2016 49th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
,QGLYLGXDO6XSSRUWLQ,QGXVWULDO3URGXFWLRQ
2XWOLQHRID7KHRU\RI6XSSRUW6\VWHPV
5REHUW:HLGQHU
,QVWLWXWHRI3URGXFWLRQ(QJLQHHULQJ
+HOPXW6FKPLGW8QLYHUVLW\
5REHUW:HLGQHU#KVXKKGH
$WKDQDVLRV.DUDILOOLGLV
,QVWLWXWHRI3URGXFWLRQ(QJLQHHULQJ
+HOPXW6FKPLGW8QLYHUVLW\
.DUDILOOLGLV#KVXKKGH
-HQV3:XOIVEHUJ
,QVWLWXWHRI3URGXFWLRQ(QJLQHHULQJ
+HOPXW6FKPLGW8QLYHUVLW\
-HQV:XOIVEHUJ#KVXKKGH
$EVWUDFW
Many different production systems for supporting,
assisting or helping people at work are already
available and even more will be developed in future.
Such systems come in various forms and characteristics.
This paper will introduce some first steps toward a
theory of support-systems. It will focus on individual
forms of employee support. The theory will be illustrated
by exemplary solutions.
,QWURGXFWLRQ
0RWLYDWLRQ
3URGXFWLRQ FRPSDQLHV DQG WKHLU VWDII DUH
SHUPDQHQWO\ H[SRVHG WR QHZ FKDOOHQJHV 1RZDGD\V
FHQWUDO FKDOOHQJHV DUH JOREDOL]DWLRQ DQG GHPRJUDSKLF
FKDQJHV > @ %RWK DUH LQWHUWZLQHG EXW WKH IRUPHU
OHDGV DERYH DOO WR LQFUHDVHG FRPSHWLWLRQ DQG FRVW
SUHVVXUH DQG WKH ODWWHU WR FKDQJHG DJH VWUXFWXUHV DQG
VKLIWLQJ FRPSRVLWLRQV RI SRSXODWLRQ HJ PHQZRPHQ
UHVLGHQWVLPPLJUDQWV LQ WKH LQGXVWULDOL]HG UHJLRQV RI
ZRUOGVRFLHW\7KHVHDVSHFWVKDYHDVWURQJLQIOXHQFHRQ
WKHSODQQLQJRISURGXFWLRQV\VWHPVDQGVKRXOGWKHUHIRUH
EHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQW
,Q UHFHQW \HDUV D ORW RI WHFKQLFDO V\VWHPV IRU
LQGXVWULDOSURGXFWLRQKDYHEHHQGHYHORSHGHJLQRUGHU
WRLPSURYHWKHSURGXFWLYLW\RUWKHHUJRQRPLFVLQWKHILUVW
SODFH7KHUHOHYDQWWHFKQLFDOV\VWHPVDUH PRUHRUOHVV
DEOH WR HLWKHU FROODERUDWH ZLWK WKH VWDII RU WR RSHUDWH
³DORQH´ZLWKRXWDQ\VWDII7KDWLVVXFKV\VWHPVPD\
VXSSRUW VRPH RUJDQL]DWLRQDO DFWLYLW\ LQ FRPELQDWLRQ
ZLWK KXPDQ ZRUN RU WKH\ PD\ SHUIRUP WDVNV
DXWRPDWLFDOO\ZLWKRXWDQ\VXSSRUWRIWKHVWDII
7KH SODQQLQJ RI VXFK V\VWHPV ± JHQHUDOO\ FDOOHG
SURGXFWLRQV\VWHPV±KDVWRFRQVLGHUPDQ\DVSHFWVDQG
UHTXLUHPHQWVWKHNLQGRISURGXFWSRWHQWLDOFXVWRPHUV
WKH VRFLRFXOWXUDO HQYLURQPHQW LQFOXGLQJ WKH EXVLQHVV
HQYLURQPHQW WKH FRPSDQ\RUJDQL]DWLRQ DQG WKH
FXUUHQWSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPVHHH[WUDFWLQILJXUH7KH
IHDWXUHVRIWKHVHIDFWRUVDQGWKHLUUHODWLRQVLQIOXHQFHWKH
GHVLJQRISURGXFWLRQV\VWHPVVLJQLILFDQWO\
,QRUGHUWRDQDO\]HWKHIRUPRISURGXFWLRQV\VWHPV
DQGWRGHWHUPLQHWKHNLQGRIVXSSRUWWKHVXEMHFWPXVW
EHFRQVLGHUHGLQDIXQGDPHQWDOZD\>@7KHHPSKDVLV
1530-1605/16 $31.00 © 2016 IEEE
DOI 10.1109/HICSS.2016.77
)LJXUH3DUDPHWHUVIRUSODQQLQJSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPV>@
LV QRWRQ WKH UHVSHFWLYH FRPSRQHQWV EXWUDWKHURQ WKH
interactionRIVRPHREVHUYDEOHRUGHVLUDEOHDFWLYLW\WKH
VXSSRUWWKHXVHUDQGWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ$OORIWKHPKDYH
WR EH DQDO\]HG DV RQH FRKHUHQW XQLW VHH ILJXUH $GGLWLRQDOO\ LQ PRVW FDVHV WKH DFWLYLW\ LV REYLRXVO\
GLVWULEXWHGDFURVVRUJDQLFVRFLDODQGWHFKQLFDOHQWLWLHV
>@
)LJXUH&RQVLGHUHGXQLWRIDQDO\VLV
,Q WKLV YHLQ WKH FODVVLILFDWLRQ RI GLIIHUHQW NLQGV RI
VXSSRUWPXVWQRWEHEDVHGRQSXUHO\WHFKQLFDOJURXQGV
VHHIRUH[DPSOHWKHH[SODQDWLRQLQ>@7ZRLPSRUWDQW
569
&RUH&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI([LVWLQJ6\VWHPV
FRQVHTXHQFHV HQVXH)LUVWDFODVVLILFDWLRQ WKDWWULHV WR
FODVVLI\ WKH SDUWLFLSDWLQJ HQWLWLHV RU WKH WHFKQLFDO
V\VWHPVLQLVRODWLRQZLOOPLVVWKHFUXFLDOSUREOHPV<HW
JHWWLQJWKHSUREOHPVFOHDULVLQGLVSHQVDEOHIRUGHVLJQLQJ
DSSURSULDWH XVHIXO DQG ZLGHO\ DFFHSWHG VXSSRUW
V\VWHPV 7KHUHIRUH WKH FODVVLILFDWLRQ PXVW UHIHU WR
SUHYDLOLQJ patterns of interaction EHWZHHQ UHOHYDQW
DFWLYLWLHV 6HFRQG VXSSRUW LV QHLWKHU FRQILQHG WR
WHFKQLFDO V\VWHPV QRU LV LW D QDWXUDO NLQG ,W UDWKHU
GHSHQGV RQ REVHUYHUV ZKLFK DUH GLVSHUVHG DFURVV WKH
ERXQGDULHVRIWKHSURGXFWLRQV\VWHP'RHVDQRSHUDWRU
VXSSRUW WKH PDFKLQH RU GRHV WKH PDFKLQH VXSSRUW WKH
RSHUDWRU"$UHURERWVVXSSRUWLQJWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQRUGR
WKH\ UDWKHUVXSSRUWWKH RSHUDWRU LQGLYLGXDOO\"+RZ GR
JRYHUQPHQW DJHQFLHV RU MRXUQDOLVWV REVHUYH IRU
H[DPSOH WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI URERWLF VXSSRUW" 'R
WKH\GLVFHUQVRFLDOSURJUHVVDQRIIHQFHWKHSUREOHPRI
ULVLQJ XQHPSOR\PHQW RU PD\EH FXOWXUDO GHYROXWLRQ"
)URP D FRPPRQ HQJLQHHULQJ SRLQW RI YLHZ WKHVH
TXHVWLRQV PD\ DSSHDU VXSHUIOXRXV RU LUUHOHYDQW <HW
ILQGLQJWKHPRUJDQL]DWLRQDODVZHOODVSHUVRQDODQVZHUV
LV QHFHVVDU\ IRU D WKRURXJK XQGHUVWDQGLQJ DQG
DSSURSULDWHGHVLJQRIQH[WJHQHUDWLRQVRFLDOURERWLFVDQG
VXSSRUWV\VWHPV
,WKDVDOUHDG\EHHQPHQWLRQHGWKDWVHYHUDOGLIIHUHQW
RU VLPLODU WHFKQLFDO V\VWHPV IRU LQGXVWULDO SURGXFWLRQ
H[LVW ,Q WKLV VHFWLRQ VRPH V\VWHPV ZLOO EH LQWURGXFHG
DQGFKDUDFWHUL]HGZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKHLUIRUP±HVSHFLDOO\
GHVLJQIOH[LELOLW\DQGLQWHUDFWLRQ
6WDQGDUGL]HGDQGIUHHO\SURJUDPPDEOHPRVWO\QRQ
PRGXODUindustrial robotsHJ.XND$%%DQG6WlXEOL
