TEAM MANAGERS' KNOWLEDGE OF THE ROLE OF PHYSIOTHERAPY IN
SOUTH AFRICAN SOCCER TEAMS IN THE PREMIER SOCCER LEAGUE
by
SERGANT GIVEN MOTHA
RESEACH DISSERTATION
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
MASTER OF SCIENCE
in
PHYSIOTHERAPY
in the
SCHOOL OF HEALTH CARE SCIENCES
at the
UNIVERSITY OF LIMPOPO (MEDUNSA CAMPUS)
SUPERVISOR: Dr BF Mtshali
CO- SUPERVISOR: Dr U Useh
November 2009
DECLARATION BY CANDIDATE
I hereby declare that the research report submitted for the degree Master of
Physiotherapy at the University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, is my own original
work and has not previously been submitted to any other institution of higher
education. I further declare that all sources cited or quoted are indicated and
acknowledged by means of a comprehensive list of references.
Initials & Surname (Title) : SG Motha (Mr.)
Date
: 06-04-2010
Student Number
: 19877312
i
DEDICATION
This study is dedicated to my son Mthokozisi, his mother Linah, my family, and the
Mabopane and Mbhoko St John Apostolic Faith Mission for their support and their
prayers.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank the following people:

South Africa Football Association and Premier Soccer League for permission
to conduct this study

The Department of Health and Social Service for their financial assistance and
the Philadelphia Hospital for study leave to attend this course

The University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus) for the opportunity to enroll in
the M.Sc. programme

Mr M Tshabalala (physiotherapy lecturer) who served as critical friend, Mrs
L.E. Voigt (language editor) and Ms A Managa (statistician)
I wish to extend my profound appreciation to Dr BF Mtshali, the supervisor and Dr
Useh, co-supervisor, who spent a great deal of time ensuring that this work was
completed and submitted for examination. The librarians of University of Limpopo,
Medunsa Campus, and University of Pretoria & University of South Africa also
deserve my appreciation for the academic support provided. This study would not
have been possible without the cooperation and support of team managers
participating in the study.
iii
ABBREVATIONS
PSL - Premier Soccer League
SAFA - South African Football Association
UL - University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus
PRICER – Protection Rest Ice Compression Elevation Referral
iv
ABSTRACT
Background information of the study: Physiotherapists play an important role in
soccer teams. This role includes prevention of injury, treatment, education, and
exercises. There is a dearth of information in some areas on the part of sports
managers on the role of the physiotherapist in a team.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish the knowledge of South African
team managers on the role of the physiotherapist in the Premier Soccer League (PSL)
teams.
Objectives: The objectives of this study were to establish team managers’ knowledge
of the role of physiotherapists in the prevention and treatment of soccer injuries and
evaluate their knowledge of the injuries managed by physiotherapists.
Setting: PSL teams in South Africa
Design: A descriptive survey design with a close-ended questionnaire was used in this
study.
Methodology: A quantitative research approach was employed in this study.
Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data set and a rating scale was used to
determine the knowledge of team managers.
Results: Out of the 16 teams in the PLS, 13 team managers participated in the study
and their average knowledge was 79%. Five (38%) had administrative qualifications
while eight (62%) did not include their qualifications. All 13 respondents indicated
that warm up, cool down and stretching reduces the risk of injuries. Eleven (77%)
reported that prophylactic strapping reduces risk of injuries. All participants agreed
that physiotherapeutic treatment includes massage, electric machines and ice. They
also mentioned that exercises can be done by the physiotherapist, though only three
(23%) believed that the physiotherapist could conduct physical training.
Conclusion: This study revealed that team managers have good knowledge of the role
of the physiotherapist in soccer, with regard to prevention and treatment of injuries in
sport.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION BY CANDIDATE
i
DEDICATION
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iii
ABBREVATIONS
iv
ABSTRACT
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vi
CHAPTER ONE
1
1.
1
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
1.1.
Statement of problem
3
1.2.
Significance of the study
4
1.3.
The aim of the study
4
1.4.
Objectives of the study
4
1.5.
Delimitations of the study
5
1.6.
Definitions of terms (key words)
5
1.7.
Summary
5
CHAPTER TWO
7
2.
7
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1.
Introduction
7
2.2.
Research strategy
7
2.3.
Physiotherapy and prevention of sport injuries
8
2.4.
Physiotherapy treatment of sports injuries
11
2.5.
Rehabilitation in sports injuries
15
2.6.
Physiotherapy and types of sports injuries
17
2.7.
Team managers’ gender, education and training
20
2.8.
Summary
22
CHAPTER THREE
23
vi
3.
METHODOLOGY
23
3.1.
Introduction
23
3.2.
Research design
23
3.3.
Study population
23
3.4.
Sample size and selection
23
3.4.1. Inclusion criteria
23
3.5.
24
Instrument
3.5.1. Validity of the questionnaire
24
3.6.
Pilot study
25
3.7.
Data collection procedure
25
3.8.
Ethical considerations
26
3.9.
Data analysis
26
3.10. Review of methodology
26
CHAPTER FOUR
28
4.
28
RESULTS
4.1.
Introduction
28
4.2.
Response rate
28
4.3.
Demographic information and experiences of team managers
28
4.3.1. Managers’ working experience
29
4.3.2. The number of teams managed by the respondents
30
4.3.3. The ethnic groups of the team managers
30
4.3.4. Qualifications of the team managers
31
4.3.5. Workshops and courses attended by the respondents
31
4.3.6. The frequency of the meetings of team managers with medical personnel is
presented in Table 4.1 below.
31
4.3.7. The Distribution of health workers in soccer teams managed by team
managers
32
4.3.8 Orientation attended by team managers
vii
33
4.4.
Team managers' knowledge of preventative strategies, treatment of injuries,
types of injuries and involvement of physiotherapy in soccer
4.5.
Team managers' knowledge of the types of equipment used by
physiotherapists
4.6.
33
35
Summary
36
CHAPTER FIVE
37
5.
37
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1.
Introduction
37
5.2.
Demographic information
38
5.3.
Knowledge of the role of physiotherapists in prevention of injuries
40
5.4.
Rehabilitation
40
5.5.
Team managers' knowledge of the role of the physiotherapist in the treatment
of soccer injuries
41
5.6.
Knowledge of types of injuries
42
5.7.
Knowledge of equipment
42
5.8.
Limitations
42
5.9.
Summary
43
6.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMEDATIONS
44
6.1.
Conclusion
44
6.2.
Recommendations
44
7.
REFERENCE LIST
45
8.
APPENDICES
52
viii
List of Tables
Table 4.1: Frequency of meetings with medical teams
31
Table 4.2: Team managers' knowledge of preventative strategies, treatment of injuries,
types of injuries and involvement of physiotherapy in soccer
34
Table 4.3: Team managers' knowledge of physiotherapy equipment
35
ix
List of Figures
Figure 4.1: Work experience of team managers
29
Figure 4.2: Ethnic groups of the respondents
30
Figure 4.3: Distribution of health workers
32
Figure 4.4: Orientations attended by team managers
33
x
List of Appendices
Appendix 8.1: CLEARANCE CERTIFICATE ........................................................... 52
Appendix 8.2: INFORMATION SHEET .................................................................... 53
Appendix 8.3: INFORMED CONSENT ..................................................................... 55
Appendix 8.4: QUESTIONNAIRES ........................................................................... 57
Appendix 8.5: Letter 1: Request permission letter to the PSL management ............... 63
