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An Integrated Behaviour-Change Model
for Physical Activity
Martin Hagger
Health Psychology and Behavioural Medicine Research
Group, School of Psychology and Speech Pathology
Curtin University, Perth, Australia
Overview
Why is theory important?
n  Integrated behaviour Change Model
n 
–  Motivation and intention
–  Volition and planning
–  Implicit and automatic processes
Translation and application
n  Summary and the way forward
n 
Why is theory important?
Answering the ‘what’ and ‘how’ questions
Explanatory systems
– Personal and social factors (‘what’)
– Mechanisms responsible (‘how’)
– Targets for intervention
n  Pose questions/hypotheses
n  Permits disconfirmation, rejection
n  Avoids ‘hit and hope’ or ‘variable fishing
expeditions’
n 
Examples of Theories
n Self-efficacy/social
cognitive theory (Bandura, 1963)
belief model (Becker, 1974)
n Protection motivation theory (Rogers, 1975)
n Theory of interpersonal behaviour (1977)
n Theory of reasoned action (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1980)
n Self-determination theory (Deci, 1980)
n Transtheoretical model (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1982)
n Personality systems interaction theory (Kuhl, 1984)
n Theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen, 1985)
n Self-regulation theory (Bagozzi, 1990)
n Health action process approach (Schwarzer, 1992)
n The I-change model (De Vries et al., 1998)
n Model of goal-directed behaviour (Perugini & Conner, 2000)
n Health
Hagger, M. S., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2014). An integrated behavior-change model for
physical activity. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 42, 62-69.
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The Integrated Behaviour Change
Volitional
(IBC) Model
Action
Motivational
The Integrated Behaviour Change
(IBC) Model
Action
Motivational
Planning
Implicit
attitudes
Attitudes
Attitudes
0.12
Intrinsic
Motivation
0.12
-0.38
Subjective
Norms
Intention
Perceived
Behavioural
Control
Implicit
motivation
Planning
Implicit
attitudes
Exercise
Behaviour
Implicit
Source: Hagger & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2014). An Integrated Behaviour-Change
Model for Physical Activity. Exercise and Sports Sciences Reviews.
Theories of Reasoned Action and
General orientation towards health behaviour
Planned Behaviour
“good-bad”,“useful-useless”,“harmful-beneficial”
Intrinsic
Motivation
-0.38
Subjective
Norms
Intention
Perceived
Behavioural
Control
Implicit
motivation
Exercise
Behaviour
Source: Hagger & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2014). An Integrated Behaviour-Change
Model for Physical Activity. Exercise and Sports Sciences Reviews.
Meta-analysis
Attitudes
Meta-analysis of
studies on exercise
adopting TPB
n  Path analysis based
on averaged
corrected
correlations
n 
Stated volitional plans
“I plan…/I intend.../
I expect...”
Subjective
Norms
Perceived
Control
Intentions
Exercise
Behaviour
Evaluation of others’ evaluation
“my parents think…”,”my friends think…”
Evaluation of capacities/barriers/abilities
“self-efficacy”/”easy-difficult”
Theories of Reasoned Action and
Planned Behaviour
Source: Hagger, Chatzisarantis and Biddle (2002)
The theory of planned behaviour:
Problems and solutions
Attitudes
.40*
Subjective
Norms
.09*
Intentions
.36*
Behaviour
.33*
Perceived
Control
Source: Hagger, Chatzisarantis and Biddle (2002)
c.f. Head & Noar (2014); Noar & Head (2014)
Sniehotta (2014)
Rhodes (2014); Rhodes & de Bruin (2013)
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Theory of Planned Behaviour and SelfDetermination Theory
• What are the origins of constructs like
attitudes and perceived control?
• Can individual differences and needsbased motives predict beliefs from
TPB?
• Self-determination theory may have
the ‘key’
Theory of Planned Behaviour and
Self-Determination Theory
•  Can SDT assist in explaining the origin of
TPB constructs?
