Health and Work Environment
15 March 2012
Ageing Populations and New Opportunities for Businesses in Europe and Japan
Miki Kohara
Osaka University
[email protected]
1
I. Findings in Economic Researches (1)
Chief Concern
i. Health affects labor force participation.
-Huge findings, unquestionable
ii. Labor force participation affects health.
-Not undisputed
Health Status
Work Incentives
2
I. Findings in Economic Researches (2)
Related Issues
iii. Working conditions may determine worker’s health
and working incentives.
Work Incentives
Health Status
firm’s interaction
work environment
3
I. Findings in Economic Researches (3)
Related Issues (cont’d)
iv. Being healthy and/or being employed can determine
welfare.
Welfare, Happiness
Work Incentives
Health Status
firm’s interaction
work environment
4
II. What do we find for the Japanese
elderly?
Data: Survey on a way of working for better
retirement life (2011)
Survey Target
-conducted in a large manufacturing company in Japan
-Survey1: employees before mandatory retirement
Aged 51-62 Before-MR sample
-Survey2: ex-employees after mandatory retirement
(the retired, working(re-employed),
working(the others)), Aged 59-82 After-MR sample
5
1. What kinds of anxiety the workers have for the
life after retirement?
Anxiety and worry about the future life （Before-MR sample）
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
6
2. The Japanese elderly have high incentives to work.
Are (were) you working after MR?
(after-MR sample)
Not answer
1%
Not working
46%
Working (reemployment)
23%
Working
(other)
30%
7
c.f. distribution of working hours
.1
Normal distribution of working hours (not retired)
.06
After MR
Re-employed
After MR
The others
0
.02
.04
Density
.08
Before MR
0
20
40
60
Working hours (not retired)
80
Normal distribution of Working hours(other working people)
0
.02
.04
Density
.05
0
Density
.06
.1
.08
Normal distribution of Working hours(re-emplyed)
0
20
40
Working hours (re-employed)
60
80
0
20
40
Working hours (other)
60
80
8
2’. Why do they want to work?
Why do you want to work after MR?
(Before-MR sample)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
9
3. What kinds of preparations do workers make?
Preparations done & preparations should have done
before MR (after-MR sample)
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
did before my retirement
should have done before
my retirement
10
3’. Which program offered by the firm was
helpful?
Helpful programs offered by firms
(after-MR sample)
50%
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
11
3’’. Do firm’s programs make workers prepare for
the retirement? (1)
The effect of programs on preparation for work and life after retirement
(after-MR sample)
think of future
work more
seriously
get licenses
develop skills
on PC and IT
Briefing for asset management
Briefing for life (in general) after MR
Briefing for jobs after MR
Advices by the retired on life after MR
0.43481 *
-0.0926
1.10198 ***
0.65783 *
0.02737
-0.30166
1.543329 ***
-0.36794
-0.1676
0.255002
0.766907 **
-0.35384
Number of observations
LR test for all the coeff=0 (P-statistics)
Pseudo R2
Log likelihood
484
0
0.169
-223.29
480
0.001
0.146
-173.297
480
0.14
0.066
-261.733
Note. We estimate a single probit model for each preparation, controlling for individual’s characteristics and
firm’s characteristics as additional explanatory variables. ***, **, and * show that a coefficient is
statistically significant at 1, 5, 10%, respectively.
