ•‡•Ǥ
‡•’‹–‡ –Š‡•‡ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•ǡ –Š‡ ƒ† ƒ™ •‡‹ƒ”
…ƒŠ‡Ž’Žƒ™•–—†‡–•—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‹–ƒŽ‘…—‡–•‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•„›
–‡ƒ…Š‹‰–Š‡–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–‘‘Ž•ǣ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
DIGITALAGELEGALPRACTICE
ͳǤ
ʹǤ
͵Ǥ
ͶǤ
ͷǤ
ͺʹ͹
ƒ …‘…‡’–—ƒŽ ˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”› ˆ‘” †‡•…”‹„‹‰ –Š‡ ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ‹
–‡”• ‘ˆ …‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘†‡Ž•ǡ ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š•ǡ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ…‡
‡ƒ•—”‡•ǡƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘•Ǣ
Š‹‰ŠǦŽ‡˜‡Ž †‡•…”‹’–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –ƒ• •’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘•ǡ …‘’—–ƒǦ
–‹‘ƒŽ‘†‡Ž•ǡƒ†ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š•—†‡”Ž›‹‰–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǣ
–Š‡™ƒ›•‹ǡƒ†‡š–‡––‘ǡ™Š‹…Š–Š‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡
‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•…ƒ„‡‡ƒ•—”‡†‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽŽ›ǡƒ†™Šƒ––Š‡
‡ƒ•—”‡••‹‰‹ˆ›Ǣ
‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ™Šƒ––Š‡…‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘†‡Ž•—†‡”Ž›‹‰–Š‡
‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•…ƒ’–—”‡ƒ†™Šƒ––Š‡‘†‡Ž•Ž‡ƒ˜‡‘—–Ǣƒ†
–Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ’”‘…‡••‡•‹–‘™Š‹…Š–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ”‡‡„‡†Ǧ
†‡†ǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ Šƒ”†™ƒ”‡ǡ •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ǡ Š—ƒ –‡…Š‹…ƒŽ ‹–‡”Ǧ
‡†‹ƒ”‹‡•ǡƒ†Š—ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ’”ƒ…–‹–‹‘‡”•Ǥ
•—ǡ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‰‹–Š‡ƒ†ƒ™•‡‹ƒ”‰‹˜‡•Žƒ™•–—†‡–•
ƒ ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹‹‰ Dz…‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›dz ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ’”‘…‡••‡• ‘ˆ
Ž‡‰ƒŽ’”ƒ…–‹…‡ƒ†ƒ„‘—––Š‡’”‘…‡••‹‰‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š
–‘†ƒ›ǯ•Žƒ™ •–—†‡–•‰”‡™—’™‹–Š–Š‡–‡”‡– ƒ†ƒ”‡‹–‹ƒ–‡Ž›ˆƒǦ
‹Ž‹ƒ” ™‹–Š ‹–‡”ˆƒ…‡• ‹–‘ –Š‡ ‘”Ž† ‹†‡ ‡„ǡ –Š‡› ’”‘„ƒ„Ž› Šƒ˜‡
‘– ‡‰ƒ‰‡† —…Š ‹ –Š‹‹‰ •›•–‡ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ› ƒ„‘—– ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘Ǧ
…‡••‡• ‹ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ’”ƒ…–‹…‡Ǥ Š‡•‡ •–—†‡–• ‘•– Ž‹‡Ž› Šƒ˜‡ Ž‹––Ž‡ „ƒ…Ǧ
‰”‘—† ‹ ’”‘‰”ƒ‹‰ǡ ƒ† Šƒ˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š– ‡‹–Š‡” ƒ„‘—– †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰
ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š• –‘ ‹’Ž‡‡– •’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘• ‘” ƒ„‘—– —•‹‰ •—……‡••‹˜‡
”‡ˆ‹‡‡– –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ •—„ǦƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š• ˆ‘” ‡ƒ…Š •–‡’Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ „› –Š‡
‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡‹ƒ”ǡ –Š‡•‡ •–—†‡–• ™‹ŽŽ Šƒ˜‡ †‘‡ „‘–Šǡ ˆ‹”•– ™‹–Š –Š‡
Ž‡‰ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š•ƒ†–Š‡™‹–ŠƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š•ˆ‘”‡Ǧ†‹•…‘˜‡”›Ǥ
Š‹• ‹• ƒ •‡•‹„Ž‡ ’”‘‰”‡••‹‘ ˆ‘” Žƒ™ •–—†‡–• —ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ” ™‹–Š
Š‘™ ˆ—ŽŽǦ–‡š– Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ”‡–”‹‡˜ƒŽ ™‘”•Ǥ ‡…Š‹“—‡• •—…Š ƒ•
ƒ›‡•‹ƒ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‡–™‘”•ˆ‘”ˆ—ŽŽǦ–‡š–”‡–”‹‡˜ƒŽǡƒ…Š‹‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ˆ”‘
Žƒ”‰‡ †ƒ–ƒ •‡–•ǡ †ƒ–ƒ ‹‹‰ǡ ‘” ƒ–—”ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ’”‘…‡••‹‰ ƒ”‡ …‘Ǧ
’Ž‡š ƒ† ƒ› Ž‡ƒ˜‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‹–—‹–‹‘• „‡Š‹†Ǥ – ™‹ŽŽ „‡ Š‡Ž’ˆ—Ž ˆ‘” •–—Ǧ
†‡–• –‘ ‰ƒ‹ ƒ ‹–”‘†—…–‹‘ –‘ –Š‹‹‰ …‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ™‹–Š
ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š• –Šƒ– ‘†‡Ž ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ ’”‘…‡••‡• ™‹–Š ™Š‹…Š –Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ „‡Ǧ
…‘‡ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”„›–Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–›‡ƒ”‘ˆŽƒ™•…Š‘‘ŽǤ
Š‡’”‘‰”‡••‹‘ƒŽ•‘ƒ‡••‡•‡‹ƒ‘–Š‡”™ƒ›Ǥ•ƒ”‰—‡†„‡Ǧ
Ž‘™ǡ –Š‡ …‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘†‡Ž• ‘ˆ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ —Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž› will Ž‡ƒ†
–Š‡ ™ƒ› ˆ‘” ‹’”‘˜‹‰ –Š‡ ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡– „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹‰‹–ƒŽ ‘…—Ǧ
‡–•‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ–Ž‡ƒ•–•‘‡Žƒ™•–—†‡–•–ƒ‹‰–Š‡ƒ†ƒ™
•‡‹ƒ”ƒ›„‡™‡ŽŽ’‘•‹–‹‘‡†–‘†‡•‹‰–Š‘•‡–‡…Š‹“—‡•–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•
‘”–‘•—’’‘”–‘–Š‡”•‹†‡•‹‰‹‰–Š‡Ǥ
˜‡ ‹ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ™ •–—†‡–• „‡…‘‡ ‘Ž› …‘•—‡”• ‘” —•‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡
‹‰‹–ƒŽ‘…—‡–•‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ†‡•‹‰‡”•‘”‹’”‘˜‡”•‘ˆ
–Š‡ǡ‹–‹•˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”‘Ǧ’”‘‰”ƒ‹‰Žƒ™•–—†‡–•–‘Ž‡ƒ”•‘‡Ǧ
ͺʹͺ
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣ͵
–Š‹‰ƒ„‘—–Š‘™–Š‡•‡–‘‘Ž•™‘”Ǥ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ƒ†‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ…Ž‹‡–•
™‹ŽŽ •‘‘ †‡ƒ† ‡Ǧ†‹•…‘˜‡”› –‘‘Ž•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡•‡ –‘‘Ž• ™‹ŽŽ ‘– ‘Ž› „‡
’‡”‹––‡†ǡ„—–”‡“—‹”‡†„›–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•–ƒ†ƒ”†‘ˆ…ƒ”‡ǤŠ‡’”‘Ǧ
…‡••‘ˆƒ……‡’–‹‰–Š‡•‡–‘‘Ž•‹–‘–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘Šƒ•„‡‡ǡƒ†™‹ŽŽ…‘Ǧ
–‹—‡ –‘ „‡ǡ ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† „› ƒ––‘”‡›•Ȅˆ‘”‡” Žƒ™ •–—†‡–•Ȅ•‡Ž‡…–‹‰
–Š‡ –‘‘Ž•ǡ —•‹‰ –Š‡ǡ †‹”‡…–‹‰ ‘–Š‡”• Š‘™ –‘ —•‡ –Š‡ǡ ‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰
–Š‡‹”‘—–’—–•ƒ†Œ—•–‹ˆ›‹‰–Š‡‹”—•‡–‘‘–Š‡”•ȋ•—…Šƒ•Œ—†‰‡•Ȍ„›‡šǦ
’Žƒ‹‹‰Š‘™–Š‡›™‘”ƒ†Š‘™”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡ǤŠ‡
ƒ†ƒ™‡‹ƒ”’”‡’ƒ”‡•ˆ—–—”‡ƒ––‘”‡›•ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡–ƒ••„›–‡ƒ…Š‹‰
–Š‡ •‘‡ ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ Ž‡••‘• ƒ„‘—– Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‹‰‹–ƒŽ ‘…—‡–• ‡…Š‘Ž‘Ǧ
‰‹‡•Ǥ
Ǥ Š‹• •‡…–‹‘ Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–• •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‡••‘• ƒ„‘—– ‹‰‹–ƒŽ ‘…—Ǧ
‡–•‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡••–—†‡–•…ƒŽ‡ƒ”ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ†ƒ™•‡‹ƒ”Ǥ
LessonD1:LegalDigitalDocumentsTechnologiesarebasedonproǦ
cessmodelsandalgorithmsǤ•‘–‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ–Š‡‘˜‡ˆ”‘…—•–‘‹œ‡†
–‘ …‘‘†‹–‹œ‡† Ž‡‰ƒŽ •‡”˜‹…‡• ‡ƒ• –Šƒ– Žƒ™ •–—†‡–• …ƒ „‡‡ˆ‹–
ˆ”‘ ƒ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘…‡’– ‘ˆ ƒ Dz’”‘…‡•• ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ Ž‡‰ƒŽ
‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǥdz
Š‡ ƒ† ƒ™ •‡‹ƒ” ‡š’‘•‡• Žƒ™ •–—†‡–• –‘ –Š‡ ‘–‹‘ ‘ˆ
•—…Š’”‘…‡••‡•„›‡šƒ’Ž‡ǤŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡…‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘†‡Ž•†‹•…—••‡†
‹–Š‡›ŽŽƒ„—•ˆ‘…—•‘’”‘…‡••‹‰Ž‡‰ƒŽ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǤŠ‹•‹•–”—‡‘ˆ–Š‡
ƒ† ƒ™ ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ ‘†‡Ž• ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• –Š‡ ‹‰‹–ƒŽ ‘…—‡–• ‡…ŠǦ
‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‘†‡Ž•Ǥ
—„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ†ƒ™‘†‡Ž•ƒ”‡‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›™‡ŽŽǦ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†
”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ’”‘…‡••‡• ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ƒ† ƒŽ‰‘”‹–ŠǦ