Appendix 8.6 : Letter 2: Request permission letter to the SAFA management ........... 65
Appendix 8.7: Letter 3: Request permission letter to the PSL teams management ..... 67
Appendix 8.8: Formatting Letter ................................................................................. 69
Appendix 8.9: Editor’s letter........................................................................................ 70
xi
CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
There is extensive literature on the clinical management of injuries in soccer (Reinking,
Austin and Hayes, 2007; Jonsson and Alfredson, 2005; Olsen, Myklebust, Engebretsen,
Holme, and Bahr, 2003; Andersen, 2005). According to Spring, Pirlet, Tritschler and Van
de Velde (2001), the physiotherapist’s role includes prevention of injury, treatment,
education, and exercises. It is also indicated that stretching before and after exercise
reduces the risk of injuries and reduces muscle soreness in sports injuries (Andersen,
2005; Christopher 1993; Faigenbaum, McFarland, Schwerdtman, Ratamess, Kang, and
Hoffman, 2006).
According to Wilk, Meister, and Andrews (2002), rehabilitation is an approach which
emphasizes controlling inflammation, restoring muscle balance, improving soft tissue
flexibility, enhancing proprioception and neuromuscular control, and efficient returning
to sports. Hergenroeder (1998) contends that rehabilitation consists of four phases. The
first phase is limiting additional injury and controlling pain and swelling by rest and
applying ice, compression, and elevation. The second phase is to improve strength and
flexibility of the injured structures by starting with isometric exercises as soon as possible
after injury. The third phase is progressive improvement of strength, flexibility,
proprioception, and endurance training until near-normal function is attained. The last
phase is to return to exercises and sports pain-free. The emphasis of care at the fourth
phase of rehabilitation is the introduction of functional exercises (Brukner & Khan 2000).
Fuller and Walker (2006) conducted a study to determine whether quantified, auditable
records of physiotherapeutic functional rehabilitation could be generated by using
subjective assessments of players' performance in fitness tests routinely used in England
professional football. It was concluded that a structured, quantified rehabilitation
1
programme based on routine fitness, skills exercises and graded subjective assessment of
performance provides an auditable record of a player’s recovery faster from a range of
lower limb injuries and a transparent exit point from rehabilitation.
Literature on team managers' knowledge of the role of physiotherapists in sport teams is
limited. It is not very clear whether team managers understand the importance of fully
rehabilitating the injured player before he returns to sport. The literature shows that
professional players often play and train while not fully fit and are, therefore, exposed to
a high risk of re-injury (Waddington, Rodericks, & Naik, 2001). Players are often put
under pressure by their club managements to play while still injured (Finch, Donohue, &
Garnham, 2002. 1997). Waddington et al. (2002) also believe that some players tend to
play in spite of not being fully rehabilitated owing to pressure from supporters, the coach,
other players and the management of the team; they fear losing their positions and
support.
Team management needs to be well informed regarding the role of medical personnel in
sport. Managers' knowledge of medical personnel influences their decisions when
planning for their teams. In Germany, the role of team managers involves a classical
rational management function: planning, organizing, leading, evaluating, and
appointment of medical staff (Horch and Schutte, 2003). According to Brassie, Pitts,
Alberton, Farmer, Haggerty, Higgips, Horton, Inglis, Peterson, and Mosky (1993), the
standards for curriculum and voluntary accreditation of sport management education
programmes in the United States regarding the role of sport managers include sport
marketing, sport finance, information management, human resource management in
sport, and sport economics. There is, however, limited literature on sport management
training in South Africa.
2
1.1. Statement of problem
Physiotherapists play an important role in soccer teams because they are usually the first
point of contact with footballers’ injuries, and they work with the team most of the time
(www.hpcsa.co.za). According to Woolstone (1977), some clubs appoint a trainer,
usually an ex-professional who has attended a Football Association course in United
State that enables him to do some of the activities of the physiotherapist.
Waddington et al. (2001) also conducted a study in Britain to examine the methods of
appointment, experience and qualifications of club doctors and physiotherapists in
professional football. The results revealed that the appointment of doctors and
physiotherapists by almost all the clubs was informal and reflected poor employment
practice. It was also found that most of the teams had a non-chartered physiotherapist
instead of a chartered one because he or she was often appointed by the manager without
the assistance of medical advice. The study also revealed that chartered physiotherapists
had higher standards of clinical and ethical care; this is expected of those who work
within the National Health Service (NHS) (Waddington et al., 2001).
This method of appointment is similar to the practice in South African PSL teams. When
the researcher qualified as a physiotherapist in 2002, he was informally appointed without
an interview by the manager of one of the PSL teams. The team managers did not
differentiate between the roles of the physiotherapist and the biokineticist in the sense
that they and the team regarded the roles as interchangeable. In 2004, the researcher also
visited one of the teams in the PSL to assist. The ‘physiotherapist’ of the team was an explayer and not a qualified physiotherapist. This observation led the researcher to question
whether South African team managers know who and what physiotherapists do and
prompted the current investigation into whether team managers know enough about the
role of physiotherapy in soccer.
3
1.2. Significance of the study
The researcher hopes that the results of the study will be of benefit to the following
professionals:
1.2.1. Physiotherapy professional: hopefully the information yielded by the study
will help to create an awareness of the lack of knowledge of sports personnel
regarding the role of physiotherapy in soccer
1.2.2. Statutory bodies: both the South African Football Association (SAFA) and
PSL will be provided with copies containing a summary of the research
report, which will hopefully help them develop an effective medical team,
provide quality assurance and improve service delivery
1.2.3. Team managers: it is hoped that the outcome of this study will inform team
managers of the role of physiotherapy in team sports
1.3. The aim of the study
The aim of the study was to establish what team managers in the Premier Soccer League
(PSL) know regarding the role of physiotherapy in South African soccer teams.
1.4. Objectives of the study
1.4.1. To establish the demographic information regarding team managers
1.4.2. To establish team managers’ knowledge regarding the role of physiotherapy
in prevention and treatment of soccer injuries
1.4.3. To find out whether team managers know the types of injuries
physiotherapists can treat
1.4.4. To determine whether the team managers are familiar with the type of
equipment used by physiotherapists
4
1.5. Delimitations of the study
Only PSL team managers who are directly involved with the players and are involved in
the top management of teams were involved in the study.
1.6. Definitions of terms (key words)
1.6.1. Team manager – is an individual who is responsible for the smooth running
of all structured field practices and must arrange the following:

