International Symposium on Sustainable Highland
Development and Networking
Sustainable Alternative Development:
Sharing Best Practices and Experiences
Chiang Mai,Thailand
8-10 December 2004
UNODC Drug Abuse Estimates in 2004
185 million people worldwide
abuse drugs
Cannabis : 146 million
Amphetamines : 30 million
Opiates : 15 million
(of which 9 million abuse heroin)
Cocaine : 13 million
MDMA : 8 million
Main Problem Drugs, 1998-2002
The Golden Triangle
1993: 192,840 ha
2004: 50,800 ha
3/4 decline
Opium Cultivation in the Golden Triangle
Development of opium poppy cultivation
in South-East Asia, 1990-2003
250,000
210,400
184,600
200,000
150,000
158,30
128,600
123,100
96,300
100,000
74,200
50,800
50,000
Myanmar
Lao PDR
Thailand
Vietnam
Trend
04
20
03
20
02
20
01
20
00
20
99
19
98
19
97
19
96
19
95
19
94
19
93
19
92
19
91
19
90
-
19
hectares
- 73%
Golden Triangle:
Fewer Families Involved in Opium Cultivation
No. of households cultivating opium in Laos
No. of households cultivating opium in Myanmar
45,000
400,000
40,000
350,000
350,000
40,000
- 31%
- 43%
35,000
300,000
240,000
250,000
30,000
25,000
22,800
200,000
20,000
150,000
15,000
100,000
10,000
50,000
5,000
0
0
2003
2004
2003
2004
Myanmar Poppy Growers are among the Poorest
Non-Opium family
276 US$/year
300
250
Poppy income needed to
offset chronic rice deficits
Opium family
214 US$/year
US$
200
150
81
276
100
50
133
Food security
(62%)
Medical care
0
Opium Sale
Other sale
Education
Golden Triangle:
Alternative Development to Alleviate Poverty
Country
Myanmar
Lao PDR
Farm-gate
income in
2004
(US$ M)
No. of
households
involved in
opium
Per capita
income from
opium ($)
GDP per
capita 2003
($)
87
240,000
35
160
9
22,800
58
309
Alternative Development still not adequate in
Golden Triangle
% families: access to alternative livelihood schemes
5%
95%
% families: no access to alternative livelihood schemes
Opium cultivation in Afghanistan in hectares (1986-2004)
Ha
140.000
131.000
120.000
100.000
91.000
82.000
80.000
71.000
58.000
60.000
54.000
80.000
74.000
64.000
58.000
49.000
41.000
40.000
29.000 32.000
20.000
8.000
04
20
03
20
02
20
01
20
00
20
99
19
98
19
97
19
96
19
95
19
94
19
93
19
92
19
91
19
90
19
89
19
88
19
87
19
19
86
0
Alternative Development:
Missing in Afghanistan
Farm-gate
income 2004
(US$ M)
600
No. of
households
involved in
opium
Per capita
income from
opium ($)
356,000
No. of families with access to
alternative livelihood schemes
unknown
Alternative Development projects
under assessment
260
GDP per
capita ($)
207
?
Framework of Illicit Crop Eradication and
Alternative Development
•
The 1998 UN General Assembly Approved the
Action Plan with a view to eliminating or significantly
reducing the illicit crop cultivation by 2008
•
MOU Subregional Action Plan
•
ACCORD Plan of Action
UN General Assembly in 1998 adopted
alternative development as:
A process to prevent and eliminate the illicit
cultivation of narcotic crops through specially
designed rural development measures in the context
of sustained national economic growth and
sustainable development efforts in countries taking
action against drugs, recognizing the particular
sociocultural characteristics of the target
communities and groups within the framework of
comprehensive and permanent solution to the
problem of illicit drugs.
Alternative Development: 5 Components
1. Community organization
2. Economic activity
3. Processing facilities
4. Domestic market
5. International markets
Community
organization
Leadership Training
Economic Activity
Alternative Livelihood
Agricultural Development for Food Security
Live Stocks
Temperate & Cash Crops
Non Agricultural Activities
Participatory Technology Development
Farmer-managed Adaptive Trials
Demos on Farmers’ Fields
Farmer-to-Farmer Extension
Development of Micro Credit/
Revolving Funds
Education and Literacy
Health Education
Health Training
Primary Health Care
Drug Treatment
Improvement of
Facilities and
Infrastructure
Road Construction
Construction of Irrigation System
Building of Electrical Power and Processing Facilities
Domestic and
International Markets
Domestic Marketing
International Markets
Regional Cooperation
on Alternative
Development
Sharing Good Practices
through Field Study Visits
AD Capacity Building through
Regional Training & Seminars
Building AD Knowledge Base
& Sharing Information
Development of Electronic Platform for
Information Sharing & Networking
Framework Conditions
• National unity & visionary leadership
• Political will, national and international
commitment, and public interest
• Commitment of sufficient resources
• Long time frame
• People participation and sense of ownership
• Good development practices
Drug Cultivation Delays Stability
Political and Economic
Stability
Elimination of drug cultivations
Drug trafficking and
organized crime
Time
Alternative Development Accelerates Stability
Political and economic
Stability
Elimination of drug cultivations
Assistance
to farmers
The impact of alternative development
Accelerated elimination of drug cultivation
t1
t
Drug trafficking
and organized crime
Time
Achievement Factors
• Increased private sector involvement
• Improved and innovative resource
mobilization
• Marketing strategies, including
improved access to international markets
• Micro credit systems and revolving
funds
• Integration of gender and
environmental concerns
Strategies
• Integrated approach to sustainable alternative
development
• Mainstreaming alternative development in the
national development efforts
• Partnerships to ensure continuity and
sustainability of alternative development
efforts: multi-lateral and bi-lateral
Presentation by
Mr. Akira Fujino,
Representative
UNODC Regional Centre
for East Asia and the Pacific
www.unodc.un.or.th