Type of activity Characteristics
Military Drill
War office exercises
Dummy weapons
Static/free standing
Regimented
Command style
Working class children
not required to think/class
respond no interaction
Reasons
Problems
To train working
classes for:
1.Military
preparation
2.Discipline &
obedience
3.Fitness
•No educational
content.
•Adult exercises
for children
Type of activity
Characteristics
Reasons
Problems
Swedish drill
Including
gymnastics
Led by
teachers
Free standing
Based on
scientific
principles of the
time by P.H Ling
‘farther of
gymnastics’
Suitable for state
schools because it
was:
•Free standing
•Cheap
•Little space
•Promotes health &
fitness
•Military
preparation
•Discipline/social
control
Blamed for
lack of fitness
in Boer War
(1899 -1902)
Type of activity
Characteristics
Reasons
Problems
Model Course
devised by
Colonel Fox of the
war office
The same as
military drill.
Drill & physical
training.
No recreational
element.
Commands
issued by noncommissioned
officers (NCOs).
Due to poor
Did not take
showing in the Boer children’s needs &
War.
physical and
mental
development into
account.
NCO’s reduced the
status of the
subject as it was
not taught by
qualified teachers.
Type of activity
Characteristics
Reasons
Problems
Reinstatement of
Swedish
gymnastics
First Syllabus of P.T.
Board of Education
Therapeutic
approach
Recognised
different
ages/sexes
Improve health
Physical Dev.
Medical basis
Dev. of games
Compulsory/centr
alised based.
•Non-trained
teachers.
•Rehabilitation of
soldiers
•Value of
recreation, fun &
enjoyment.
Centralised, not
allowing flexibility
in content.
Type of activity
Characteristics
Reasons
Problems
Moving &
Growing,
Planning the
programme
For Primary
schools
Obstacle
training from
army using
apparatus
Movement
training from
Centres of
Dance.
Exploratory
Creative
Individual
Fun
Major games
•Result in
changes in
educational
thinking.
•Child-centered
approach
•Teacher
autonomy/initiati
ve
•Decentralised
approach
•Properly trained
teachers.
Govt. wanting
more control.
Need for more
teacher
accountability.
Replaced by the
National
Curriculum.