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① Need for More Roads to Ease Congestion
② Who Is Responsible for Congestion Control?
③ New Ways to Relieve Peak-Hour Congestion
④ With More Congestion Come More Accidents
⑤ Congestion: An Inevitable Consequence of Modem Life
Congestion -which basically consists of waiting in line
–
is the nation’s principal means / of allocating
scarce road space among competing users
/ during periods when too many people
want to use that limited space at the same time.
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That “excess demand” for roadways
during peak hours
is the real problem,
to which congestion is the most practicable
solution.
The problem of excess demand arises
because modern society is organized
in such a way as to generate the need
for far more people to travel
during certain limited times of the day
than any practicable road system can handle
then / at maximum flow speeds.
1
Society cannot eliminate the resulting
“excess demand” for travel
1
during these peak hours
without fundamentally reorganizing the entire
economy and all our schools
in ways that are totally unacceptable to most people.
.
1
One of the most common types of
entertainment programming on television
involves high levels of violence.
Violence also finds its way into advertising.
2
It may surprise you, however,
2
that violent TV programming actually
reduces memory for the commercials in those shows
and reduces the chance
that people will intend to buy those products.
In attempting to explain this finding,
2
that
Bushman suggests one reason may be
that watching violence raises
one’s physiological arousal *
by making people angry
and putting them in a bad mood.
An angry mood can prime aggressive thoughts,
2
which in turn may interfere with recall of the ad content.
Negative moods are known to interfere
with the brain’s encoding of information.
2
Also, the effort taken to try to repair the bad mood
may distract one from attending to
and processing the ad.
Thus, it may be
that advertisers are not getting as much “bang
for their buck”
with violent content as with nonviolent content.
.
In the less hierarchical and less bounded networked environment
- where special knowledge is more in dispute
than in the past
- and where relationships are less stable there is more (A) [certainty / uncertainty]
about whom and what information sources to trust.
3
The explosion of information and information sources
3
has had the paradoxical impact of pushing people
on the path of greater reliance on their networks.
It might seem
3
that the (B) [abundance / scarcity] of information
that organizations provide on the Internet
would prompt people to rely less on
their friends and colleagues for facts and advice.
Yet it turns out
3
that the increasing amount of information
pouring into people’s lives
leads them to turn to their social networks
to make sense of it.
3
The result is that
as people gather information to help them make choices,
they cycle back and forth
between Internet searches and discussion
with the members of their social networks,
(C) [dismissing / using]
in-person conversations, phone chats, and emails
to exchange opinions and weigh options .
(무게가 나가다, 저울질하다)
.
To give you some idea of the scale,
in 2007 and 2008 Linux developers added an average
of 4,300 lines of code per day to the Linux kernel,
deleted 1,800 lines, and modified 1,500 lines.
3
3
Open source software projects have two key attributes.
( ① ) First, the code is made publicly available, so
anyone can experiment with and modify the code, not
just the original programmer.
( ② ) Second,
other people
are encouraged to contribute improvements to the code.
3
( ③ ) This might mean sending in a bug report
when something goes wrong,
or perhaps suggesting a change to a single line of
code,
or even writing a major code module containing
thousands of lines of code.
3
( ④ ) The most successful open source projects
recruit large numbers of contributors,
who together can develop software far more complex
than any individual programmer could develop on their
own.
( ⑤ ) That’s an astonishing rate of change — on a large
software project, an experienced developer will typically
write a few thousand lines of code per year.
3
3
According to psychologist Daniil Elkonin,
in this type of game,
the major influence is the realm of human activity,
especially work and relationships among people.
3
Therefore, the child / is precisely trying
to reconstruct these aspects of reality.
This reality that surrounds the child
may be divided into two spheres:
that of objects and that of human activity.
3
At the beginning of their lives,
children concentrate their activities on objects
and on the actions that adults carry out with these
objects.
3
However, as the role-playing game begins to evolve,
the focus is shifted to the relationships
that adults establish among themselves.
Children then use the actions performed with objects
as guidelines.
3
In other words,
children become more interested in the relationships
that exist among human beings
and begin to reproduce them when they play.
2
3
Mentors are persons who have a vast breadth
and depth of experience in the field that they
train.