Field

Equipment (ball, tackle bags,ect)

Communication (written program) of all practice dates and to all players
and team officials.
1.6.2. Role of physiotherapy – all the activities that are performed by the
physiotherapist in the soccer team (education, treatment, rehabilitation and
prevention)
1.6.3. Health workers: all health professionals (physiotherapists, dieticians,
biokineticists, medical doctor and psychologists) that are employed by PSL
teams
1.7. Summary
Extensive literature on clinical management of injuries in soccer is available. The
literature indicates that physiotherapy plays a significant role in the treatment of sports
injuries. The role of physiotherapists includes prevention of injury, treatment, education,
and exercises. Literature on the knowledge of team managers regarding the role of sports
medicine is limited. It is not very clear whether team managers understand the
importance of fully rehabilitating the injured player before returning to sport. The
5
researcher hopes that the results of this study will have an impact on South African
football, the physiotherapy profession and managers of team sports.
6
CHAPTER TWO
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Introduction
Sport physiotherapy is one of the most interesting, challenging and rewarding vocations.
At a time when excellence in sport remains a national pursuit, opportunities abound for
highly motivated and dedicated sports physiotherapists to play a vital role in supporting
the sports participants. The physiotherapist’s role includes prevention of injury, treatment
of injury and education. In this chapter, the following aspects will be discussed:
2.1.1. Physiotherapy treatment and types of sports injuries
2.1.2. Rehabilitation in sport injuries
2.1.3. Physiotherapy and types of sports injuries
2.1.4. Team managers’ gender, education and training
2.2. Research strategy
Literature research was carried out using the following databases: Pubmed
(www.ncbi.nim.nih), Scirus (www.scirus.com), Sport Discus, and EBSCO . The
keywords used for the search were 'physiotherapy and sport injuries', 'physiotherapy and
team managers', and 'physiotherapy role and sport injuries’, ‘soccer/football’, ‘knowledge
of coaches/team managers’. The search result revealed limited literature on the subject
matter – a total of 36 journal articles. The period of research was from 1983 to 2008.
(Pubmed 9, Scirus 3, Sport Discus 5, and EBSCO 18). Ten textbooks were used.
7
2.3. Physiotherapy and prevention of sport injuries
The physiotherapist plays a significant role in the prevention of injuries that occur in
sport. Lysen, Weerdt and Nieuwboer (1991) classify the prevention of injuries
strategies/levels into primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention.
The primary level of prevention refers to specific strategies that are used to prevent injury
or illness from occurring. For example, wearing of shin guards is compulsory for all
soccer players. Hawkins and Fuller (1998) established in Britain that all the players wore
some type of shin pads and performed cool down exercises after competitive matches, but
in training none of the surveyed players complied. Fifty-three players said that they were
not encouraged by the coaching staff to wear shin pads during practice and to cool down
after practice.
The secondary level of prevention refers to the detection of injury; the prevention of the
progression of the extent or severity of injury; the prevention of the development of any
complications; the prevention of the severity and amount of disability, and the
administration of an appropriate rehabilitation therapy. The tertiary level of prevention
refers to the restoration of function and prevention of recurrence by the administration of
appropriate rehabilitation programmes and implementation of specific preventive
measures, most of which are used as strategies in the primary level of prevention (Olsen,
Scanlan, Mackay, Babul, Reid, Clark , and Raina, 2004).
Lysen, Stereverlynck, Van den Auweele, Lefevre, Renson, Claessens and Ostyn (1984)
divide the strategies of prevention into intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Intrinsic prevention
refers to the most often used strategy that deals with intrinsic factors that have been
identified in the specific preparation for a sporting event, warming up and cooling down.
Intrinsic factors are those within a person such as gender, race, flexibility and bone
structure. Extrinsic prevention is modification of the aims or scoring system of a sport,
8
consideration of the environmental factors such as weather conditions, the surfaces and
fixed sport specific and protective equipment.
According to Reinking, Tricia, Austin and Hayes (2007) extrinsic factors are those
factors outside the person and include such factors as training volume (frequency,
duration, and intensity), years running, specific sports activities, training surface, and
shoes.
According to a study by Hergenroeder (1998), appropriate rehabilitation post injury, cool
down and warm up, proper equipment/field condition, medical coverage at sporting
events, and the coach play a major role in reducing the risk of injury in sports. Olsen,
Myklebust, Engebretsen, Holme and Bahr (2003) also conducted a study to investigate
the effect of a structured warm-up programme designed to reduce the incidence of knee
and ankle injuries in 1108 young people (958 females and 150 males) participating in
sport in Norway. There were two groups: a control group and an experimental group. One
hundred and twenty-nine injuries occurred during the season, 81 of which were from the
control group and 48 from the intervention group revealing that exercises may have
caused the reduction of injuries in the control group.
Another study by Ekstrand, Gillquist and Liljedahl (1983) determined the efficacy of an
injury prevention program in 180 senior male soccer players in Sweden. The prevention
program included prophylactic ankle taping, warm ups, correction of training and
controlled rehabilitation. All these were supervised by the physiotherapist and the doctor.
A control and an intervention group were assigned. It was found that there were 75%
fewer injuries in the experimental group than in the control group. The results of the
abovementioned studies show that warm-up programme exercises can prevent the risk of
injuries and improve the performance of athletes. These studies further reveal the positive
9
influence of the role of exercises in the prevention of injuries in sport. The other study
done by Hagglund, Walden, and Atroshi (2009) done the study o determine the
prevention of knee injuries in adolescent female football players. The results showed that
warm up reduce the risk of injury from occurring. The abovementioned studies showed
that warm up can reduce the risk of injury, this could be the similar situation in South
Africa.
Stretching before and/or after physical activity is done daily by different sports people in
order to prevent injuries. Halbertsma, Van Bolhuis, and Goeken (2003) conducted a study
to evaluate the effect of a 10-minute stretch on the short hamstrings of a sports person in
The Netherlands.
The results showed that there was increased flexibility. Parkkari, Kujala and Kannus
(2001) conducted a systemic review study to determine if it is possible to prevent sport
injuries by preventative measures which include stretching and warm up. It was found
that stretching before and after sports activities reduces the risk of injuries. According to
Halbertsma, Van Bolhuis, and Goeken (2003), stretching forms part of preventative
major during sports activities, though there stretching needs to be cooperated with some
form of warm up activities.
Ekstrand et al. (1983) conducted a study to evaluate the effects of prevention programmes
on the incidence of soccer injuries in amateur male youth players in America. Seven
soccer teams took part in a prevention programme that focused on the education and
supervision of coaches and players, while seven other teams were instructed to train and
play soccer as usual. The findings showed that the incidence of injury per 1000 hours of
training and playing soccer was 6.7 in the intervention group and 8.5 in the control group.
It was concluded that coaches and players need better education regarding injury
10
prevention strategies. The same applies to professional soccer players. These studies
mentioned above shows that stretching and warm up and protective devices like shin
guards reduce the risks of injury in football. Physiotherapy in sport plays a role in the
prevention of injuries and re-injuries through effective rehabilitation programmes (Olsen,
Myklebust, Engebretsen, Holme & Bahr 2003).
2.4. Physiotherapy treatment of sports injuries
The basic treatment in sport injuries is first aid (St John’s Ambulance, 1989). In an ideal
situation, a doctor would be present to attend to emergencies. The physiotherapist assists
in further management of the sports injuries diagnosed by the doctor. The situation might
be the similar to South Africa sports activities like Ruby, but might differ in soccer
because the medical structure is not always ideal medical structure.
Cunningham and Jackson (2002) report that physiotherapists should be able to recognize
not only life-threatening emergencies but also those situations where more expert medical
care is required. The management of soccer injuries is divided into three phases: damage
control, facilitation of repair, and reconditioning of the recovered lesion (Hergenroeder,
1998). The principles of management for each phase must be considered in the light of
the type of injury and the structures involved in the lesion. St John’s Ambulance (1989)
reports that effective treatment for an acute injury (first phase) is the Protection Rest Ice
Compression Elevation and Referral (PRICER) principle.
According to Oakes (1992), in the second phase of management the physiotherapist aims
at reducing the swelling, facilitating oxygen and nutrition of the injury site and restoring
normal movement patterns, while minimizing further deterioration and avoiding reinflaming the lesion. Physiotherapeutic measures that may be of use in the early stage of