‹… ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘…‡••‡• ‘” ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ –Š‡Ǥ ‘” ‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ
–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒƒ’’Ž‹‡•ƒƒ‰‡†ƒ‡…Šƒ‹•–‘•™‹–…Š…‘–”‘Ž
„‡–™‡‡ ”—Ž‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ƒ† …ƒ•‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ ƒ• –Š‡ ‡‡† ƒ”‹•‡•Ǥͳʹͳ
–—†‡–•…ƒ‹•’‡…––Š‡‘—–’—–‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘…‡••–‘…‘’ƒ”‡ǯ•
…‘–”‘Ž ‡…Šƒ‹• ™‹–Š –Šƒ– ‘ˆ Š—ƒ ’”‘„Ž‡ •‘Ž˜‡”•ǡ ™Š‘ǡ ’”‘„ƒǦ
„Ž›ǡ•™‹–…ŠŽ‡••ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›ƒ†ƒ”‡‘”‡ˆ‘…—•‡†‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰‹••—‡•
ƒ†”‡•‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‡ǤŠ‡Ϊ’”‘‰”ƒ”‡‹ˆ‹‡•ƒ’”‘…‡••‘ˆ’”‡Ǧ
†‹…–‹‰ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‘—–…‘‡• ™‹–Š ’ƒ•– …ƒ•‡•Ǥ Š‡ …‘’‘‡– „”‡ƒ• ƒ
’”‘„Ž‡‹–‘‹••—‡•ǡƒ†ˆ‘”‡ƒ…Š‹••—‡ǡ’‘•‡•ƒŠ›’‘–Š‡•‹•ƒ„‘—–™Š‘
•Š‘—Ž†™‹„ƒ•‡†‘…ƒ•‡•‹†‡š‡†„›ˆƒ…–‘”•’‡”–ƒ‹‹‰–‘–Šƒ–‹••—‡Ǥ
Š‡ –Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ –‡•–• –Š‡ Š›’‘–Š‡•‹• ˆ‘” …‘—–‡”‡šƒ’Ž‡• –Šƒ– ‹–
ͳʹͳǤ ‹••Žƒ†ƬƒŽƒǡsupra‘–‡͵͵ǡƒ–ͺͷ͵Ǥ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
DIGITALAGELEGALPRACTICE
ͺʹͻ
…ƒ‘– ‡š’Žƒ‹ ƒ™ƒ›Ǥͳʹʹ Š‡ …‘’‘‡– ‡’Ž‘›• ƒ…Š‹‡
Ž‡ƒ”‹‰–‘Ž‡ƒ”Š‘™–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›–Š‡ˆƒ…–‘”•‹–‡š–—ƒŽ†‡•…”‹’–‹‘•‘ˆ
…ƒ•‡•Ǥ–Š‡…‘„‹‡†’”‘‰”ƒǡƒƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š‡’Ž‘›•–‘’”‘Ǧ
…‡••ƒ’”‘„Ž‡‹’—–ƒ•–‡š–ƒ†‘—–’—–•ƒŽ‹•–‘ˆƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ„Ž‡ˆƒ…–‘”•–‘
ǡ™Š‹…Š–Š‡’”‡†‹…–•ƒ‘—–…‘‡Ǥͳʹ͵
–Š‡” ›ŽŽƒ„—• ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ’ƒ’‡”• ’”‘˜‹†‡ ‰‘‘† ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ ’”‘Ǧ
…‡••‡• ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ ƒ…Š‹‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ƒ† ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ› ‡š–”ƒ…–‹‰ ‹ˆ‘”Ǧ
ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘–‡š–•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰•–ƒ–—–‘”›–‡š–•ǡͳʹͶ…ƒ•‡–‡š–•ǡͳʹͷƒ†–‡š–•
‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ ’”‡Ǧ–”‹ƒŽ †‹•…‘˜‡”›Ǥͳʹ͸ Š‡ ™‘” „› ”ƒ…‡•…‘‹ ƒ† …‘ŽǦ
Ž‡ƒ‰—‡•‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡•ƒ‹…‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ„‘––‘Ǧ—’ƒ†–‘’Ǧ†‘™’”‘Ǧ
…‡••‹‰–‘ˆ‘…—•Š—ƒƒ‘–ƒ–‘”•‘•–ƒ–‹•–‹…ƒŽŽ›‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•
–Šƒ–ƒ›†‡•‡”˜‡ƒ—ƒŽ‹…Ž—•‹‘‹ƒ‘–‘Ž‘‰›Ǥͳʹ͹
 ‡š‹•–‹‰ ‹‰‹–ƒŽ ‘…—‡–• ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ˆ‘” ’”‡–”‹ƒŽ ‡Ǧ
†‹•…‘˜‡”›ͳʹͺ ‹’Ž‡‡–• ƒ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ’”‘…‡•• ˆ‘” ‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰ †‘…—Ǧ
‡–• ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– –‘ ƒ Žƒ™•—‹–Ǥ Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”• ˆ‘…—• ‘ •‡‹‘” Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‘”•ǯ
Dz•‡•‡ƒ‹‰dzǣ–Š‡Dz’”‘…‡••‘ˆ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‰ǡ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‹‰ƒ†…”‡ƒ–‹‰”‡’Ǧ
”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ …‘’Ž‡š ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ •‡–• ȏ‹Ǥ‡ǡ –Š‡ ‡Ǧ†‘…—‡–•Ȑǡ ƒŽŽ
…‡–‡”‡†ƒ”‘—†•‘‡’”‘„Ž‡–Š‡›‡‡†–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†ȏ‹Ǥ‡ǤǡŠ‘™–Š‡›
”‡Žƒ–‡–‘–Š‡Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ȐǤdzͳʹͻŠ‡‰‘ƒŽ‹•–‘–‡ƒ•‡‘—––Š‡Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‘”•ǯ”‡Ž‡Ǧ
˜ƒ…‡Š›’‘–Š‡•‡•ǣ‘”‡Ǧ‘”ǦŽ‡••ƒ„•–”ƒ…–†‡•…”‹’–‹‘•‘ˆ•—„Œ‡…–ƒ––‡”
–Šƒ–ǡ‹ˆˆ‘—†‹ƒ†‘…—‡–ǡ™‘—Ž†ƒ‡–Šƒ–†‘…—‡–”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‘–Š‡
Žƒ™•—‹–Ǥͳ͵ͲŠ‡’ƒ’‡”†‡•…”‹„‡•ƒ‹–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡—•‡”‘†‡Ž‹‰’”‘…‡••–‘
‡Ž‹…‹––Š‡•‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ…‡Š›’‘–Š‡•‡•Ǥ–‹•ƒ…‘’—–‡”Ǧ‡†‹ƒ–‡†’”‘…‡••‘ˆ
•—……‡••‹˜‡ ”‡ˆ‹‡‡– ‹ ™Š‹…Š –Š‡ Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‘” …‘—‹…ƒ–‡• –Š‡ ‹ˆ‘”Ǧ
ƒ–‹‘‡‡†‡†ǡ•ƒ’Ž‡†‘…—‡–•ƒ”‡”‡–”‹‡˜‡†ǡƒ†–Š‡Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‘”…‘Ǧ
ˆ‹”• ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ”‡•’‘•‹˜‡Ǥ ˆ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‘– ”‡•’‘•‹˜‡ǡ –Š‡
Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‘””‡ˆ‹‡•–Š‡Š›’‘–Š‡•‹•ǤŠ‹•’”‘…‡••›‹‡Ž†•ƒ‘†‡Ž‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹–‹Ǧ
‰ƒ–‘”ǯ•‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡•ǡ–Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽƒ†‘–Š‡”…‘…‡’–•”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‘–Š‡…ƒ•‡ƒ†
–Š‡‹”Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ•’‡…‹ˆ‹…‹–›ǡƒ†–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ™ƒ›•‘ˆ‡š’”‡••‹‰–Š‡…‘Ǧ
…‡’–ǤŠ‹•‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹‡ˆˆ‡…–ǡ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‡•–Š‡Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‘”ǯ•Š›’‘–Š‡Ǧ
ͳʹʹǤ •ŠŽ‡›Ƭ”ò‹‰Šƒ—•ǡComputerModelsǡsupra‘–‡͵Ͳǡƒ–͵Ͷ͹Ǥ
ͳʹ͵Ǥ •ŠŽ‡›Ƭ”ò‹‰Šƒ—•ǡAutomaticallyClassifyingCaseTextsǡsupra‘–‡ͷͺǡƒ–ͳ͵ͻǦͶͲǤ
ͳʹͶǤ ”ƒ…‡•…‘‹Ƭƒ••‡”‹‹ǡsupra‘–‡ͷͻǢ†‡ƒƒ–‡–ƒŽǤǡsupra‘–‡ͷͻǤ
ͳʹͷǤ ƒ…•‘‡–ƒŽǤǡsupra‘–‡ͷʹǤ
ͳʹ͸Ǥ ”‹˜ƒ—Ž–‡–ƒŽǤǡsupra‘–‡͸ͷǤ
ͳʹ͹Ǥ ”ƒ…‡•…‘‹‡–ƒŽǤǡsupra‘–‡ͶͺǤ
ͳʹͺǤ ‘‰ƒ‡–ƒŽǤǡsupra‘–‡͸Ͷǡƒ–Ͷ͵ͶǦ͵ͷǤ
ͳʹͻǤ ‘„‡”– ƒ—‡”ǡ ‡”‡•ƒ ƒ†‡ǡ ”—…‡ ‡†‹ Ƭ Š”‹•–‘’Š‡” ‘‰ƒǡ Automated Legal SenseǦ
making:TheCentralityofRelevanceandIntentionalityǡʹͲͲͺǤ ǯ Ƭ Ǥ ʹǡ
ƒ’‡”‘ǤͷǡʹǡavailableatŠ––’ǣȀȀ‡’”‹–•Ǥ—…ŽǤƒ…Ǥ—Ȁͻͳ͵ͳȀͳȀͻͳ͵ͳǤ’†ˆǤ
ͳ͵ͲǤ ‘‰ƒ‡–ƒŽǤǡsupra‘–‡͸Ͷǡƒ–ͶͶ͸ǦͶͺǡͶͷͷǤ
ͺ͵Ͳ
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣ͵
•‹• ƒ† ‹• –Š‡ —•‡† –‘ ”‡–”‹‡˜‡ ‘”‡ †‘…—‡–• ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– –‘ –Šƒ– Š›Ǧ
’‘–Š‡•‹•Ǥ • ƒ…Š‹‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ †‡˜‡Ž‘’• ƒ ’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹•–‹… ‘†‡Ž ‘ˆ …‘Ǧ
…‡’–• ‘ˆ ‹–‡”‡•–ǡ –‘‘Ž• …ƒ Š‡Ž’ Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‘”• ˜‹•—ƒŽ‹œ‡ Š‘™ …Ž‘•‡Ž› ‡™
†‘…—‡–•”‡Žƒ–‡–‘–Š‡…‘…‡’–—ƒŽ…Ž—•–‡”•‘ˆ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–†‘…—‡–•Ǥͳ͵ͳ
˜‡” –Š‡ ›‡ƒ”•ǡ ‹ ™”‹–‹‰ ’ƒ’‡”• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ† ƒ™ ‡‹ƒ” ƒ–
–Š‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ ‹––•„—”‰Š …Š‘‘Ž ‘ˆ ƒ™ǡ •–—†‡–• Šƒ˜‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†
–Š‡‹” ‘™ ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ’”‘…‡••‡• ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ
‘‡”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡–‹–Ž‡•‹…Ž—†‡ǣ
x
x
x
x
Dz”–‹ˆ‹…‹ƒŽ–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡…‡’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•‹”‹‘””–‡ƒ”…Š‡•ǣ
˜‡”˜‹‡™ ƒ† ‘”‡…ƒ•– ˆ‘”–Š‡ ƒ–‡–‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‡ƒ”…Š Ǧ
†—•–”›dz
Dz’”‘˜‡‡–•–‘
‡‡ƒ–‡–’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘”‘…‡••‹‰dz
Dz‘” –Š‡ ”—–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‘”› ••‡”–‡†ǣ •‹‰ –‘ ••‹•– —Ǧ
”‹‡•‹‘Š‡”‡–‡…‘•–”—…–‹‘‘ˆƒ…–•ƒ–”‹ƒŽdz
Dz†ƒ’–‹‰ƒ†ƒ™‘†‡Ž•–‘”‡†‹…–‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘—–…‘‡•
„›‘”ƒŽ‹œ‹‰‰ƒ‹•–ƒ—ŽŽǦ—Ž‡dz
LessonD2:ProcessesunderlyinglegalDigitalDocumentsTechnoloǦ
giesinvolvedifferentkindsoftextsasinputsǤŠ‡’”‘…‡••‡•—†‡”Ž›‹‰
–Š‡‹‰‹–ƒŽ‘…—‡–•‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‡–‡š–•ƒ•‹’—–•Ǣ•–—†‡–•‹
–Š‡ƒ†ƒ™‡‹ƒ”…ƒ–Š—•Ž‡ƒ”ƒ„‘—––Š‡…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‘ˆ…‘’—Ǧ
–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›†‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Š–‡š–•Ǥ
‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘†‡Ž• ‘ˆ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ …‹–‡† ‹ –Š‡
›ŽŽƒ„—•†‘notƒ……‡’––‡š–•ƒ•‹’—–•Ǥ•–‡ƒ†ǡƒŠ—ƒ”‡ƒ†•–Š‡–‡š–•
‘ˆ ƒ ’”‘„Ž‡ •…‡ƒ”‹‘ ‘” ‘ˆ –Š‡ …ƒ•‡• –‘ „‡ •–‘”‡† ‹ –Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒǯ•
‘™Ž‡†‰‡ „ƒ•‡ǡ ‡š–”ƒ…–• –Š‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ …ƒŽŽ‡† ˆ‘” „› –Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ
ƒ†ƒ—ƒŽŽ›”‡’”‡•‡–•–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡‘”…ƒ•‡•‹–Š‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ˆ‘”Ǧ
