Determinants of “Travel with Dignity” of Passengers of MRT3
Jocelyn BULURAN a, Geoffrey CUETO b, Riches BACERO c Ereen Jenicka ALVAZREZ d,
Dranyel CARAGAY e, Ruth Angela NOGUERA f
a,b,c,d,ef
School of Civil Environmental and Geological Engineering, Mapua Institute
of Technology, Intramuros, Manila, Philippines
a
E-mail: [email protected]
b
E-mail: [email protected]
c
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract: Metro systems act as fast and efficient transport systems for many modern
metropolises; however, the level of travel as far as the quality of service is at stake right now.
This study has aimed to focus on identifying the determinants of travel with dignity among
the passengers of MRT-3 by relating the railway service quality attributes and customer
satisfaction based on passenger perception by providing safety, security, convenience and
comfort to the passengers they experience travel with dignity. These parameters is based on
the attributes, like spacing, seating condition, facilities and etc., through the passengers’
viewpoint so that users’ expectations and needs can be met. The results of the study provided
recommendations in service assessment, betterment and improvement process of MRT-3
operation.
Keywords: Transportation, Perception, Passenger, Travel with Dignity, Service
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The Metro Rail Transit 3 (MRT-3) is the cornerstone of the Department of Transportation &
Communication's integrated strategy to alleviate the chronic traffic congestion experienced
along the EDSA corridor. The Metro Rail system is designed to carry in excess of 23,000
passengers per hour per direction, initially, and is expandable to accommodate 48,000
passengers per hour, per direction. It is one of the most in demand mode of transportation here
in Philippines.
Every person has the right to travel but the level of the travel as far as the quality of
service is at stake right now. People regardless of their races, income, and status in life had
the right and the privilege of travel with dignity.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The use of MRT3 have been the fastest way to travel along Epifanio Delos Santos Avenue
(EDSA) considering that the traffic congestion experienced in that part of Metro Manila is
avoided. Because of this, many people prefer this as their mode of public transportation in
order to save time and money. There is too much demand for its usage than it can actually
serve well. Many passengers of MRT3 have been transported to their destination in the fastest
way but many do not consider this a good mode of transportation because of the quality of its
service.
1.3 Objective of the Study
The aim of this study is to identify the determinants of travel with dignity among the
passengers of MRT3. Specifically it aims:

To operationally define travel with dignity

To explore the relationship between railway service quality attributes and customer
satisfaction based on passenger perception.

To know the current level of service of MRT3

To provide recommendation in the enhancement of service assessment, betterment and
improvement process of MRT3 operation and MRT3 service
1.4 Significance of the Study
This study can be used to further improve the service of MRT3. Through this research,
engineers can find different processes that can help them change the type of system that we
have in handling that mode of transportation. People can use this study as inspiration to think
of technological advancements that can improve the existing system we have.
This study is important to civil engineering students who will be making their thesis as
part of their requirement to graduate. The students can use this research as a future reference.
This research can also be insights to the students to think of a related study that can make the
MRT3 have a good quality ofservice.One distinctive contribution to the research community
because it is one of the first few study regarding passenger perception.
This study is important to a licensed civil engineer especially to transportation engineer
whether how will they improve their service to the passengers using MRT 3.This study also
benefits the people to be aware of the possible effects of using MRT3 to know the basis of a
dignified travel. Involvement of people plays a key role to this study since their perception
gives feedback mechanism and can be used to identify their concerns.
1.5 Scope and Limitation
This paper is made to identify satisfaction situation regarding the present service quality of
MRT3 in order to know whether this mode of transportation can still provide safety,
convenience, comfortability and security to the passengers to ensure travel with dignity. The
survey will be conducted on MRT3 only and the researchers will provide questionnaires to its
passengers. Where in all stations are to be covered.
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
According to the research of DuangpornPrasertsubpakij and Vilas Nitivattananon, entitled
“Evaluating accessibility to Bangkok Metro Systems using multi-dimensional criteria across
user groups”, Metro systems act as fast and efficient transport systems for many modern
metropolises; however, enhancinghigher usage of such systems often conflicts with providing
suitable accessibility options.The equal rights of all users are taken into account. Mostly
people relied on Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR) transportationcalled “BTS Skytrain”
and“MRT Subway”; however, accessing this transit treats some vulnerable groups, especially
women, the elderly and disabled people unfairly. the researchers asked 600 people
individually at various stations based on their survey people considers accessibility aspects of
spatial, feederconnectivity, temporal, comfort/safety, psychosocial and other dimensions. The
study suggests that, to balance the access priorities ofgroups on services, policy actions
should emphasize acceptably safe access for individuals, cost efficient feederservices
connecting the metro lines, socioeconomic influences and time allocation.