ZLWKVHULDODQGRUSDUDOOHONLQHPDWLFFKDLQVDUHXVHGIRU
DXWRPDWHG VROXWLRQV URERWLF VROXWLRQV LQ LQGXVWULDO
DSSOLFDWLRQV 5RERWV FDQ EH XVHG DV VWDQGDORQH
VROXWLRQV >@ LQ FRRSHUDWLRQ ZLWK RWKHU URERWV RU
KXPDQV>@RUZLWKDXWRPDWHGWRROV>@0RVWO\
WKRVHURERWVDUHLQVWDOOHGVWDWLRQDU\>@1HZHUURERWV
DUH DOVR GHVLJQHG DV SRUWDEOH RU PRELOH >@ 8VXDOO\
VXFK URERWV H[HFXWH VLPSOH DQGRU UHSHWLWLYH DFWLYLWLHV
ZLWKLQ D UHVWULFWHG DQG PRQLWRUHG ZRUNLQJ DUHD >@
7KHVH DFWLYLWLHV DUH VWRUHG LQ WKHLU FRQWURO V\VWHP DQG
DUH DOZD\V SHUIRUPHG LQ DQ LGHQWLFDO IDVKLRQ 5RERWV
ZLWKH[WUDVHQVRUVFDQDOVRGHWHFWWKHLUHQYLURQPHQWDV
ZHOODVUHOHYDQWFRQGLWLRQVWKDWDIIHFWWKHLURSHUDWLRQLQ
RUGHU WR DGDSW WR WUDMHFWRULHV IRU H[DPSOH 7KH\ DUH
SURJUDPPHG E\ SHRSOH ± EXW ZLWK UHVSHFW WR WKH
SHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHDFWLYLW\LQTXHVWLRQKXPDQEHLQJV
DUH PRVWO\H[FOXGHG7KH\DUH UDWKHUFRQILQHG WR RQO\
PRQLWRULQJWKHWHFKQRORJLFDOSHUIRUPDQFH
5RERWVDUHRIFRXUVHDOVRXVHGIRUhuman-machinecooperation7KHPDLQLGHDRIWKLVODWWHUDSSURDFKLVWR
GLYLGHWKHGHVLUHGDFWLYLW\LQWRVXEDFWLYLWLHVIRUKXPDQ
DQGPDFKLQHZLWKLQDFRPPRQZRUNVSDFHUHVSHFWLYHO\
>@+XPDQV DQGURERWVWKHQ FROODERUDWH WRFDUU\RXW
VRPH DFWLYLW\ MRLQWO\ ,Q WKLV DSSURDFK URERWV GR RQO\
WKHQSHUIRUPDFWLYLWLHVZKHQWKHVDIHW\RIWKHLQYROYHG
SHRSOH LV JXDUDQWHHG 7KDW LV XVXDOO\ WKHUH LV D VWULFW
VHSDUDWLRQ RI PDFKLQH DQG KXPDQ LQ WLPH DQG VSDFH
>@7KHUHDUHDOVRDSSURDFKHVDOORZLQJWHPSRUDODQG
VSDWLDOFRRSHUDWLRQ>@$IXUWKHUSRVVLELOLW\LVWKH
XVHRIWRUTXHFRQWUROOHGURERWVZKLFKDUHDEOHWR\LHOG
ZKHQLQFRQWDFWZLWKKXPDQPRWLRQ>@
Assistive systems FDQ KDYH GLIIHUHQW IRUPV HJ
FRJQLWLYHKDSWLFDQGYLVXDO6XFKV\VWHPVDVVLVWPDQXDO
WDVNV E\ JLYLQJ HJ LQVWUXFWLRQV RU ZDUQLQJV 3HRSOH
SHUIRUP WKH WDVNV VWLOO LQGHSHQGHQWO\ DQG JHW
LQIRUPDWLRQ LQ FDVH WKH V\VWHP GHWHFWV GHYLDWLRQV $Q
DFWLYHLQWHUYHQWLRQLVRQO\UDUHO\SRVVLEOH
Lifting aids/balancersDUHZLGHO\XVHGIRUKDQGOLQJ
DQG WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ RI KHDY\ ZRUNSLHFHV EHWZHHQ
ZRUNSODFHV>@ 7KH PRWLRQRI OLIWLQJDLGVLV GLUHFWO\
LQGXFHGE\WKHXVHU
Classical exoskeletons LQFUHDVH WKH IRUFH DQG
WKHUHE\ WKH PRELOLW\ RU HQGXUDQFH RI SK\VLFDO ERGLHV
6XFKV\VWHPVFDQEHOLPLWHGWRLQGLYLGXDOERG\SDUWVRU
&XUUHQW6LWXDWLRQDQG2EMHFWLYHV
7HFKQLFDO VXSSRUW V\VWHPV IRU GLIIHUHQW VLWXDWLRQV
DUH DOUHDG\ LQ XVH LQ HYHU\GD\ DQG SURIHVVLRQDO OLIH
$SSOLFDWLRQV LQ LQGXVWULDO SURGXFWLRQ LQFOXGH IRU
H[DPSOHDXWRPDWHGV\VWHPVZLWKLQGXVWULDO URERWV >@
V\VWHPV IRU KXPDQPDFKLQH FRRSHUDWLRQ OLNH URERW
EDVHG V\VWHPV IRU ZHOGLQJ >@ H[RVNHOHWRQV IRU IRUFH
VXSSRUW>@OLIWLQJDLGVEDODQFHUV>@DVVHPEO\VHDWV
>@ DV ZHOO DV DSSV RU ZHEEDVHG QDYLJDWRUV DQG
DVVLVWDQFH V\VWHPV >@ 7KHVH VROXWLRQV KDYH LQ
FRPPRQ WKDW WKH\ VXSSRUW DVVLVW RU KHOS WKH VWDII LQ
RUGHU WR EULQJ WKHP UHOLHI RU WR LQFUHDVH WKH RYHUDOO
SURGXFWLYLW\ LQ RUJDQL]DWLRQV RI SURGXFWLRQ
&RQVHTXHQWO\ QRW DOO V\VWHPV VWUHQJWKHQ WKH UROH DQG
SRVLWLRQRIWKHHPSOR\HH
,QWKLVSDSHUWKHPDLQIRFXVZLOOOLHRQWKHUHODWLRQ
RIWKHUHVSHFWLYHWHFKQLFDOV\VWHPVWRKXPDQEHLQJV7R
EHVXUHWKLVIRFXVGRHVQRWSUHFOXGHDQDSSOLFDWLRQRI
WKHUHOHYDQWLGHDVWRRWKHUV\VWHPVOLNHHJLQGXVWULDO
URERWV ZLWKRXW RU MXVW ZLWK PLQLPDO KXPDQ FRQWDFW
:H UDWKHU SUHVHQW D JHQHUDO DSSURDFK IRU WHFKQLFDO
V\VWHPV UHJDUGLQJ LQGLYLGXDO VXSSRUW 7R WKLV HQG ZH
ZLOOVWDUWE\GHULYLQJWKHFRUHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIH[LVWLQJ
SURGXFWLRQ V\VWHPV ZKLFK ZLOO SDYH WKH ZD\ IRU
GHILQLQJ HVVHQWLDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI ³LQGLYLGXDO
VXSSRUW´7KHVHH[SOLFDWLRQVDUHWKHQWUDQVIHUUHGLQWRD
WHQWDWLYHFODVVLILFDWLRQRIVXSSRUWV\VWHPVDQGZLOODOVR
EH XVHG WR RXWOLQH D QHZ DSSURDFK IRU ³LQGLYLGXDO
VXSSRUWV\VWHPV´FDOOHG+XPDQ+\EULG5RERW)LQDOO\
ZHLOOXVWUDWHWKHDSSURDFKZLWKH[HPSODU\V\VWHPV
570
7DEOH&RPSDULVRQDQGFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRIFXUUHQWSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPVEDVHGRQ>@@
FRQFHSW
FKDUDF
WHULVWLF
LQGXVWULDOURERW
V\VWHPEDVHGRQ
KXPDQPDFKLQH
FRRSHUDWLRQ
DVVLVWDQFHV\VWHP
OLIWLQJ
DLGVEDODQFHU
VWDQGDUGL]HGV\VWHP GLVWULEXWLRQRIZRUN
PRELOHRUVWDWLRQDU\
LQVWUXFWLRQIURP
ZLWKRUZLWKRXW
WRKXPDQDQG
VWDQGDUGL]HGDQG
V\VWHPWRXVHU
VHQVRUV
PDFKLQH
PRQROLWKLFV\VWHPV
XVXDOO\QRGLUHFW
QRLQWHJUDWLRQ
QRLQWHJUDWLRQLQRQH
XVXDOO\LQWHJUDWLRQLQ
LQWHJUDWLRQEXWWKH\ V\VWHPRQO\DVVLVWV V\VWHPWZRVHSDUDWH
LQWHJUDWLRQ
SURGXFWLRQOLQHV
ZRUNWRJHWKHU
DVVHSDUDWHV\VWHP
V\VWHPV
VHQVRUVIRUGLVWXU
RQHGLUHFWLRQDO
GLUHFWLQWHUDFWLRQ
EDQFHGHWHFWLRQLI GLUHFWLQWHUDFWLRQDQG
LQWHUDFWLRQ
EHWZHHQXVHUDQG
LQWHUDFWLRQ
GLVWXUEDQFHWKHQQR ZRUNFRRSHUDWLRQ DVVLVWDQFHV\VWHPWR
V\VWHPDERXW
DFWLRQV
KXPDQ
LQWHUIDFHV
XVXDOO\FRQWUROOHGE\
PDFKLQHRQO\
SUHGHILQHG
URXWLQHVVHWSRLQW SHUIRUPVSUHGHILQHG
V\VWHPFRQWUROOHGE\
DVVLVWDQFH
ORFXVRIFRQWURO
JHQHUDWHGE\
WDVNLIVDIHW\IRU
XVHU
IXQFWLRQDOLWLHV
SURJUDPVRUVHQVRUV
KXPDQLVJLYHQ
XVXDOO\IL[HGDQG
XVXDOO\IL[HGDQGQRW XVXDOO\IL[HGDQG
QRWPRGXODU