ƒ–•Ǥ Š—•ǡ –Š‡ ‹’—–• ƒ”‡ǡ ‹ ƒ •‡•‡ǡ ƒ—ƒŽŽ›Ǧ’”‘…‡••‡† –‡š–•Ǥ Š‡
ƒ‹‡š…‡’–‹‘‹•–Š‡Ϊ’”‘‰”ƒ†‡•…”‹„‡†ƒ„‘˜‡Ǥ
–Š‡’”‘…‡••‡•ƒ††‘ƒ‹•‘ˆ–Š‡‹‰‹–ƒŽ‘…—‡–•‡…Š‘Ž‘Ǧ
‰‹‡•ǡ–‘‘ƒ›†‘…—‡–•‡š‹•––‘’”‘…‡••‡ƒ…Š‘‡ƒ—ƒŽŽ›Ǥ‡‰ƒŽ
’”‘˜‹†‡”•Ž‹‡‡š‹•ƒ†‡•–Žƒ™ƒ…“—‹”‡–Š‘—•ƒ†•‘ˆ…ƒ•‡•’‡”†ƒ›Ǥ
Š‡…ƒ•‡–‡š–•ƒ”‡•—„‹––‡†‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒŽŽ›„›–Š‡…‘—”–•ǡƒ†‹†‡š‡†
ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ› ‹ ƒ ‹˜‡”–‡† ‹†‡šǡ ‹ ™Š‹…Š ƒ ‰‹˜‡ †‘…—‡– ‹• ‹Ǧ
†‡š‡† „› ‡˜‡”› DzƒŒ‘”dz ™‘”† ȋ–Šƒ– ‹•ǡ ™‹–Š •–‘’ ™‘”†• Ž‹‡ Dz–Š‡ǡdz Dzƒǡdz
Dzƒǡdz et ceteraǡ ˆ‹Ž–‡”‡† ‘—– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹†‡š‹‰ –‡”•ȌǤ Š—•ǡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ’”‘Ǧ
‰”ƒ••‡ƒ”…Š‹ŽŽ‹‘•‘ˆ†‘…—‡–•‹”‡•’‘•‡–‘ƒ“—‡”›Ǣ–Š‡ƒ†
ƒ™‘†‡Ž••‡ƒ”…Šƒ–‘•–Š—†”‡†•ȋ„—–•‘‡ǡŽ‹‡ǡͳ͵ʹ†‘…‘Ǧ
‡…––‘ˆ—ŽŽǦ–‡š–Ž‡‰ƒŽ•‘—”…‡•ǡ–Š—•‡š’ƒ†‹‰–Š‡‹”•‡ƒ”…Š‡•ȌǤ
ͳ͵ͳǤ ”‹˜ƒ—Ž–‡–ƒŽǤǡsupra‘–‡͸ͷǤ
ͳ͵ʹǤ ƒ‹‡Ž•Ƭ‹••Žƒ†ǡsupra‘–‡ͷ͵Ǥ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
DIGITALAGELEGALPRACTICE
ͺ͵ͳ
Š‡ ‘†‡Ž• ƒŽ•‘ †‡ƒŽ ™‹–Š ˜‡”› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‹†• ‘ˆ –‡š–•Ǥ ‘‡ ‘ˆ
–Š‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ –‡š– ’”‘…‡••‹‰ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š †‡ƒŽ• ™‹–Š ‘”‡ •–”—…–—”‡† –‡š–•
™Š‘•‡ˆ—…–‹‘•‹ƒ’”‘…‡••‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡‘™ȋ•—…Š
ƒ• •–ƒ–—–‘”› –‡š–• ‘” –Š‡ –‡š–• ‘ˆ ƒ …‘—”– †‡…‹•‹‘ȌǤ  –Š‡ ‡Ǧ†‹•…‘˜‡”›
…‘–‡š–ǡ „› …‘’ƒ”‹•‘ǡ –Š‡ –‡š–• ƒ”‡ ‡š–”‡‡Ž› Š‡–‡”‘‰‡‡‘—• †‘…—Ǧ
‡–• ’”‘†—…‡† ‹ Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡› ‹…Ž—†‡ ‘– ‘Ž› …‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ ‡‘Ǧ
”ƒ†ƒ ƒ† ƒ‰”‡‡‡–•ǡ „—– ƒŽ•‘ –Š‡ ˆ—ŽŽ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ‹–‡”‡–Ǧ„ƒ•‡†
…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰‡ƒ‹Ž•ǤŠ‡‡ƒ‹Ž•ƒ›„‡ˆ”‘ ƒƒ‰‡”•
–‘ ƒ† ˆ”‘ ‡’Ž‘›‡‡•ǡ ‘” ˆ”‘ ‡’Ž‘›‡‡• –‘ ‘–Š‡” ‡’Ž‘›‡‡•ǡ …—•Ǧ
–‘‡”•ƒ†•—’’Ž‹‡”•ǡ‘”–‘‡’Ž‘›‡‡•ǯˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•ƒ†ˆ”‹‡†•ǡetceteraǤ
ˆƒ…–ǡˆ‘”‡ƒ‹Ž•ǡƒ•‘…‹ƒŽ‡–™‘”ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ™Š‘‹•…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‰
™‹–Š ™Š‘ ‘˜‡” ™Šƒ– –‹‡ ˆ”ƒ‡ ƒ› ’”‘˜‹†‡ ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘
ˆ‘”•‡Ž‡…–‹‰”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‡š–•ˆ‘”ˆ—”–Š‡”ƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥͳ͵͵
LessonD3:DigitalDocumentsTechnologiesfindtextsrelevanttoleǦ
gal problemsǤ ‹‰‹–ƒŽ ‘…—‡–• ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• –‡† –‘ ˆ‘…—• ‘ ƒ ’”‘Ǧ
…‡•• ‘ˆ finding ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– –‘ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ Š‹• ’”‘…‡••
ƒˆˆ‡…–•–Š‡™ƒ›‹™Š‹…Š•—…Šƒ•›•–‡ƒ••‡••‡•”‡Ž‡˜ƒ…‡ǡ–Š‡™ƒ›–Š‡
•›•–‡‹•‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡†ǡƒ†–Š‡‡ƒ•—”‡•—•‡†–‘ƒ••‡••‹–•’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡Ǥ
ƒ™•–—†‡–•™‹ŽŽˆ‹†–Šƒ–”‡Ž‡˜ƒ…‡ǡ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†‡ƒ•—”‡•ƒ”‡
†‡ˆ‹‡†•—……‹…–Ž›‹–Š‡›ŽŽƒ„—•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‘‡Ǧ†‹•…‘˜‡”›ǣ
Relevanceǣ  –ƒ••ǡ DzȏƒȐ …‘””‡…–Ž› ”‡–—”‡† †‘…—‡– ȋ„”‘ƒ†Ž›
…‘…‡‹˜‡†ƒ•ƒ›…‘–ƒ‹‡”‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ȍ‹•…‘•‹†‡”‡†”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹ˆ
–Š‡—•‡”™‘—Ž†™‹•Š–‘•‡‡‹–ǡƒ†‘–”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ǤǤǤǤDz
Evaluation:Dz‹’‘”–ƒ–…‘•‡“—‡…‡‘ˆ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ…‡„‡‹‰ƒ‘’‹Ǧ
‹‘ȋ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒƒ‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡Ž›†‡–‡”‹ƒ„Ž‡ˆƒ…–Ȍ‹•–Šƒ–”‡–”‹‡˜ƒŽefǦ
fectiveness‹•ƒ’”‹…‹’ƒŽˆ‘…—•ˆ‘”‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ǤǤǤǤȏȐŠ‡˜ƒ•–ƒŒ‘”‹–›
‘ˆ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘‹•…‘…‡”‡†’”‹…‹’ƒŽŽ›™‹–ŠŒ—•–‘‡ƒ•’‡…–‘ˆ”‡Ž‡Ǧ
˜ƒ…‡ǣ–‘’‹…ƒŽ‹–›ǤǤǤǤȏȐŠ‡‘•–™‹†‡Ž›—•‡††‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆtopicalrelǦ
evance „› ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• ‹• •—„•–ƒ–‹˜‡ –”‡ƒ–‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‡•‹”‡†
–‘’‹…„›ƒ›’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡†‘…—‡–Ǥdz
Measures: DzŠ‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡‡•• ‘ˆ ƒ ”‡–”‹‡˜ƒŽ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š ‹• –Š‡ ‡ƒ•Ǧ
—”‡†„›‹–•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘”‡–”‹‡˜‡ǡˆ‘”‡ƒ…Š–‘’‹…ǡ–Š‘•‡†‘…—‡–•™Š‹…Š
Šƒ˜‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡ƒ••‡••‡–•ˆ‘”–Šƒ––‘’‹…Ǥ••—‹‰„‹ƒ”›ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ”‡Ž‡Ǧ
˜ƒ– ˜•Ǥ ‘Ǧ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–Ȍ ƒ••‡••‡–•ǡ –™‘ ‡ƒ•—”‡• ‘ˆ ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡‡••
ƒ”‡ ˜‡”› …‘‘Ž› ”‡’‘”–‡†Ǥ Recall ‹• –Š‡ ’”‘’‘”–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡š–ƒ–
”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–†‘…—‡–•–Šƒ–™‡”‡”‡–”‹‡˜‡†„›–Š‡•›•–‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡preciǦ
sion‹•–Š‡’”‘’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ”‡–”‹‡˜‡††‘…—‡–•™Š‹…Š™‡”‡‹ˆƒ…–”‡ŽǦ
‡˜ƒ–Ǥ‘‰‡–Š‡”–Š‡›”‡ˆŽ‡…–ƒ—•‡”Ǧ…‡–‡”‡†˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ
–”ƒ†‡‘ˆˆ„‡–™‡‡ˆƒŽ•‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡•ƒ†ˆƒŽ•‡‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡•Ǥdzͳ͵Ͷ
‘’‹…ƒŽ‹–› ‹ ƒ Ž‡‰ƒŽ …‘–‡š– ‹• ƒ ‘˜‹‰ –ƒ”‰‡–Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Š –Š‡
‡•–Žƒ™‡›—„‡”‹‰•›•–‡’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒ”‹…ŠŽ‹•–‘ˆ–‘’‹…••’ƒ‹‰
ͳ͵͵Ǥ ‡•‡Ž‡”ǡsupra‘–‡͸͵Ǥ
ͳ͵ͶǤ ƒ”†‡–ƒŽǤǡsupra‘–‡͸ͳǡƒ–͵͸Ͳǡ͵͸ʹǡ͵͸͵ȋ‡’Šƒ•‹•‹‘”‹‰‹ƒŽȌǤ
ͺ͵ʹ
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣ͵
Ž‡‰ƒŽ•—„Œ‡…–ƒ––‡”ǡƒ––‘”‡›•‘ˆ–‡ •‡‡ ‘”‡†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†–‘’‹…•Ǥ––‘”Ǧ
‡›••‡‡–‘…ƒ’–—”‡ˆƒ…–—ƒŽ’ƒ––‡”•‹–Š‡–ƒ”‰‡–‡†…ƒ•‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡”‡ŽǦ
‡˜ƒ– –‘ –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ȋ–Šƒ– ‹•ǡ –Š‡ •‘—”…‡ …ƒ•‡Ȍ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ”‡Ǧ
”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹‰Ǥ‡Ǧ†‹•…‘˜‡”›ǡ‘•—…ŠŽ‹•–‡š‹•–•ǤŠ‡–‘’‹…•‘ˆ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ…‡
ƒ”‡–Š‡ƒ„•–”ƒ…–†‡•…”‹’–‹‘•‘™’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›–‘–Š‡Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‘”Ǣ‹†‡‡†ǡ
ƒ• †‡•…”‹„‡† ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ ’”‘˜‹†‡”• ‘ˆ ‹‰‹–ƒŽ ‘…—‡–• ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡‡†
–‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ •’‡…‹ƒŽ ’”‘…‡••‡• –‘ ‹†—…‡ –Š‡ –‘’‹…• „ƒ•‡† ‘ Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‘”•ǯ
†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ…‡‘ˆ†‘…—‡–•Ǥ
Š‡ ›ŽŽƒ„—• ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ’”‘˜‹†‡ Žƒ™ •–—†‡–• ™‹–Š ƒ ”‡ƒ†ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ…Ǧ
…‘—–‘ˆŠ‘™ˆ—ŽŽ–‡š–Ž‡‰ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘”‡–”‹‡˜ƒŽ•›•–‡•Ž‹‡‡•–Žƒ™
ƒ† ‡š‹• —•‡ ’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡• „ƒ•‡† ‘ ˆ”‡“—‡…‹‡• ‘ˆ –‡”• ‹ †‘…—Ǧ
‡–• ƒ† ‹ –Š‡ …‘”’—• –‘ ‘†‡Ž –Š‡ –‘’‹… ƒ —•‡” †‡‡• ‹’‘”–ƒ–
ȋ–Šƒ– ‹•ǡ –Š‡ —•‡”ǯ• ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‡‡†ȌǤ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ –Š‡•‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ‡šǦ
’Žƒ‹ Š‘™ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ”‡–”‹‡˜ƒŽ •›•–‡• ‡•–‹ƒ–‡ †‘…—‡–•ǯ ”‡Ž‡Ǧ
˜ƒ…‡ –‘ –Š‡ —•‡”ǯ• ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‡‡†ǡ ƒ…Š‹‡˜‹‰ Š‹‰Š ’”‡…‹•‹‘ ‹ ƒ
…‘–‡š– ‹ ™Š‹…Š ”‡…ƒŽŽ —•—ƒŽŽ› ‹• ‘ˆ •‘‡™Šƒ– •‡…‘†ƒ”› ‹Ǧ
’‘”–ƒ…‡Ǥͳ͵ͷ Š‹• •›•–‡ ™‘”• ™‡ŽŽ ‹ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ™Š‡”‡ ƒ ‡šǦ
Šƒ—•–‹˜‡•‡ƒ”…Šˆ‘”‡˜‡”›”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–…ƒ•‡‹•”ƒ”‡Ž›‡…‡••ƒ”›ǢƒŠƒ†ˆ—Ž‘ˆ
‰‘‘†…ƒ•‡•ƒ”‡‡‘—‰Š–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‹••—‡ƒ†–‘
ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡ƒƒ”‰—‡–‘Š‘™–‘†‡…‹†‡‹–Ǥͳ͵͸
 ‡Ǧ†‹•…‘˜‡”›ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ”‡–”‹‡˜‹‰ Dzƒ› ƒ† ƒŽŽdz †‘…—‡–• ’‡”Ǧ