Steer Davies Gleave, an organization in London, conducted a study on railway
passenger service quality valuation from December 1999 to June 2000. This study was used
to know how important the passengers in improving the service on stations and the quality of
service in trains. This study aimed to provide some parameters on their assessment for railway
service. It also gives emphasis on monetary evaluation for number of passengers. Passenger
satisfaction was the focused of the study that is why those parameters that affect the service
quality attributes were provided. They have used 22 attributes to conduct the railway
passenger quality.
Fu, L and Xin, Y conducted a study last 2007 about the quality attributes affecting
customer satisfaction for bus transit to know the relationship between global customer
satisfaction and service attributes of public transport. The bus transit that was used by student
of University of Calabria at Cossenza of South Italy in order to reach the campus was the
model used by the researchers. The researchers used multivariate technique, factor analysis,
regression analysis and analysis of variance to assess the interrelated dependency of attributes.
According to Lind, D.A and Meson, R. D to summarize a large amount of data in
manipulative way was the used of Factor Analysis because it identifies underlying variables
or factors that explain the pattern of correlations within a set of observed variables. Another
researcher named Malhotra used this technique to determine the factors that influence the
quality of railway service. He said that overall railway service is interdependent on the service
attributes. A linear model was used to state overall satisfaction and other service attributes
independent variable. Somehow regression model also can be used to interrelate overall
satisfaction and service attributes of railway.
According to the study of Choocharukul and Sriroongvikrai one of the service quality
indicators for urban rail transit system is the service evaluation from a passenger's viewpoint.
The key objective of service quality analysis is to improve services such that user
expectations and needs can be met. In their study, data was collected from 661 respondents by
means of questionnaire survey. Based on 31 service quality attributes, relationships between
the overall customer satisfaction and service quality attributes are analyzed using factor
analysis and structural equation modeling. Results indicate that travel convenience is the most
significant factor affecting the overall satisfaction. Other factors include transit fare, service
and information, cleanliness and safety, transit facilities, and access/egress to stations.
Furthermore, market segmentation analysis reveals distinct findings across four categories of
MRT users. It is expected that results can be used to enhance the overall performance of urban
rail system.
The satisfaction of transit customer has been studied in several aspects. For example, in
California, Weinstein (1998) gathered survey data from San Francisco Bay Area Rapid
Transit District (BART). Bivariate correlation and factor analysis of over 5000 respondents in
terms of 43 service characteristics revealed 7 key service factors, namely, station cleanliness,
train cleanliness and comfort , service and information timeliness, station entry and exit,
police presence, parking, and policy enforcement.
In 2007, Nathanail published a study about 22 service quality indicators; which were
grouped into 6 categories, namely; itinerary accuracy, system safety, cleanness, passenger
comfort, servicing, and passenger information. Among the six, itinerary accuracy and system
safety were attributed the highest grades among all categories. This conclusion was based on
empirical analysis on passengers using Hellenic Railways through different time horizons.
Using the Dutch Railways customer satisfaction survey, Brons et al. (2009) evaluated the
importance of access to railway stations on the overall satisfaction. Through the use of a
principal component analysis, it was found that passenger’s overall satisfaction partly depends
on satisfaction with access facilities, especially for infrequent passengers. Travel comfort,
travel time reliability, station organization and information, service schedule, dynamic
information, price-quality ratio, accessibility, ticket service, personal safety, and personnel
were other elements of rail journeys leading to passenger satisfaction.
Based on Todd Litman’s (2008) journal entitled “Built for Comfort, Not Just Speed”,
qualitative factors such as convenience, comfort, security and prestige were amongst the
elements travelers place a high value on. Unfortunately, conventional transport planning
practices tend to focus on quantitative impacts and undervalue qualitative impacts. This paper
describes ways to evaluate qualitative impacts. Using methods such as stated preference
surveys (which ask people to value a particular option or impact) and revealed preference
studies (which measure how people actually respond to an option or impact) (Forkenbrock
and Weisbrod, 2001) can be used to measure factors such as traveler convenience and comfort.