11
the healing phase include massage (gentle stroking and kneading to mobilize congestion
and aid lymphatic drainage); low dose of ultrasound (to facilitate transfer of ions or fluid
across cell membrane); electrical current (for cell permeability and pain relief); electrical
muscle stimulation (to aid drainage by pressure in the area and stimulate vascular
supply); exercise (to increase blood and lymph flow, reduction of adhesions and atrophy),
and instruction to the players regarding limitation of activity (Zuluaga, Briggs, Carlisle,
McDonald, Nickson, Oddy, & Wilson, 1995).
Jowett (2005) asserts that physiotherapy treatment following sports injuries can be
grouped under four headings, which make up the basis of musculoskeletal physiotherapy
application. These are manual therapy (massage, joint mobilization and manipulation,
neural organization and stretching), exercises therapy, electrotherapy (ultrasound,
electrical currents, heat, and cryotherapy) and education.
Massage is widely used by the physiotherapist and others as a therapeutic modality for
the treatment of muscle injury. Watrous (2005) conducted a systemic study to determine
the effect of massage in sports in the United Kingdom. A systemic review design was
used. The outcomes of massage for sport were increased body stamina, stability,
mobility, flexibility, agility, reduced soft tissue tension, improved action of mood and
improved mental performance.
Mancinelli, Davis, Alboulhoson, Eisenhoef and Foutty (2005) also conducted a study to
determine the effects of massage on the delayed onset of muscle soreness and physical
performance in female collegiate athletes in the United States of America. Twenty-two
volleyball and basketball players were participants, and a randomized pretest/post test
control group design was used. The results of the study showed that the use of massage in
athletes reduces muscle soreness.
12
Physiotherapy uses various forms of cold application on a daily basis to treat both acute
and chronic athletic injuries. Richendollar, Darby and Brown, (2006) conducted a study
to determine the effects of ice bag application on the anterior thigh and active warm up
on three maximal functional performance tests in 24 physically active men from
Northwest Ohio. Three measures of maximum functional performance were used: single
leg vertical jumping, agility shuttle run, and 40-yard sprint. It was found that ice bag
application negatively affects performance of maximal high-intensity functional tests.
Kennet, Hardaker and Hobbs (2007) also compared four common cryotherapeutic agents
(crushed ice, gel pack, frozen peas, and ice-water immersion) to determine which agent
provides the greater cooling effect after a 20-minute application on the sports injury. It
was found that all the methods are effective, even though crushed ice and ice water
immersion have greater cooling effects than the others. The abovementioned studies
prove that ice is effective in the treatment of sports injuries.
Manual therapy also play an important role during the treatment of sports injuries.Vairo,
Miller,McBrier and Buckley (2009) conducted the systematic study to determine the
efficacy for manual lymphatic drainage techniques in sports medicine and rehabilitation.
The best evidence suggests that efficacy of manual lymphatic drainage techniques in
sports medicine and rehabilitation is specific to reduction of edema following acute ankle
joint sprain. The other study was done by Colado, and Garcia (2009) to find out if the
techniques and safety aspects of resistance exercises performance reduce the risk prevents
injuries. It was found that during the performance of any resistance exercises, it is
possible to put some structures at risk with certain body positions; therefore, it is
necessary to understand these movements so that injury can be avoided. It could be
concluded from the abovementioned studies that manual therapy is important during
rehabilitation of the sports injuries, though the studies were done in different sport code
and were conducted in other countries.
13
The use of therapeutic modalities plays a major role in sports. A typical physical therapy
protocol progresses sequentially through the following phases: pain control, restoring
range of motion, restoring strength, neuromuscular retraining, and return to full activity
(Chapman, Liebert, Lininger and Groth, 2007). The study done by Burssens, Forsth,
Stevaert, Van Ovast, Praet, and Vordonk (2003) on the influence of burst TENS
(transcuteneous electrical nerve stimulation) stimulation on the healing of Achilles
tendon suture man. The burst TENS was used in a randomised study as a stimulus for the
healing of the sutured Achilles tendon in 10 patients, versus 10 others who received no
stimulus. The needle of biopsy was peformed after six weeks; it was the number of
fibroblast showed a significant advantage in the stimulation group. It was concluded that
TENS can promote healing.
Jarit , Mohr , Waller , Glousman (2003) conducted the study to determine the effect of
interferential therapy (IF) on postoperative pain, range of motion, and edema in subjects
undergoing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, menisectomy, or knee
chondroplasty. Eighty-seven subjects were separated into three groups based on their type
of knee surgery and within each group randomized into a treatment or placebo group.
Post-operative edema at 24, 48, and 72 hours, and weeks 1-8; range of motion at 1, 3, 6,
and 9 weeks; pain immediately after surgery, at 24, 48, and 72 hours, and weeks 1-7; and
amount of pain medication taken at days 1-10 were compared between treatment and
placebo groups. These findings indicate that home IF may help reduce pain, pain
medication taken, and swelling while increasing range of motion in patients undergoing
knee surgery. This could result in quicker return to activities of daily living and athletic
activities. It could be concluded that electrotherapy modalities plays a major role in the
management of sports injuries, though the abovementioned study were conducted in
general not sports specific.
14
2.5. Rehabilitation in sports injuries
Another crucial stage that is handled by the physiotherapist is rehabilitation especially in
sports athletes. Rehabilitation is the restoration to a former capacity or standing, or to
rank, rights and privileges lost or forfeited (Hergenroeder, 1998). This stage is carried out
after the individual is pain free but unable to perform certain duties (Halbertsma, Van
Bolhuis and Goeken, 2003). The rehabilitation programme includes muscle conditioning,
flexibility, functional exercises, sports skill, correction of abnormal biomechanics,
maintenance of cardiovascular fitness and psychology (Brukner & Khan, 2001).
Fuller and Walker (2006) conducted a study in Britain to determine whether quantified,
auditable records of functional rehabilitation can be generated using subjective
assessments of players’ performance in fitness tests routinely used in professional
football. Ten sub-sequential test elements grouped into three phases (fitness, ball and
match skill, match pace football) were used to monitor players' functional recovery from
injury. It was found that after the implementation of a rehabilitation programme, the
injury rate decreased. This further indicates the importance of physiotherapy during
rehabilitation in sports even though the study was not conducted in South Africa.
According to Brukner and Khan (2001), during the initial stage of rehabilitation the types
of exercises that can be done are isometric, eccentric and concentric; these exercises can
be done either in an open or closed kinetic chain. During this stage, various devices and
machines can be used which include dumbbells, sand bags, variable weight machines and
kinetics machines (Zuluaga et al., 1995).
During rehabilitation processes exercises plays a crucial role and is classified into
concentric and eccentric exercises. Jonsson and Alfredson (2007) conducted a study to
15
establish the effect of eccentric compared with concentric exercise of the quadriceps
muscle of a sports person in Britain. Fifteen athletes (13 men and 3 women) were divided
into eccentric and concentric groups. The results showed that eccentric training was more
effective than concentric exercises.
Similar results were found by a study which was conducted to determine the effects of
eccentric exercise on balance ability in 18 female soccer players in Britain (Grygorowicz,
Kubacki, Rzepka & Bacik, 2007). It was found that the injury rate decreases post the
application of eccentric exercises. The outcome of the two studies showed that eccentric
training is more effective than concentric training.
It was indicated that the exercises could be done either in closed or open kinematics chain
(Brukner and Khan, 2001). The study conducted by Kibler (2002) to review the
effectiveness of closed kinetic chain exercise in sports injuries revealed that these
exercises are effective during the rehabilitation period.
Once reasonable strength, flexibility and proprioception have been achieved, functional
activities (walking, jogging, striding) should be done (Zuluaga, et al., 1995). The last
stage of rehabilitation depends on the type of activity or sports of the athletes. In the
sports skills stage, the sports person relearns the various motor patterns necessary for his
or her sport (Fuller & Walker, 2006). Careful attention is paid to correct form and
technique, and constant repetition is required as part of the relearning process.
Fuller and Walker (2006) also conducted a study to determine whether quantified,
auditable records of physiotherapeutic functional rehabilitation could be generated by
using subjective assessments of players' performance in fitness tests routinely used in
16
England professional football. It was concluded that a structured, quantified rehabilitation
programme based on routine fitness, skills exercises and graded subjective assessment of
performance provides an auditable record of a player’s recovery faster from a range of