QRSRVVLELOLW\IRU
V\VWHP
PRGXODUSURFHVV
QRWPRGXODU
SURFHVVRULHQWHG
DGMXVWPHQW
FRQILJXUDWLRQ
RULHQWHG
SURFHVVRULHQWHG
VRPHWLPHVXVHU
RULHQWHG
V\QFKURQL]DWLRQEXW
QRV\QFKURQL]DWLRQ
DUUDQJHPHQW
WZRVHSDUDWHG
VHSDUDWHGV\VWHP
VHSDUDWHGV\VWHP
V\VWHPERXQGDU\ DQGGLUHFWLQWHUDFWLRQ
V\VWHPV
URRWFRQFHSW
H[RVNHOHWRQ
WRRO
SDUDOOHOZHDUDEOH
HOHPHQWVIRUIRUFH
VXSSRUW
VWDQGDUGL]HG
V\VWHP
LQWHJUDWLRQLQRQH XVXDOO\XVHGE\WKH
K\EULGV\VWHP
VWDII
GLUHFWLQWHUDFWLRQ
GXHWRK\EULG
V\VWHP
GLUHFWOLQNDJHWR
XVHU
VHWSRLQWVE\XVHU
FRQWURORIWRROE\
XVHUVRPHWLPHV
URXWLQHV
VRPHWRROVDUH
IL[HGEXWXVXDOO\
IL[HGDORWRIWRROV
XVHULQGLYLGXDO
FDQEHDGDSWHG
SDUDPHWHUL]DWLRQ
HDVLO\
SDUDOOHOVWUXFWXUH
XVXDOO\VHULDO
K\EULGV\VWHP VRPHWLPHVSDUDOOHO
XVXDOO\ULJLG
PDWHULDOV
XVXDOO\ULJLG
PDWHULDOVEXWRIWHQ
VDIHW\IXQFWLRQDOLWLHV
XVXDOO\VRIWZDUH
IXQFWLRQDOLWLHV
ULJLGSRUWDOVDQG
FDEOHVRUVLPLODU
WKLQJV
GLIIHUHQWXVXDOO\
HUJRQRPLF
LQWHUIDFHVZLWK
UXEEHURUSODVWLF
GHYHORSPHQW
GHYHORSHGV\VWHP
SURJUDPPLQJ
XVXDOO\WDVN
GHSHQGHQW
XVXDOO\ULJLG
NLQHPDWLFDQG
DFWXDWRUVVRIW
LQWHUIDFHV
IXOO\GHYHORSHG
V\VWHPVPRUHQHZ
SURFHGXUHV
DORWRIDVVLVWDQFH
V\VWHPVDUHIXOO\
GHYHORSHG
IXOO\GHYHORSHG
V\VWHP
ORZPDWXULW\IRU
LQGXVWULDO
DSSOLFDWLRQ
IXOO\GHYHORSHG
WDVNGHSHQGHQW
VHOHFWLRQ
SURGXFWLRQWDVN
FRPSOHWHDFWLYLW\LV VHSDUDWLRQRIWKH SHUIRUPHGE\XVHU VHSDUDWLRQRIWKH SHUIRUPHGE\XVHU SHUIRUPHGE\XVHU
ZLWKVXSSRUWRI
SHUIRUPHGDOOWKH DFWLYLW\WRVWDIIDQG
DVVLVWDQFHE\
DFWLYLW\WRVWDIIDQG IRUFHVXSSRUWE\
PDFKLQH
WRRO
WLPH
PDFKLQH
PDFKLQH
PDFKLQH
KXPDQVXSSRUW
WDNLQJRYHUKXPDQ
DFWLYLW\
PDWHULDO
V\VWHPVHWXS
FXVWRPEXLOW
VXSSRUWRIIRUFH
WDNLQJRYHUVRPH
JXLGLQJDQGFDUU\LQJ
DVVLVWIXQFWLRQDOLWLHV
HQGXUDQFHDQG
VXSSRUWE\WRROV
DFWLYLWLHVHJORDG
VXSSRUW
PRELOLW\
FXVWRPEXLOWIRUD FXVWRPEXLOWIRUD FXVWRPEXLOWIRUD
FXVWRPEXLOWIRUD
VLQJOHRUIOH[LEOH
VLQJOHRUIOH[LEOH
VLQJOHRUIOH[LEOH
FXVWRPEXLOW
VLQJOHRUIOH[LEOH
DSSOLFDWLRQ
DSSOLFDWLRQ
DSSOLFDWLRQ
DSSOLFDWLRQ
SRVVLELOLWLHV IRU VPDOO DGDSWDWLRQV 7KHLU HVVHQWLDO
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVDUHVXPPDUL]HGLQWDEOH
FDQVXSSRUWWKHZKROHERG\>@8VXDOO\LQWHJUDWHG
VHQVRUVGHWHFWWKHKXPDQPRWLRQ7KHNLQHPDWLFFKDLQ
DQGDFWXDWRUVRIVXFKV\VWHPVGHWHUPLQHWKHILGHOLW\RI
PRWLRQZLWKUHVSHFWWRKXPDQPRYHPHQWV
ToolsFDQEHXVHGWRIDFLOLWDWHKXPDQDFWLYLWLHVVXFK
DVGULOOLQJVFUHZLQJRUFKHFNLQJ,QJHQHUDOWKHWRROV
FDQQRWEHDGMXVWHGWRWKHXVHUEXWRQO\WRWKHDFWLYLW\
HJWKHUHSODFHPHQWRIGULOOVRUELWV1RUPDOO\WKHXVHU
KDV WR DGMXVW WR WKH WRRO 7KH GLUHFW LQWHUIDFH LH
KDQGOHVLVDGMXVWDEOHRQO\UDUHO\5RXWLQHVLIDYDLODEOH
FDQXVXDOO\QRWEHFKDQJHGRUDGDSWHGHDVLO\
,Q RXU YLHZ PRVW SURGXFWLRQ V\VWHPV KDYH EHHQ
GHYHORSHG DERYH DOO ZLWK WKH SXUSRVH WR LQFUHDVH WKH
SURGXFWLYLW\ DQG QRW WR VXSSRUW KXPDQ EHLQJV 7KHVH
V\VWHPV DUH XVXDOO\ GHVLJQHG LQ D PRQROLWKLF DQG
SURFHVVRULHQWHG ZD\ 7KH\ KDYH RQO\ OLPLWHG
2XWOLQHRID7KHRU\RI6XSSRUW6\VWHPV
,WLVFUXFLDOWRFKHULVKWKHVLPSOHEXWREYLRXVILQGLQJ
WKDWVXSSRUWFDQWDNHYHU\GLIIHUHQWIRUPVDQGWKDWLWLV
KLJKO\GHSHQGHQWRQWKHREVHUYHURIWKHVXSSRUWDFWLYLW\
XQLW>@)XUWKHUPRUHGHVFULSWLRQVRIVXSSRUWDVVLVWRU
KHOS DUH FXUUHQWO\ QRW GLVWLQJXLVKHG 7KLV OHDGV WR
WHUPLQRORJLFDO FRQIXVLRQ ZKLFK LQ WXUQ EOXUV SRVVLEOH
SRLQWV RI OHYHUDJH IRU WKH VROXWLRQ RI SDUWLFXODU
SUREOHPVHJLQSURGXFWLRQRUKHDOWKFDUH
7KHUHIRUHDWKHRU\RIVXSSRUWV\VWHPVPXVWEHDEOH
WRGHDOZLWKWKHIROORZLQJVWUXFWXUDOFRQGLWLRQVWKH
YDULHW\FRPSOH[LW\ RI VXSSRUW WKH LQHYLWDEOH DQG
SHUVLVWHQW LQWHUIHUHQFH RI GLYHUVH FRUSRUDWH DQG
LQGLYLGXDOREVHUYHUVZLWKGLIIHUHQWLQWHUHVWVDQGWKH
571
GLIIHUHQFHRIVXSSRUWLQFRQWUDVWWRRWKHUVLPLODUIRUPV
RIDFWLYLW\OLNHKHOSRUDVVLVWDQFH7KHVHDUHFHUWDLQO\QRW
WKHRQO\UHTXLUHPHQWVIRUDWKHRU\RIVXSSRUWV\VWHPV
EXW DQ\ VXEVWDQWLDO WKHRU\ RI VXSSRUWV\VWHPV KDV WR
DGGUHVVWKHPLQRQHZD\RUDQRWKHU
7KHEDVLFLGHDILUVWWRRNRIIDVDWKHRUHWLFDODSSURDFK
DERXWKRZDQDGYDQFHGWHFKQLFDOV\VWHPFDQEHVHHQWR
VXSSRUW WKH LQGLYLGXDO SHUVRQ ZLWK UHIHUHQFH WR WKH
IXQFWLRQDOLWLHVLWQHHGV,WWKHQHYROYHGLQWRWKHFRQFHSW
RI +XPDQ +\EULG 5RERW ++5 >@ DQG WKH
VXEVWDQWLDWLRQRIWKUHHJHQHUDOGHWHUPLQDQWVRIVXSSRUW
V\VWHPVZKLFKUHIHUWRWKHLQWHUDFWLRQSDWWHUQVEHWZHHQ
WKH SDUWLFLSDQW WHFKQLFDO SK\VLFDO DQG VRFLDO HQWLWLHV
>@ :LWK WKLV EDFNJURXQG ZH QRZ SUHVHQW ILUVW VWHSV
WRZDUG D WKHRU\ IRU VXSSRUWV\VWHPV 5HJDUGLQJ WKH
PXOWLSOH[VWUXFWXUHRIWKHSUREOHPVXFKDWKHRU\KDVWR
WDNHRQDQLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\DSSURDFK
)UDPHZRUN
7KHIUDPHZRUNVKRXOGGHILQHWKHJHQHUDOVWUXFWXUH
WKDWSURYLGHVDNLQGRIDUFKLWHFWXUHIRUSDUWLFXODUFODVVHV )LJXUH)UDPHZRUNIRUWKHSURVSHFWLYHWKHRU\
RIVLPLODUDSSOLFDWLRQVLQDQDEVWUDFWZD\VHHGHILQLWLRQ
7KH motivation of support PD\ KDYH GLIIHUHQW
LQ >@ 2XU IUDPHZRUN ZKLFK FDQ DOVR EH VHHQ DV D UHDVRQV2QWKHRQHKDQGVXSSRUWPLJKWEHQHFHVVDU\WR
PHWKRGRORJ\LVLOOXVWUDWHGLQILJXUH6XFKDQDSSURDFK FRPSHQVDWHVRPHJDSEHWZHHQREVHUYHGDFWXDODELOLWLHV
LVQHFHVVDU\LQRUGHUWRIXOILOOWKHRYHUDOOUHTXLUHPHQWV DQG VNLOOV RI WKH XVHU DQG VRFLDOO\ GHPDQGHG SRWHQWLDO