“Cognitive theories begin their analysis [of
behaviour] with a cognitive representation of
some future desired state. What is missing, of
course, is a consideration of the conditions of
the organism that make these future states
desired”
(Deci & Ryan, 1985, p. 228)
Self-Determination Theory
SELFDETERMINED
MOTIVES
(‘INTRINSIC’)
Type of
Motivation
Defining
Features
NON-SELFDETERMINED
MOTIVES
(‘EXTRINSIC’)
Intrinsic
Motivation
For choice,
enjoyment,
pleasure &
fun; not
reinforced
Identification
Introjection
For personal
values like
learning new
skills, feelings
of competence
& satisfaction
For avoiding
guilt or gaining
externally
referenced
approval
External
regulation
For external
reinforcement
such as
rewards or
avoiding
punishment.
Theory of Planned behaviour and SelfDetermination Theory
Theory of Planned Behaviour and
Self-Determination Theory
•  People distinguish between ‘self-determined’ and
‘non self-determined’ beliefs
•  Classification analysis:
•  Appearance-related reasons = non self-determined (extrinsic)
•  Other reasons classified as self-determined (intrinsic)
•  Significant correlation (r = .27) between selfdetermined motivation and dichotomous ‘reasons’
variable
Source: McLachlan & Hagger (2011) Research Quarterly in Exercise & Sport
McLachlan & Hagger (2011) Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology
The Integrated Behaviour Change
Volitional
(IBC) Model
Action
Motivational
.06
Attitudes
Attitude
Self-determined
motivation
.23
Social
Norms
.07
Implicit
attitudes
0.12
.50
.63
Planning
Intention
.61
Behaviour
Intrinsic
Motivation
-0.38
Subjective
Norms
Intention
Perceived
Behavioural
Control
Implicit
motivation
Exercise
Behaviour
.56
Perceived
Control
.35
Sources: Hagger et al. (2006) Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin
Hagger & Chatzisarantis (2009) British Journal of Health Psychology
Source: Hagger & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2014). An Integrated Behaviour-Change
Model for Physical Activity. Exercise and Sports Sciences Reviews.
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Intention-behaviour relations
Inclined Abstainers
Motivation is not enough
Unsuccessful intenders
Motivation may be a necessary but not
sufficient condition for behaviour
n  Many people state an intention, motive or
desire to participate in exercise….
….but fail miserably to do so!
n  Intention-behaviour ‘gap’ Imperfect!
n 
Intention
.36
Exercise
Behaviour
Filling the ‘the gap’
Inclined Abstainers
Planning and intention-behaviour relations
Unsuccessful intenders
Behaviour
Intender
Intention
Non-intender
Successful
Unsuccessful
Successful
Intenders
(42%)
Unsuccessful
Intenders
(36%)
Successful
Non-intenders
(2%)
Unsuccessful
Non-intenders
(21%)
Source: Rhodes & de Bruin (2013)
Filling the ‘the gap’
Planning and implementation intentions
■ 
■ 
■ 
■ 
■ 
■ 
Dual-phase models of action: motivational vs.
volitional
Gollwitzer et al. (1999) Implementation intentions:
“Strong effects of simple plans”
How do we furnish our intentions with actions to
achieve the goals?
“I intend to do behaviour X will help me to achieve Y”
“If condition Z arises I will do behaviour X”
This does not change intentions, but strengthens the
intention-behaviour relationship
Sources: Heckhausen & Gollwitzer (1987)
Schwarzer (2008)
What Does an Implementation
Intention ‘Look’ Like?
Typically use a ‘pen and paper’ delivery:
You are more likely to exercise for at least 30
minutes per day if you say when (‘if…’) and where
(‘then…’) you will exercise and stick to your plan.
In the boxes below write down when and where
you plan to exercise in the next week:
If…
….the clock strikes 12:30pm for
lunch…
then…
….I will pick up my gym bag and
go to the fitness centre
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Implementation Intentions
Strong effects of simple plans
The Integrated Behaviour Change
Volitional
(IBC) Model
Action
Motivational
Planning
Implicit
attitudes
Attitudes
0.12
Intrinsic
Motivation
Sources: Gollwitzer & Sheeran (2006)
Hagger & Luszczynska (2014)
Intention
Perceived
Behavioural
Control
Implicit
motivation
Exercise
Behaviour
Implicit
Source: Hagger & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2014). An Integrated Behaviour-Change
Model for Physical Activity. Exercise and Sports Sciences Reviews.