lower limb injuries and a transparent exit point from rehabilitation. The abovementioned
study supports the importance and effectiveness of rehabilitation before sports activity.
Roi, Creta, Nanni, Marcacci, Zaffagnini, and Snyder-Meckler (2005) conducted a study
on the rehabilitation of post anterior cruciate ligament surgery in Italian first division
soccer players. The results showed that players returned to play within 90 days of
surgery. These findings indicate the importance of rehabilitation when there is fracture or
an operation done on the players, and even though the studies were done under specific
conditions and in different countries, it is likely that these findings would obtain under
other circumstances.
It was indicated that playing with injury or return to play before completing rehabilitation
would results to recurrent injuries. Leaman and Simpson (1988) found that a premature
return of a player to sport may be welcome in the short term but may cause disability in
the future. Arava & Parkka (2003) also reported that in a case where the rehabilitation
programme is not followed or not completed, the sports person will be at risk of re-injury
or disability. Poor rehabilitation can affect the career of the athlete, for example, a
Nigerian player leg was amputated after playing with an injury (BBC focuses on Africa,
Oct-Nov 2000).
2.6. Physiotherapy and types of sports injuries
The scope of practice for physiotherapist in South Africa is define as follows:
Physiotherapist assesses, treats and manages a wide variety of injuries including ailments
17
from the fields of orthopedics, neurology, respiratory and thoracic, cardio-vascular,
obstetrics, sports medicine, pediatrics, geriatrics, intensive care units and general
rehabilitation. Other medical fields and community care also falls within the scope of
physiotherapy (www.hpcsa.co.za).
Physiotherapists treat different types of sports injuries, which include muscle, ligament
and tendon injuries, muscle fascia abnormalities, backache, muscle spasm, headache and
fractures after they have been fully treated by the doctor. The most common injuries that
are seen in soccer are those of the ankle and the knee (Verhagen, Van Tulder, Van der
Beek, Bouter and Van Mechelen, 2005). Heidt, Sweetenman, Carlonas, Traub, and
Tekulve (2000) conducted a study to determine the most common injuries which could
occur in soccer. Three hundred American female team soccer players were involved in
the study. It was found that the knee and ankle region suffered the most injuries. An
epidemiologic comparison of high school sports injuries sustained in practice and
competition in five boys’ sports (soccer, volleyball, basketball, wrestling and softball)
and four girls’ sports (soccer, volleyball, basketball and softball) during the 2005-2006
school year in the United States was carried out in the study. Prospective injury
surveillance study design was used. It was found that more injuries occurred in practice
than in competition, and most injuries were seen in soccer. Most of the injuries were
observed in the lower limbs (Rachel, Yard, & Comstock, 2008). The abovementioned
studies indicate that the knee and ankle joints are most commonly injured.
Owoeya, Oduniya, Akinbo, and Odebiyi (2009) conducted a resprospective study of
sports injuries reported at national sports medicine centre, Lagos, South West, Nigeria
.The aim of the study was to find out the nature and distribution of sports injuries. A total
number of 171 sports injuries were obtained at the general records unit of the sports
medicine centre with a male to female ratio of 2:1. Muscle strain was the most frequent
type of injury (33.3%) followed by sprain (22.2%). Majority of the injuries were to the
18
lower limbs of which the thigh was the most injured (22.2%) followed closely by the
knee (21.6%).In the other study which was done in America in the soccer players. It
revealed that all injuries occurred in lower limbs with 61% which are sprain and strain
(Heidt et al, 2000). The abovementioned studies have shown that sprain and strain are
common types of injuries which occurred in sports, though the studies were not
conducted in soccer .This might be similar to South Africa because one of the
abovementioned studies was done in Nigeria which is in Africa.
19
2.7. Team managers’ gender, education and training
Sports management is apparently mostly dominated by males according to Knoppers and
Antonissen (2007) who did a study to examine the gender of the sports directors in Dutch
national sports.
Similarly, Shaw (2006) conducted a study to analyze the gendered social processes in
sports organizations which established that males are dominant in sports administration.
The study also established that the male gender as an axis of power requires further
investigation.
According to Brukner and Khan (2000), it is the responsibility of the medical practitioner
in charge of the team to encourage the team managers to attend first aid training.
Cunningham (2002) conducted a preliminary study in Britain to determine if youthful
football officials responsible for dealing with injuries have appropriate first aid
qualifications and knowledge. It was found that 52 of 86 respondents did not have recent
first aid qualifications. The team managers' lack of first aid knowledge could put the
players at risk, because team managers need to make sure that there is appropriate first
aid equipment available for their teams. There is paucity of information on sports
management training in South Africa.
While the literature tends to focus on the role of the physiotherapist in sports, there is
hardly any literature on the team managers' knowledge of physiotherapy. Horch and
Schutte (2003) note that sport managers in German sports clubs need broader
qualifications in sports administration because they play a major role in sports, which
includes leadership, organizing, monitoring, evaluating, marketing, and liaising.
20
This assertion was supported by Brassie, Pitts, Albertson, Farmer, Haggerty, Higgips,
Honton, Inglis, Peterson, and Mosky (1993), who state that the standards for curriculum
and voluntary accreditation of sports management education programmes in the United
States concerning the role of the sports managers include sports marketing, sports
finance, information management, human resource management in sport, and sports
economics. In South Africa, no such study has been done on team managers’
qualifications and their roles.
There is no established pattern of relationship between physiotherapists and managers; all
aspects including the management of injuries. (Jordan, Gillentine & Hunt, 2004).
There is, however, constant pressure on physiotherapists to get players fit urgently; this
pressure comes from various stakeholders, such as the players and management. This was
supported by a study conducted by Waddington, Rodericks and Naik (2001) to determine
the methods of appointments of club physiotherapists and their influence. The results
showed that most of the physiotherapists were appointed informally, without any
interview, and often by the managers without involving anyone who is qualified in
medicine and physiotherapy. It was also reported that such physiotherapists seldom resist
threats to their clinical practice, particularly those arising from the managers’ attempts to
influence their clinical decisions.
The sports physiotherapist working with sports teams has much to offer to the team
manager in terms of performance enhancement of an individual or group by virtue of his
or her unique combination of knowledge that includes kinesiology, biomechanics,
physiology, and pathology (Zuluaga, Briggs, Carlisle, McDonald, Nickson, Oddy
&.Wilson, 1995). The education of the players and the team management on
developments in sports physiotherapy remains very important (Arnhein, 1985).
21
2.8. Summary
The abovementioned literature describes the role of physiotherapy in the treatment,
prevention and rehabilitation of injuries in sports. It was found that functional
rehabilitation improves performance and reduces the risk of injuries in sports. However,
there is limited literature on team managers' knowledge of the role of physiotherapy in
sports. This is particularly true of the situation in South Africa.
22
CHAPTER THREE
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1. Introduction
In this chapter, the methodology that was used to collect and analyse data will be
presented.
3.2. Research design
A descriptive survey was used to collect data. Zikmund (1994) stated that a descriptive
research design describes something, for example, the demographic characteristics of the
users of a given product and the degree to which product use varies with age or sex. It
also provides a complete and accurate description of a situation.
3.3. Study population
The population comprised of team managers of all the PSL teams in South Africa.
3.4. Sample size and selection
All 16 teams’ managers of all PSL teams were contacted to participate in the study.
3.4.1. Inclusion criteria
Inclusions: all the team managers in the PSL teams were involved in the
study, regardless of age, experience and gender.
23
3.5. Instrument
A self-constructed questionnaire was used, which consisted of closed and open-ended
questions. The questionnaire was divided into four sections:
 Section A sought demographic information of the participants which included
number, gender and duration of service of physiotherapists in the team
 Section B sought information on the team managers’ knowledge of prevention
and treatment of injuries
 Section C captured information on the knowledge of the type of injuries that can
be managed by physiotherapists
 Section D gathered information on the knowledge of the type of equipment used
by physiotherapists.
3.5.1. Validity of the questionnaire
In this study the questionnaire was validated by the use of content validity.
Content validity is used to test whether the instrument measures the concept
and if it provides adequate samples of items that represent that concept
(Bostwick and Kyte, 1981). It was also stated that content validation is a
judgmental process; it can be undertaken by the practitioner-researcher alone
