THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC SAFETY STANDARD TETRA
LESSONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESEARCH MANAGERS AND STRATEGISTS IN THE
SECURITY INDUSTRY
SIMONE WURSTER1, TINEKE M. EGYEDI2 AND ANIQUE HOMMELS3
1Chair
of Innovation Economics, University of Technology Berlin
Amsterdam, the Netherlands
3Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences - Department of Technology and Society
studies, Maastricht University
2DIRoS,
DIRoS & Delft University of
Technology
Introduction - Definitions
security
‘a system of measures, including their embodiments and their interactions,
designed to ward off intentionally destructive activity resulting in injury or
material damage’ (Sinay, 2011)
Two kinds of security (European Commission, 2011):
public security
(security of the society)
information and communication
technology (ICT) security
Public security ‘includes among others, protection against threats by
terrorism, severe and organised crime, natural disasters, pandemics and
major technical accidents’. (European Commission, 2011)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC SAFETY STANDARD TETRA _ LESSONS + RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR RESEARCH MANAGERS & STRATEGISTS IN THE SECURITY INDUSTRY
SIMONE WURSTER, TINEKE M. EGYEDI AND ANIQUE HOMMELS
DIRoS & Delft University of
Technology
2
The International and European Security
Industry
National security
research in many
countries
In addition:
EU sec. research
EUR 1.4 billion
products
solutions
services
Global market: EUR 100 billion
• Need for security-related
standards highlighted by several
recent studies, e.g. ECORYS
(2009) and Sáez et al. (2009)
• European Commission launched
Security Standardization Mandate
(M/487) in 2011, made security
standardisation key issue for
European stakeholders of security
solutions
European market
EUR 26-36.5 billion
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC SAFETY STANDARD TETRA _ LESSONS + RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR RESEARCH MANAGERS & STRATEGISTS IN THE SECURITY INDUSTRY
SIMONE WURSTER, TINEKE M. EGYEDI AND ANIQUE HOMMELS
DIRoS & Delft University of
Technology
3
The International and European Security
Industry and the Role of Standards
provide knowledge
& technology
transfer
foster
innovative
demand
provide innovationenhancing
regulatory
frameworks
To stimulate lead markets for
security-related technologies and
services, standards may….
intensify
competition
connect
relevant
stakeholders
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC SAFETY STANDARD TETRA _ LESSONS + RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR RESEARCH MANAGERS & STRATEGISTS IN THE SECURITY INDUSTRY
SIMONE WURSTER, TINEKE M. EGYEDI AND ANIQUE HOMMELS
increase
exportability
Blind (2008)
DIRoS & Delft University of
Technology
4
The International and European Security
Industry and the Role of Standards
competitiveness
market
defragmentation
compatibility
central
focus on…
common solutions
interoperability
data
protection
privacy
law
related
standards
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC SAFETY STANDARD TETRA _ LESSONS + RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR RESEARCH MANAGERS & STRATEGISTS IN THE SECURITY INDUSTRY
SIMONE WURSTER, TINEKE M. EGYEDI AND ANIQUE HOMMELS
DIRoS & Delft University of
Technology
5
Literature Review and Research Gap
Selected findings:
Sherif et al. (2007): six dimensions are essential for the
success of a standardisation project: scope
management, time management, quality
management, cost management, resource
management and documentation management.
Weiss & Sirbu (1990)
identified several success
factors but indicated
insignificance of political
skills of sponsors
Selected research gaps:
Nearly no standardisation studies in the security field
Current studies provide no information on:
• role of security experts,
• security standardisation aspects on European & national
level
• relationship between security politics and industry
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC SAFETY STANDARD TETRA _ LESSONS + RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR RESEARCH MANAGERS & STRATEGISTS IN THE SECURITY INDUSTRY
SIMONE WURSTER, TINEKE M. EGYEDI AND ANIQUE HOMMELS
Lack of
recommendations
on how to pursue
national interests
in an international
arena
DIRoS & Delft University of
Technology
6
Research Questions
Which frame
conditions need
specific consideration
for standardisation
processes in the
security field?
Are there
particular sources
of success for
standardisation
processes in the
security field?
If so, what
recommendations
can be derived?