12
3’’. Do firm’s programs make workers prepare for
the retirement? (2)
The effect of programs on preparation for work and life after retirement
(after-MR sample)
Briefing for asset management
Briefing for life (in general) after MR
Briefing for jobs after MR
Advices by the retired on life after MR
Number of observations
LR test for all the coeff=0 (P-statistics)
Pseudo R2
Log likelihood
maintain
raise family
collect
collect
health
information on interactions
information on
starting business asset
management
1.15
4.29 *** 0.015578
1.43165
0.27
0.582738 ***
1.36
0.80685
0.44
0.152492
1.24
(omitted)
1.44
0.421188
0.48
(omitted)
297
0.008
0.522
-17.599
484
0.006
0.096
-251.899
478
0.007
0.085
-274.256
484
0.011
0.086
-270.997
13
4. Life Satisfaction
• Life satisfaction (in general) {1-10}
Not working after MR
working after MR
Normal distribution of Satisfaction (life)
.6
.4
Density
.3
.2
.2
0
.1
0
Density
.4
.5
.8
Normal distribution of Satisfaction (life)
0
2
4
6
8
Satisfaction (life) (not working after retirement)
10
2
4
6
8
Satisfaction (life) (re-emplyed&other working people)
10
14
• Life satisfaction (concerned with family)
Not working after MR
working after MR
Normal distribution of Satisfaction (family)
0
0
.2
.2
Density
Density
.4
.4
.6
.6
Normal distribution of Satisfaction (family)
0
2
4
6
8
Satisfaction (family) (not working after retirement)
10
0
2
4
6
8
Satisfaction (family) (re-emplyed&other working people)
10
15
• Life satisfaction (concerned with work)
c.f. Working before MR
Working after MR
Normal distribution of Satisfaction(work)(not retired)
.4
.2
.3
Density
.3
.2
.1
.1
0
0
Density
.4
.5
.5
Normal distribution of Satisfaction (work)
0
2
4
6
Satisfaction (work) (not retired)
8
10
0
2
4
6
8
Satisfaction (work) (re-emplyed&other working people)
10
16
c.f. Life Satisfaction
(before MR sample)
Normal distribution of Satisfaction(life)(not retired)
.4
Density
.6
.8
Life Satisfaction (in general)
.2
Life Satisfaction (family)
0
Life Satisfaction (work)
2
4
6
Satisfaction (life) (not retired)
8
10
Normal distribution of Satisfaction(family)(not retired)
0
.3
0
.1
.2
.2
Density
Density
.4
.4
.5
.6
Normal distribution of Satisfaction(work)(not retired)
2
4
6
Satisfaction (family) (not retired)
8
10
0
2
4
6
Satisfaction (work) (not retired)
8
10
4’. Preparation make people happy?
think of future work more seriously
get licenses
develop skills on PC and IT
collect information on starting business
collect information on asset management
save for future expenses
have a hobby
raise neighborhood interactions
raise family interactions
learn for nursing care for the elderly
maintain health
do volunteer work
Number of obs
P>chi2
Pseudo R2
after-MR sample
satisfaction (life)
Coef.
0.02946
0.27419
-0.18083
0.4528
-0.17072
-0.09182
0.0919
0.14707
0.44221 **
-0.13962
-0.48648 **
-0.14316
425
0.000
0.086
satisfaction (family) satisfaction (work)
Coef.
Coef.
-0.10879
-0.05027
0.53532
0.54608 **
0.11721
-0.29125
1.40468 *
0.86564
-0.2335
-0.24828
-0.07815
0.02902
-0.46211
-0.03598
-0.27389
-0.02239
0.34153
0.65982 ***
-0.92861
-0.00404
-0.11087
-0.22481
0.34576
0.08362
214
423
0.000
0.000
0.103
0.086
Note. We estimate a single ordered logit model for each satisfaction, controlling for individual’s
characteristics and firm’s characteristics as additional explanatory variables. ***, **, and * show that a
coefficient is statistically significant at 1, 5, 10%, respectively.
18
Summary of Findings
Our survey conducted in a manufacturing company in
Japan suggests:
1. Many elderly people want to continue working even
after mandatory retirement.
2. Pension is one of the important factors to
determine labor force participation of the elderly.
Health is another important factor.
3. Being employed may make people healthy (at least
people believe so). Being employed can make the
elderly happy.
19
Summary of Findings (cont’d)
4. People regret --- should have got licenses, saved
more, had a hobby, maintained health.
5. Some programs offered by a firm were indeed
helpful for the workers to prepare for the life after
retirement.
6. Preparation for the retirement can make the elderly
happy.
(+3…Some firm’s programs can make the elderly happy.)
20
Implications of our findings
Happiness
Preparation are meaningful.
We can and should make the
employees prepare for the
better life in old age.
Work
Health
firm’s
interaction
Being employed in old age seems important in
Japan. In European countries, too? – We should be
careful about the meaning of being employed.
21