or with the assistance of others as to which approach to adopt (Strydom,
Fouche and Delport, 2002).
The self-constructed questionnaire with covering letter and consent form was
drafted and submitted to the supervisor for review. The supervisor
recommended that the questionnaire be in table form and that some questions
be included on prevention. A second draft was constructed and submitted to
the supervisor and the university research committee for validation of the
24
questions. The university research committee also reviewed the questionnaire
and commented on it. The necessary corrections were made.
Test re-test reliability was done (Struwing and Stead, 2001).
3.6. Pilot study
The instrument was pilot tested with six Mvela Golden League team managers. It took an
average of fifteen minutes to complete the questionnaire. The team mangers who
participated in the pilot study were excluded from the main study .The team managers
were requested to return their response within one weeks of receiving the questionnaire.
This was done to assist the researcher understand the logistics of the study and correct
any ambiguity in the research instrument that was being developed. There was some lack
of understanding of the meaning of the term, 'fracture' in section C number 3.1. It was
changed to 'broken bone' for clarity.
3.7. Data collection procedure
A list of all the participants was obtained from SAFA. The questionnaires were posted to
all the PSL team managers. The following documents were attached: information sheet,
which described the purpose of the study to the participants; an informed consent form
that had to be signed; a stamped self-addressed return envelope. The team managers were
requested to return their response within two weeks of receiving the questionnaire. A
code number on the envelope was used to monitor responses.
A reminder was emailed and posted after two weeks to the participants who did not
respond. A third telephonic follow-up was done again after one week.
25
3.8. Ethical considerations
The
University
Ethics
Committee
approved
this
study:
certificate
number
MCREC/H/02/2007: PG 02.
Consent was sought from participants with the information letter which was attached to
the questionnaires. Confidentiality of participants was also ensured. Right to withdraw
from this study at any stage without giving reasons for doing so was also granted. (See
Appendix X for information sheet.)
3.9. Data analysis
A descriptive statistical procedure was used to analyze the data. Tables and graphs were
used to present data. The correct answer was rated as one (1) and the incorrect answers as
zero (0). These were totaled, were converted to percentages by excel programmed and the
mean finally calculated. The highest possible score was 21 points. Each participant total
score was converted into percentages. The knowledge was classified into three
categories: poor, fair or good. Poor knowledge was indicated by a score of less or equal
to 40%; fair knowledge by a score of 41-60%; and good knowledge by a score of 61100%.
3.10.
Review of methodology
A descriptive survey was used to collect data. A descriptive research design describes
something, for example, the demographic characteristics of the users of a given product
and the degree to which product use varies with age, or sex. It also provides a complete
and accurate description of a situation (Zikmund, 1994).
26
A quantitative research approach was used because of the nature of the descriptive data.
The data were collected by using a questionnaire and were analyzed through the
statistical method (Reid and Smith, 1981)
27
CHAPTER FOUR
4. RESULTS
4.1. Introduction
In this chapter the results of the study are presented in four sections. Section 1 (a and b)
presents the demographic information of the team managers and the availability of
medical personnel in PLS soccer teams. Section 2 (a and b) presents prevention and
treatment of injury information collected from the team managers. Sections 3 and 4 report
on types of injuries and the equipment used by physiotherapists on soccer players.
4.2. Response rate
Of the 16 questionnaires distributed to the team managers, 13 were returned giving an
overall response rate of 81%. In the first mail, there was a response rate of 50%; in the
second mail, 20%, and in the third, a response rate of 11%.This is regarded as a good
response rate because more than 50% of the responses were received. The percentages
which are presented in the graphs and tables are of the 13 team managers responded and
thus taken as 100%.
4.3. Demographic information and experiences of team managers
Demographic characteristics of the respondents are presented according to years of
experience, number of teams managed, ethnicity and qualifications of the team managers.
All the respondents who participated in the study were males.
28
4.3.1. Managers’ working experience
The graph below presents the results on the working experience of the team
managers
Percentages
N=13
50%
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
46%
38%
8%
8%
Number of years
Figure 4.1: Work experience of team managers
The results in the abovementioned graph show that only six (46%) of the
respondents have worked for more than two years, five (38%) have worked six
months to one year and one ( 8%) have worked fewer than six months.
29
4.3.2. The number of teams managed by the respondents
The results indicate that nine (69%) of the team managers have managed
more than one team and that four (31%) have managed only one team.
4.3.3. The ethnic groups of the team managers
The graph below presents the team managers' ethnic grouping (white, Asian,
and African)
N = 13
Asian
White
8%
15%
African
77%
Figure 4.2: Ethnic groups of the respondents
The results in figure 4.2 showed that ten (77%) of team managers in PSL are
African, two (15%) are white and only one (8%) are Asian.
30
4.3.4. Qualifications of the team managers
The results show that five (38%) of the PSL team managers have
management qualifications, and that their qualifications are from South
Africa. The remaining eight (62%) did not respond to the question.
4.3.5. Workshops and courses attended by the respondents
The results show that eight (62%) of the team managers attended medical
courses or workshops, whereas only five (38%) did not attend. The topics of
the medical workshops mostly attended by the team managers were dietetics,
three (23%), physiotherapy, two (15%), and three (23%) were in medicine.
4.3.6. The frequency of the meetings of team managers with medical personnel
is presented in Table 4.1 below.
The table below presents the frequency of the meeting
N = 13
Table 4.1: Frequency of meetings with medical teams
Frequency of meetings
n
%
Weekly
6
46
Monthly
5
39
Other
2
15%
Table 4.1 shows that the frequency of meetings between team managers and
medical teams was as follows: weekly six (46%), monthly five (39%) and
other two (15%).
31
4.3.7. The Distribution of health workers in soccer teams managed by team
managers
N = 13
100%
Health workers
Physiotherapists
23%
Biokineticists
31%
Dietician
100%
Doctor
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Percentages
Figure 4.3: Distribution of health workers
Figure 4.3 above show that all 13 (100%) team managers that participated in this
study had medical doctors and physiotherapists for the teams.
32
4.3.8 Orientation attended by team managers
percentages
N =13
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
85%
46%
23%
23%
Types of orientation
Figure 4.4: Orientations attended by team managers
Figure 4.4 shows that eleven (85%) of respondents have attended orientation
conducted by medical doctors, six (46 %) by physiotherapist, three (23%) by
dietician and biokineticist.
4.4. Team managers' knowledge of preventative strategies, treatment of injuries,
types of injuries and involvement of physiotherapy in soccer
The following table presents the results in terms of prevention, types of condition and
types of treatment used by physiotherapists.
33
Table 4.2: Team managers' knowledge of preventative strategies, treatment of
injuries, types of injuries and involvement of physiotherapy in soccer
N = 13
RESPONSES
Correct answer
Incorrect answer
Role and strategies of prevention
N
%
N
%
Warming up before the game or training reduces risk of injury
13
100
0
0
Cool down after training reduces risk of injury
13
100
0
0
Strapping before the game reduces risk of injury
10
77
3
23
Returning too soon to play after injury leads to re-injury
11
85
2
15
Playing with injury leads to disability
9
69
4
31
Physiotherapist can conduct physical training
3
23
10
77
Massage
13
100
0
0
Exercises
13
100
0
0
Education
10
77
3
23
Medication
6
46
7
54
Operation
3
23
10
77
Muscle pain
13
100
0
0
Joint pain
12
92
1
8
Ligament injury
11
85
2
15
Back pain
11
85
2
15
Heart pain
4
31
9
69
Stomach pain
10
77
3
23
Broken bone
2
15
11
85
Methods of treatment
Types of injuries
34
Table 4.2 reveals the following results: warm up and cool down 13(100%) on prevention;
physiotherapeutic treatment (massage and exercises) 13(100%); medication six (46%)
and operations three (23%). The types of injuries seen by physiotherapists are muscle
pain 13(100%), joint pain 12(92%) and broken bones two (15%).
4.5. Team managers' knowledge of the types of equipment used by physiotherapists
The table below represents team managers’ knowledge of the types of equipment
used by physiotherapists.
N=13
Table 4.3: Team managers' knowledge of physiotherapy equipment
Equipment
n
%
Ice
13
100
Treatment beds
13
100
Exercise
12
92
Braces
10
77
Electrical
10
77
machines
machine
The total score for all participants is 273, the score obtained was 215.The score obtained
was divided to the total sore and was multiply by hundred (215/273 x 100=78, 9). The
average team managers' knowledge regarding prevention, treatment and type of injuries
was 79%.
35
4.6. Summary
The results of the study reveal that all the team managers in PSL are male, and that 77%
are black. In terms of qualifications, 62% did not respond, and only 32% have some
management/administrative qualifications. Team managers' knowledge of the role of
physiotherapy is as follows:

Treatment of injuries – with respect to massage and exercises, the respondents
indicated 100% knowledge, whereas knowledge of medication was six (46%).
Prevention – 13(100%) of the respondents indicated that warm up and cooling
down and stretching before and after a game reduces the risk of injury. However,
only nine (69%) mentioned that strapping reduces the risk of injury in sports.

Type of equipment – with regard to equipment, all the respondents 13(100%)
mentioned ice; ten(77%) mentioned electrical machines, and 13(100% )
mentioned exercise machines and treatment beds.
Team managers' knowledge regarding prevention, treatment and type of injuries
averaged 79%.
36
CHAPTER FIVE
5. DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1. Introduction
This study sought to investigate the knowledge of team managers on the role of
physiotherapists within the PSL teams in South Africa. This chapter discusses the
following aspects:

Demographic information; availability of physiotherapists and other health
workers

knowledge of prevention of injuries; rehabilitation; knowledge of treatment

knowledge of equipment, and recommendations
A lack of published studies relating to the knowledge of team managers on the role of
physiotherapy in sports is evident. Most of the studies reported typically focus on the role
of physiotherapy in prevention and treatment (Reinking et al. 2007; Jonsson et al. 2005;
and Olsen et al 2003).The current study is the first to describe the knowledge of team
managers on the role of physiotherapy in soccer. It is necessary for team managers to
have good knowledge of the role of physiotherapy in order to prevent and properly
manage the injured players in their teams. In terms of the response rate, initially 50%
responded; after the first follow-up 20% and on the third follow-up 11%. The total
response rate was 81% which is good according to Cohen and Manion (1980) who report
that 60% upwards is a good response rate for a study. Notwithstanding its limitations, this
study highlights the level of team managers' knowledge of the role played by
physiotherapy in soccer.
37
5.2. Demographic information
All the respondents in this study were males; which is representative of the overall
situation of team managers in the PSL. These findings support the studies, which reveal
that most of the senior managers in sports are male (Knoppers and Antonissen 2007;
Shaw 2006; Connel and Messcherschmidt 2005). This differs from South Africa Act 55
of 1998, issued in terms of section 25 which states: ' … affirmative action measures are
intended to ensure that suitably qualified employees from designated groups have equal
employment opportunity and are equitably represented in all categories and level of the
work force'. The reason for all-male team managers may be that traditionally soccer is
considered to be a masculine sport. Another reason could be that most team managers are
former team players. This raises some questions about whether team managers are
appointed based on the equity act.
In terms of ethnic groups, almost all the PSL team managers are African. Only 15% are
white and 8% Asian. This is noteworthy because whites tend to be dominant in
management positions, such as those of coaches. This could be an indication of African
empowerment and that in the future more African could occupy managerial positions.
With respect to the qualifications of the team managers in the PSL, the majority (62%)
did not respond. The 38% that did not respond have management qualifications which
were all obtained in South Africa. Studies by Horch and Schutte (2003) and Brassie et al.
(1993) comment on the importance of sports managers having broader qualifications in
sports management, which should include sports marketing, sports finance, information
management, human resource management in sport, and sports economics.
38
Fear of loosing their job or being exposed for not having the desired qualification could
be the main reason for the majority of the team managers failing to respond because some
have been appointed on the basis of family connections while others are former players.
Another reason could be limitations on qualifications. Because there is no standardized
requirement for team management, the implication is that management courses are
inadequate. If the basic qualifications for team managers were fully established the results
could be different.
The majority of the team managers (62%) have attended medical course workshops. It is
very important for team managers to attend basic medical workshops in order to become
medically orientated. This was supported by a study done by Cunningham and Jackson
(2002) on an audit of first aid qualifications and knowledge among team officials in
English football leagues. Their study found that 80% of team officials do not have first
aid qualifications. In the current study, it was a positive indication that most of the team
managers had attended a medical course in order to be able to support their players when
injured.
Regarding the level of working experience of the PSL team managers, 46% have spent
more than two years, 8% have spent 1-2 years and 47% less than a year managing teams.
In terms of number of teams managed, 61% have managed more that one team, while
31% have managed only one team. The researcher is of the opinion that the
abovementioned results affect the knowledge of team managers, it is possible that having
worked for longer duration might have positively influenced the experience of
participants. Since there is limited literature on the role of team managers with respect to
sports in terms of qualifications and job descriptions, it is not easy to draw any definitive
conclusions on their experience level.
39
5.3. Knowledge of the role of physiotherapists in prevention of injuries
Soccer requires physiotherapists to help prevent and treat injuries which occur during
matches. All of the respondents are aware that warming up and cooling down reduces the
risk of injury in soccer. The majority of the team managers also indicated that strapping
reduces the risk of injuries. These results were supported by Olsen et al. (2004); and
Ekstrand et al. (2004). The response might have been influenced by their general
knowledge in sport and participation thereof. Experience that they must have had by
working with health professionals and coaches might also have influenced their
responses..
In general the results show that team managers have good knowledge of the role of
prevention of injury in soccer even though some limitation on the instrument was
observed.
5.4. Rehabilitation
All the respondents indicated that physiotherapists could use exercises to treat sports
injuries. Though there is limited evidence on the specific knowledge of team managers
about the role of physiotherapy in the use of exercises in sport, the outcome of this study
supports those of Jonsson and Alfredson (2005), Grygorowicz et al. (2007) and Kibler
(2002). According to these authorities, eccentric exercises improve the athlete’s condition
post sports injury during rehabilitation.
It was also found that almost all the team managers know that playing with injury could
cause disability while only a few (31%) are unaware. It is encouraging to see that the
majority of the team managers understand that playing with injury leads to re-injury.
Hopefully they will support their players when they are injured, despite limited evidence
40
on the specific knowledge of team managers about disabilities. Leaman and Simpson
(1998) support that premature return of players to sports leads to disability in future.
5.5. Team managers' knowledge of the role of the physiotherapist in the treatment
of soccer injuries
In terms of treatment it was encouraging to find that all of the participants understood that
a physiotherapist uses massage as only one form of treatment as the common
misconception is that massage is the only treatment available. These findings indicate the
use of a range of treatments.
All of the team managers know that the physiotherapist uses ice during management of
injuries although specific knowledge is limited. The reason for this was not explored.
It is disappointing to see that only 23% of team managers accept that physiotherapy
treatment includes operation. The cause of this may be the lack of information in the
study instrument. 'Operation' should be classified as pre-operation, post-operation and
during-operation results as physiotherapy can play a role in some of these procedures.
According to the results, the current study shows that team managers have good
knowledge of the role of physiotherapeutic treatment of sports injuries which includes ice
and massage, even though a limitation on treatment modalities was observed in the
current study instrument. The inclusion of the other treatment modalities could alter the
results.
41
5.6. Knowledge of types of injuries
The results show that most of the respondents agree that physiotherapists can treat back
pain (100%), joint pain (92%) and ligament pain (85%). This indicates that team
managers have a good knowledge of types of injuries/conditions which can be treated by
the physiotherapist. It reveals that team managers provide the necessary support when a
particular player is injured. There is, however, limited evidence of team managers'
specific knowledge of the role of physiotherapy in the types of injuries managed in sport.
Some of the studies noted that joints injuries are common in sport (Verhagen et al., 2005;
Heidt et al., 2000; & Rachel et al., 2008).
5.7. Knowledge of equipment
The current study indicates the encouraging fact that team managers have good
knowledge of the various types of equipment such as electrical machines and braces,
bandages and treatment beds that can be used by physiotherapists. This means that team
managers support their physiotherapists when they need particular equipment to manage
soccer injuries.
5.8. Limitations

The validity and reliability of the instrument should be revised for future studies.

A larger sample size is recommended for further studies.
42
5.9. Summary
In summary, the results of the studies indicate that soccer team managers are aware that
physiotherapy plays a role in prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and types of
equipment. However, the researcher acknowledges that the limitations pertaining to the
current study may have influenced the results, and that further studies should be done in
which a qualitative approach is included and the instrument reviewed.
43
6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMEDATIONS
6.1. Conclusion
This study set out to establish whether team managers of the PSL teams have knowledge
of the role of physiotherapy in soccer in South Africa. The study results reveal that 79%
of team managers have good knowledge of physiotherapy which includes prevention,
treatment, rehabilitation, types of injuries and types of equipment. The researcher
acknowledges that the limitations regarding the instrument used and limited literature
may have influenced the results. This study will form the baseline for future studies, since
is the first study which was done.
6.2. Recommendations
In the light of the findings of the current study, the following recommendations are made:

Females should be considered for posts in PSL management in accordance with
the Employment Equity Act which states that: ‘a designated employer must
implement affirmative action measures for designated groups to achieve equity'.

The outcome of this study reveals some draw backs in the appointment methods
of physiotherapists; it is recommended that appropriate procedures along
appropriate labor practice be followed.

A further study could be carried out by using both a qualitative and quantitative
research approach. This would perhaps provide further insight into the knowledge
of team managers