IRU GHYHORSPHQW FRQILJXUDWLRQ LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ DQG DELOLWLHV DQG VNLOOV 7KLV LV D IRUP RI PRWLYDWLRQ WKDW
DSSOLFDWLRQ RI VXSSRUWV\VWHPV +HQFH WKH IUDPHZRUN DULVHVZLWKRXWH[SOLFLWDWWULEXWDEOHSXUSRVH2QWKHRWKHU
VKRXOGKHOSWKHGHYHORSHUVXVHUVDQGRUJDQL]DWLRQVWR KDQG WKH PRWLYDWLRQ PLJKW EH DWWULEXWDEOH WR VXFK DQ
DGDSW FRPPRQ SURFHGXUHV WR D QHZ ZD\ RI WKLQNLQJ H[SOLFLW FRPPXQLFDWHG SXUSRVH $Q RUJDQL]DWLRQ PD\
VXSSRUWV\VWHPV
LQFUHDVH WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV E\ PDNLQJ DFWLYLWLHV PRUH
5HDOL]LQJ LQGLYLGXDO VXSSRUW GHSHQGV RQ GLIIHUHQW FRPSOH[ DQG E\ HQODUJLQJ WKH VFRSH RI ZRUN 6XFK
DVSHFWV WKDW GHULYH IRUP WKH GHPDQGV RI WKH XVHU WKH FKDQJLQJFRQGLWLRQVPD\EHFDXVHGE\DFXVWRPL]DWLRQ
LQGXVWULDO SURGXFWLRQ DQG WKH RYHUDOO VWUDWHJ\ :H XVH RI SURGXFWV JOREDOL]HG PDUNHWV WHFKQRORJLFDO DQGRU
WKH DSSURDFK RI +XPDQ +\EULG 5RERW ++5 ZKLFK GHPRJUDSKLFFKDQJHRULQFUHDVHGGHPDQGVRQTXDOLW\
FDQ EH GHSOR\HG IRU GLIIHUHQW NLQGV RI VXSSRUW DQG
7KHVXSSRUWFDQDOVRKDYHGLIIHUHQWcharacteristics
DFWLYLWLHV)RUWKLVSXUSRVHVHYHUDOHQDEOHUVDUHXWLOL]HG HVSHFLDOO\ ZLWK UHJDUG WR IRUP DQG VFRSH $OO WKH
LQRUGHUWRLPSDFWWKHV\VWHPXVHUWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQDQG FKDUDFWHULVWLFV SULPDULO\ UHIHU WR WKH LQWHUDFWLRQ DQG
HYHQQDWLRQDOHFRQRP\7RDOORZLQGLYLGXDOVXSSRUWD LQWHJUDWLRQ RI WKH FRPSRQHQWV RI WKH VXSSRUWV\VWHP
FRQVWUXFWLRQ NLW V\VWHPDWLF LV HPSOR\HG 7KH 7KLVSRLQWLQFOXGHVWKUHHDVSHFWVLQSDUWLFXODU)LUVWWKH
GHYHORSPHQWDVZHOODVWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIVXFKV\VWHPV levelRIVXSSRUWUHODWLYHWRWKHVXSSRUWHGERG\SDUWVPD\
FDQEHIDFLOLWDWHGE\DSSURSULDWHPHWKRGV
YDU\ERG\SDUWVXSWRWKHFRPSOHWHERG\FDQIXQFWLRQ
$OO WKHVH LQWHUDFWLQJ DVSHFWV GHVFULEH WKH YDULRXV DV VXSSRUW EXW PD\ EH DOVR DIIHFWHG E\ VXSSRUW
SUREOHPGLPHQVLRQVRIVXSSRUW+HQFHWKH\KDYHWREH GHVFULEHG VHSDUDWHO\ LQ D VHSDUDWH LWHP 6HFRQG WKH
FRQVLGHUHGIRUWKHRU\DQGZLOOEHGHVFULEHGLQWKHQH[W degree RI VXSSRUW PD\ YDU\ VXSSRUW LQ IRUP RI
VXEVHFWLRQVZLWKPRUHGHWDLO
DVVLVWDQFH WKH XVHU LV SHUIRUPLQJ WKH WDVN ZLWK
DVVLVWDQFHVXSSRUWE\WDNLQJRYHUVRPHVXEDFWLYLWLHV
)RUPVRI6XSSRUW
HJ RI IRUFHDQGVXSSRUW WKDWWDNHVRYHU PRVW
3URGXFWLRQ V\VWHPV FDQ FRQWDLQ VXSSRUW RSHUDWLRQV VXEDFWLYLWLHV RU HYHQ WKH FRPSOHWH DFWLYLW\ ±
LQYDULRXVZD\VDQGZLWKGLIIHULQJWDUJHWV,QWKHILHOGRI VXSSRUWWKHQLVLQWKHKDQGVRIWKHWHFKQLFDOV\VWHP7KH
SURGXFWLRQDVLQ RWKHU ILHOGVHJFDUHVXFK V\VWHPV ODWWHUDPRXQWVWRDVXEVWLWXWLRQRIWKHDFWLYLW\7KHWKLUG
FDQ UHOLHYH HLWKHU WKH XVHU RU WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ WKDW DVSHFW WKDW LV LQFOXGHG ZKHQ LW FRPH WR WKH
LPSOHPHQWVVXFKDV\VWHPRUERWK7KHXVHRIDV\VWHP FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI VXSSRUW UHIHUV WR WKH strength RI
WR VXSSRUW VRPHWKLQJ RU VRPHRQH LV FRQWLQJHQW RQ LQWHJUDWLRQ WKDW LV WKH WHFKQLFDO FRPSRQHQW RI D
GLIIHUHQWPRWLYDWLRQVFKDUDFWHULVWLFVLPSOHPHQWDWLRQV VXSSRUWV\VWHPPD\IRUH[DPSOHEHERG\ZRUQVLPSO\
DQGDSSOLFDWLRQV,WDOVRDIIHFWVTXLWHGLIIHUHQWDUHDV
KHOGRUFRPPXQLFDWHGYLDSDUWLFXODUPHGLD
572
7HFKQLFDOV\VWHPVDIIHFWGLIIHUHQWareas of support
DVZHOO$VPHQWLRQHGDERYHRQHFULWHULRQLVWKHOHYHO
RI VXSSRUW ZLWK UHVSHFW WR WKH VXSSRUWHG ERG\ SDUWV
$QRWKHU FULWHULRQ LV WKH NLQG RI UHOLHI 7KLV FDQ EH
SK\VLFDO SV\FKRORJLFDO SURFHVVRULHQWHG DQG VRFLDO
UHOLHIVHHILJXUH6RPHDVSHFWVRIWKHVHIRXUILHOGVRI
UHOLHI DUH RYHUODSSLQJ RWKHU DVSHFWV DUH UHGXQGDQW RU
DGGLWLRQDO)RUphysical reliefWKHVXSSRUWV\VWHPVFDQ
EH XVHG IRU IRUFH UHGLUHFWLRQ DQG LQGXFWLRQ IRUFH
HQKDQFHPHQW VWDELOL]DWLRQ EUDFLQJ SUHFLVLRQ RU
HUJRQRPLFLPSURYHPHQW)RUpsychological reliefVXFK
V\VWHPVDUHQHHGHGIRUZRUNLQVWUXFWLRQVPRQLWRULQJRI
WKHDFWLYLW\DQGPXVFXORVNHOHWDOVWUHVVFRPSHQVDWLRQRI
IHHOLQJV WLPH PDQDJHPHQW GLVWULEXWLRQ RI DFWLYLWLHV
DQG MRE VHFXULW\ Organizational relief LQFOXGLQJ
process-oriented relief) LV IRU H[DPSOH DFKLHYHG E\
ZRUNLQJLQVWUXFWLRQVVXJJHVWLRQVDQGLPSURYHPHQWVDV
ZHOODVWKHPRQLWRULQJRISURFHVVHVDQGWKHGHILQLWLRQ
RI ZRUN VHTXHQFHV DQG V\VWHP VWDWHV Social relief
HQVXHV ZKHQ WKH VXSSRUW IDFLOLWDWHV WKH FRXSOLQJ DQG
GHFRXSOLQJ RI SHRSOH DQG WKH IORZ RI FRPPXQLFDWLRQ
ZKHQDUHGLVWULEXWLRQRIDFWLYLWLHVLVSRVVLEOHVRDVWR
DFWLYDWH WHDP H[SHUWLVH LQ VKLIWLQJ FRQWH[WV RU ZKHQ
XQDYRLGDEOHKLHUDUFKLFDORUSURIHVVLRQDOGLIIHUHQFHVFDQ
EHVXVSHQGHG
1RWH WKDW DOO RI WKHVH DUHDV DUH YHU\ SUREDEO\
DIIHFWHG VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ DQG WKDW LQWHUIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ
WKHPPLJKWKDYHSUHIHUDEOHEXWDOVRGHWULPHQWDOHIIHFWV
%HLQJDZDUHRIWKHVHDUHDVLVQHFHVVDU\LQRUGHUWREH
DEOH WR DQWLFLSDWH DQG DVVHVV SRVVLEOH HIIHFWV RU WR
FRQWDLQXQH[SHFWHGQHJDWLYHUDPLILFDWLRQV
3DWKVRIVXSSRUW
7KHFODVVLILFDWLRQSURFHGXUHVKRXOGEHDEOHWRWUDFH
GLIIHUHQWSDWKVVHH>@7KUHHEDVLFGHWHUPLQDQWVZLWK
UHJDUG WR WKH UHODWLRQ RI DFWLYLW\ DQG LWV REVHUYHG RU
