Self-Adapting Maxflow Routing Algorithm for WSNs: Practical Issues

Self-Adapting Maxflow Routing Algorithm for WSNs:
Practical Issues and Simulation-Based Assessment
Andrea Seraghiti
Saverio Delpriori
University of Urbino
61029 Urbino, Italy
University of Urbino
61029 Urbino, Italy
Emanuele Lattanzi
Alessandro Bogliolo
University of Urbino
61029 Urbino, Italy
University of Urbino
61029 Urbino, Italy
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ABSTRACT
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S:20x20 R:10x10
Maxflow
600
500
Period [epochs]
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700
4
3.75
3.5
3.25
3
Path Lenght [hops]
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0
800
6
Buffer [packets]
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3
2
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300
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5.
SIMULATION RESULTS
Z7F5S02 .L(6…:;*2 +,~./+%E956‡E5!0?!42 =C5Ey2 ,c„%5?!*2 +,
È 17:-03(05E\=C+-*F
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*2 +-,0_15!45L?+-,HE9(?!*5E‰(02 ,u\2E5:&6{62 ,890)132*F ½ E5!6…:Ot:&,HEc,+
A:-?85!*_6+-00DJ:&,HEt,+\F5!(42 0#*2 ?L+A9*2 ./2°:&*2 +,0_175!45L:-AA6 2 5Et*+
*F5c:-6 u-+-42*F.Éa+&4\45E(?2 ,u˜*F5‰?+,N*4+-6)*4:;Æ/?‰+;U5!4F5:Eh+-4
0AC5!5E2 ,u&X"(A~?!+,%U5!4u-5,?5-Y
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05!6 a…X:E:&A*2 ,u[4+(*2 ,uS:-6 u-+-42*F.Á*+[FH:-,E6 5M*F57.\:&]92 .L(.s0(0#X
*:&2 ,H:-=6 5˜17+&4896 +:EGD<:-0tE5@*5!4./2 ,5EÕ52*F5!4‰*F5!+-45!*2 ?:&66Ogbd=NO
0+-6 U92 ,u/:-,`2 ,0#*:-,?5S+&aJ.\:&]%V+;1W13F5,5U5!43:&AA62 ?:&=6 5;k+&435.PX
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:&,HEt?+,N*4+-6Q+;U5@4F5:-EGYP„92 ,?5R*F5BAH:&4:&./5!*5!40S+&a72 ,N*5!450#*i:;45
0#*4+-,u-6 OrE95AC5,HE95,N*S+-,r*F5B,5!*17+&48‰*+AC+6 +-u-ONDƒ+,r*F5L./+-,2X
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:&00500./5,N*{17+-(6ER45T%(2457:[05!,02*2 U92*OR:-,H:&6O02 0K?+-,HE(?!*5E<+,
1500
1000
500
0
CPU Time [s]
2 ,uPu:;*5<2035!]9?6 (E5E\af4+.¶*F5S?F+2 ?5-Y
Interest count
200
450
300
150
0
0
80
180
320
500
Network size [No. of nodes]
…šC’”;“Ì"B•ƒŽw…›‘fHœÕ”&“9—…‘—5
*F5/450(6*0L+-a)5!]%*5,02 U5\5!]9AC5!42 ./5,N*0Y#Í_5!45/175`+,6Oj45AC+-4*
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5.1
Conclusions and future work
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6.€@‚ z<REFERENCES
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