This information can be incorporated into transport planning and project evaluation through
level-of-service (LOS) ratings, and by adjusting travel time values to better reflect travel
conditions as discussed below. Level-of-service ratings are grades from A (best) to F (worst)
commonly used to evaluate travel conditions and identify problem areas. LOS ratings are easy
to understand and use, and carry considerable weight in decision-making since they are so
similar to school grades – nobody wants to receive a bad grade.
3. METHODOLOGY
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework
The researchers used survey questionnaire for the execution of the survey. Also used a safety
vest to distinguish the surveyors of the study and to provide unity or uniformity within the
group. Also the researchers used laptop for storage of files, tally of the survey, and editing of
the manuscript.
The survey questions were proof read by the panel in our thesis defense proposal in
thesis 1 and the researchers provided a copy to the MRT-3 operation for the review of
questions the contents of the questionnaire focuses only to the demographic profile of the
respondents, Importance of MRT-3 in their daily activity, Physical Factors of Travel With
Dignity, Ranking of personal preference, and, operational definition of Travel with dignity.
If a sample is taken from a population, a formula must be used to take into account
confidence levels and margins of error. When taking statistical samples, sometimes a lot is
known about a population, sometimes a little and sometimes nothing at all. Slovin's formula is
written as:
𝑛=
𝑁
(1+𝑁𝑒 2 )
where,
n
N
e
: Number of samples
: Total population
: Error tolerance
(1)
Nonparametric or distribution-free procedures are used with increasing frequency by
data analysts. There are many applications in science and engineering where the data are
reported not as values on continuum but rather on an ordinal scale such that it is quite natural
to assign ranks to the data. Most analysts find the computations involved in nonparametric
methods to be very appealing and intuitive.
A nonparametric measure of association between two variables X and Y is given by
the rank correlation coefficient.
𝑟𝑠 = 1 −
2
6 ∑𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑑𝑖
(2)
𝑛(𝑛2 − 1)
where,
di
n
is the difference between the ranks assigned to xi and yi
: is the number of pairs of data.
:
In practice the preceding formula is also used when there are ties among either the x or
y observations. The ranks for tied observations are assigned as in the signed rank test by
averaging the ranks that would have been assigned if the observations were distinguishable.
The value of rs, will usually be close to the value obtained by finding r based on
numerical measurements and is interpreted in much the same way. As before, the value of r s
will range from -1 to +1. A value of +1 or -1 indicates perfect association between X and Y,
the plus sign occurring for identical rankings and the minus sign occurring for reverse
rankings. When rs is close to zero, the researchers would conclude that the variables are
uncorrelated.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
GENDER
FEMALE, 122,
44%
MALE, 155, 56%
MALE
FEMALE
Figure 2. Gender Percentile of Correspondents
Based on figure 2, 44% or 122 of the respondents are female while 56% or 155 of the
respondents are male. It shows that the vast majority of the passengers are male.
AGES
BELOW 17
18 - 25
26 - 35
36 - 50
ABOVE 65, 1, 0%
51 - 65, 18, 7%
51 - 65
ABOVE 65
BELOW 17, 24, 9%
36 - 50, 18, 7%
26 - 35, 42, 16%
18 - 25, 161,
61%
Figure 3. Age Percentile of Correspondents
Age bracket percentile was divided into 6 groups: below 17, 18-25, 26-35, 36-50, 51-65
and 65 above. Pie chart shows that majority of the respondents are inside the age bracket of
18-25 years old that corresponds that they are young adults.
AVERAGE MONTHLY INCOME
ABOVE 50,OOOphp,
14, 5%
35,001php 50,000php, 32, 13%
10,000php AND
BELOW , 112, 45%
20,001php 35,000php, 43, 17%
10,001php 20,000php, 50, 20%
ABOVE 50,OOOphp
35,001php - 50,000php
10,001php - 20,000php
10,000php AND BELOW
20,001php - 35,000php
Figure 4. Average Monthly Income Percentile of Correspondents
The pie chart interprets that most of the respondent have an average monthly income of
10,000 php and below as represented by 45% of total respondents.
