Kirkwall Grammar School
Higher Human Biology
Unit 4: Immunology & Public Health
Key Areas 1-4
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Teacher____________________
KEY AREA 1 – Non-specific Defences
1a) Immune System Introduction
Complete the diagram
1. What are Pathogens?
2. What is immunity?
3. State 3 examples of first line of defence mechanisms
2
4. State 3 examples of second line of defence mechanisms
5. State 2 examples of third line of defence
6. What is the difference between a specific and a non-specific immune
response?
1b) Physical and Chemical Defences
1. State how the skin provides a protective physical barrier against bacteria
and viruses?
2. State 4 ways that the skin provides a chemical defence against invasion
3
Complete the diagram
1c) Inflammatory Response
1.
What triggers an inflammatory response?
4
An Inflammatory Response
5
1d) Inflammatory Response: Mast Cells & Histamine
1.
What are Mast cells?
2.
What effect does histamine have on blood vessels?
3.
After injury, what impact do mast cells have on the body?
1e) Cytokines
1.
What are cytokines?
2.
What are the beneficial effects that occur during an inflammatory
response?
6
1f) Non-specific Response: Phagocytosis
Describe the process of Phagocytosis
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Complete the Phagocytosis Diagram
8
1g) Apoptosis by Natural Killer (NK) Cells
1.
List the steps involved in Apoptosis by Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)
2.
After contact with a pathogen, what chemical do Phagocytes and NK Cells
release to stimulate the specific immune response by activating
lymphocytes?
9
1h) Apoptosis by Natural Killer (NK) Cells
Complete the diagram
10
KEY AREA 1 – Non-specific Defences
1.
2.
Testing Your Knowledge 1
Page 311
Q’s 1-4
Quick Quiz
KEY AREA 2 – Specific Cellular Defence
2a) Specific Cellular Defences
1.
What type of immune response do Lymphocytes carry out?
2.
Where are Lymphocytes made?
3.
What name is given to Lymphocytes that pass to the thymus gland to
develop?
4.
What name is given to Lymphocytes that remain and mature in the bone
marrow?
11
2b) Immune Surveillance
1.
What is Immune surveillance?
2.
What chemical is released by white blood cells at a damaged tissue, and
what effect does this have?
3.
Complete the diagram
12
2c) Clonal Selection Theory
1.
What is an antigen?
2.
Give 5 examples of antigens
3.
Why have antigen receptors formed on the cell membranes of
Lymphocytes?
4.
What is clonal selection?
13
2d) T & B Lymphocytes
1.
What is a person’s antigen signature?
2.
Why is the antigen signature critical to a person?
2e) Autoimmunity
What is Autoimmunity?
Summarise the case notes on Page 317 of your textbook on Rheumatoid
Arthritis
14
Summarise the case notes on Page 318 of your textbook on Type 1 Diabetes
Summarise the case notes on Page 319 of your textbook on Multiple Sclerosis
2f) Allergy
What is an allergic reaction?
15
Summarise the case notes on Page 319 of your textbook on Hay Fever
Summarise the case notes on Page 320 of your textbook on Anaphylactic
Shock
Summarise the case notes on Page 320 of your textbook on Allergic Asthma
16
2g) Action of Lymphocytes
Name the 2 groups of T lymphocytes
2h) Antigen-presenting cell
What is an antigen presenting cell?
17
2i) B Lymphocytes
1.
What do clones of B lymphocytes produce?
2.
State 3 outcomes of Antigen-Antibody complexes?
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2j) Action of Lymphocytes
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2k) Immunological Memory
1.
What are memory cells?
2.
What help are memory cells when exposed to the same antigen for a
second time?
2l) Summary of Specific Immune Response
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KEY AREA 2 – Specific Cellular Defences
1.
Testing Your Knowledge 1
Page 326
Q’s 1-4
2.
What you should know
Page 326
Q1-14
3.
Quick Quiz
KEY AREA 3 – Transmission & control of infectious diseases
3a) Infectious diseases caused by Pathogens
1.
What is an infectious disease?
2.
State 5 causes of infectious diseases?
21
3b) Infectious diseases can be transmitted by
State 7 ways that infectious diseases can be transmitted by?
3c) Infectious diseases can be controlled by
State 5 ways that infectious diseases can be controlled?
3d) Epidemiological Studies of Infectious Diseases
1.
What do Epidemiologists study?
2.
What is the Epidemiology of an infectious disease?
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3e) Classification of the spread of infectious disease
Explain the four classifications of the spread of infectious diseases?
3f) Control of infectious disease measures
State 4 methods used to try to control Infectious Diseases
KEY AREA 3 – Transmission & Control of Infectious Diseases
1.
Testing Your Knowledge 1
2.
Quick Quiz
Page 335
Q’s 1-2
23
KEY AREA 4 – Active Immunisation & Vaccination
4a) Active immunisation and vaccination
1.
What is immunisation?
2.
What is active immunity?
3.
What is Naturally Acquired Active Immunity?
4.
What is Artificially Acquired Active Immunity?
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4b) Vaccinations
1.
How are vaccinations made?
2.
What is an adjuvant?
3.
State 4 different weakened/altered forms of pathogens that are used to
create a vaccine?
4c) Vaccine Clinical Trials
1.
Why are vaccines subjected to clinical trials?
2.
Before Clinical Trials can take place on humans, what must the tests be
carried out upon?
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4d) Clinical Trial Design
1.
Describe and explain the 3 Design Features of a Clinical Trial
2.
Why must sample group size be suitable for clinical trials?
3.
What happens at the end of the clinical trial? How are results analysed?
4e) Herd Immunity
1.
What is Herd Immunity?
2.
Why is Herd Immunity is important?
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3.
What must occur for Herd Immunity to be effective?
4.
What does the Herd Immunity Threshold depend upon?
4f) Public Health Immunisation Programmes
1.
In most countries, what is the public health policy for combating common
diseases?
2.
Why is widespread vaccination is not always possible?
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4g) Pathogenic Evolution
1.
What is meant by the term pathogenic evolution?
2.
What is meant by Antigenic Variation?
4g) Pathogenic Evolution – Antigenic Variation
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4h) Pathogenic Evolution - Influenza
Describe how the influenza virus demonstrates pathogenic evolution?
4i) Pathogenic Evolution – African Sleeping Sickness
Describe how Trypanosomiasis demonstrates pathogenic evolution
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4j) Pathogenic Evolution - Malaria
Describe how Malaria demonstrates pathogenic evolution?
4k) Direct Attack on Immune System
What is an Immunodeficiency Disease?
4l) Direct Attack on Immune System – AIDS & HIV
State what causes AIDS?
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4m) Direct Attack on Immune System - Tuberculosis
State what causes Tuberculosis
KEY AREA 4 – Active Immunisation and Vaccination
1.
Testing Your Knowledge 1
Page 335
Q3
2.
Testing Your Knowledge 2
Page 345
Q’s 1-3
3.
What you should know
Page 345
Q’s 1-12
4.
Applying Knowledge
Page 346
Q1-6
5.
Quick Quiz
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