The problem of past
behaviour, habit and
behaviour ‘change’
Usually a strong effect
Past
Behaviour
-0.38
Subjective
Norms
Past Behaviour and Behaviour Change
.39*
Attitudes
Past
Behaviour
Behaviour
c.f. Oullette & Wood (1998)
Verplanken & Orbell (2003)
Gardner (2015)
Hagger, Rebar, Mullan, Lipp & Chatzisarantis (2015)
Past behaviour, habit, and
explaining behaviour change
23*
Intentions
.37*
.05*
x
.40*
.20*
Subjective
Norms
.05*
.36*
Behaviour
.09*
.08*
.33*
.28*
Perceived
Control
.55*
Source: Hagger, Chatzisarantis and Biddle (2002)
Habit, past behaviour, and
explaining change
Process model of habit development
•  Theories need to move beyond mere prediction –
focus on ‘behaviour change’
•  Theories need to explain past behaviour-future
behaviour relations
•  Need to make a distinction between past behaviour
and ‘habit’ or ‘automatic’ processes
•  How do ‘habits’ form?
Habit
Intention
Exercise
Behaviour
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Habit, past behaviour, and
explaining change
Implicitly Held Attitudes and
Motivation
Process model of habit development
3.
2.
Habit
Exercise
Behaviour
Intention
Habit
•  Relatively recent addition to research in social
cognition/motivation (e.g., Greenwald et al. 2002)
•  Individuals hold beliefs and motives that are:
•  Not accessible consciously (Fazio, 1990)
•  Stored as ‘knowledge structures’ – schema
(Henderson, Hagger, & Orbell, 2007)
1.
Habit
Exercise
Behaviour
Intention
Exercise
Behaviour
Intention
•  Made active or salient by context or ‘cues’ (e.g.,
Bargh & Chartrand, 1999)
Source: Rebar & Hagger (2015) in submission
The Implicit Association Task
Good
+
Activity
Bad
•  Impact action beyond awareness (e.g., Bargh, 1990)
•  Lighting a cigarette, decision to exercise
The Implicit Association Task
Good
Bad
+
Activity
Attribute
Construct
Exercise
Evil
Happy
Explicit and Implicit Attitudes
Predict Physical Activity
Medium-sized
effects of both forms
of attitudes
n  Correlation between
two components of
attitudes low
n 
Exercise
Evil
Happy
The Implicit Association Task
Me
Intrinsic
Not me
Extrinsic
Pressure
Choice
Them
Self
Source: Calitri, R., Lowe, R., Eves, F. F., & Bennett, P. (2009). Associations between visual
attention, implicit and explicit attitude and behaviour for physical activity. Psychology and
Health, 24, 1105–1123.
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Implicit and Explicit Motives on Physical
Activity
The Integrated Behaviour Change
Volitional
(IBC) Model
Action
Motivational
Intrinsic
Motivation
Planning
.73
Implicit
attitudes
Attitudes
Intention
.49
0.12
Behaviour
Intrinsic
Motivation
.37
Extrinsic
Motivation
Sources: Harris & Hagger (2010)
Keatley, Clarke & Hagger (2012) Psychology & Health
Keetley, Clarke & Hagger (2013) British Journal of Health Psychology
Promoting Physical Activity Behaviour
Utilizing ‘existing networks’
.40
.29
Perceived
Autonomy
Support
(Teacher)
.20
Perceived
Behavioural
Control
Implicit
motivation
Exercise
Behaviour
TPB
(Intervention)
Implicit
Theoretical mediators of obesity
interventions
Coping
Attitude
Controlled
Motivation
.20
Intention
.69
.18
Behaviour
Intervention targets!
Source: Hagger & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2014). An Integrated Behaviour-Change
Model for Physical Activity. Exercise and Sports Sciences Reviews.