–ƒ‹‹‰–‘ƒ–‘’‹…‹•–Š‡–›’‹…ƒŽ‰‘ƒŽǤͳ͵͹Šƒ–‹•ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ’”‡‹—‘
”‡…ƒŽŽǤ Š‹• ˆƒ…– ‹• —ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡ ˆ‘” –™‘ ”‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š •Š‘™•
–Šƒ–ƒ––‘”‡›•–‡†–‘‘˜‡”‡•–‹ƒ–‡–Š‡‹””ƒ–‡•‘ˆ”‡…ƒŽŽǤͳ͵ͺ
Šƒ– ȏ•‡‹ƒŽȐ •–—†› ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ƒ ‰ƒ’ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ’‡”…‡’–‹‘ ‘
–Š‡ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ Žƒ™›‡”• –Šƒ– —•‹‰ –Š‡‹” •’‡…‹ˆ‹… “—‡”‹‡• –Š‡› ™‘—Ž† ”‡Ǧ
–”‹‡˜‡‘–Š‡‘”†‡”‘ˆ͹ͷΨ‘ˆ–Š‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡˜‹†‡…‡–‘„‡ˆ‘—†‹ƒ
…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘ ‘ˆ ͶͲǡͲͲͲ †‘…—‡–• ‰ƒ–Š‡”‡† ˆ‘” Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ’—”’‘•‡•ǡ
™Š‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•™‡”‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘•Š‘™–Šƒ–‘Ž›ƒ„‘—–ʹͲΨ‘ˆ
”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–†‘…—‡–•Šƒ†‹ˆƒ…–„‡‡ˆ‘—†Ǥͳ͵ͻ
‡…‘†ǡ Dzȏ‹Ȑ– ‹• ‘™ ™‡ŽŽ —†‡”•–‘‘† –Šƒ– ƒ• †ƒ–ƒ •‡–• ‰‡– Žƒ”‰‡”ǡ
Š‹‰ŠǦ’”‡…‹•‹‘•‡ƒ”…Š‡•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›„‡…‘‡•‘‡™Šƒ–‡ƒ•‹‡”ǡ„—–ǮǮ‹†‡Ǧ
–‡”‹ƒ…› —Ž–‹’Ž‹‡• ƒ‹‰ ‹– ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž› †‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž– –‘ …‘†—…– •—…Ǧ
…‡••ˆ—Ž•’‡…‹ˆ‹…‘”‡šŠƒ—•–‹˜‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡•ǤǯǯͳͶͲ
ͳ͵ͷǤ
ͳ͵͸Ǥ
ͳ͵͹Ǥ
ͳ͵ͺǤ
ͳ͵ͻǤ
ͳͶͲǤ
—”–Ž‡ǡsupra‘–‡Ͷͻǡƒ–͹ǦͻǤ
ƒ”†‡–ƒŽǤǡsupra‘–‡͸ͳǡƒ–͵ͷ͵Ǥ
Id.ƒ–͵ͷͳǤ
Žƒ‹”Ƭƒ”‘ǡsupra‘–‡ͷͳǡƒ–ʹͻ͵ǦͻͶǤ
ƒ”†‡–ƒŽǤǡsupra‘–‡͸ͳǡƒ–͵ͶͺǦͶͻǤ
Id.ƒ–͵Ͷͻȋ…‹–ƒ–‹‘‘‹––‡†ȌǤ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
DIGITALAGELEGALPRACTICE
ͺ͵͵
Š‡•‡ ˆƒ…–‘”• Šƒ˜‡ …‘•‡“—‡…‡• ˆ‘” Ž‡‰ƒŽ ’”ƒ…–‹–‹‘‡”•ǡ ™Š‘ ƒ•
‘–‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ǡƒ”‡”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ǡ•‡Ž‡…–‹‰ǡ‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰ǡ
ƒ† Œ—•–‹ˆ›‹‰ ‡Ǧ†‹•…‘˜‡”› ’”‘…‡••‡• ƒ† –‘‘Ž•ǡ ƒ †ƒ—–‹‰ –ƒ• ‰‹˜‡
–Š‡™‡Ž–‡”‘ˆ˜‡†‘”•ǯƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡’”‘†—…–•ƒ†…‘ˆŽ‹…–‹‰…Žƒ‹•ƒ†
–Š‡†‡ƒ”–Š‘ˆ‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
LessonD4:DigitalDocumentsTechnologiesandtheirprocessmodǦ
els need empirical methodologies for testingǤ ‘” Žƒ™ •–—†‡–• ™Š‘ ‹Ǧ
…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›ˆƒ…‡–Š‡‡‡†–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š‘†‡Ž•‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘’”‘Ǧ
’”‘…‡••‡•ǡ ‡‹–Š‡” ƒ• …‘•—‡”• ‘” †‡•‹‰‡”•ǡ –Š‡ ƒ† ƒ™ ‡‹ƒ”
–‡ƒ…Š‡•ƒ‡’‹”‹…ƒŽ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›ˆ‘”–‡•–‹‰’”‘…‡••‘†‡Ž•ǤŠ‡Š‹•Ǧ
–‘”›‘ˆ’”‘‰”‡••‹ƒ†ƒ™Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ”‡†„›–‡•–‹‰–Š‡‘†‡Ž•
‡’‹”‹…ƒŽŽ›‘”‹–Š‘—‰Š–‡š’‡”‹‡–•ǡˆ‘…—•‹‰‘‡šƒ’Ž‡•™Š‡”‡–Š‡
‘†‡Ž„”‡ƒ•†‘™ƒ†–Š‡ƒ†ƒ’–‹‰‹–ǤŠ‹•Š‹•–‘”›‹…Ž—†‡•–Š‡‹Ǧ
˜‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ –‡…Š‹“—‡• ˆ‘” ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ‘†‡Ž•ǤͳͶͳ Š‡
’”‘‰”‡••‹‘ ‘ˆ ™‘” ˆ”‘ ‡”ƒǯ• ƒ† ƒˆ‡”ǯ• ˆ‹”•– …ƒŽŽ ˆ‘” ”‡’”‡Ǧ
•‡–‹‰ –Š‡ –‡Ž‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ —†‡”’‹‹‰• ‘ˆ …ƒ•‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ǡͳͶʹ –‘
ǯ•ƒ…–‘”‹‡”ƒ”…Š›ǡͳͶ͵–‘Š›’‘–Š‡•‹•Ǧ–‡•–‹‰‹ǡͳͶͶ–‘–Š‡‘”›Ǧ
‹†—…–‹‘ǡͳͶͷ–‘ƒ”‰—‡–•…Š‡‡•ǡͳͶ͸–‘–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡Œ—†‰‡–‘†‡ŽǡͳͶ͹
‹• ƒ ‹•–ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ ‡šƒ’Ž‡Ǧ†”‹˜‡ ‹…”‡‡–ƒŽ ƒ† …‘–‹—‹‰ ”‡ˆ‹‡Ǧ
‡– ‘ˆ ƒ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘…‡•• ‘†‡ŽǤ ‘–Š‡” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ‹• –Š‡
‹–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡”‡ˆ‹‡‡–‹‘†‡Ž•‘ˆŠ›’‘–Š‡–‹…ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ǤͳͶͺ
Š‡›ŽŽƒ„—•’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒ–”‡ƒ–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‘ˆƒ†‡–ŠǦ
‘†• ˆ‘” ‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡Ž› ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰ ‡Ǧ†‹•…‘˜‡”› –‘‘Ž•ǤͳͶͻ – ‹–”‘†—…‡•
•–—†‡–•–‘–Š‡‡‰ƒŽ”ƒ…ǡ‹™Š‹…Š–‡ƒ•ˆ”‘ƒ…ƒ†‡‹ƒ ƒ†
‹†—•–”› ˜‹‡ ƒ—ƒŽŽ› –‘ ˆ‹‡Ž† ƒ† ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‘•– ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡ ‡Ǧ
†‹•…‘˜‡”›–‘‘Ž•ƒ’’Ž‹‡†–‘’—„Ž‹…Ž›ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡†ƒ–ƒ•‡–•Ǥ—„Ž‹…Ž›ƒ˜ƒ‹ŽǦ
ƒ„Ž‡†ƒ–ƒ•‡–•‹…Ž—†‡–Š‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘•‘ˆ‡ƒ‹Ž•ƒ†‘–Š‡”†‘…—‡–•‹
–Š‡‘„ƒ……‘Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡”‘•…ƒ†ƒŽǤŠ‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡
…‘’‡–‹–‹‘ǡƒ‡Ž›–Š‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡†—„‡”•‘ˆ‡Ǧ†‘…—‡–•ƒ†
–Š‡‡‡†–‘…‘’ƒ”‡‡–”‹‡•‹–‡”•‘ˆ–Š”‡‡ƒ•’‡…–•‘ˆ•›•–‡‡ˆˆ‡…Ǧ
–‹˜‡‡•• ˆ‘” ”‡ƒŽ‹•–‹… †‹•…‘˜‡”›ǡ Šƒ˜‡ †”‹˜‡ –Š‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡”• –‘
ͳͶͳǤ See,e.g.,”ƒ–‹‰ǡsupra‘–‡ʹ͸Ǣ•ŠŽ‡›Ƭ”ò‹‰Šƒ—•ǡComputerModels,supra‘–‡͵ͲǢ
…ƒ”‡ǡsupra‘–‡͵͸Ǥ
ͳͶʹǤ ‡”ƒƬƒˆ‡”ǡsupra‘–‡͵ͶǤ
ͳͶ͵Ǥ SeeŽ‡˜‡ǡsupra‘–‡ʹͻǡƒ–ͳͻͳǦͻ͵Ǥ
ͳͶͶǤ See•ŠŽ‡›Ƭ”ò‹‰Šƒ—•ǡComputerModels,supra‘–‡͵ͲǤ
ͳͶͷǤ ‡…ŠǦƒ’‘Ƭƒ”–‘”ǡsupra‘–‡͵ͷǤ
ͳͶ͸Ǥ ‘”†‘ƬƒŽ–‘ǡsupra‘–‡͵ͺǢ–‹•‘Ƭ‡…ŠǦƒ’‘ǡsupra‘–‡͵͹Ǥ
ͳͶ͹Ǥ ”ƒ„ƒ‹”Ƭ•ŠŽ‡›ǡsupra‘–‡͵ͻǤ
ͳͶͺǤ Seesupra‘–‡ͳͲͲǤ
ͳͶͻǤ ƒ”†‡–ƒŽǤǡsupra‘–‡͸ͳǤ
ͺ͵Ͷ
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣ͵
‡š–‡† –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ –‡…Š‹“—‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ‹” ƒ† ƒ”‘ •–—†›ͳͷͲ
‹–‘Žƒ”‰‡•…ƒŽ‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘•‡’Ž‘›‹‰ƒ›Žƒ™ •–—†‡–•ǡ’ƒ”ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ•ǡ
ƒ†Žƒ™›‡”•ƒ•˜‘Ž—–‡‡””‡Ž‡˜ƒ…‡ƒ••‡••‘”•Ǥͳͷͳ
•’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ…‘•—‡”•‘ˆ–Š‹•–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‹–‹•—•‡ˆ—Žˆ‘”Žƒ™•–—Ǧ
†‡–•–‘Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ––Š‡‡Ǧ†‹•…‘˜‡”›–ƒ•‹•‘–‘‘Ž‹–Š‹…ǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡”‡
ƒ”‡ –Š”‡‡ ƒ•’‡…–• –‘ –Š‡ …‘’‡–‹–‹‘ǡ ƒŽŽ ˆ‘…—• ‘ Dz”‡•’‘•‹˜‡
”‡˜‹‡™ǣǤǤǤ‹™Š‹…Šƒ’ƒ”–›ǤǤǤ‹••‡”˜‡†ǤǤǤ™‹–Šƒ”‡“—‡•–ˆ‘”’”‘†—…Ǧ
–‹‘‘ˆ†‘…—‡–•ƒ†ǡǤǤǤ—•–ˆ‹†ƒ†’”‘†—…‡ǤǤǤƒ›ƒ†ƒŽŽ†‘…—Ǧ
‡–•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡”‡•’‘•‹˜‡–‘–Š‡”‡“—‡•–ǤdzͳͷʹŠ‡•’‡…‹ˆ‹…–Š”‡‡ƒ•’‡…–•
ˆ‘…—•‡†‘ƒ”‡ǣ
ͳǤ
ʹǤ
͵Ǥ
–‡”ƒ…–‹˜‡ –ƒ• ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ”‡–”‹‡˜‹‰ ƒŽŽ ƒ† ‘Ž› –Š‡ †‘…—‡–•
…‘•‹•–‡–™‹–Šƒ–‘’‹…ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ǯ•†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆ™Šƒ–‹•”‡Ž‡Ǧ
˜ƒ–ȌǢͳͷ͵
† ‘… –ƒ• ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ƒ •‹‰Ž‡ ’ƒ••ǡ ˆ‹”•–Ǧ’ƒ•• ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹…
•‡ƒ”…ŠȌǢͳͷͶƒ†
‡Ž‡˜ƒ…‡‡‡†„ƒ…–ƒ•ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡƒ•‡…‘†’ƒ•••‡ƒ”…Š„ƒ•‡†‘
Š—ƒˆ‡‡†„ƒ…‘ˆ‹”•–Ǧ’ƒ••”‡•—Ž–•ȌǤͳͷͷ
•–Š‡ƒ”–‹…Ž‡ƒ‡•…Ž‡ƒ”ǡ–Š‡–‡…Š‹“—‡•ˆ‘”‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰–Š‡
–Š”‡‡ –ƒ•• †‹ˆˆ‡”ǡ ƒ† –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ‘–Š‡” –ƒ•• ˆ‘” ™Š‹…Š –Š‡ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘
–‡…Š‹“—‡•Šƒ˜‡›‡––‘„‡‹˜‡–‡†Ǥͳͷ͸
”‡† ™‹–Š ƒ …‘…‡’–—ƒŽ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ…‡ǡ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒǦ
–‹‘ǡƒ†‡ƒ•—”‡•ƒ•–Š‡›ƒ”‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†–‘‡Ǧ†‹•…‘˜‡”›ƒ†ƒ‡’‹”‹…ƒŽ
ƒ† ‡šƒ’Ž‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰› ˆ‘” –‡•–‹‰ …Žƒ‹• ƒ„‘—– ’”‘…‡••
‘†‡Ž•ǡ •–—†‡–• ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ™‡ŽŽǦ’”‡’ƒ”‡† –‘ …”‹–‹…ƒŽŽ› “—‡•–‹‘ ˜‡†‘”•ǯ
…Žƒ‹•”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰‡Ǧ†‹•…‘˜‡”›–‘‘Ž•ǡ–‘—•‡–Š‡–‘‘Ž•‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡Ž›‹–Š‡‹”
‘™‡Ǧ†‹•…‘˜‡”›’”‘…‡••‡•ǡƒ†–‘Œ—•–‹ˆ›–Š‡–‘‘Ž•–‘…Ž‹‡–•ƒ†Œ—†‰Ǧ
‡•Ǥ
LessonD5:Findingtextsrelevanttolegalproblemsisdifferentfrom
applying relevant texts to solve legal problemsǤ ƒ˜‹‰ •–—†‹‡† •‘‡
‹‰‹–ƒŽ‘…—‡–•‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ••‘‡…‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘†Ǧ
ͳͷͲǤ Žƒ‹”Ƭƒ”‘ǡsupra‘–‡ͷͳǤ
ͳͷͳǤ ƒ”†‡–ƒŽǤǡsupra‘–‡͸ͳǡƒ–͵͸͹Ǥ
ͳͷʹǤ Id.ƒ–͵͹ͲǤ
ͳͷ͵Ǥ Id.