The South African Society of Physiotherapy, in conjunction with the other
medical disciplines, should establish basic sports courses for sports team
managers on the role of physiotherapy in sports, as this could enhance the
management of soccer in South Africa
44
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51
8. APPENDICES
Appendix 8.1: CLEARANCE CERTIFICATE
52
Appendix 8.2: INFORMATION SHEET
Title of the study: Team managers' knowledge of the role of the physiotherapist in the
Premier Soccer League in South African soccer teams.
Department of Physiotherapy
University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus)
Chief researcher
Mr Sergant Given Motha
Supervisor
Mrs B F Mtshali
Dear manager
With this information leaflet I wish to invite you to participate in the research as entitled
above. The information contained in this document aims to assist you in deciding whether
or not you would like to participate. Before you agree to participate in this research
project, you should fully understand what is involved. If you have any questions, please
call Mr Sergant Given Motha at 013-9830112 Ext 8233 (between 8am and 16pm, MonFri) or 072 0880 306.
Rights of the managers
Your participation in this study is entirely voluntary and you may withdraw at any time
during the process should you wish to without giving reasons for doing so.
Confidentiality
All information obtained during the study will be treated anonymously.
53
Chief researcher details
Mr Sergant Given Motha
Tel :( Work) 013-9830112 Ext 8233
Cell: 072 0880 306
54
Appendix 8.3: INFORMED CONSENT
Title of the study: Team managers' knowledge of the role of the physiotherapist in the
Premier Soccer League in South African soccer teams
Department of Physiotherapy
University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus)
Chief Researcher:
Sergant Given Motha
I………………………………………………………. agree to participate in this study. I
understand that the focus of the study is to determine the team managers' knowledge of
the role of physiotherapy in PSL soccer teams.
Confidentiality: I understand that the information provided by the study may be used for
research purposes and publications in research journals. All personal information,
however, will be coded, and at no time will my personal identity be revealed.
Voluntary participation: The nature and the purpose of the study have been explained to
me. I understand that participation in this study is voluntary, and refusal to participate
will involve no penalty or victimization. I may terminate my participation at any time if I
choose to do so. I understand that I may withdraw from participation at any point in the
study with no penalty whatsoever.
Person to contact: I understand that the chief researcher in this study is Sergant Given
Motha, Tel: 013-983 0221 Ext 8233(work), Cell: 072 088 0306
55
Consent and participation
I certify that I have read all of the above and received satisfactory answers to any
questions that I might have had. I, therefore, willingly give my consent to participate in
the study.
Participant’s surname and initials……………………… (For record purposes only)
I understand that my anonymity is guaranteed.
Participant’s signature……… ………..
Date…… ………..
56
Appendix 8.4: QUESTIONNAIRES
TEAM MANAGERS' KNOWLEDGE OF THE ROLE OF PHYSIOTHERAPY IN
SOCCER TEAMS IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN PREMIER SOCCER LEAGUE
QUESTIONNAIRE
Purpose of the study: to gather information regarding the team managers' knowledge of
the role of physiotherapy in PSL soccer teams
NB: Mark the correct answer with an X in the space provided below per question.
Section A-DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
1.1. What is your gender?
1.2. How long have you been a manager in PSL?
1.3. How many teams did you manage in PSL?
1.4 Do you have any administration qualification?
1.5 If yes please mention the type of qualification
57
=1
Female
=2
Male
=1
Less than 6 months
=2
6 months -1 year
=3
1 yr - 2years
=4
More than 2 years
=1
1
=2
More than 1
=1
Yes
=2
No
=1
1.6 What is your ethnic group?
=1
Black
=2
White
=3
Asian
Colored
1.7 Do you have a physiotherapist in your team?
1.8 If yes, how many physiotherapists?
1.9 How often do you meet with your medical staff?
1.10 Which of the following health workers do you
have?
1.11 Have you ever attended a medical course or
workshop?
1.12 If yes, which of the following?
58
=1
Yes
=2
No
=1
One
=2
Two
=3
More than two
=1
Weekly
=2
Monthly
=3
Other
=1
Doctor
=2
Dietician
=3
Biokineticist
=4
Other
=1
Yes
=2
No
=1
Physiotherapy
workshop
1.13 Did your medical staff orientate you about their job
description in the team?
1.14 If yes, which one of the following?
=2
Dietetics workshop
=3
Other
=1
Yes
=2
No
=1
Medical doctor
=2
Physiotherapist
=3
Dietician
=4
Biokineticist
=5
Other
SECTION B: PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF INJURIES
2.1 Does warming up before the game and
training reduce the risk of injury?
2.2 Does cool down after the game and training
reduce the risk of injury?
2.3 Does strapping before and after the game reduce
the risk of injury?
2.4 Does returning too early to play after injury lead to
re-injury?
2.5 Does playing with injury lead to disability?
59
=1
Yes
=2
No
=1
Yes
=2
No
=1
Yes
=2
No
=1
Yes
=2
No
=1
Yes
=2
No
=1
Yes
=2
No
2.7 Physiotherapy treatment includes:
=1
Massage
(more than one can be selected)
=2
Operations
=3
Exercises
=4
Medication
=5
Education
2.8 The physiotherapist is involved during:
=1
Game
(more than one can be selected)
=2
Practice
=3
Operations
=4
Training
=5
Meetings
2.6 Can the physiotherapist conduct training sessions
of the team?
60
SECTION C: TYPE OF INJURIES
The physiotherapist can treat the following conditions:
3.1 Broken bones
3.2 Stomach pain
3.3 Ligament injury
3.4 Muscle pain
3.5 Heart pain
3.6 Joint pain
3.7 Back pain
61
=1
Yes
=2
No
=1
Yes
=2
No
=1
Yes
=2
No
=1
Yes
=2
No
=1
Yes
=2
No
=1
Yes
=2
No
=1
Yes
=2
No
SECTION D: EQUIPMENT
The equipment used by the physiotherapist includes the following:
Ice
Exercise machines
Electrical machines
Bandages
Braces
Treatment beds
62
=1
Yes
=2
No
=1
Yes
=2
No
=1
Yes
=2
No
=1
Yes
=2
No
=1
Yes
=2
No
=1
Yes
=2
No
Appendix 8.1: Letter 1: Request permission letter to the PSL management
3007 Weltevrede
P. O Box 138
Mthambothini
0462
Tel (w): (013) 9838233
Fax (w): (013) 9830588
Cell: 072 0880306
Email: [email protected]
TO: PSL Management (Chief Executive Officer)
2 Winchester Road
Parktown
Johannesburg
2000
Tel: (011) 482 9111 to 7
Fax: (o11) 402 1631
Dear Sir/Madam
I am Sergant Given Motha, a student at the University of Limpopo MEDUNSA Campus,
currently doing a Master's degree in sports. This course also requires the student to
conduct the research project in sports.
I therefore choose to conduct the research project on PSL football team managers. The
clearance certificate from the Research Ethics Committee is attached, and covers the
63
topic of the research. (Topic: Team managers' knowledge of the role of physiotherapy in
the Premier Soccer League in South Africa).
I strongly believe that the results of this study will benefit our team managers and
improve the standard of soccer in South Africa. A copy of the results will be forwarded to
the Premier Soccer League.
I trust that my request will be considered in a positive manner.
Yours faithfully
(signature)
S.G. Motha – physiotherapist
64
Appendix 8.2 : Letter 2: Request permission letter to the SAFA management
3007 Weltevrede
P. O Box 138
Mthambothini
0462
Tel (w): (013) 9838233
Fax (w): (013) 9830588
Cell: 072 0880306
Email: [email protected]
TO: SAFA Management (Chief Executive Officer)
2 Winchester Road
Parktown
Johannesburg
2000
Tel: (011) 482 9111 to 7
Fax: (011) 402 1631
Dear Sir/Madam
I am Sergant Given Motha, a student at the University of Limpopo MEDUNSA Campus,
currently doing a Master's degree in sports. This course also requires the student to
conduct the research project in sports.
I therefore choose to conduct the research project on Premier Soccer League football
team managers. The clearance certificate from the Research Ethics Committee is
65
attached, and covers topic of the research. (Topic: Team managers' knowledge of the role
of physiotherapy in the Premier Soccer league in South Africa.)
I strongly believe that the results of this study will benefit our team managers and
improve the standard of soccer in South Africa. A copy of the results will be forwarded to
the Premier Soccer League.
I trust that my request will be considered in a positive manner.
Regards
(signature)
S.G Motha – physiotherapist
66
Appendix 8.3: Letter 3: Request permission letter to the PSL teams management
3007 Weltevrede
P. O Box 138
Mthambothini
0462
Tel (w): (013) 9838233
Fax (w): (013) 9830588
Cell: 072 0880306
Email: [email protected]
To: Management (Chief Executive Officer)
2 Winchesters Road
Parktown
Johannesburg
2000
Tel: (011) 482 9111 to 7
Fax: (011) 402 1631
Dear Sir/Madam
I am Sergant Given Motha student at the University of Limpopo MEDUNSA Campus,
currently doing a Master's degree in sports. This course also requires the student to
conduct the research project in sports.
67
I therefore choose to conduct the research project on Premier Soccer League football
team managers. The clearance certificate from the Research Ethics Committee is
attached, and covers topic of the research. (Topic: Team managers' knowledge of the role
of physiotherapy in the Premier Soccer league in South Africa.)
I strongly believe that the results of this study will benefit our team managers and
improve the standard of soccer in South Africa. A copy of the results will be forwarded to
the Premier Soccer League.
I trust that my request will be considered in a positive manner.
Regards
(Signature)
S.G Motha – physiotherapist
68
Appendix 8.4: Formatting Letter
69
Appendix 8.5: Editor’s letter
LYN VOIGT LITERARY SERVICES
Lyn Voigt: B. Mus. (Eng Hons) [Wits] H. Dip. Ed. [JCE]
P O Box 383
Ridge Terrace
2168
Tel/Fax: (011) 478 0634
35 El Prado
Randpark Ridge
2194
_______________________________________________________________
EDITOR’S DECLARATION
I, Lynette Voigt, confirm that I edited the dissertation: Team Managers’
Knowledge of the Role of Physiotherapy in South African Soccer Teams in the
Premier Soccer League by Sergant Given Motha.
Signed:
LE Voigt ………………….
B.Mus., Eng. Hons. (WITS)
Language Practitioner for 35 years
Date:
8 October 2009.………….
70