.29
Intrinsic
Motivation
Intervention
Autonomous
Motivation
+ (0%)
– (0%)
+ (83%)
Behaviour
+ (67%)
Perceived
Control
Selfefficacy
.23
+ (0%)
Outcome
Expectancies
Source: Chatzisarantis & Hagger (2009). Psychology and Health.
See also Hagger & Chatzisarantis (2015). Review of Educational Research.
The Integrated Behaviour Change
(IBC) Model
Action
Planning
Attitudes
Intention
.17
Implicit
(Automatic)
Motives
Autonomy
Support
(Intervention)
-0.38
Subjective
Norms
Sources: Teixeira et al. (2015). Successful behavior change in obesity interventions in adults:
a systematic review of self-regulation mediators. BMC Medicine, 13, 84. doi:10.1186/
s12916-015-0323-6
Combining Pre- and PostDecisional Strategies
Implicit
attitudes
0.12
Intrinsic
Motivation
Subjective
Norms
-0.38
Intention
Decisional balance
Health
Behaviour
Decisional
Balance
Perceived
Behavioural
Control
Implicit
motivation
Intervention targets!
Implementation
Intention
Source: Hagger & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2014). An Integrated Behaviour-Change
Model for Physical Activity. Exercise and Sports Sciences Reviews.
No Decisional
Balance
Implementation
Intention
Combined
Imp. Int.
Only
No
Implementation
Intention
Dec. Bal.
Only
Control
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The Integrated Behaviour Change
(IBC) Model
Action
Results
Physical activity behaviour
Planning
Attitudes
13
0.12
Implementation
Intention
12
11
Intrinsic
Motivation
No
Implementation
Intention
10
9
8
Decisional balance
Intention
Perceived
Behavioural
Control
Implicit
motivation
Design: Prime condition: diet vs. ‘fattening’ food vs. control
DV1: Recognising ‘diet’ in decision task
DV2: Choosing healthy over unhealthy ‘parting gift’
Healthy option choice (%)
Reaction time (ms)
n 
620
600
580
560
540
520
500
480
Fattening
1
Diet
2
Control
3
Health
Behaviour
Intervention target?
Source: Hagger & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2014). An Integrated Behaviour-Change
Model for Physical Activity. Exercise and Sports Sciences Reviews.
Priming implicit goals and attitudes
n 
-0.38
Subjective
Norms
No decisional
balance
Source: Prestwich, A., Lawton, R., & Conner, M. (2003). The use of implementation
intentions and the decision balance sheet in promoting exercise behaviour. Psychology
and Health, 18, 707-721. doi:10.1080/08870440310001594493.
n 
Implicit
attitudes
100
80
60
40
20
0
Fattening
1
Diet
2
Control
3
Summary
•  Theory is important to inform knowledge on
predictors, mechanisms and processes of behaviour
change
•  Integrated behaviour change model proposes three
processes leading to health behaviour
•  Motivational
•  Volitional
•  Implicit
•  Model can be used to explain behaviour change
•  Model can be used to guide interventions
Source: Fishbach, A., Friedman, R. S., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2003). Leading us not unto temptation:
Momentary allurements elicit overriding goal activation. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology.
Limitations and the way
forward
n 
More evidence for integrated model is required
(Hagger et al., 2009; Hagger & Chatzisarantis, 2015)
n 
n 
n 
n 
n 
Need to explicitly incorporate process of habit
formation
No role for emotion and affecting responses
Model may apply to other health behaviours
May be a specific form of a ‘tri-process’
framework (Hamilton & Hagger, in preparation)
More experimental and intervention research
needed (Mullan, Todd, Chatzisarantis, & Hagger, 2013)
Thanks
n 
n 
n 
n 
n 
n 
n 
Stuart J. H. Biddle
Nikos L. D. Chatzisarantis
Sheina Orbell
Kyra Hamilton
Derwin K. C. Chan
Amanda Rebar
Adam Lonsdale
n 
n 
n 
n 
n 
n 
Barbara Mullan
Jemma Harris
David A. Keatley
Sarah McLachlan
Aleks Luszczynska
Ottmar Lipp
Funding
n  Health Collaborative Research Network
n  AERC
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