ͳͷͶǤ Id.ƒ–͵͹͵Ǥ
ͳͷͷǤ Id.ƒ–͵͹ͷǤ
ͳͷ͸Ǥ Id.ƒ–͵͹ͲǤDzƒ”Ž›‹–Š‡Žƒ™•—‹–ǡƒƒ––‘”‡›ƒ›…‘†—…–‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‘”›•‡ƒ”…Š‡•‘ˆƒ†‘…Ǧ
—‡–…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘‹‘”†‡”–‘–‡•–Š›’‘–Š‡•‡•ƒ†–‘„—‹Ž†ƒ–Š‡‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡…ƒ•‡Ǣˆ—”–Š‡”ƒŽ‘‰ǡƒ
ƒ––‘”‡›ƒ›•‡ƒ”…Šˆ‘”†‘…—‡–•”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‘–Š‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹‘”†‡”–‘
’”‡’ƒ”‡ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆƒ™‹–‡••Ǣƒ•–”‹ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡•ǡƒƒ––‘”‡›ƒ›•‡ƒ”…Š–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡
•‡–‘ˆ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–†‘…—‡–•‹‘”†‡”–‘ˆ‹†–Š‡•ƒŽŽ•—„•‡––Šƒ–Š‡‘”•Š‡™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘
‡–‡”ƒ•‡šŠ‹„‹–•‹–”‹ƒŽǢƒ†•‘‘Ǥdz
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
DIGITALAGELEGALPRACTICE
ͺ͵ͷ
‡Ž• ‘ˆ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ǡ •–—†‡–• ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ‹ ƒ ‰‘‘† ’‘•‹–‹‘ –‘ …‘•‹†‡”
Š‘™–Š‡–™‘ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡•‹‰Š–„‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†Ǥ
Š› ‹‰Š– •—…Š ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ „‡ ™‘”–Š™Š‹Ž‡ǫ ˆ –Š‡ Š‹•–‘”› ‘ˆ –Š‡
Ž‡‰ƒŽ •‡”˜‹…‡• ƒ”‡– Šƒ• ‹†‡‡† ’”‘‰”‡••‡† ˆ”‘ …—•–‘‹œƒ–‹‘
–Š”‘—‰Š•–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ•›•–‡ƒ–‹œƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†’ƒ…ƒ‰‹‰ǡ–‘…‘‘†‹Ǧ
–‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ ™Šƒ–ǡ ‘‡ ƒ› ƒ•ǡ …‘‡• ‡š–ǫ • ‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡– ƒ• ‹– ƒ› „‡ –‘
’”‘†—…‡ǡ …‘‘†‹–‹œ‡† Ž‡‰ƒŽ ™‘” ‹• ‘ Ž‘‰‡” …—•–‘‹œ‡† –‘ •‘Ž˜‡ ƒ
…Ž‹‡–ǯ• ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ” ’”‘„Ž‡Ǥ Š‹Ž‡ ‹– ƒ› „‡ –‘‘ ‡š’‡•‹˜‡ –‘ ‡’Ž‘›
Š—ƒ ƒ––‘”‡›• –‘ ƒ†ƒ’– –Š‡ …‘‘†‹–‹œ‡† ’”‘†—…– –‘ •‘Ž˜‡ –Š‡ …Ž‹Ǧ
‡–ǯ•’”‘„Ž‡ǡ…‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–‡…Š‹“—‡•ƒ››‡–’‡”ˆ‘”•—…ŠDz’‘•–Ǧ
…‘‘†‹–‹œƒ–‹‘dz…—•–‘‹œƒ–‹‘‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡–Ž›Ǥ
•‘–‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ–Š‡‹‰‹–ƒŽ‘…—‡–•‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•–‡†–‘ˆ‘…—•
‘ƒ’”‘…‡••‘ˆfinding‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‘Ž‡‰ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ›…‘Ǧ
–”ƒ•–ǡ –Š‡ …‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘†‡Ž• ‘ˆ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ –‡† –‘ ˆ‘…—• ‘ ƒ
’”‘…‡••‘ˆapplying”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–‘•‘Ž˜‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ•ƒ
”‡•—Ž–ǡ –Š‡ –™‘ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡• Šƒ˜‡ …‘’Ž‡‡–ƒ”› ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡• ƒ† †‹•Ǧ
ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•Ǥ
Š‡‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ…‡‹‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘”‡–”‹‡˜ƒŽȋ–Šƒ–‹•ǡ–Š‡•–ƒǦ
–‹•–‹…ƒŽ ’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –Šƒ– ƒ †‘…—‡– •—„•–ƒ–‹˜‡Ž› –”‡ƒ–• –Š‡ †‡•‹”‡†
–‘’‹…Ȍ‹•”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž›‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡ƒ†”‡“—‹”‡•‘•’‡…‹ƒŽ†‘…—‡–”‡’”‡Ǧ
•‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǣ –Š‡ †‘…—‡–• ƒ”‡ –‡š–• ‹ ƒ ‹˜‡”–‡† ‹†‡šǤ  –Š‡ ‘–Š‡”
Šƒ†ǡ‘Ž›ƒŠ—ƒ…ƒ—•‡–Š‡†‘…—‡–••‘”‡–”‹‡˜‡†–‘•‘Ž˜‡ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ
’”‘„Ž‡ „›ǡ •ƒ›ǡ ‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ …‘–ƒ‹‡† ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡
†‘…—‡– ‹–‘ ƒ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ƒ”‰—‡–Ǥ Š‡ …‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘†‡Ž• ‘ˆ Ž‡‰ƒŽ
”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ǡ‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ‡’Ž‘›”‡Ž‡˜ƒ…‡‡ƒ•—”‡•ǡŽ‹‡–Š‘•‡‹
ƒ„Ž‡ͳǡƒ†…ƒ—•‡–Š‡”‡–”‹‡˜‡†‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–‘•‘Ž˜‡ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡
„›‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰ƒƒ”‰—‡–Ǥ‡†‘™•‹†‡ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹•–Šƒ––Š‡•‡”‡Ž‡Ǧ
˜ƒ…‡‡ƒ•—”‡•…ƒ‘Ž›™‘”‹ˆ–Š‡…ƒ•‡•ƒ”‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹
–‡”•‘ˆ†‹‡•‹‘•ǡˆƒ…–‘”•ǡ…”‹–‹…ƒŽˆƒ…–•ǡetceteraǤ†ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡‡šǦ
…‡’–‹‘‘ˆ‡ˆˆ‘”–•Ž‹‡ͳͷ͹‘”Ϊͳͷͺǡƒ’”‘‰”ƒ…ƒ‘–ˆ‹ŽŽ
‘—––Š‡•’‡…‹ƒŽ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ›Ǥ
‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ ‘‡ „‡‰‹• –‘ •‡‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ „”‹†‰‹‰ –Š‡
‰ƒ’„‡–™‡‡‹‰‹–ƒŽ‘…—‡–•‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ†…‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘†Ǧ
‡Ž•‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰Ǥ
LessonD6:Computationalmodelsoflegalreasoningcanbeabridge
between legal texts and legal problem solving. ‘‡ ‡š‹•–‹‰ ƒ† …—”Ǧ
”‡– ™‘” ‹ ƒ† ƒ™ ‡’Ž‘›• …‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘†‡Ž• ‘ˆ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”‡ƒǦ
ͳͷ͹Ǥ ƒ‹‡Ž•Ƭ‹••Žƒ†ǡsupra‘–‡ͷ͵Ǥ
ͳͷͺǤ See•ŠŽ‡›Ƭ”ò‹‰Šƒ—•ǡAutomaticallyClassifyingCaseTexts,supra‘–‡ͷͺǤ
ͺ͵͸
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣ͵
•‘‹‰ƒ†ƒ”‰—‡–ƒ•ƒ„”‹†‰‡„‡–™‡‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ–‡š–•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ•™‡”•
ƒ†ƒ”‰—‡–•Š—ƒ••‡‡Ǥ
Š‡’”‘‰”ƒǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡†Š‘™–‘—•‡ƒˆƒ…Ǧ
–‘”Ǧ„ƒ•‡†…‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘†‡Ž‘ˆƒ„ƒ”—’–…›Žƒ™‹••—‡ȋŽ‹‡™Š‡–ŠǦ
‡”ƒ„ƒ”—’–…›’ŽƒŠƒ•„‡‡•—„‹––‡†‹‰‘‘†ˆƒ‹–ŠȌ–‘•‡‡†“—‡”‹‡•
‹–‘ ƒ ˆ—ŽŽǦ–‡š– Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ”‡–”‹‡˜ƒŽ •›•–‡Ǥ Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ —•‡†
–Š‡›’‘Ǧ•–›Ž‡…‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘†‡Ž–‘ˆ‹†–Š‡‘•–”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–…ƒ•‡•ˆ‘”
•‘Ž˜‹‰ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ†—•‡†–Š‡•‡…ƒ•‡•–‘•‡‡†ƒ“—‡”›Ǣ‹‡ˆˆ‡…–ǡ
‹•–”—…–‹‰–Š‡ˆ—ŽŽǦ–‡š–•›•–‡–‘”‡–”‹‡˜‡‘”‡•‹‹Žƒ”–‡š–•Ǥͳͷͻ
‡š’‡”‹‡–•ǡ ˆ‘—† ‡™ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– …ƒ•‡• ˜‡”› •‹‹Žƒ” –‘ –Š‡ ‹Ǧ
’—––‡† ’”‘„Ž‡• ȋˆ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‹† ‘ˆ Ž‡‰ƒŽ •–‘Ǧ
”‹‡•ȌǤ —•‡” …‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘ ‹†‹…ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ” ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ‘ˆ
‹–‡”‡•–ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ ™‘—Ž† ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ› Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š– –Š‡ ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ
–Š‡–‡š–‘ˆ–Š‡”‡–”‹‡˜‡†…ƒ•‡•–Šƒ–…‘””‡•’‘†–‘–Šƒ–ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
–Š‡” ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡ ƒ’’Ž›‹‰ ’ƒ––‡” ƒ–…Š‹‰ͳ͸Ͳ ƒ† ƒǦ
…Š‹‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ –‡…Š‹“—‡• –‘ …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡ •–ƒ–—–‘”› ’”‘˜‹•‹‘ –‡š–• ‹
–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”„”‘ƒ†”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›ˆ—…–‹‘•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡƒ•ƒ†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ǡŽ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ
’”‘Š‹„‹–‹‘ǡ †—–›ǡ ’‡”‹••‹‘ǡ ‘” ’‡ƒŽ–›ȌǤ Š‡•‡ –‡…Š‹“—‡• …ƒ –Š‡
„‡—•‡†–‘‡š–”ƒ…––›’‹…ƒŽˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‡ƒ…Šˆ—…–‹‘Ǥͳ͸ͳ‘”
‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ –Š‡ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘ǡ Dz …‘–”‘ŽŽ‡” ‹–‡†‹‰ –‘ ’”‘…‡•• ’‡”•‘ƒŽ
†ƒ–ƒˆƒŽŽ‹‰™‹–Š‹–Š‡•…‘’‡‘ˆƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•…–•ŠƒŽŽŠƒ˜‡–‘‘Ǧ
–‹ˆ› –Š‡ —ƒ”ƒ–‘” –Š‡”‡‘ˆǡdz ‹• …Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ• Dz†—–›dz ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†
ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ǣ ‡ƒ”‡” ȋ‘ˆ –Š‡ †—–›Ȍ α Dz…‘–”‘ŽŽ‡”dzǡ …–‹‘ α Dz‘–‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘dzǡ
‘—–‡”’ƒ”– αDz
—ƒ”ƒ–‘”dzǡƒ†„Œ‡…–αDz’”‘…‡••’‡”•‘ƒŽ†ƒ–ƒdzǤŠ‡
ƒ‹ ‘ˆ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ …Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡”• ƒ† ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ‘ˆ •–ƒ–—–‘”› ’”‘˜‹•‹‘• ‹ –Š‹•
™‘”‹•–‘‡š–”ƒ…–Ž‡‰ƒŽ”—Ž‡•†‹”‡…–Ž›ˆ”‘Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡–‡š–•ǤŽ–‹ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ
ƒ ’”‘‰”ƒ …‘—Ž† ”‡ƒ•‘ ™‹–Š ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹œ‡† ”—Ž‡• •‘ ‡š–”ƒ…–‡†Ǥ • ‘ˆ ›‡–ǡ
‘ ”‡’‘”–‡† ™‘” Šƒ• •—……‡‡†‡† ‹ ‡š–”ƒ…–‹‰ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”—Ž‡• ˆ”‘ –Š‡
•–ƒ–—–‘”›–‡š–•ˆ‘”–Š‹•’—”’‘•‡Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–Š‡ ‡ƒ–‹‡ǡ–Š‡‹ˆ‘”Ǧ
ƒ–‹‘ ‡š–”ƒ…–‡† …‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ’’‡† ‹–‘ …‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡ …‘…‡’–—ƒŽ
‹†‹…‡• ȋŽ‹‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ –Š‡•ƒ—”‹ǡ †‹…–‹‘ƒ”‹‡•ǡ ‘” ‘–‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ȍ ƒ† —•‡† –‘
•—’’‘”–‘”‡ˆ‘…—•‡†…‘…‡’–—ƒŽ“—‡”‹‡•ˆ‘”ƒŽŽŽ‡‰ƒŽ”—Ž‡•”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‘
’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”„—•‹‡••…‘’Ž‹ƒ…‡‹••—‡•ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡Ǥ
–Š‡”™‘”‹˜‘Ž˜‡•ƒ‘–ƒ–‹‰Ž‡‰ƒŽ†‡…‹•‹‘–‡š–•‹ƒ™ƒ›–Šƒ–
…‘‡…–•–Š‡–‘–”‡‡•‘ˆ”—Ž‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‹ˆ‡”‡…‡••‘–Šƒ–ƒ’”‘‰”ƒ…ƒ
Ž‡ƒ”–‘”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„‘—–’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›—•‡‡–‡š–•Ǥ‘”‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ‡ˆˆ‘”–•ƒ”‡
ƒ‹‡† ƒ– ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‰ –‡…Š‹“—‡• ‡’Ž‘›‡† ‹ –Š‡ ƒ–•‘
ͳͷͻǤ Id.ƒ–ͳ͵ͳǦ͵ʹǤ
ͳ͸ͲǤ †‡ƒƒ–‡–ƒŽǤǡsupra‘–‡ͷͻǤ
ͳ͸ͳǤ ”ƒ…‡•…‘‹‡–ƒŽǤǡsupra‘–‡ͶͺǤ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
DIGITALAGELEGALPRACTICE
ͺ͵͹
“—‡•–‹‘Ǧƒ•™‡”‹‰’”‘Œ‡…–ͳ͸ʹ™‹–Š†‡ˆ‡ƒ•‹„Ž‡Ž‘‰‹…‘†‡Ž•–Šƒ–”‡’”‡Ǧ
•‡–•–ƒ–—–‘”›ƒ†”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ƒ•–”‡‡•‘ˆ”—Ž‡…‘†‹–‹‘•
Ž‹‡† –‘ …Šƒ‹• ‘ˆ ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ †‡…‹•‹‘• –Šƒ– …‘‡…– –Š‡
‡˜‹†‡–‹ƒ”› ‹’—– –‘ –Š‡ ˆ‹†‹‰• ‘ˆ ˆƒ…–Ǥͳ͸͵ ’”‘’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹–‡”‡•–
ȋˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ–Šƒ–ƒ•–ƒ–—–‘”›’”‘˜‹•‹‘Šƒ•„‡‡•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡†Ȍ‹•–Š—•†‡Ǧ
…‘’‘•‡† ‹–‘ ƒ ‹ˆ‡”‡…‡ –”‡‡ …‘•‹•–‹‰ ‘ˆ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ’”‘’‘•‹–‹‘• ƒ†
”‡Žƒ–‡† ˆƒ…–—ƒŽ ƒ••‡”–‹‘• ™Š‘•‡ ‡š’”‡••‹‘• …ƒ „‡ ƒ‘–ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡
ƒ–—”ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‡š–•‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽ†‡…‹•‹‘•ǤŠ‹•—•‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡•–Š‡‰”ƒ—Ǧ
Žƒ”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ…‘…‡’–•–‘–Š‡’‘‹–™Š‡”‡–Š‡›…ƒ„‡Ž‹‡†…Ž‘•‡Ǧ
Ž›–‘…‘‘•‡•‡”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ƒ„‘—–ˆƒ…–•ƒ†—•‡†–‘ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡‘”‡
‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡ •‡ƒ”…Š‹‰ǡ ‡š–”ƒ…–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ”‡’‘”–‹‰Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š
Š‹‰ŠǦŽ‡˜‡Ž Ž‡‰ƒŽ …‘…‡’–• ȋ•—…Š ƒ• Dz‡–‹–Ž‡† –‘ …‘’‡•ƒ–‹‘dzȌ ™‘—Ž†
’‘•‡ ƒ ˜ƒ‰—‡ ”‡–”‹‡˜ƒŽ –ƒ•ǡ Ž‘™‡”ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž …‘…‡’–• ‹–‘ ™Š‹…Š –Š‡› ƒ”‡
†‡…‘’‘•‡†ȋ•—…Šƒ•Dz‡†‹…ƒŽ…‘†‹–‹‘ǡdz‘”Dz–‹‡‘ˆ‘•‡–dzȌ™‘—Ž†„‡
‘”‡ƒ‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘ƒ—–‘ƒ–‡†•‡ƒ”…Šƒ†”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ƒ„‘—–‡™–‡š–•Ǥ
‹˜‡ƒ•—ˆˆ‹…‹‡–—„‡”‘ˆƒ‘–ƒ–‡††‡…‹•‹‘•ǡƒ…Š‹‡Ž‡ƒ”Ǧ
‹‰ƒ†ƒ–—”ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡’”‘…‡••‹‰…ƒ„‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†•‘–Šƒ–ƒ’”‘‰”ƒ
…ƒŽ‡ƒ”–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›–Š‡ƒ‘–ƒ–‡†’ƒ––‡”•‹‡™–‡š–•‹–Šƒ•‘–›‡–
•‡‡ǡ Œ—•– ƒ• ǯ• ƒ–•‘ ’”‘‰”ƒ †‹† ‹ ƒ “—‡•–‹‘ ƒ•™‡”‹‰ …‘Ǧ
–‡š–Ǥ•‘–‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ‹ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‘‡Žƒ™•…Š‘‘ŽŽƒ„•‡––‹‰ǡŽƒ™•–—†‡–•
ƒ”‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡† ‹ –Š‡ ’”‘…‡•• ‘ˆ ƒ‘–ƒ–‹‰ •–ƒ–—–‘”› ƒ† ‡˜‹†‡–‹ƒ”›
ƒ”‰—‡–•‹Ž‡‰ƒŽ†‡…‹•‹‘•Ǥͳ͸Ͷ•‘†‘‹‰ǡ–Š‡•‡•–—†‡–•ƒ”‡Ž‡ƒ”Ǧ
‹‰ƒ…‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡‘†‡Ž‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ƒ†‡…‘—–‡”‹‰all‘ˆ
–Š‡Ž‡••‘•”‡…‹–‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ȄŽ‡••‘•ƒ„‘—–Ž‡‰ƒŽ”—Ž‡•ǡ…ƒ•‡•ǡƒ”‰—‡–•ǡ
‹‰‹–ƒŽ ‘…—‡–• ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ’”‘…‡•• ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ –Šƒ–
…‘‡…–•–Š‡Ǥ
’ƒ”– ˆ”‘ ‹‰‹–ƒŽ ‘…—‡–• ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ ƒ† ƒ™ ’”‘…‡••
‘†‡Ž•ƒ”‡ „‡‹‰†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‹ ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆƒ”‡ƒ•ǤŠ‡ ‹
’”‘Œ‡…–
ƒ†™‘”„›
‘˜‡”ƒ–‘”‹ͳ͸ͷƒ”‡„ƒ•‡†‘‡–‹…—Ž‘—•”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›ǡƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡ǡƒ†„—•‹‡••’”‘…‡••‡•ƒ†…ƒ”‡ˆ—Ž…‘•‹†Ǧ
‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ‘™‡š’‡”–•›•–‡•…ƒ„‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†‹–‘–Š‘•‡’”‘…‡••Ǧ
‡•–‘ƒ••‹•–Š—ƒ•Ǥ–Š‡‹
’”‘Œ‡…–ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ–Š‡’”‘…‡••‡•