LQWHQGHG VXSSRUW KDYH EHHQ LGHQWLILHG VSDWLR
WHPSRUDOLW\ LQWHJUDWLRQ DQG ORFXV RI FRQWURO $
FODVVLILFDWLRQ DORQJ WKHVH OLQHV SURFHHGV E\GHVFULELQJ
WKHIRUPRIVXSSRUWIURPJHQHUDOLQWRPRUHGHWDLO
$Q\ FODVVLILFDWLRQ RI VXSSRUWV\VWHPV VKRXOG QRW
EHJLQE\ORRNLQJDWWKHWHFKQRORJLFDODUWHIDFWVRURWKHU
FRPSRQHQWV RI VXFK V\VWHPV :KHQ IDFHG ZLWK WKH
GHWDLOHG GLIIHUHQFHV RI WKH QXPHURXV YDULDQWV RI VXFK
V\VWHPV DQG ZLWK WKH G\QDPLFV RI WKH ILHOG VXFK D
FODVVLILFDWLRQVWUDWHJ\ZRXOGHLWKHUWXUQRXWWREHIXWLOH
RU LW ZRXOG OHDG WR D VLPSOH SLJHRQKROH SURFHGXUH
ZLWKRXWSURGXFLQJDQ\VFLHQWLILFLQVLJKW:KDWLVQHHGHG
LQRUGHUWRDFKLHYHDPDQDJHDEOHVFLHQWLILFDOO\VRXQG
DQG PHWKRGRORJLFDOO\ XVHIXO FODVVLILFDWLRQ LV D
VSHFLILFDWLRQ RI MXVW D IHZ FULWHULD WKDW GR QRW UHIHU WR
FOHDUFXWHQWLWLHVEXWUDWKHUWRWKHLQWHUDFWLRQSDWWHUQVRI
SDUWLFLSDQWHQWLWLHVZLWKLQVXFKV\VWHPV:HIRXQGWKDW
WKHUH DUH WKUHH EDVLF GLVWLQFWLRQV WKDW GHWHUPLQH WKH
REVHUYDWLRQRIEDVLFDOO\DOOSRVVLEOHLHQRWH[FOXVLYHO\
)LJXUH$UHDVRIVXSSRUWZLWKH[DPSOHV
WHFKQLFDO VXSSRUWV\VWHPV 7KH\ DUH WKHUHIRUH
HVVHQWLDOIRUFODVVLILFDWLRQ6WDUWLQJZLWKWKHPRVWEDVLF
EXWQHFHVVDU\GLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQDQDFWLYLW\WKDWLVWR
EH VXSSRUWHG DQG WKH VXSSRUWLQJ DFWLYLW\ ZLWKRXW WKLV
GLVWLQFWLRQQRVXSSRUWV\VWHPFRXOGEHGHYHORSHGDWDOO
RQH KDV WR DVFHUWDLQ WKH VSDWLRWHPSRUDO
UHODWLRQLQWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH UHOHYDQW DFWLYLW\ RI
GLYHUVHHQWLWLHVDQGWKHREVHUYHGRUGHVLUHGVXSSRUWRI
WKLVDFWLYLW\7KDWLVVXSSRUWFDQEHVSDWLDOO\FORVHDQG
LPPHGLDWHHJZHDUDEOHWHFKQRORJ\RUOLIWLQJSHRSOHLQ
DQXUVLQJKRPHRULWPD\KDSSHQIURPGLVWDQFHDQGEH
PHGLDWHG ZKLFK PLJKW EH WKH FDVH ZKHQ ILQDQFLDO RU
PRUDOVXSSRUWLVJUDQWHG 2QH KDVWR SD\ DWWHQWLRQ
RU PDNH D FKRLFH DERXW WKH IRUP RI LQWHJUDWLRQ
EHWZHHQ DFWLYLW\ DQG VXSSRUW 6XSSRUW FDQ HLWKHU EH
FRQWH[WXDO IRU H[DPSOH ZKHQ WKH DFFRPSOLVKPHQW RI
WKH DFWLYLW\ LV IDFLOLWDWHG E\ DVVLVWDQFH RU LW LV UDWKHU
KLJKO\ LQWHJUDWHG ZKHQ LW WXUQV RXW WR EH D QHFHVVDU\
FRQGLWLRQ IRU WKH DFFRPSOLVKPHQW RI WKH DFWLYLW\ LWVHOI
IRUH[DPSOHKDOWLQJWKHWUDIILFWRHDVHWKHFURVVLQJRI
573
WKH VWUHHW IRU DQ ROG PDQ ZKLFK LV FRQWH[WXDO DQG
DPRXQWV WR DVVLVWDQFH YHUVXV VWDELOL]LQJ KLV ZDON WR
HQDEOHKLPWRFURVVWKHVWUHHW7KHWKLUGGHWHUPLQDQW
RI VXSSRUWV\VWHPV LV UHODWHG WR WKH LVVXH ZKHUH
REVHUYHUV ORFDWH WKH FRQWURO RI WKH V\VWHP 7KLV LV QRW
VHOIHYLGHQW 'RHV D GULYHU FRQWURO WKH EUDNH DVVLVW
VLPSO\EHFDXVHKHPLJKWEHDEOHWRVZLWFKLWRII":KHQ
WKHEUDNHDVVLVWLVRQWKHQLWUDWKHUFRQWUROVWKHGULYHUDV
PXFK DV LW LV FRQWUROOHG E\ KLP 7KLV VLPSOH H[DPSOH
VKRZVWKDWWKHREVHUYDWLRQDQGDWWULEXWLRQRIFRQWUROLV
D FUXFLDO LVVXH ZLWK UHJDUG WR WKH GHVLJQ RI VXSSRUW
IRUPV
OLIH E\ EXLOGLQJ D K\EULG DQG LQWHOOLJHQW V\VWHP 6XFK
V\VWHPV FDQ EH FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ D GLUHFW FRXSOLQJ RI
KXPDQ PRYHPHQWWHFKQLFDO V\VWHPVDQG SULPLWLYHRU
DGYDQFHGWRROVDQGIXQFWLRQDOLWLHVHJDPHFKDQLVPIRU
LQWHJUDWHGTXDOLW\DVVXUDQFHVHHILJXUH7KHFUXFLDO
SRLQW LV WKH LQWHJUDWLRQ RI WHFKQLFDO DQG ELRORJLFDO
HOHPHQWVDVZHOODVWKHUHDOL]DWLRQRIDV\QFKURQRXVDQG
ELGLUHFWLRQDO LQWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ KXPDQ DQG
PHFKDWURQLF DQGRU PHFKDQLF HOHPHQWV LQ WKH VDPH
ZRUNVSDFH 6\VWHPV EDVHG RQ WKLV DSSURDFK DUH QRW
UHSODFLQJWKHKXPDQE\DPDFKLQH5DWKHUWKHSRVLWLRQ
RI WKH KXPDQ LV GHWHUPLQHG ZLWK UHIHUHQFH WR D
FRPSHQVDWLRQRIORVWIXQFWLRQDOLWLHV
0HWKRGVIRUGHYHORSPHQW
7KH WKHRU\ RI VXSSRUWV\VWHPV VKRXOG UHVXOW LQ D
QXPEHURIPHWKRGVDSSURDFKHVDQGSULQFLSOHVWKDWDUH
DOOLPSRUWDQWIRUIXWXUHGHYHORSPHQWDQGFRQILJXUDWLRQ
RIVXFKV\VWHPVDVZHOODVIRUWKHLUFRQFUHWHDSSOLFDWLRQ
7KH IUDPHZRUN JLYHQ DERYH FDQ EH FRQVLGHUHG DV WKH
JHQHUDO VWUXFWXUH LQ ZKLFK WKH EDVLF DSSURDFK LV
HPEHGGHG 7KH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ PHWKRGV DUH WKH
DSSURSULDWH WRROV IRU UHDOL]DWLRQ 7KH JHQHUDWLRQ RI
LQGLYLGXDO VXSSRUW GHSHQGV RQ WKLV VWUXFWXUDO
DUUDQJHPHQWVHHDJDLQILJXUH6ROXWLRQVGHYLVHGZLWK
UHIHUHQFH WR WKLV IUDPHZRUN DQG WKHRU\ ZLOO EH RI D
GLIIHUHQWNLQGGXHWRDQRYHOKXPDQFHQWHUHGDSSURDFK
DQG DQ LQQRYDWLYH SHUVSHFWLYH WKDW LV REWDLQHG IURP
EULQJLQJWRJHWKHUHQJLQHHULQJVFLHQFHDQGVRFLDOVFLHQFH
ZLWKDGGLWLRQDOVXSSRUWIURPRWKHUGLVFLSOLQHVOLNHODZ
RUELRPHFKDQLFV
&XUUHQWO\ ZH WKLQN DERXW PHWKRGV IRU LGHQWLI\LQJ
QHHGV VWDQGDUGV IRU VXSSRUW V\VWHPV DQG V\VWHPDWLFV
IRUDFRQVWUXFWLRQNLW5HTXLVLWHPHWKRGVGRDOVRDGGUHVV
PRGXOH DQG V\VWHP GHYHORSPHQW PRGHOOLQJ DQG
VLPXODWLRQ RI KXPDQPDFKLQH V\VWHPV XVHUFHQWHUHG
GHVLJQ DQG WHFKQRORJ\ HYDOXDWLRQ DQG V\VWHP
FRQILJXUDWLRQ )XUWKHUPRUH WKHUH PXVW EH
PDQXIDFWXULQJ PHWKRGV DQG WHFKQRORJLHV IRU XVHU
FHQWHUHG PRGXOHV HJ DGGLWLYH PDQXIDFWXULQJ
WHFKQRORJLHV IRU UHDOL]LQJ LQGLYLGXDO DGDSWLRQ DQG ORZ
FRVW V\VWHPV IRU SURJUDPPLQJ HJ DFWLYH V\VWHP
FRQWUROVWUDWHJLHVDQGDOJRULWKPVHJIRUFRPIRUWDEOH
PRYHPHQW RI WHFKQLFDO HOHPHQWV LQ UHVSHFW WR XVHU
FRQGLWLRQV DQG SURFHVV SDUDPHWHUV 7KHVH