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC SAFETY STANDARD TETRA _ LESSONS + RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR RESEARCH MANAGERS & STRATEGISTS IN THE SECURITY INDUSTRY
SIMONE WURSTER, TINEKE M. EGYEDI AND ANIQUE HOMMELS
DIRoS & Delft University of
Technology
7
Scientific Approach and Research Framework
Basis: case study based mainly on primary sources
The two Dutch authors consulted
• public and private archives from
the Schengen Telecom group,
• the archives of the Dutch Ministry
of the Interior,
• the standardisation archives of
ETSI and the Dutch organisation
of ETSI representatives.
Interviews with key actors involved
in development of the TETRA
standard including
• user groups,
• governments,
• industry,
• ETSI, and
• the European Commission.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC SAFETY STANDARD TETRA _ LESSONS + RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR RESEARCH MANAGERS & STRATEGISTS IN THE SECURITY INDUSTRY
SIMONE WURSTER, TINEKE M. EGYEDI AND ANIQUE HOMMELS
DIRoS & Delft University of
Technology
8
Description of the TETRA Standard
TETRA = Terrestrial Trunked Radio: ‘a standard for Professional Mobile Radio
communications and public safety network specifically designed ‘for use by government
agencies, emergency services and rail transportation staff (…)’. (ECORYS, 2009, p. 323)
Trunking: ‘a technique where the resources of the communications network are shared,
thus providing both flexibility and economy in the allocation of network resources’ (ETSI,
2012)
Markets for
Mobile Radio
PMR (private
mobile radio)
Definitions / notes
Mobile radio networks, owned and operated by the user organization
PAMR (public Mobile radio networks, owned and operated by commercial network
access mobile operators that offer telecommunication services. Usually, regional or
radio)
nationwide coverage; predominantly designed for voice communications
Public safety
network
Nationwide, state-owned mobile radio networks reserved for public
safety use only (police, fire brigades, ambulances)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC SAFETY STANDARD TETRA _ LESSONS + RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR RESEARCH MANAGERS & STRATEGISTS IN THE SECURITY INDUSTRY
SIMONE WURSTER, TINEKE M. EGYEDI AND ANIQUE HOMMELS
DIRoS & Delft University of
Technology
9
Description of the TETRA Standard
•
High-end PMR market value estimated at EUR 6 billion (ECORYS, 2009).
•
Analogue and digital (trunked) communications schemes.
•
High-end digital PMR systems represent ca. 30% of total market in value
terms with the following approximate end-application market breakdown:
Critical
infrastructure:
10%
Public safety: 60%
to 70% of market in
value terms
Defence:
<5%
Mass
transportation:
15% to 25%
(ECORYS, 2009, p. 220)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC SAFETY STANDARD TETRA _ LESSONS + RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR RESEARCH MANAGERS & STRATEGISTS IN THE SECURITY INDUSTRY
SIMONE WURSTER, TINEKE M. EGYEDI AND ANIQUE HOMMELS
DIRoS & Delft University of
Technology
10
Milestones in TETRA’s development
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Started life in 1989 as Mobile Digital Trunked Radio System (MDTRS)
Early 90s’: name changed to Trans European Trunked Radio (TETRA)
Mid 90s’: meaning of the TETRA acronym changed to Terrestrial Trunked
Radio as global market potential become apparent
1994 Schengen agreement created new frame conditions
December 1994 signing of the TETRA MoU
First TETRA standards released in 1995
First TETRA system became operational in July 1997
In November 2004, the TETRA MoU Association reported that 622 contracts
had been placed for TETRA spanning 70 countries world-wide
In 2008 TETRA is major standard for digital high-end PMR equipment in
Europe and available worldwide
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC SAFETY STANDARD TETRA _ LESSONS + RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR RESEARCH MANAGERS & STRATEGISTS IN THE SECURITY INDUSTRY
SIMONE WURSTER, TINEKE M. EGYEDI AND ANIQUE HOMMELS
DIRoS & Delft University of
Technology
11
Activities of the Netherlands
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Early 1990s: goal to develop a new national radio communication network
for emergency services
Aim to base it on a common European standard, involvement in efforts at
ETSI
1994: ministers responsible for police matters in the European member
states set up a consultative structure for their mutual coordination
The Netherlands = the largest advocate of selecting TETRA
1994: strong shared ‘technological frame’, accepted key problem: outdated
communication systems of the Dutch police
TETRA was considered to be the best solution
December 1994: MuO signaled collective support for TETRA
