GRT conference, May 7, 2007
Optimal location of container terminals
The case of a hub system in Europe
Bart JOURQUIN and Sabine LIMBOURG
Catholic University of Mons (FUCAM)
Group Transport & Mobility
Mons – Belgium
gt&[email protected]
Introduction: European transport sector and policy
Methodology
Application
Conclusions - Prospects
European transport sector and policy
• Major problems :
– congestion;
– environmental nuisance;
– accidents.
• Objectives:
– restoring the balance between modes of transport and
developing intermodality
• Marco Polo’s objective: Decrease of 12.109 t.km by road per year
– combating congestion
– putting safety and the quality of services at the heart of our
efforts
– maintaining the right to mobility.
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Introduction: Combined rail-road transport
Methodology
Application
Conclusions - Prospects
Combined rail-road transport
Consolidate flows
Source : UIRR
Terminals’ location = crucial
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Introduction
Methology: Terminal typology
Application
Conclusions - Prospects
Terminal typology
•Ballis (2002)
•Wiegmans (2003)
•Bontekoning and E. Kreutzberger (2001)
•Wiegmans, Masurel and Peter Nijkamp (1998)
•Daubresse (1997)
•SIMET (1995)
T
T
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Introduction
Methology: Hub-and-spoke network
Application
Conclusions - Prospects
Hub-and-spoke network
N
M
•
– all the hubs are connected directly
to each other;
– no direct connection between nonhub nodes;
– spoke nodes are connected to a
single hub.
O
K
B
C
•
A
D
L
J
I
•
G
H
Problem class:
P-hub Median Problem (P-HMP)
– O’Kelly (1987)
– Campbell (1994)
– Ernst and Krishnamoorthy (1996)
E
F
3 constraints:
Potential location
– Arnold (2002)
– Macharis (2004)
– New feature : Systematic
approach based on transport
flows
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Introduction
Methology: A four steps methodology
Application
Conclusions - Prospects
Reference assignment
Waterways – Roads – Railways
Demand
Supply
0
Data
1
Potential locations
Optimal terminal locations
Identification
2
P-HMP
Intermodal in an Hub-and-spoke network
3
Final assignment
Waterways – Roads – Railways – Intermodal
H-S impact
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Introduction
Methology
Application: Demand
Conclusions - Prospects
Freight OD matrixes for the year 2000
provided by NEA
– Roads, railways and inland waterways;
– NST-R chapter 9 (“diverse” commodities);
– Region-to-region at NUTS 2 level;
– Most European countries.
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Introduction
Methology
Application: Demand
Conclusions - Prospects
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Introduction
Methology
Application: Supply
Conclusions - Prospects
Supply = DCW based network with associated transport costs
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Introduction
Methology
Application: Calibrated reference scenario
Conclusions - Prospects
Virtual networks
U1 (W2)
Xa
U2 (W1)
Xb
Xc
U3 (R1)
Xd
Terminal
U1 (W2 = 1350T))
U1 (W1 = 300T)
U3 (R1 = Train)
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Introduction
Methology
Application: Calibrated reference scenario
Conclusions - Prospects
Virtual networks
a1W1
b1W1
a1W2
b1W2
T
b2W1
c2W1
b3R1
-
d3R1
b1W1
b1W2
b000
+
+
-
-
+
b2W1
+
+
-
b3R1
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Introduction
Methology
Application: Calibrated reference scenario
Conclusions - Prospects
Virtual networks
O
D
Generation
Distribution
Modal split
Virtual Network
Assignment
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Introduction
Methology
Application: Calibrated reference scenario
Conclusions - Prospects
Behaviour
No
Yes
Capacity
No
All or Nothing
Stochastic
Yes
Equilibrium
Stochastic equilibrium
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Introduction
Methology
Application: Calibrated reference scenario
Conclusions - Prospects
Aggregated demand data
No
Yes
Capacity
No
All or Nothing
Multi-Flow
Yes
Equilibrium
Equilibrium MF
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Introduction
Methology
Application: Calibrated reference scenario
Conclusions - Prospects
Multi-modal, multi-flows assignment
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Introduction
Methology
Application: Consolidation
Conclusions - Prospects
Consolidated flows on road networks
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Introduction
Methology
Application: Set of potential locations
Conclusions - Prospects
Set of potential locations
Possible criteria :
–
–
–
–
–
Minimum flow threshold;
Maximum distance to railways;
Minimum distance to existing terminal;
Minimum distance to port;
Maximum distance to waterways.
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Introduction
Methology
Application: Set of potential locations
Conclusions - Prospects
Set of potential locations
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Introduction
Methology
Application: Hypotheses
Conclusions - Prospects
Collection and synthesis:
•Real Cost Reduction of Door-to-door Intermodal Transport (2001)
•Prospects of Inland Navigation within the enlarged Europe (2004)
•Comité National Routier français
•Ministère de la Mobilité des Pays-Bas (2005)
Hypotheses
(1) Transhipment cost : 3.29 €/ton
(2) Inter-hub discount : 10%
(3) Pre- and post-haulage : 1.483 x long haul road cost
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
Source : UIRR
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Introduction
Methology
Application: Inter-hub networks
Conclusions - Prospects
Inter-hub networks
2 terminals
3 terminals
4 terminals
5 terminals
6 terminals
7 terminals
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Introduction
Methology
Application: Existing situation in 2002
Conclusions - Prospects
Existing situation
Existing situation:
-1,34.109 t.km by road
Marco Polo’s objective:
-12.109 t.km by road
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Introduction
Methology
Application: P-HMP Optimal locations
Conclusions - Prospects
Optimal location
Optimal location:
-7,59.109 t.km by road
Existing situation:
-1,34.109 t.km by road
Marco Polo’s objective: -12.109 t.km by road
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Introduction
Methology
Application
Conclusions - Prospects
Major contributions:
– Flow based approach;
– Methodology for potential locations;
– Decision support tools embedded in a GIS.
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Introduction
Methology
Application
Conclusions - Prospects
Prospects
• Sensitivity analysis
• Trimodal terminals
• Short-sea shipping
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