PHWKRGRORJLFDO UHTXLUHPHQWV DUH DOO GLUHFWHG WRZDUGV
JDLQLQJ LQWXLWLYH XVDELOLW\ DQG IDFLOLWDWLQJ
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQDQGDSSOLFDWLRQ
)LJXUH&RQFHSWRI+XPDQ+\EULG5RERW>@
7KHFRQFHSWRI++5LVEDVHGRQDmodularV\VWHP
DUFKLWHFWXUH $ FRQVWUXFWLRQ NLW ZLWK SUHGHILQHG
KDUGZDUH DQG VRIWZDUH PRGXOHV DOORZV DQ DG KRF
FRQILJXUDWLRQDQGUHFRQILJXUDWLRQRIV\VWHPV7KLVZLOO
EH DFKLHYHG E\ FRPSOLDQFH WR VWDQGDUGV IRU HJ
LQWHUIDFHV 'HVLJQ DQG FRQILJXUDWLRQ RI WKH VXSSRUW
V\VWHP DUH GHWHUPLQHG E\ KXPDQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV HJ
VNLOOVDELOLWLHVDQGDQWKURSRPHWU\DQGWKHDFWLYLW\HJ
FRPSOH[LW\ORDGDQGIUHTXHQF\GXUDWLRQUHSHWLWLRQVHH
ILJXUH )RU H[DPSOH WKH KLJKO\ GHYHORSHG VHQVRU\
DELOLWLHV RI KXPDQ EHLQJV DQG WKH KLJK HQGXUDQFH RI
WHFKQLFDO V\VWHPV DUH XVHG VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ (DFK
PRGXOH RI WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ NLW KDV RQH RU PRUH
IXQFWLRQDOLWLHV $ FHUWDLQ IXQFWLRQDOLW\ PD\ ZHOO EH
UHDOL]HGE\GLIIHUHQW PRGXOHV,QJHQHUDOWKHPRGXOHV
FDQ EH FOXVWHUHG LQWR GLIIHUHQW FODVVHV HJ ELRORJLFDO
PRGXOHV WRROV PHFKDQLFDO PRGXOHV DFWXDWRUV MRLQWV
DOJRULWKPV VHQVRUV DQG LQWHUIDFHV 7KH VXSSRUW RI
KXPDQ IHDWXUHV DQG DELOLWLHV LV DFKLHYHG E\ XVLQJ DQG
FRPELQLQJWKHVHPRGXOHV
$SSURDFKRI+XPDQ+\EULG5RERW
7KHFRQFHSWRI+XPDQ +\EULG5RERWSUHVHQWVRQH
SRVVLEOH DSSURDFK IRU LQGLYLGXDO VXSSRUW ,W LV D
SURPLVLQJ FRQFHSW EHFDXVH LW FORVHV WKH JDS EHWZHHQ
IUHH SURJUDPPDEOH URERWV DQG PDQXDO ZRUNSODFHV
IXUWKHU WKDQ RWKHU FXUUHQW DSSURDFKHV >@ 7KH EDVLF
LGHDLVWRVXSSRUWPDQXDODFWLYLWLHVDWZRUNDQGLQGDLO\
574
)LJXUH&RQVWUXFWLRQNLWV\VWHPDWLFDQGH[HPSODU\FRQILJXUHGV\VWHPIRUWZRVFHQDULRVEDVHGRQ>@
(QDEOHUVHIIHFWVSRWHQWLDOVDQGLPSDFW
SK\VLFDOO\ DQG SV\FKLFDOO\ VWUHQXRXV ZRUN ,W LV
LPSRUWDQW WR KLJKOLJKW WKDW XVHUV DUH QRW UHSODFHG E\
PDFKLQHV 5DWKHU D K\EULG V\VWHP LV HVWDEOLVKHG DQG
XQLTXHO\ GHVLJQHG WR VXSSRUW KXPDQ FDSDELOLWLHV 7KLV
KDVVHYHUDOSRVLWLYHHIIHFWV
x HQVXULQJ HPSOR\HH SURGXFWLYLW\ DQG WKXV ORQJ
WHUPVHFXULW\RIWKHZRUNSODFH
x IOH[LELOLW\RIVXSSRUWV\VWHPV
x ZLGHQLQJ WKH UDQJH RI HPSOR\HH GHSOR\PHQW DQG
UHVXOWLQJSRVVLELOLWLHVRIMREURWDWLRQ
x LPSURYHPHQW RI WKH HUJRQRPLFV DQG PHQWDO UHOLHI
LPSURYHPHQW RI WKH TXDOLW\ RI OLIH IRU VNLOOHG DQG
XQVNLOOHGODERUWRSUHYHQWGLVHDVHV
x DFFHOHUDWLRQDQGIDFLOLWDWLRQRIOHDUQLQJSURFHVVHV
x HDVHRIUHLQWHJUDWLQJKDQGLFDSSHGRULQMXUHGSHUVRQV
x LPSURYHPHQW RI DFFXUDF\ SUHFLVLRQ DQG HUURU
SUHYHQWLRQ DW ZRUN DQG WKXV LQFUHDVHG SURGXFW
TXDOLW\
x SRVLWLYHLQIOXHQFHRQGLUHFWDQGLQGLUHFWFRVWVUHODWHG
WR GLVHDVHV DQG WKXV HQKDQFHPHQW RI WKH QDWLRQDO
DQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRPSHWLWLYHQHVV
6XSSRUW V\VWHPV FDQ EH XVHG IRU GLIIHUHQW
DSSOLFDWLRQV ZLWK GLIIHUHQW UHTXLUHPHQWV HJ IURP
PLFUR SURGXFWLRQ WR WKH SURGXFWLRQ RI IXVHODJH
'LIIHUHQW NH\ HQDEOHUV DOORZ VLJQLILFDQW WHFKQLFDO
HFRQRPLFDQGVRFLDOLPSURYHPHQWV7KHNH\HQDEOHUV
DVZHOODVUHVXOWLQJSRVLWLYHHIIHFWVDQGSRWHQWLDOVDUH
VKRZQLQILJXUH$QLQWHJUDOSDUWRIV\VWHPVEDVHGRQ
RXU DSSURDFK LV WKDW WKH XVHU LV WKH ORFXV RI FRQWURO
ZLWKLQ WKH VXSSRUWV\VWHP 7KH XVHU LV VXSSRUWHG E\
WHFKQLFDO IXQFWLRQDOLWLHV LQ RUGHU WR LQFUHDVH IRU
H[DPSOH TXDOLW\ SURGXFWLYLW\ RU HUJRQRPLFV ZLWKRXW
EHLQJ FRQWUROOHG RU UHSODFHG E\ PDFKLQHV %LRORJLFDO
DQG WHFKQLFDO HOHPHQWV DUH FRXSOHG VHULDOO\ DQGRU LQ
SDUDOOHODQGDGDSWHGWRWKHUHOHYDQWSHUVRQDQGWKHWDVN
$V D UHVXOW LQGLYLGXDO DELOLWLHV DQG VNLOOV FDQ EH XVHG
VLPXOWDQHRXVO\WKHKLJKIOH[LELOLW\DQGZHOOGHYHORSHG
FRJQLWLRQRIKXPDQEHLQJVDVZHOODVWKHKLJKHQGXUDQFH
DQG UHSHDWDELOLW\ RI D PDFKLQH ,Q HIIHFW WKLV FDQ
GHFUHDVH WKH SK\VLFDO DQG SV\FKLFDO VWUDLQ GXH WR
VXSSRUWLQJ IXQFWLRQDOLW\ DQG LQFUHDVH WKH TXDOLW\ RI
ZRUN GXH WR LQWHJUDWHG VWDELOL]DWLRQ DQG TXDOLW\
LQVXUDQFH PHFKDQLVPV 7KH UHODWLRQVKLSV RI RWKHU
HQDEOHUVHIIHFWVDQGSRWHQWLDOVFDQEHIRXQGLQWDEOH
6XFK VXSSRUW V\VWHPV FDQ EH XVHG WR VXSSRUW WKH
HPSOR\HHDVZHOODVWKHFRPSDQ\0RUHRYHUWKLVQHZ
DSSURDFK FRXOG KDYH DQ HQRUPRXV LPSDFW RQ QDWLRQDO
DQG LQWHUQDWLRQDO HFRQRP\ >@ ,W PLJKW DOVR LQGXFH
FKDQJHVRIGLYHUVHRFFXSDWLRQDOVWUXFWXUHV
6XSSRUWZLWKLQWKRVHV\VWHPVLVERWKSUHYHQWLYHDQG
RSHUDWLYH IRU WKH XVHU GXULQJ PDQXDO WDVNV HJ
([HPSODU\ VROXWLRQV IRU LQGLYLGXDO
VXSSRUW
%DVHGRQWKHRXWOLQHGWKHRU\IRUVXSSRUWV\VWHPVZH
ILQDOO\ VKRZ IRXU H[HPSODU\ VROXWLRQV WKDW WDNH LQWR
DFFRXQWWKHFHQWUDODVSHFWVGLVFXVVHGKHUH7KHVROXWLRQV
DUHVKRZQLQILJXUHVDWRGDQGDUHDSSOLHGIRUHJ
WKHVXSSRUWRIWDVNVLQPLFURSURGXFWLRQH[DPSOHVDDQG
F DQG DVVHPEO\ F DV ZHOO DV WKH VXSSRUW RI WRRO
575
7DEOH(QDEOHUVSRVLWLYHHIIHFWVDQGSRWHQWLDOVRIWKHGHVFULEHGDSSURDFK
KDQGOLQJGDQGDUPHOERZIXQFWLRQVE7KH\DUHDOO
GHYHORSHG ZLWK WKH SXUSRVH WR LQFUHDVH SUHFLVLRQ
TXDOLW\ HUJRQRPLFV DQG PRELOLW\ $OO WKHVH
DSSOLFDWLRQVDUHEXLOWZLWKVWDQGDUGL]HGPRGXOHV
Passive workbench FRQVLVWV RI RQO\ SDVVLYH
HOHPHQWVIRUVWDELOL]LQJWKHZRUNLQJSRVLWLRQLQRUGHUWR