‹ˆ‘…—•‹…Ž—†‡‘–‘Ž›ƒ’’Ž›‹‰”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘‹’”‘˜‹‰–Š‡
‹Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡Ǥ‡š’‡”–•›•–‡ƒ••‹•–•‹‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ƒ‰‡–•‹
–Š‡ ‡–Š‡”Žƒ†• ™‹–Š ’”‘…‡••‹‰ …Ž‹‡–• ‹ ƒ……‘”†ƒ…‡ ™‹–Š ˜‘Ž—‹Ǧ
‘—•”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›’”‘˜‹•‹‘•Ǥ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡ–Š‡•›•–‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–•ˆ‡‡†Ǧ
ͳ͸ʹǤ
ͳ͸͵Ǥ
ͳ͸ͶǤ
ͳ͸ͷǤ
‡””—……‹‡–ƒŽǤǡsupra‘–‡͸͸ǡƒ–͸͹Ǥ
•ŠŽ‡›ƬƒŽ‡”ǡsupra‘–‡͸͹Ǥ
Seeƒ™ǡ‘‰‹…Ƭ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›ǡsupra‘–‡ͳ͸Ǥ
‘˜‡”ƒ–‘”‹ƬŠ‡ǡsupra‘–‡͹ͲǢŠ‡—‹•œǡsupra‘–‡͹ʹǤ
ͺ͵ͺ
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣ͵
„ƒ… ƒ† †ƒ–ƒ ƒ„‘—– ’”‘„Ž‡• ƒ”‹•‹‰ —†‡” –Š‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘• –‘ ’ƒ••
ƒŽ‘‰ –‘ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”• ƒ† ”—Ž‡ ‘†‡Ž‡”• …‘…‡”‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ•’‡…–• ‘ˆ –Š‡
”—Ž‡• –Šƒ– ‡‡† –‘ „‡ ‹’”‘˜‡†Ǥ ‡‰ƒŽ ’”‘…‡•• ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ …ƒ „‡ ‡šǦ
’‡…–‡†–‘‰”‘™ǡ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•–‘Žƒ™•–—†‡–•™Š‘—†‡”•–ƒ†
‹–•’‘–‡–‹ƒŽǤ
Š‹• ƒ”–‹…Ž‡ Šƒ• ’”‡•‡–‡† ƒ •ƒ’Ž‡ •›ŽŽƒ„—• ˆ‘” ƒ ƒ† ƒ™
‡‹ƒ”–‘–‡ƒ…ŠŽƒ™ƒ†Ž‡‰ƒŽ’”ƒ…–‹…‡‹ƒ†‹‰‹–ƒŽƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡†‹•…—••‹‘
Šƒ•†”ƒ™‘—–ˆ‘—”•‡–•‘ˆ’‡†ƒ‰‘‰‹…ƒŽŽ‡••‘•‹’Ž‹…‹–‹–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ
Š‡ƒ†ƒ™‡‹ƒ”‘–‘Ž›–‡ƒ…Š‡••–—†‡–•˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡’‡†ƒ‰‘‰‹Ǧ
…ƒŽŽ‡••‘•ƒ„‘—–Ž‡‰ƒŽ”—Ž‡•ǡ…ƒ•‡•ƒ†ƒ”‰—‡–•ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘‹–”‘†—…‡•
–Š‡ –‘ ’”‘…‡•• ‘†‡Ž• ƒ† ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š• ˆ‘” Ž‡‰ƒŽ ’”ƒ…–‹…‡ ‹ ƒ †‹‰‹–ƒŽ
ƒ‰‡Ǥ–Š‹•”‡•’‡…–ǡ–Š‡‡‹ƒ”ƒ‡•ƒ–‹‡Ž›…‘–”‹„—–‹‘–‘–Š‡Žƒ™
•–—†‡–•ǯ ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ƒ††”‡••‡• –Š‡ …—””‡– ‡š‹‰‡…› ˆƒ…‹‰ Žƒ™
•…Š‘‘Ž•‹—…‡”–ƒ‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘Ǥ
ƒ† ƒ™ ‘†‡Ž• ‘ˆ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ ƒ† Ž‡‰ƒŽ –‡š– ’”‘…‡••‹‰
ƒ††˜ƒŽ—‡–‘”‡ƒŽ™‘”Ž†ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰‡Ǧ†‹•…‘˜‡”›ǡ˜‹•—ƒŽ‹œ‹‰
Ž‡‰ƒŽ ƒ”‰—‡–•ǡ ’”‡†‹…–‹‰ ‘—–…‘‡•ǡ ƒ‹‰ •‡––Ž‡‡– †‡…‹•‹‘•ǡ
ƒ†Ž‡‰ƒŽ‡š’‡”–•›•–‡•Ǥƒ™•–—†‡–•can…‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‹•–‡…Š‘ŽǦ
‘‰›ƒ•‹ˆ‘”‡†—•‡”•ƒ†ƒŽ•‘ƒ•ƒ‘–ƒ–‘”•ǡ†‡•‹‰‡”•ǡƒ†‹˜‡–‘”•
‘ˆ‡™‘†‡Ž•Ǥ
‹–Š –Š‡ „‡‡ˆ‹– ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ Ž‡••‘•ǡ Žƒ™ •–—†‡–• ™‘—Ž† „‡ ‹†‡ƒŽŽ›
’”‡’ƒ”‡†–‘ ƒ’’Ž›–Š‡‹•‘‡’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ…‘–‡š–Ǥ‘”‹•–ƒ…‡ǡƒ
ƒ†ƒ™’”ƒ…–‹…—‹–Š‡•—„•‡“—‡–•‡‡•–‡”…‘—Ž†•‡”˜‡ƒ•ƒ‹†‘ˆ
Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›…‘—”•‡Ǥͳ͸͸ƒ™•–—†‡–•…‘—Ž†„—‹Ž†–Š‡‹”‘™Ž‡‰ƒŽ‡š’‡”–
•›•–‡ —•‹‰ –Š‡ –‘‘Ž• †‡•…”‹„‡† ƒ„‘˜‡ ‘” ‡š’Ž‘”‡ Š‘™ •—…Š –‘‘Ž•
…‘—Ž†„‡‡š–‡†‡†–‘ƒ……‘‘†ƒ–‡‹••‹‰ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰Ǥ
Š‡•‡‹••‹‰ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•‹…Ž—†‡ǣ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰™‹–Š…ƒ•‡•ƒ††‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Š
—…‡”–ƒ‹–›Ǣͳ͸͹‡š’‡”‹‡–‹‰™‹–Šƒ’’Ž›‹‰’”‡†‹…–‹˜‡…‘†‹‰–‘’—„Ǧ
Ž‹…Ž› ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ‡Ǧ†‹•…‘˜‡”› †ƒ–ƒ•‡–•Ǣͳ͸ͺ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ”‡… ‡‰ƒŽ
”ƒ… ƒ• ˜‘Ž—–‡‡” ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ…‡ ƒ••‡••‘”•Ǣͳ͸ͻ ƒ† ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‰ ‹ †‹ƒǦ
‰”ƒ‹‰ ƒ”‰—‡–• ƒ† ƒ‘–ƒ–‹‰ Ž‡‰ƒŽ †‘…—‡–• ƒ……‘”†‹‰ –‘ ƒ
…‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘†‡Ž‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽƒ”‰—‡–•‘–Šƒ–ƒ…Š‹‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰–‘‘Ž•
…ƒ„‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†Ǥͳ͹Ͳ
ͳ͸͸Ǥ
ͳ͸͹Ǥ
ͳ͸ͺǤ
ͳ͸ͻǤ
ͳ͹ͲǤ
Seesupra‡…–‹‘Ǥ
Seesupra‘–‡ͳͳ͵ƒ†ƒ……‘’ƒ›‹‰–‡š–Ǥ
Seesupra‘–‡ͳͶͻƒ†ƒ……‘’ƒ›‹‰–‡š–Ǥ
Id.
Seesupra‘–‡ͳ͸͵ƒ†ƒ……‘’ƒ›‹‰–‡š–Ǥ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
DIGITALAGELEGALPRACTICE
ͺ͵ͻ
‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‘•‡ Žƒ™ •–—†‡–• ƒ› ‡˜‡ …‘–”‹„—–‡ ‡™ …‘’—–ƒǦ
–‹‘ƒŽ‘†‡Ž•ƒ†‡™ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡•–‘‘™Ž‡†‰‡”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ•
ƒ†ƒ™”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•–—”–‘–Š‡…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‘ˆ‘†‡Ž‹‰Ž‡‰ƒŽ’Žƒ‹‰
ƒ†…”‡ƒ–‹˜‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•‘Ž˜‹‰Ǥ
SampleSyllabusforAIandLawSeminar
PartOne:ComputationalModelsofReasoningwithLegalRulesand
Cases
I.IntroductiontoComputationalModelsofLegalReasoning
x
x
x
†™‹ƒǤ‹••Žƒ†ǡ”–‹ˆ‹…‹ƒŽ–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡…‡ƒ†ƒ™ǣ–‡’’‹‰
–‘‡• –‘ ƒ ‘†‡Ž ‘ˆ ‡‰ƒŽ ‡ƒ•‘‹‰ǡ ͻͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͳͻͷ͹
ȋͳͻͻͲȌǤ
Ǥ Ƭ Ǥ ǡ ȋͳͻͺͳȌǤ
ǡ ȋͳͻͺ͹ȌǤ
II.LogicalModelsofStatutoryReasoning
x
x
x
x
ƒ”‡ Ǥ ‡”‰‘–ǡ ƒ”‹„ƒ ƒ†”‹ǡ ‘„‡”– Ǥ ‘™ƒŽ•‹ǡ ”ƒ
”‹™ƒ…œ‡ǡǤƒ‘†ƬǤǤ‘”›ǡTheBritishNationality
ActasaLogicProgram,ʹͻǤ͵͹Ͳȋͳͻͺ͸ȌǤ
”‡˜‘” ‡…ŠǦƒ’‘ Ƭ ”ƒœ ‘‡‡ǡ Exploiting IsomorǦ
phism: Development of a KBS to Support British Coal InsurǦ
anceClaimsǡͳͻͻͳǤǯǤ
ƬǤ͸ʹǤ
ƒ›ƒǤŽŽ‡ƬǤ—†›‰Š‘ŽǡNormalizedLegalDraftǦ
ing and the Query Method, ʹͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͵ͺͲ ȋͳͻ͹͹Ǧ
ͳͻ͹ͺȌǤ
‘ƒŽ† ‡”ƒ Ƭ ƒ”‘Ž‡ ƒˆ‡”ǡ Obstacles to the DevelopǦ
mentofLogicǦBasedModelsofLegalReasoning,in
ͳͺ͵ǦʹͳͶ ȋŠƒ”Ž‡• ƒŽ–‡” ‡†Ǥǡ
ͳͻͺ͸ȌǤ
III.CaseǦBasedModelsofLegalReasoning
x
x
ǤŠ‘”‡…ƒ”–›ǡAnImplementationof‹•‡”˜Ǥƒ…‘„Ǧ
‡”ǡ ͳͻͻͷ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ƬǤʹ͹͸Ǥ
‡˜‹ Ǥ •ŠŽ‡›ǡ Reasoning with Cases and Hypotheticals in
HYPO,͵ͶǯǤǦǤǤ͹ͷ͵ȋͳͻͻͳȌǤ
ͺͶͲ
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
x
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣ͵
Ǥƒ”Ž”ƒ–‹‰ǡBuildingExplanationsfromRulesandStrucǦ
turedCasesǡ͵ͶǯǤǦǤǤ͹ͻ͹ȋͳͻͻͳȌǤ
Ǥ‘†‡Ž•ˆ‘””‡†‹…–‹‰‡‰ƒŽ—–…‘‡•
x
x
‹…‡– Ž‡˜‡ǡ Using Background Knowledge in CaseǦ
BasedLegal Reasoning:AComputationalModelandanInǦ
telligent Learning Environmentǡ ͳͷͲ ͳͺ͵ȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ
‡˜‹Ǥ•ŠŽ‡›Ƭ–‡ˆƒ‹‡”ò‹‰Šƒ—•ǡComputerModels
forLegalPredictionǡͶ͸͵ͲͻȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ
V.ModelsIntegratingCases,Statutes,Rules,Concepts,andValues
x
x
x
x
†™‹ƒ Ǥ ‹••Žƒ† Ƭ ƒ˜‹† Ǥ ƒŽƒǡ CABARET: Statutory
Interpretation in a Hybrid Architectureǡ ͵Ͷ ǯ Ǥ Ǧ
ǤǤͺ͵ͻȋͳͻͻͳȌǤ
‘ƒŽ†Ǥ‡”ƒƬƒ”‘Žƒˆ‡”ǡRepresentingTeleological
Structure in CaseǦBased Legal Reasoning: The Missing Linkǡ
ͳͻͻ͵ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ƬǤͷͲǤ
”‡˜‘” ‡…ŠǦƒ’‘ Ƭ ‹‘˜ƒ‹ ƒ”–‘”ǡ A Model of Legal
ReasoningwithCasesIncorporatingTheoriesandValuesǡͳͷͲ
ͻ͹ȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍ.