Mentors have had both
experience and professional training
in the subject that they have to mentor.
3
_____(A)____，leadership mentors
need to have adequate experience as leaders
and should have undergone leadership training
themselves.
3
What do mentors offer to their students
that formal training sessions cannot offer?
3
First of all, mentors can use
personal experiences as lessons for their students.
_____(B)_____, mentors are capable of resolving
dynamic issues
due to their abundant knowledge and
experience in the field.
3
A training program cannot possibly prepare
students to face unexpected challenges.
Mentors can vary their training
depending on the nature of their students
and the different levels of complexity
faced by the mentees.
2
① As a result ...... Nevertheless
② As a result –Therefore
③ For instance ...... Moreover
④ For instance –In fact
⑤ However ...... In conclusion
2
① Poetry Is More Interesting than Stories
② Great Literature Is Timeless and Timely
③ What Can Be Lost in the Translation of
Poems
④ Poetry Has Popped off the Page and
onto the Stage
⑤ Originality Is All That Matters in Artistic
Performance
2
2
Too many of us think of poetry only as a
private,
published
experience,
but poetry is also a public art,
and this has never been more true than
during our own
time.
1
Poets have always given public readings
of their work,
but ever since the 1950s,
poetry has increasingly
occupied a public stage,
and today we are surrounded by public
poetry,
poetry presented in its oral form,
and not just in popular songs or rap
1
Today, many people participate in
such events as
poetry slams.
A poetry slam, for instance,
is essentially a poetry
competition
that emphasizes both the writing of
poetry
and its performance.
1
In a poetry slam,
1
poets perform their work
and are judged by the audience based on
the poet’s performance
and the work’s
content.
These events have become highly popular
1
among high school and
college students,
in small towns and large cities, and through
popular online forums.
.
1
2
When a reader has no specific experience
or memory
from which to
draw,
imagination
often
support
“독자가
책에 can
나오는
내용에
대한visualizing.
경험이나 기억이
“상상력을 사용하는 내용” 앞에 등장!
Most often, readers create mental images
1
by retrieving pictures that are already stored
in their memory.
( ① ) In other words, they make a
connection with something
they have seen or
know about
and that is what helps them to create the
image.
1
( ② ) It is more challenging to visualize
things
we have not personally
experienced.
( ③ ) This all happens in an instant,
but if we were to slow it down,
we might see it as similar to searching
through archives of photo files to find
a specific photo.
1
( ④ ) Our brains search through our files
until we find an image we can use to
support the text
we are
reading.
2
( ⑤ ) Readers
who were first introduced to Hogwarts
School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, for
example,
had never personally experienced it;
however, J.K. Rowling’s rich descriptions
helped us all to “see” it with our
imaginations.
.
1
When we are dealing with complex, interesting
presentations of ideas,
3
(A) [improvements / variations] in
understanding
are quite normal and sometimes are
even welcomed:
how (otherwise) could there be new interpretations
of Shakespeare’s plays,
and why else are we interested in them?
I am sure
3
that my understanding of Pinker’s book,
(despite the clarity of his
writing,)
will not be exactly what he might have
intended or expected, and I know that I will
not make quite the same interpretation of it
as other readers.
I (B) [disagree / expect]
3
that many authors are frequently
disappointed to discover that readers
misunderstand their ‘message,’ but they
should not necessarily take this as failure on
their part.
3
The act of reading any text relies on the
interpretative efforts of a reader, as well as
on the (C) [communicative / defensive]
efforts and intentions of the author.
.
3
The appearance of language,
some time long ago in the prehistory of our species,
made possible the kind of ____________
which we take for granted.
4
It gave us a crucial evolutionary advantage
4
over other animals,
partly because it became possible
for us to share useful information
with a new clarity and explicitness,
within and across generations.
Through the evolution of language,
4
we also became capable of thinking
constructively and rationally
together.
Other relatively intelligent species
(such as chimpanzees and dolphins)
have never developed comparable ways of
sharing their mental resources,
(그 결과 S가 V하다)
with the result that each individual animal
can only learn from others by observation,
imitation and taking part in joint activity;
and most of the knowledge each
chimpanzee or dolphin accumulates over a
lifetime is lost when they die.
4