LQFUHDVH SUHFLVLRQ 7KH DFWXDWLRQ RI WKH NLQHPDWLF
HOHPHQWV LV UHDOL]HG E\ SQHXPDWLF DFWXDWRUV ZKLFK
JHQHUDWH WKH FRPSHQVDWLQJ IRUFH 7KURXJK LQWHJUDWHG
OLQHDU DQG URWDU\ D[HV WKH RSHUDWRU FDQ PRYH TXLWH
IUHHO\ 7KH LQWHUIDFH WR WKH XVHU FDQ EH FXVWRPL]HG
WKURXJK
LQWHJUDWHG
WHFKQLFDO
LQWHUIDFHV
6LPXOWDQHRXVO\ D IHHG XQLW IRU KLJK SUHFLVLRQ
PDQXIDFWXULQJWDVNVFDQEHFRQWUROOHGE\DXVHUSDQHO
7KHarm support systemKDVDOVRDPRGXODUV\VWHP
DUFKLWHFWXUH7KHV\VWHPVKRZQLQILJXUHEFRQVLVWVRI
WKUHH GLIIHUHQW HOHPHQWV ± KXPDQPDFKLQHLQWHUIDFH
WKUHH IOH[LEOH NLQHPDWLF HOHPHQWV WZR RQH WRUVLRQ
VSULQJ DQG RQH FRPSOLDQW PHFKDQLVP DQG D MRLQW
HOHPHQWZLWKDQLQWHJUDWHGVSULQJIRUDFWXDWLRQ'XHWR
WKHPRGXODUFRQVWUXFWLRQHYHU\PRGXOHFDQEHFKRVHQ
DQGDGDSWHGHJWKHSDVVLYHMRLQWFDQEHVXEVWLWXWHGE\
DQ DFWLYH MRLQW RU RQH PLJKW FKDQJH WKH NLQHPDWLF
HOHPHQWV 0RUHRYHU WKH NLQHPDWLF HOHPHQW FDQ EH
DGDSWHGLQOHQJWK
7KH active workbench ILJXUH F FRQVLVWV RI
KDUGZDUH DQG VRIWZDUH PRGXOHV IRU PRYHPHQW
VSHFLILFDWLRQ DQG PRQLWRULQJ FRQWURO VHOHFWLRQ RI
DVVHPEO\ WDVNV DQG DVVHPEO\ LQVWUXFWLRQV TXDOLW\
DVVXUDQFHDQGLQRUGHUWRDYRLGHUURUV>@7KHV\VWHP
VXSSRUWV WKH XVHU E\ EUDFLQJ WKH DUPV PRQLWRULQJ WKH
ZRUNSODFH WR HQVXUH SURGXFW TXDOLW\ DQG VSHFLI\LQJ
WDVN DQG SHUVRQDGDSWHG WUDMHFWRULHV DQG PRYHPHQW
FRUULGRUV
7KH wearable tool support system ILJXUH G
HQKDQFHV WKH HUJRQRPLFV ZKHQ KDQGOLQJ KHDY\
FRPSRQHQWVRUWRROV7KLVFRQILJXUHGV\VWHPFRQVLVWVRI
NLQHPDWLFHOHPHQWVDKXPDQPDFKLQHLQWHUIDFHDQGDQ
576
PDQXIDFWXULQJPDFKLQH
WHFKQLFDOLQWHUIDFH
SQHXPDWLFDFWXDWRU
FRPSOLDQWPHFKDQLVP
KXPDQPDFKLQH
LQWHUIDFH
WHFKQLFDOLQWHUIDFH
VOLGHIRUDGDSWLRQ
KXPDQPDFKLQH
LQWHUIDFH
WRUVLRQVSULQJ
NLQHPDWLFHOHPHQW
ZRUNEHQFK
MRLQWZLWKDFWXDWLRQ
QRWRQSLFWXUH
WRXFKVFUHHQ
D3DVVLYHZRUNEHQFK
E$UPVXSSRUWV\VWHP
YDFXXPFXSV
FRQYHUWLDEOHKXPDQ
PDFKLQHLQWHUIDFHV
XVHULQWHUIDFH
GULOOLQJPDFKLQH
PHFKDQLVPIUSRVLWLRQ
FRPSHQVDWLRQ
KXPDQPDFKLQH
LQWHUIDFHZLWK
LQWHJUDWHGVHQVRUIRU
FRQWUROLQSXW
WHFKQLFDOLQWHUIDFH
SDVVLYHNLQHPDWLF
HOHPHQW
WHFKQLFDOLQWHUIDFH
WHFKQLFDOLQWHUIDFH
5REROLQNDVDFWLYH
NLQHPDWLFHOHPHQW
KXPDQPDFKLQH
LQWHUIDFH
ZRUNEHQFK
QRWRQSLFWXUH
FDPHUDV\VWHP
F$FWLYHZRUNEHQFK
G:HDUDEOHWRROVXSSRUWV\VWHP
)LJXUH([HPSODU\VROXWLRQVIRULQGLYLGXDOVXSSRUW
HQGHIIHFWRU IRU GULOOLQJ ZLWK DQ LQWHJUDWHG GHYLFH IRU
DFFXUDWH SRVLWLRQLQJ DQG ORFNLQJ $OO HOHPHQWV DUH
SDVVLYH
$OO WKH V\VWHPV SUHVHQWHG KHUH DUH FRQILJXUHG E\
VWDQGDUGL]HG PRGXOHV LQGLYLGXDOO\ DQG ZLWK UHVSHFW WR
WKH IRFDO DFWLYLW\ )RU DQ\ RI WKH XVHG VWDQGDUGV HJ
VWDQGDUGL]HG LQWHUIDFHV IRU IRUFH DQG WRUTXH
WUDQVPLVVLRQ DQ DGKRF DGDSWDWLRQ LV SRVVLEOH 7KH
WHFKQLFDO HOHPHQWV GR DOZD\V VXSSRUW WKH XVHUV E\
SURYLGLQJ DGGLWLRQDO IXQFWLRQDOLWLHV 1R V\VWHP
LQWURGXFHG KHUH UHSODFHV WKH XVHU 3HRSOH DUH QRW
LQWHJUDWHG LQWR WKHVH K\EULGV WR VXSSRUW PDFKLQH
RSHUDWLRQV ZKLFK LQ WKH HQG RQO\ SUHSDUHV WKHLU
FRPSOHWHVXEVWLWXWLRQ5DWKHUWKHWHFKQLFDOFRPSRQHQWV
VXSSRUW WKH SK\VLFDO DQG PHQWDO DELOLWLHV RI SHRSOH
7KHUHE\ WKH SHUVRQDO DQG WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQDO UROH RI
HYHU\HPSOR\HHFDQEHVWUHQJWKHQHGFRQFXUUHQWO\
7KHRXWOLQHGWKHRU\WDNHVLQWRDFFRXQWDSSOLFDWLRQV
IURPZRUNLQJOLIHDVZHOODVIURPHYHU\GD\OLIH,WFDQ
EH HPSOR\HG IRU WKH GHVLJQ GHYHORSPHQW DQG
HYDOXDWLRQ RI V\VWHPV IRU LQGLYLGXDO VXSSRUW 6XFK D
GHVFULSWLRQZLOOKHOSGHYHORSHUVRIWHFKQLFDOV\VWHPVWR
DVFHUWDLQ LQGLYLGXDOL]HG IRUPV RI VXSSRUW DVVLVW DQG
KHOS DQG FRXOG DOVR VHUYH DV D GHFLVLRQ SUHPLVH IRU
RUJDQL]DWLRQVWRILQGDSSURSULDWHVROXWLRQV
6XPPDU\
'LIIHUHQWNLQGVRISURGXFWLRQV\VWHPVKDYHEHHQDQG
ZLOOEHGHYHORSHGDQGXVHGIRULQGXVWULDODSSOLFDWLRQV
7KH\ UHVSRQG WR GLIIHUHQW UHTXLUHPHQWV DQG DSSHDU LQ
GLIIHUHQW IRUPV 3URGXFWLRQ LV DFFRPSOLVKHG E\ VRPH
PL[WXUH RI DXWRPDWHG SURFHVVHV DQG SHUVRQDO ZRUN
8QWLOUHFHQWO\WKHUHODWLRQRIPDFKLQHVDQGZRUNIRUFH
KDV EHHQ PDLQO\ FRQVLGHUHG DV NLQG RI VHSDUDWHG RU
PXWXDOO\H[FOXVLYH6XSSRUWV\VWHPV±DQGLQGLYLGXDOO\
DGDSWHGVXSSRUWV\VWHPVLQSDUWLFXODU±DOORZIRUK\EULG
FRPELQDWLRQV 7KH\ VXSSRUW SHRSOH GXULQJ WKHLU
DFWLYLWLHV1RWDOOFRPPRQV\VWHPVIXOILOOXVHUFHQWHUHG
FULWHULD 7KLV SDSHU RXWOLQHV D WKHRU\ IRU LQGLYLGXDO
VXSSRUW,WGLVFXVVHVWKHLUFRUHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVNLQGVRI
VXSSRUW HQDEOHUV FRQFHSWV DQG YDULRXV LPSDFWV 7KH
WKHRU\ IRU VXSSRUW V\VWHPV FODLPV WR EH XQLYHUVDOO\
DSSOLFDEOHDQGFDQEHH[WHQGHGLIQHFHVVDU\
&RQFOXVLRQ
7KLVSDSHUKDVRXWOLQHGDWKHRU\IRUVXSSRUWV\VWHPV
ZLWK D IRFXV RQ KXPDQ EHLQJV &HQWUDO DVSHFWV IRU D
JHQHUDODQGFRPSUHKHQVLYHWKHRU\DUHLQWURGXFHG7KH
GHVFULEHG DSSURDFK LV QRW \HW IXOO\ GHILQHG EXW LW
VXPPDUL]HV HVVHQWLDO SRLQWV LW SRLQWV WR PHWKRGV IRU
GHYHORSPHQWGHYLVHVWKHPDLQFRQFHSWDQGHQXPHUDWHV
WKHLPSDFWV$QH[WHQVLRQLVSRVVLEOHDWDQ\WLPH
577
$FNQRZOHGJHPHQW
>@-.UJHU7 . /LHQ$9HUO³&RRSHUDWLRQ RI KXPDQ
DQGPDFKLQHVLQDVVHPEO\OLQHV´.H\QRWHSDSHU&,53$QQ
0DQXI7HFKQROSS
>@ < 7DNHXFKL ' ) *H ³*HQHUDWLRQ RI SROLVKHG±