PREGNANT,
13, 4%
SOCIAL SECTOR
SENIO
R
CITIZE
N, 17,
6%
UNEMPLOYE
D, 20, 7%
INDIGENOUS
PEOPLE, 3, 1%
PERSONS WITH
DISABILITY (
PWD ), 10, 3%
STUDENT
EMPLOYED
UNEMPLOYED
STUDENT, 126,
41%
PREGNANT
SENIOR CITIZEN
EMPLOYED, 114,
38%
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE
PERSONS WITH DISABILITY (
PWD )
Figure 5. Social Sector Percentile of Correspondents
From the given diagram, majority of the respondents who are using MRT3 are students
as represented by 41% while followed by employees represented by 38%.
FACTORS CONSIDERED IN RIDING MRT - 3
140
120
117
101
100
60
84
80
80
57 62
49 47
27
40
39
22
57
56
40
39
25
73
61
25
41
38
31
25 23 26
20
0
RANK 1
RANK 2
RANK 3
RANK 4
RANK 5
SAFETY
101
25
25
41
57
SECURITY
49
80
39
56
25
COMFORT
47
57
84
38
23
CONVENIENCE
27
62
61
73
26
ECONOMICAL
39
22
40
31
117
SAFETY
SECURITY
COMFORT
CONVENIENCE
ECONOMICAL
Figure 6. Factors considered by passengers of MRT – 3
From the expression of perception of the commuter pertains with the function of safety,
security, comfort, convenience and economical. Among the 277 respondents majority
concluded that safety is a needed perception that explains travel with dignity while most of
the respondents explains that security, comfort, convenience and economical is also part of
travel with dignity.
IMPORTANCE OF MRT - 3
10
STRONGLY DISAGREE
15
DISAGREE
41
UNDECIDED
138
AGREE
62
STRONGLY AGREE
0
20
STRONGLY
AGREE
IMPORTANCE OF MRT - 3
62
40
60
80
100
120
AGREE
UNDECIDED
DISAGREE
138
41
15
140
STRONGLY
DISAGREE
10
IMPORTANCE OF MRT - 3
Figure 7. Importance of MRT – 3 in their daily trips
Based on the findings it overwhelmingly shows that MRT-3 is a very essential means of
public transportation where majority of the Filipinos in Metro Manila are relatively using
MRT-3.
PHYSICAL FACTORS
Variety of ticket types
Value of train fare with respect to time/distance
Ticketing Time
Train Waiting Time
Train line-haul time
Travel Time
Security inside the train
Safety Caution
Safety from crimes on trains
Service announcement systems on trains
Special fare for children/elderly
Safety and security inside platforms
Spacing for Moving Trains
Spacing among seats
Seat comfort on Train
Pedestrian facility around stations
Easiness to pass entrance gates
Display of access/exit maps
Display of transit fare information
Cleanliness of Platform/Stations
Cleanliness of train interior
Convenience to trip destination
Convenience from trip origin
Comfort and Convenience at platform
Announcement in the Station
Availability of facilities for Persons With Disability
Availability of personnel at platforms
Availability of hand rails
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
PHYSICAL FACTORS
Figure 8. External Factors that promote Travel with Dignity
Out of the 28 external factors, the top 5 physical attributes that explains travel with
dignity are seat comfort on train, comfort and convenience at platform, travel time,
convenience from trip origin and convenience to trip destination.
DEFINITION OF TRAVEL WITH DIGNITY
FLEXIBLE
INFORMATION
EFFICIENT
ACCESSIBILITY
AFFORDABLE
LARGE CAPACITY
LOW ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
CLEAN
RELIABLE
VISUAL AMENITIES
CONVINIENT
COMFORT
FAST
EFFECTIVE
ECONOMICAL
SECURITY
SAFETY
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
DEFINITION OF TRAVEL WITH DIGNITY
Figure 9. How the Passengers define Travel with Dignity (TWD)
The survey reveals that to define operationally travel with dignity it pertains to travel
that compasses safety features, security, comfort level, fast, cleanliness of the train, affordable,
convenient, efficient, effective, and, economical. These are the majority of definition based on
the passengers’ perception.