Actively lobbying for its adoption in other European countries
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC SAFETY STANDARD TETRA _ LESSONS + RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR RESEARCH MANAGERS & STRATEGISTS IN THE SECURITY INDUSTRY
SIMONE WURSTER, TINEKE M. EGYEDI AND ANIQUE HOMMELS
DIRoS & Delft University of
Technology
12
Activities of the Netherlands
•
•
•
1998: TETRA gains ground in Europe
October 1998: seven countries had chosen for TETRA
But: Dutch deputy minister for the Interior identified risks:
if the remaining countries would choose a different standard,
that would hinder cross-border communication
•
•
He started lobbying directly for TETRA among the remaining and -at that
time- candidate European member states
Latter countries eventually decided to opt for TETRA as well
TETRA MoU Signatories, as of April 27, 2000
Category
•
Number of signatories
Category
Number of signatories
Manufacturers
35
Regulators
1
Users
40
Test houses
2
AND: TETRA’s diffusion continued…. ->
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC SAFETY STANDARD TETRA _ LESSONS + RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR RESEARCH MANAGERS & STRATEGISTS IN THE SECURITY INDUSTRY
SIMONE WURSTER, TINEKE M. EGYEDI AND ANIQUE HOMMELS
DIRoS & Delft University of
Technology
13
TETRA Today
Borgonjen (2011)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC SAFETY STANDARD TETRA _ LESSONS + RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR RESEARCH MANAGERS & STRATEGISTS IN THE SECURITY INDUSTRY
SIMONE WURSTER, TINEKE M. EGYEDI AND ANIQUE HOMMELS
DIRoS & Delft University of
Technology
14
Conclusions
•
Security field is more heterogeneous and thus more complex than many
others, because of diverse public interests in security in addition to more
usual industry-motivated interests
•
Dutch example shows: national markets can be too small for manufacturers
of certain security technologies to develop products solely for this market
•
Single European (or international) standards can provide price advantages,
choice of supplier and technical alternatives.
•
Political skills, lobbying and negotiation activities of sponsors of a
technology highly significant for its adoption in standardisation
•
In particular, two influential aspects: MoU which united key players and
formulation of common goal by Dutch security actors
•
Allies on European level can support preferred outcome
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC SAFETY STANDARD TETRA _ LESSONS + RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR RESEARCH MANAGERS & STRATEGISTS IN THE SECURITY INDUSTRY
SIMONE WURSTER, TINEKE M. EGYEDI AND ANIQUE HOMMELS
DIRoS & Delft University of
Technology
15
Recommendations for Researchers, Security
Research Managers and Industry Strategists
Four security-related recommendations:
1. Seek unification of national standpoints regarding security (unified
‘technological frame’) or at least alliances with other actors to
support selected technologies and to avoid market fragmentation.
2. Develop structures for collaboration between security industry,
governmental agencies and political influencers.
3. Identify fields of key interest for your national security industry
and seek advantages in these fields by using appropriate
standardization strategies.
4. Identify fields of European interest and seek European leadership
positions in international standardisation.
General recommendation:
.
Identify other fields of national importance and use the same
strategies to support such national industry fields.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC SAFETY STANDARD TETRA _ LESSONS + RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR RESEARCH MANAGERS & STRATEGISTS IN THE SECURITY INDUSTRY
SIMONE WURSTER, TINEKE M. EGYEDI AND ANIQUE HOMMELS
DIRoS & Delft University of
Technology
16
Outlook
Need for more extensive research:
– To corroborate the relevance of our extension of Sherif et al’s (2007)
framework: to include the relevance of a specific PR management
dimension:
scope
management
time
management
quality
management
resource
management
NEW: lobbying, alliance
management, PR management
cost
management
documentation
management
– To understand the needs of the players in the national security industry.
– To better understand the processes and conditions of collaboration
between politics and industry, and between standardisation and political
influencers.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC SAFETY STANDARD TETRA _ LESSONS + RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR RESEARCH MANAGERS & STRATEGISTS IN THE SECURITY INDUSTRY
SIMONE WURSTER, TINEKE M. EGYEDI AND ANIQUE HOMMELS
DIRoS & Delft University of
Technology
17
Thank you very much for your attention!