VFXOSWXUHG VXUIDFHV E\ DGYDQFHG PDFKLQLQJ FHQWHUURERW
FRPSOH[´ LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH ,((( LQWHUQDWLRQDO
FRQIHUHQFH RQ URERWLFV DQG DXWRPDWLRQ )UDQFH SS >@ ( $SSOHWRQ ' - :LOOLDPV ³,QGXVWULDO URERW
DSSOLFDWLRQV´6SULQJHU6FLHQFH%XVLQHVV0HGLD
>@ 5 6LHJZDUW , 5 1RXUEDNKVK ' 6FDUDPX]]D
³,QWURGXFWLRQ WR DXWRQRPRXV PRELOH URERWV´ 0,7 3UHVV
&DPEULGJH
>@01LHKDXV(+HOPV-.XEDFNL&0H\HU&3DUOLW]
2 %DUWK ³$66,6725 $EVFKOXVVEHULFKW IU GDV 3URMHNW
DVVLVWLHUHQGH LQWHUDNWLYH XQGVLFKHU LP LQGXVWULHOOHQ 8PIHOG
DJLHUHQGH RUWVIOH[LEOH 5RERWHU´ )UDXQKRIHU ,3$ 6WXWWJDUW
>@ ) %XVFK & 7KRPDV - 'HXVH % .XKOHQN|WWHU ³$
K\EULGKXPDQURERWDVVLVWDQFHV\VWHPIRUZHOGLQJRSHUDWLRQV
± PHWKRGV WRHQVXUH SURFHVV TXDOLW\DQG IRUHFDVWHUJRQRPLF
FRQGLWLRQV´LQ-DFN+6+UVJ7HFKQRORJLHVDQGV\VWHPVIRU
DVVHPEO\ TXDOLW\ SURGXFWLYLW\ DQG FXVWRPL]DWLRQ SURFHHGLQJV RI WK &,53 FRQIHUHQFH &$76 $QQ $UERU
8QLYHUVLW\RI0LFKLJDQ0LFKLJDQ86$SS
>@ 9RUVFKXQJVYRUKDEHQ µµURUDURE¶¶ ³6FKZHL‰DXIJDEHQ
DVVLVWHQ] IU 5RKU XQG 5DKPHQNRQVWUXNWLRQHQ GXUFK HLQ
5RERWHUV\VWHP´8UOKWWSZZZURUDUREGHYLVLWRQWKRI
-XQH
>@*+LU]LQJHU16SRUHU$$OEX6FKlIIHU0+lKQOH5
.UHQQ $ 3DVFXFFL 0 6FKHGO ³'/5¶V WRUTXHFRQWUROOHG
OLJKW ZHLJKW URERW ,,, ± DUH ZH UHDFKLQJ WKH WHFKQRORJLFDO
OLPLWVQRZ"´LQ3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH,(((OQWHPDWLRQDO
FRQIHUHQFH RQ URERWLFV DXWRPDWLRQ :DVKLQJWRQ '& SS
>@+/HH%/HH:.LP0*LO-+DQ&+DQ³+XPDQ
URERW FRRSHUDWLYH FRQWURO EDVHG RQ S+5, 3K\VLFDO +XPDQ
5RERW ,QWHUDFWLRQ RI H[RVNHOHWRQ URERW IRU D KXPDQ XSSHU
H[WUHPLW\´,QW-3UHFLV(QJ0DQXI
>@ ( 0 6DGOHU 5 % *UDKDP - 0 6WHYHQVRQ ³7KH
SHUVRQDO OLIW DVVLVW GHYLFH DQG OLIWLQJ WHFKQLTXH D SULQFLSDO
FRPSRQHQWDQDO\VLV´(UJRQRPLFV
>@5:HLGQHU1.RQJ-3:XOIVEHUJ³+XPDQ+\EULG
5RERWDQHZFRQFHSWIRUVXSSRUWLQJPDQXDODVVHPEO\WDVNV´
LQ3URGXFWLRQ(QJLQHHULQJSS
>@ ' 'HUIOLQJ ³8VH RI LQGXVWULDO URERWV DV FRRUGLQDWH
PHDVXULQJ PDFKLQH´ GLVVHUWDWLRQ +HOPXW 6FKPLGW
8QLYHUVLW\6KDNHU9HUODJQR
>@ 5 :HLGQHU - 3 :XOIVEHUJ ³$XIEDX XQG
,PSOHPHQWLHUXQJ HLQHV DNWLYHQ *HOHQNDUPV IU +XPDQ
+\EULG5RERWV++5´LQZW:HUNVWDWWVWHFKQLNRQOLQH
QRSS'VVHOGRUI6SULQJHU9',9HUODJ
>@ = <DR : :HLGQHU 5 :HLGQHU - 3 :XOIVEHUJ
³+XPDQ +\EULG 5RERW QH[WJHQHUDWLRQ VXSSRUW WHFKQRORJ\
IRU PDQXDO WDVNV FKDOOHQJHV SHUVSHFWLYHV DQG HFRQRPLF
LPSOLFDWLRQV´VXEPLWWHGWR6$($HUR7HFK&RQJUHVV
([KLELWLRQ
>@ 5 :HLGQHU 7 5HGOLFK - 3 :XOIVEHUJ ³3DVVLYH XQG
DNWLYH 8QWHUVWW]XQJVV\VWHPH IU GLH 3URGXNWLRQ´ LQ
ZW:HUNVWDWWVWHFKQLN RQOLQH QR SS 'VVHOGRUI6SULQJHU9',9HUODJ
7KLV UHVHDUFKLVIXQGHGE\ WKH )HGHUDO0LQLVWU\ RI
(GXFDWLRQ DQG 5HVHDUFK %0%) SURJUDP IRU DQ
LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\ EXLOGXS RI FRPSHWHQFH LQ KXPDQ
PDFKLQH LQWHUDFWLRQ IRU GHPRJUDSKLF FKDQJHV
6XSHUYLVLRQ LV SURYLGHG E\ 9',9'( ,1129$7,21
*PE+ 7KH VROH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ IRU WKH PDQXVFULSW
FRQWHQWVOLHVZLWKWKHDXWKRUV
5HIHUHQFHV
>@6)LVFKHU³*OREDOL]DWLRQDQG,WV&KDOOHQJHV´$PHULFDQ
(FRQRPLF$VVRFLDWLRQ3DSHUVDQG3URFHHGLQJVQRSS
>@ 0 +WKHU * 1DHJHOH HG ³'HPRJUDILHSROLWLN
+HUDXVIRUGHUXQJHQ XQG +DQGOXQJVIHOGHU´ :LHVEDGHQ 96
9HUODJ
>@-5REHUWV³7KH0RGHUQ)LUP´2[IRUG2[IRUG83
>@5:HLGQHU$.DUDILOOLGLV³7KUHH*HQHUDO'HWHUPLQDQWV
RI 6XSSRUW´6\VWHPV´ &RQJUHVV RI *HUPDQ $FDGHPLF
6RFLHW\ IRU 3URGXFWLRQ (QJLQHHULQJ +DPEXUJ *HUPDQ\
DFFHSWHGDQGLQSULQW
>@ 5 :HLGQHU ³.QRZOHGJHEDVHG SODQQLQJ DQG HYDOXDWLRQ
RIDVVHPEO\V\VWHPVLQDLUFUDIWLQGXVWU\´GLVVHUWDWLRQ6KDNHU
9HUODJ+DPEXUJQR
>@ ( +XWFKLQV ³&RJQLWLRQ LQ WKH :LOG´ &DPEULGJH 0,7
3UHVV
>@ : 5DPPHUW ³'LVWULEXWHG $JHQF\ DQG $GYDQFHG
7HFKQRORJ\´ LQ -+ 3DVVRWK HW DO HG $JHQF\ ZLWKRXW
$FWRUV"1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJHSS
>@*5HLQKDUW-:HUQHU)/DQJH³5RERWEDVHGV\VWHPIRU
DXWRPDWLRQRIIORZDVVHPEO\OLQHV´LQ3URG(QJ5HV'HY
>@&7KRPDV)%XVFK%.XKOHQN|WWHU-'HXVH³(QVXULQJ
+XPDQ 6DIHW\ ZLWK 2IIOLQH 6LPXODWLRQ DQG 5HDOWLPH
:RUNVSDFH 6XUYHLOODQFH WR 'HYHORS D +\EULG 5RERW
$VVLVWDQFH6\VWHPIRU:HOGLQJRI$VVHPEOLHV´LQ(QDEOLQJ
0DQXIDFWXULQJ&RPSHWLWLYHQHVVDQG(FRQRPLF6XVWDLQDELOLW\
6SULQJHUSS
>@$%=RVV+.D]HURRQL$&KX³%LRPHFKDQLFDOGHVLJQ
RI WKH %HUNHOH\ ORZHU H[WUHPLW\ H[RVNHOHWRQ %/((;´ LQ
0HFKDWURQLFV,((($60(7UDQVDFWLRQVRQYROQR
SSGRL70(&+
>@ 6 %UXQR 2 .KDWLE ³6SULQJHU KDQGERRN RI URERWLFV´
6SULQJHU6FLHQFH%XVLQHVV0HGLD%HUOLQ
>@ ,QIRUPDWLRQ RQ KWWSZZZZLUHGFRPH[RVNHO
HWRQDFWVOLNHZHDUDEOHFKDLUYLVLWRQWKRI$SULO
>@ ' 0 /XFNH ³$G KRF LQIRUPDWLRQ DFTXLVLWLRQ XVLQJ
FRQWH[W DZDUH V\VWHPV ZLWKLQ WKH PXOWLYDULDQW
PDQXIDFWXULQJ´ GLVVHUWDWLRQ 6WXWWJDUW )UDXQKRIHU9HUO
>@*5HLQKDUW-:HUQHU)/DQJH³5RERWEDVHGV\VWHP
IRUDXWRPDWLRQRIIORZDVVHPEO\OLQHV´3URG(QJ5HV'HY
SS
>@ 5 .RHSSH ' (QJHOKDUGW $ +DJHQDXHU 3
+HLOLJHQVHW]WHU % .QHLIHO . 6WRGGDUG ³5RERW±5RERW DQG
+XPDQ±5RERW FRRSHUDWLRQ LQ FRPPHUFLDO URERWLFV
DSSOLFDWLRQV´ LQ 5RERWLFV UHVHDUFK 9HUODJ 6SULQJHU
%HUOLQ+HLGHOEHUJ+HIW9ROSS
578