SLOVIN'S FORMULA
𝑛=
where,
n
N
E
: 278
: 472,697
: 0.06
472,697
(1+472,697(0.062 ))
(3)
Table 1. Factors in Riding MRT-3
FACTORS CONSIDERED IN RIDING MRT-3
RANK 1
RANK 2
RANK 3
RANK 4
Safety
101
49
47
27
Security
25
80
57
62
Comfort
25
39
84
61
Convenience
41
56
38
73
Economical
57
25
23
26
RANK 5
39
22
40
31
117
Groupings of physical attributes in relationship with passengers' perception
Table 2. External Factors
EXTERNAL FACTORS
Availability of hand rails
Availability of personnel at platforms
Availability of facilities for disabled
Announcement in the Station
Comfort and Convenience at platform
Convenience from trip origin
Convenience to trip destination
Cleanliness of train interior
Cleanliness of platforms/stations
Display of transit fare information
Display of access/exit maps
Easiness to pass entrance gates
Pedestrian facility around stations
Seat comfort on Train
Spacing among seats
Spacing for Moving Trains
Safety and security inside platforms
Special fare for children/elderly
Service announcement systems on trains’
Safety from crimes on trains
Safety Caution
Security inside the train
Travel Time
Train line-haul time
Train Waiting Time
Ticketing Time
Value of train fare with respect to time/distance
Variety of ticket types
115
106
109
114
160
148
147
140
129
87
87
107
84
166
110
81
143
96
96
137
114
142
149
91
141
103
94
80
SAFETY
SECURITY
COMFORT
CONVENIENCE
ECONOMICAL
Average of Tally under SAFETY:
115+71.5+137+114
4
=
109.375
(4)
Average of Tally under SECURITY:
106+71.5+142
3
= 106.5
(5)
= 115.25
(6)
Average of Tally under COMFORT:
109+80+140+129+84+166+110+81+149+91+141+103
12
Average of Tally under CONVENIENCE:
114+80+148+147+87+107+80
7
= 109
(7)
Average of Tally under ECONOMICS:
87+96+94
3
= 92.333
(8)
Y values per group as a fraction of 249 samples
ECONOMICS: 𝑦 =
92.33
CONVENIENCE: 𝑦 =
COMFORT: 𝑦 =
SECURITY: 𝑦 =
SECURITY: 𝑦 =
= 43.4
2.13
109
115.25
2.13
106.5
2.13
= 54.10
= 50
2.13
109.375
2.13
= 51.2
= 50.4
RANK CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
𝑟𝑠 = 1 −
2
6 ∑𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑑𝑖
𝑛(𝑛2 − 1)
(9)
Table 3. Rank 1
PASSENER
PREFERENCE
TWD
(X1)
ECONOMICS
57
CONVENIENCE
41
COMFORT
25
SECURITY
25
SAFETY
101
𝑟1 = 1 −
RANK
2
3
4.5
4.5
1
6[ (−32 )+ (1)2 + (3.5)2 + (0.52 )+(−22 )]
249(2492 − 1)
PHYSICAL
ATTRIBUTES
43.3
51.2
54.10
50
50.4
RANK
5
2
1
4
3
di
-3
1
3.5
0.5
-2
= 0.99
(10)
Table 4. Rank 2
PASSENER
PREFERENCE
TWD
(X1)
ECONOMICS
25
CONVENIENCE
56
COMFORT
39
SECURITY
80
SAFETY
49
𝑟2 = 1 −
6[ (02 )+ 02 + (3)2 + (−32 )+(02 )]
249(2492 − 1)
RANK
5
2
4
1
3
PHYSICAL
ATTRIBUTES
43.3
51.2
54.10
50
50.4
RANK
5
2
1
4
3
di
0
0
3
-3
0
= 0.99
(11)
Table 5. Rank 3
TWD
ECONOMICS
CONVENIENCE
COMFORT
SECURITY
SAFETY
𝑟3 = 1 −
PASSENER
PREFERENCE
(X1)
23
38
84
57
47
6[ (02 )+ (2)2 + (0)2 + (−22 )+(02 )]
249(2492 − 1)
RANK
5
4
1
2
3
PHYSICAL
ATTRIBUTES
43.3
51.2
54.10
50
50.4
RANK
5
2
1
4
3
di
0
2
0
-2
0
= 0.99
(12)
Table 6. Rank 4
TWD
ECONOMICS
CONVENIENCE
COMFORT
SECURITY
SAFETY
𝑟4 = 1 −
PASSENER
PREFERENCE
(X1)
25
73
61
62
27
6[ (02 )+ (−1)2 + (2)2 + (−22 )+(12 )]
249(2492 − 1)
RANK
5
1
3
2
4
= 0.99
PHYSICAL
ATTRIBUTES
43.3
51.2
54.10
50
50.4
RANK
5
2
1
4
3
di
0
-1
2
-2
1
(13)
Table 7. Rank 5
PASSENER
PREFERENCE
(X1)
117
31
40
22
39
TWD
ECONOMICS
CONVENIENCE
COMFORT
SECURITY
SAFETY
𝑟5 = 1 −
6[ (−42 )+ (2)2 + (1)2 + (12 )+(02 )]
249(2492 − 1)
RANK
1
4
2
5
3
= 0.99
PHYSICAL
ATTRIBUTES
43.3
51.2
54.10
50
50.4
RANK
5
2
1
4
3
di
-4
2
1
1
0
(14)
The results from the computation shows how correlated the relationship of external
factors and passenger preference were from each other wherein as the ranking coefficient
approaches to 1 the higher the degree of correlation of the two thus as it approaches 0 the
degree of correlation decreases its relationship from each other while from our data the degree
of correlation is 0.99 in almost all cases meaning that each passengers preference is associated
with the physical factors they experienced. In relationship of real condition once a passenger
experiences an availability of physical factors it increases their preference for example a