Picture: Flinders University,
http://www.flinders.edu.au/sabs/ir/
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC SAFETY STANDARD TETRA
LESSONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESEARCH MANAGERS AND STRATEGISTS IN THE SECURITY
INDUSTRY
SIMONE WURSTER, TINEKE M. EGYEDI AND ANIQUE HOMMELS
18
Selected References (1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
Axelrod, R., S. Bennett, E. Bruderer, W. Mitchell, R. Thomas. (1995). Coalition formation in standard-setting alliances. Management Science 41, 1493–
1508.
Bekkers, R. (2001). The development of European mobile telecommunications standards: An assessment of the success of GSM, TETRA, ERMES and
UMTS (doctoral dissertation). Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands.
Blind, K. (2004). The economics of standards: Theory, evidence, policy. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Blind, K. (2008). Standardisation and Standards in Security Research and Emerging Security Markets. Fraunhofer Symposium 'Future Security', 3rd
Security Research Conference Karlsruhe, 10th - 11th September 2008, 63-72.
Borgonjen, H. (2011). Public Safety Radio communication in Europe, Presentation in Istanbul February 2011.
http://www.tandcca.com/Library/Documents/TETRA_Resources/Library/Presentations/Turkey2011Borgonjen.pdf.
Byrne, B. (2004). Qualitative interviewing. In C. Seale (Ed.), Researching society and culture (2nd ed.), London: SAGE, 179-192.
COMPASS (2012). D11.1 Convergence Report 1. http://www.compass-research.eu/Project/Deliverables/D111.pdf. 3.
ECORYS (2009). Study on Competitiveness of the EU Security Industry. http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/
policies/security/files/study_on_the_competitiveness_of_the_eu_security_industry_en.pdf.
ECORYS (2011). Security Regulation, Conformity Assessment & Certification. Final Report.
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/security/files/doc/secerca_final_report_volume__1_main_report_en.pdf.
Egyedi, T. M., Blind, K. (2008). The dynamics of standards. Cheltenham, UK.
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building Theories from Case Study Research. In: Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532–550.
ETSI (2012). Private Mobile Radio. http://www.etsi.org/technologies-clusters/technologies/digital-mobile-radio/private-mobile-radio.
European Commission (2011). Programming Mandate Addressed to CEN, CENELEC and ETSI to Establish Security Standards.
ftp://ftp.cencenelec.eu/CENELEC/EuropeanMandates/M_487.pdf.
European Commission (2012). Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the protection of individuals with regard to
the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data (General Data Protection Regulation). http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2012:0011:FIN:EN:PDF.
Farrell, J., Saloner, G. (1986): Installed Base and Compatibility: Innovation, Product Preannouncements, and Predation, American Economic Review
76-5, 940-955.
Gray, D. (o.d.) An Overview of TETRA. http://www.ik4hdq.net/doc/tetra/tetrainfo.pdf.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC SAFETY STANDARD TETRA _ LESSONS + RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR RESEARCH MANAGERS & STRATEGISTS IN THE SECURITY INDUSTRY
SIMONE WURSTER, TINEKE M. EGYEDI AND ANIQUE HOMMELS
DIRoS & Delft University of
Technology
19
Selected References (2)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)
Haskins, C. [ed.] (2006). INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook v3, INCOSE-TP-2003-002-03, International Council on Systems Engineering, June
2006.
Hommels, A., Egyedi, T.M. (2010). Beyond the 'Point of No Return': Constructing Irreversibility in Decision Making on the Tetra Standard in Dutch
Emergency Communication. International Journal of IT Standards & Standardisation Research, 8/1, 28-48.
Hommels, A., T.M. Egyedi and E. Cleophas (2012). Policy change and policy incoherence: The case of competition versus public safety in
standardization policies, Journal of European Integration, DOI:10.1080/07036337.2012.711826.
InfraNorm (2011). Bedeutung von Sicherheitsnormen, -standards und -spezifikationen. http://www.inno.tu-berlin.de/menue/publikationen/reports/
Leiponen, A. (2008). Competing Through Cooperation: The Organization of Standard Setting in Wireless Telecommunications. Management Science
54-11, 1904-1919.