”—…‡Ǥ…ƒ”‡ǡExtensionallyDefiningPrinciplesandCasǦ
es in Ethics:An AI Modelǡ ͳͷͲ ͳͶͷ
ȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ
PartTwo:DefeasibleLegalReasoningwithArgumentSchemes
VI.AssessingLegalClaimswithArgumentSchema
x
x
x
x
Š‘ƒ•Ǥ
‘”†‘Ƭ‘—‰Žƒ•ƒŽ–‘ǡLegalReasoningwith
Argumentation Schemesǡ ʹͲͲͻ Ǥ ǯ
Ǥ
ƬǤͳ͵͹Ǥ
ƒ–‹‡ –‹•‘ Ƭ ”‡˜‘” ‡…ŠǦƒ’‘ǡ Argumentation and
StandardsofProofǡʹͲͲ͹ǤǯǤ
ƬǤͳͲ͹Ǥ
ƒ––Š‹ƒ•
”ƒ„ƒ‹”Ƭ‡˜‹Ǥ•ŠŽ‡›ǡFacilitatingCaseComǦ
parison Using Value Judgments and Intermediate Legal ConǦ
ceptsǡʹͲͳͳǤ ǯ Ǥ ƬǤͳ͸ͳǤ
‡”ǤƒŽ‡”ǡƒ–Šƒ‹‡Ž ƒ”‹‡ǡ‘—”–‡›Ǥ‡‹––Ƭ”‹…
‡•ŠǡAFrameworkfortheExtractionandModelingofFactǦ
Finding Reasoning from Legal Decisions: Lessons from the
Vaccine/InjuryProjectCorpusǡͳͻ
ƬǤ
ʹͻͳȋʹͲͳͳȌǤ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
DIGITALAGELEGALPRACTICE
ͺͶͳ
VII.RepresentingLegalConceptsandCaseKnowledgeinOntoloǦ
gies
x
x
x
x
x
‡˜‹Ǥ•ŠŽ‡›Ƭ–‡ˆƒ‹‡”ò‹‰Šƒ—•ǡAPredictiveRolefor
Intermediate Legal Conceptsǡ Ǥ Ǥ
Ǥ
ƬǤǤͳͷ͵ȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ
‡˜‹ Ǥ •ŠŽ‡›ǡ Ontological Requirements for Analogical,
Teleological, and Hypothetical Legal Reasoningǡ ʹͲͲͻ Ǥ
ǯǤ
ƬǤͳǤ
”‡˜‘”ǤǤ‡…ŠǦƒ’‘Ƭ‡’’‹ǤǤ‹••‡”ǡOntologiesin
Legal Information Systems; The Need for Explicit SpecificaǦ
tionsof Domain Conceptualisationsǡ ͳͻͻ͹ Ǥ ǯǤ
ƬǤͳ͵ʹǤ
‘‘•–”‡—‡”ǡ†”‡ƒŽ‡–‡Ƭƒ†„‘—†‹‡Ž•ǡLegalOnǦ
tologies in Knowledge Engineering and Information ManǦ
agementǡͳʹ
ƬǤʹͶͳȋʹͲͲͶȌǤ
”‹…‘ ”ƒ…‡•…‘‹ǡ ‹‘‡––ƒ ‘–‡ƒ‰‹ǡ ‹ ‡–‡”• Ƭ
ƒ‹‡Žƒ ‹•…‘”‹ƒǡ Integrating a BottomǦUp and TopǦDown
Methodology for Building Semantic Resources for the MultiǦ
lingualLegalDomainǡin ǣ
ͻͷ
ȋ”‹…‘”ƒ…‡•…‘‹ǡ‹‘‡––ƒ‘–‡ƒ‰‹ǡ‹‡–‡”•Ƭ
ƒ‹‡Žƒ‹•…‘”‹ƒ‡†•ǤǡʹͲͳͲȌǤ
PartThree:LegalInformationRetrieval,InformationExtraction,and
TextProcessing
VIII.HowFullǦTextLegalInformationRetrievalWorks
x
x
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‘™ƒ”† —”–Ž‡ǡ Text Retrieval in the Legal Worldǡ ͵
ƬǤͷȋͳͻͻͷȌǤ
ƒ˜‹† Ǥ Žƒ‹” Ƭ Ǥ Ǥ ƒ”‘ǡ An Evaluation ofRetrieval EfǦ
fectiveness for a FullǦText DocumentǦRetrieval Systemǡ ʹͺ
ǤʹͺͻȋͳͻͺͷȌǤ
—‰‡‡ Šƒ”‹ƒǡ Bayesian Networks Without Tearsǡ ͳʹ ǡ‹–‡”ͳͻͻͳǡƒ–ͷͲǤ
IX.CombiningLegalIRandAItoAnalyzeLegalClaims
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x
x
‘†› Ǥ ƒ‹‡Ž• Ƭ †™‹ƒ Ǥ ‹••Žƒ†ǡ Finding Legally ReleǦ
vantPassagesinCaseOpinionsǡͳͻͻ͹Ǥ ǯ
Ǥ
ƬǤ͵ͻǤ
Ǥƒ”ƒ˜ƒƒǡǤƒ˜‹†”ƒƬǤƒƒǡImprovingLegalInǦ
formation Retrieval Using an Ontological Frameworkǡ ͳ͹
ƬǤͳͲͳȋʹͲͲͻȌǤ
‡–‡” ƒ…•‘ǡ ŠƒŽ‹† ŽǦ‘ˆƒŠ‹ǡ Ž‡š ›””‡ŽŽ Ƭ ”—
ƒ…ŠŠ‡”ǡInformationExtractionfromCaseLawandRetrieval
ofPriorCasesǡͳͷͲ
ʹ͵ͻȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ
ͺͶʹ
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
x
x
x
ȏ‘Žͺͺǣ͵
†™‹ƒǤ‹••Žƒ†ƬǤ‹—””‹‡†ƒǡDetectingChange
in Legal Conceptsǡ ͳͻͻͷ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ƬǤͳʹ͹Ǥ
ƒ‹‡ŽǤ‘•‡Ƭ‹…Šƒ”†Ǥ‡Ž‡™ǡAConnectionistandSymǦ
bolicHybridforImprovingLegalResearchǡ͵ͷǯ ǤǦ
ǤǤͳȋͳͻͻͳȌǤ
†™‹ƒ‹••Žƒ†ǡƒ˜‹†ƒŽƒƬ‹—””‹‡†ƒǡBankXX:
Supporting Legal Arguments through Heuristic Retrievalǡ Ͷ
ƬǤͳȋͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ
X.LegalInformationExtractionandTextProcessing
x
x
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‡˜‹Ǥ•ŠŽ‡›Ƭ–‡ˆƒ‹‡”ò‹‰Šƒ—•ǡAutomaticallyClasǦ
sifying Case Texts and Predicting Outcomesǡ ͳ͹ ƬǤͳʹͷȋʹͲͲͻȌǤ
”‹…‘ ”ƒ…‡•…‘‹ Ƭ †”‡ƒ ƒ••‡”‹‹ǡ Automatic ClassifiǦ
cation of Provisions in Legislative Textsǡ ͳͷ ƬǤͳȋʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ
‹Ž‡ †‡ ƒƒ–ǡ ƒ‹ ”ƒ„„‡ Ƭ ƒ†„‘—† ‹‡Ž•ǡ Machine
Learning Versus Knowledge Based Classification of Legal
Textsǡ ʹͲͳͲ Ǥ Ǧ Ǥ Ǥ ƬǤǤͺ͹Ǥ
XI.AIandLawToolsforEǦDiscovery:ObtainingEvidenceRelevant
toLawyers’HypothesesaboutClaimsandDocuments
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x
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‡˜‹ •ŠŽ‡› Ƭ ‹ŽŽ ”‹†‡™‡ŽŽǡ ‡”‰‹‰ Ƭ ƒ™ ’Ǧ
’”‘ƒ…Š‡•–‘—–‘ƒ–‹‰ƒŽ›•‹•ƒ†‡–”‹‡˜ƒŽ‘ˆŽ‡…–”‘‹Ǧ
…ƒŽŽ› –‘”‡† ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ‹•…‘˜‡”› ”‘…‡‡†‹‰•ǡ ͳͺ
ƬǤ͵ͳͳȋʹͲͳͲȌǤ
‘—‰Žƒ•Ǥƒ”†ǡƒ•‘Ǥƒ”‘ǡ”—…‡‡†‹ǡƒ˜‹†Ǥ‡™Ǧ
‹•Ƭ–‡’Š‡‘Ž‹•‘ǡ˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‡–”‹‡˜ƒŽ
ˆ‘”Ǧ†‹•…‘˜‡”›ǡͳͺ
ƬǤ͵Ͷ͹ȋʹͲͳͲȌǤ
ƒ•‡•‡Ž‡”ǡ‡–™‘”Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‹Ž–‡”‹‰ˆ‘”ƒ”‰‡ƒ‹Ž‘ŽǦ
Ž‡…–‹‘• ‹ Ǧ‹•…‘˜‡”›ǡ ͳͺ Ƭ Ǥ Ͷͳ͵
ȋʹͲͳͲȌǤ
Š”‹•–‘’Š‡” ‘‰ƒǡ ‘„‡”–Ǥ ƒ—‡” Ƭ ƒ‹‡Ž ”ƒ••‹Žǡ —–‘Ǧ
ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡‰ƒŽ ‡•‡ƒ‹‰ ‹ Ǧ†‹•…‘˜‡”›ǡ ͳͺ ƬǤͶ͵ͳȋʹͲͳͲȌǤ
ƒ”‘Ž‹‡ ”‹˜ƒ—Ž–ǡ ƒ…‹ ǯ‡‹ŽŽǡ ‹…–‘” ‹”‹œƒ Ƭ ‡ƒǦ‹…Š‡Ž
‡†‡”•ǡ‡™ƒ‰‹„Ž‡•‡”–‡”ˆƒ…‡ˆ‘”ƒ…Š‹‡‡ƒ”Ǧ
‹‰ ‘…—‡– ‡˜‹‡™ǡ ͳͺ Ƭ Ǥ Ͷͷͻ
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ƒ˜‹† Ǥ ‡™‹•ǡ ˆ–‡”™‘”†ǣ ƒ–ƒǡ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ ƒ† Ǧ
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ƬǤͶͺͳȋʹͲͳͲȌǤ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȑ
DIGITALAGELEGALPRACTICE
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PartFour:TheFutureofAIandLaw:BridgingComputationalModels
andLegalTexts
XII.NearTermDevelopmentsinAIandLaw
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‡Ž–›ǡBuildingWatson:AnOverviewoftheDeepQAProjectǡ
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ǡƒŽŽʹͲͳͲǡƒ–ͷͻǤ
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•…”‹’–Ȍȋ‘ˆ‹Ž‡™‹–Šƒ—–Š‘”•ȌǤ
—‹†‘ ‘˜‡”ƒ–‘”‹ Ƭ ‹†‡› Š‡ǡRule Based Business ProǦ
cess Complianceǡ ͺ͹Ͷ Ǥ ʹͲͳʹ̷
ǡ ǯ Ǥ ƒ’‡” ‘Ǥ ͷ
ȋʹͲͳʹȌǡ
available
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ties and their Consequencesǡ in ͸ͳ ȋ”ƒ
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tiveApproachtoBusinessRulesinContracts:CourteousLogic
Programs in XMLǡ ͳͻͻͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ
Addenda
XIII.IntelligentTutoringSystemsinLawandEthicalReasoning
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‹…‡–Ž‡˜‡ǡ•‹‰ƒ…‰”‘—†‘™Ž‡†‰‡‹ƒ•‡Ǧƒ•‡†
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‡ƒ”‹‰ ˜‹”‘‡–ǡ ͳͷͲ ͳͺ͵
ȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ
Šƒ†Ǥƒ””ǡ•‹‰‘’—–‡”—’’‘”–‡†”‰—‡–‹•—ƒŽ‹Ǧ
œƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‡ƒ…Š ‡‰ƒŽ ”‰—‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‹ ǣ Ǧ
͹ͷ ȋƒ—Ž Ǥ ‹”•…Š‡”ǡ ‹‘ Ǥ
—…‹‰ŠƒŠ—ƬŠƒ†Ǥƒ””ǡ‡†•ǤǡʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ
ͺͶͶ
CHICAGOǦKENTLAWREVIEW
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‡˜‹ Ǥ •ŠŽ‡›ǡ ‡ƒ…Š‹‰ ƒ ”‘…‡•• ‘†‡Ž ‘ˆ ‡‰ƒŽ ”‰—Ǧ
‡–™‹–Š›’‘–Š‡–‹…ƒŽ•ǡͳ͹
ƬǤ͵ʹͳ
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Ǥ Ǥ
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‘ŽŽ‹ ›…Šǡ ‡˜‹ Ǥ •ŠŽ‡› Ƭ ‘Šƒƒ† Ǥ ƒŽƒƒ•‹”ǡ
‘’ƒ”‹‰”‰—‡–‹ƒ‰”ƒ•ǡʹͲͳʹǤ Ǧ
ǤǤ
ƬǤǤͺͳǤ
XIV.LegalandEthicalIssuesRelatedtoAIandLawPrograms
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ƒ‹”Š‘’”ƒƬƒ—”‡…‡Š‹–‡ǡ‡‰ƒŽŠ‡‘”›‘”—–‘Ǧ
‘‘—•”–‹ˆ‹…‹ƒŽ‰‡–•ͳͳͻȋʹͲͳͳȌǤ
ƒ‹™‘ Ǥ ”‹‘Žƒǡ The Use of Legal Software by NonǦLawyers
andthePerilsofUnauthorisedPracticeofLawChargesinthe
UnitedStates:AReviewofJaysonReynosoDecisionǡͳͺ”–‹ˆ‹Ǧ
…‹ƒŽ–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡…‡ƬǤʹͺͷȋʹͲͳͲȌǤ
ƒ† Ǥ Ǥ ƒŠ‹›ƒ–ǡ Intelligent Agents and Liability: Is It a
Doctrinal Problem or Merely A Problem of Explanation?ǡ ͳͺ
”–‹ˆ‹…‹ƒŽ–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡…‡ƬǤͳͲ͵ȋʹͲͳͲȌǤ
‘‘†”‘™ƒ”ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡIntellectualPropertyRightsinVirtualEnǦ
vironments: Considering the Rights of Owners, Programmers
andVirtualAvatarsǡ͵ͻ”‘Ǥ‡˜Ǥ͸ͶͻȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ

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