passenger experiences a fast travel time its comfort level also increases while if the passenger
rides a coach of full passenger he or she cannot experience seat comfort and spacing among
passenger is very close to each other the passenger feels discomfort which affects his or her
travel regardless of the travel time. This is the time where the passenger sacrifices his or her
preference just to experience a fast travel despite of discomfort and also risking his or her
safety.
5. CONCLUSION
This research aims to identify the Determinants of travel-with-dignity among the passengers
of Metro Rail Transit 3. Through the series of survey, interviews and interpretation of data,
the researchers conclude the following. MRT-3 is a railway system that traverses Epifanio
Delos Santos Avenue, and is a very essential mode of public transportation to the majority of
Filipinos in Metro Manila. Because of its economical aspect, and fast travel time many
Filipinos consider this mode of transportation. The MRT-3 is designed to have a capacity of
360000 to 380000 passengers per day but currently their estimated daily ridership is 560000
which exceed their designed capacity. Therefore its level of service, which is the ratio of
capacity and volume, is F. Each of the passengers of MRT-3 has different perception on what
one should experience or feel when riding the MRT-3 in order to have a dignified travel.
Because of this, the researchers collated the feedback of the passengers in order to
produce a set of standards which will be the basis of travel with dignity of a passenger. The
survey reveals that to define operationally travel with dignity it pertains to travel that
encompasses safety features, security, comfort level, fast and cleanliness of the train. After
computing the Ranking Correlation Coefficient, it was identified that the personal perception
of a passenger's perception in order to experience travel with dignity is related to the physical
attributes of the MRT-3. The physical attributes that the majority of the passengers consider
are the following: seat comfort on train, comfort and convenience at platform, travel time,
convenience from trip origin and convenience to trip destination and these are the majority of
passengers’ physical factors choice to consider travel with dignity to increase safety, security,
comfort, convenience, and economics. This should be the notion of the mass when they are to
utilize the railway transport system. Where the perception of the individual rider of MRT-3
where correlated to produce set of standards for the general passenger and Travel – with –
Dignity is what they were supposed to experience once a passenger uses the MRT-3.
Travel – with – Dignity is operationally define as travelling of passengers with the
attributes of safety, security, comfort, fast, cleanliness of the train, affordable, convenient,
efficient, effective, and, economical. With the failure to meet of one or more attributes travel
– with – dignity the travel of the passenger is not dignified wherein a passenger sacrifices an
attribute for the sake of reaching his or her destination in a short period of time.
6. RECOMMENDATION
Based on the result and conclusion of the study, the researchers would like to recommend on
the following improvements and developments of MRT-3 for examination and future studies
of its service.
a. The physical improvement of passenger facilities specifically on waiting areas and
passenger concourse.
b. The stringer control of passengers' movement in each station that will promote orderliness.
c. The addition of trains and the dispatch frequency of the latter to address the bulk number
during peak hours.
d. Additional personnel in the control of passengers.
e. Unequal exploration or the relationship of increasing the fare of MRT-3 and the
improvement of service.
f. To have an extensive study on disaggregating perception of the respondents on travel - with
- dignity.
g. The researchers also recommend to establish a concrete definition of travel - with- dignity
in all mode of transportation.
6. REFERENCES
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