Loewer, U. M. (2006). Interorganisational standards. Heidelberg 2006.
NEN (In assignment of EC DG Enterprise and Industry (2013). Mandate M/487 to Establish Security Standards. Final Report Phase 1 Analysis of the
Current Security Landscape. ftp://ftp.cen.eu/CEN/Sectors/List/SecurityandDefence/
SecurityoftheCitizen/M487Phase1_report.pdf.
PRISE (2008). Deliverable - 3.3 Proposal Report. Privacy enhancing shaping of security research and technology – A participatory approach to develop
acceptable and accepted principles for European Security Industries and Policies. http://www.prise.oeaw.ac.at/
docs/PRISE_D3.3_Proposal_Report.pdf.
Sáez, A. C., Urech, A., Pereira, J. (2009). Current status of Security in Mass Transport. DEMASST Deliverable 3.1: Current status of security in mass
transport, November 2009.
Schmidt, S., Werle, R. (1998). Coordinating Technology: Studies in the International Stand-ardization of Telecommunications. Cambridge, MA, London
1998.
Shapiro, C., Varian, H. R. (1999). Art of Standard Wars. California Management Review, 41(2), 8-32.
Sherif, M. H. (2001). Contribution Towards A Theory Of Standardisation In Telecommunications. Paper presented at the 1st IEEE Conference on
Standardisation and Innovation in Information Technology, Aachen 1999. www-i4.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/~jakobs/ siit99/proceedings/
Sherif.doc.
Sherif, M. H., Jakobs, K. Egyedi, T. M. (2007). Standards of quality and quality of standards for Telecommunications and Information Technologies. In
Hoerlesberger, M. Elnawawi, M., Khalil, T. (Eds.). Challenges in the Management of New Technologies. Singapore 2007, 427-447.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC SAFETY STANDARD TETRA _ LESSONS + RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR RESEARCH MANAGERS & STRATEGISTS IN THE SECURITY INDUSTRY
SIMONE WURSTER, TINEKE M. EGYEDI AND ANIQUE HOMMELS
DIRoS & Delft University of
Technology
20
Selected References (3)
(30)
(31)
(32)
(33)
(34)
(35)
(36)
(37)
(38)
Sinay, J. (2011). Security Research and Safety Aspects in Slovakia. In: Thoma, K. [ed.] (2010). European Perspectives on Security Research. Berlin
Heidelberg 2011, 81-90.
Spring, M.B. et al. (1995). Improving the Standardisation Process: Working with Bulldogs and Turtles. In: Kahin, B. & Abbate, J. (eds.), Standards Policy
for Information Infrastructure, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
Swann, P. (2000). The economics of standardisation. Final Report for Standards and Technical Regulations Directorate Department of Trade and
Industry. Manchester, UK: Manchester Business School.
Swann, P. (2010). The economics of standardisation: an update. London, UK: UK Department for Business, Innovation and Skills.
Weiss, M. B. H., Sirbu M. (1990). Technological Choice in Voluntary Standards Committees: An Empirical Analysis, Economics of Innovation and New
Technology, 111-133.
Wurster, S. (2013a). Development of a Specification for Data Interchange Between Information Systems in Civil Hazard Prevention. Identification of
Success Factors, Challenges and Solutions Based on Case Study Research. The International Journal of IT Standards and Standardization Research
(IJITSR), 11(1), Mai 2013, 46-66.
Wurster, S. (2013b). Ethical and Privacy Specific Risks – Flaws of Critical Infrastructure Protection and Solutions Offered by Standardisation.
Proceedings of the 18th EURAS Annual Standardization Conference - Standards and Innovation-, 413-427.
Wurster, S. (2013c). Normungshandbuch für die Teilnehmer des deutschen Forschungsprogramms für die zivile Sicherheit (working title).
Forthcoming.
Yin, R. K. (2009), Case study research: design and methods (4th ed.), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC SAFETY STANDARD TETRA _ LESSONS + RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR RESEARCH MANAGERS & STRATEGISTS IN THE SECURITY INDUSTRY
SIMONE WURSTER, TINEKE M. EGYEDI AND ANIQUE HOMMELS
DIRoS & Delft University of
Technology
21