SAMPLE LEARNER WORK
WITH COMMENTARY
UNIT R046:
TECHNOLOGY IN SPORT
SPORT SCIENCE
Level 1/2
APRIL 2015
www.ocr.org.uk/cambridgenationals
OCR LEVEL 1/2 CAMBRIDGE NATIONALS IN SPORT SCIENCE
UNIT R046 SAMPLE LEARNER WORK WITH COMMENTARY
CONTENTS
Introduction3
Learning Objective 1 – Know how technology is used in sport
MB1
Marking commentary on MB1 sample learner work
Suggested improvements to progress sample learner work to MB2
4
Learning Objective 2 – Understand the positive effect of sports technology
MB1
Marking commentary on MB1 sample learner work
Suggested improvements to progress sample learner work to MB2
6
Learning Objective 3 – Understand the negative effects of sports technology
MB1
Marking commentary on MB1 sample learner work
Suggested improvements to progress sample learner work to MB2
8
Learning Objective 4 – Be able to evaluate the impact of technology in sport
MB1
Marking commentary on MB1 sample learner work
Suggested improvements to progress sample learner work to MB2
9
Learning Objective 1 – Know how technology is used in sport
MB3
Marking commentary on MB3 sample learner work
Why it was awarded MB3 not MB2
11
Learning Objective 2 – Understand the positive effect of sports technology
MB3
Marking commentary on MB3 sample learner work
Why it was awarded MB3 not MB2
14
Learning Objective 3 – Understand the negative effects of sports technology
MB3
Marking commentary on MB3 sample learner work
Why it was awarded MB3 not MB2
17
Learning Objective 4 – Be able to evaluate the impact of technology in sport
MB3
Marking commentary on MB3 sample learner work
Why it was awarded MB3 not MB2
19
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INTRODUCTION
This is a guide for teachers so that you can see how we would mark work, Cambridge Nationals are designed to give the learners the
project and let them create the work.
The guide contains sample learner work for this unit and covers all learning objectives, graded at Marking Band 1 (MB1) and Marking
Band 3 (MB3).
The accompanying commentary explains why each piece of work was awarded its grade.
For MB1 graded work, additional guidance has been added to suggest improvements that could be made to make it an MB2 graded
piece of work.
For MB3 graded work, additional guidance has been added to explain why it was awarded that grade and not the lower grade of MB2.
You MUST NOT allow your learners to copy the samples contained in this guide. OCR moderators have been advised to report
any copying, in whole or in part. Misuse of these samples will lead to a malpractice investigation being conducted and would put
all submitted learner work at risk of investigation.
Reproduction of Candidate’s Work
The candidates’ work within this document is reproduced for free of charge distribution to teachers in order to help them prepare
candidates for examinations. The work has been reproduced as submitted by the candidates. Some of the work may contain thirdparty material for which we are unaware of the source, the rights owner or the existence of any permission that the learner may have
had to use the material. If you are the owner of any third-party material contained within this document, and you wish to question
its use, please contact The Resources Team at OCR through [email protected]
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UNIT R046 SAMPLE LEARNER WORK WITH COMMENTARY
Learning Objective 1 – Know how technology is used in sport
MB1
SAMPLE LEARNER WORK
How technology is used to enhance performance
Fitness testing – when someone is doing a fitness test they can have a heart rate monitor attached to their body
and this will measure their heart rate when they are exercising.
Training aids – players can be followed by a webcam which can tell them their weaknesses and they can use this
information when they are training to work on their weaknesses.
Equipment – footballs used to be made of leather and got very heavy when they were wet and now they are
made of plastic which means they don’t get heavy when they are wet.
Clothing and footwear – in football the shirts are now breathable which makes them better to wear in hot
weather as you don’t sweat so much. Football boots now can have different studs so that they can be changed if
the pitch is very wet so you don’t slip over.
Injury prevention and recovery – football has physios at the match so they can treat the players quicker with ice
packs which mean the players recover quicker.
How technology is used to enhance game play
Video refereeing – a cricket umpire can watch a replay to see if there is lbw so that he can make the right
decision.
‘Hawk eye’ - this is used in tennis and tells you if the ball is in or out.
Goal-line technology – this is used in football and can tell you if the ball has crossed the goal line and a goal has
been scored.
‘Hot spot’ - this shows you if the ball has hit the bat in cricket.
Radio – the referee and his lineman and the fourth official in football all communicate to each other by radio
during a game.
Stadia – in football the grounds have under pitch heating so that they can still play if it is icy or snowy.
How technology is used to enhance spectatorship
Stadia – football stadiums have big screens in a corner so that you can have replays when a goal is scored.
Officials – if you go to watch a rugby match you can hear what the rugby referee is saying as he uses a
microphone.
Commentary/punditry – football pundits use software that gives them statistics that they can use when they are
commentating on a match like how many corners have been had by a team.
Television – some TV channels have a red button option so you can see replays of goals when a football match is
being shown.
Internet – you can look at your team’s website on the internet and get information on the players, the fixture
list and details of how to buy tickets.
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Marking commentary on MB1 sample learner work
The use of technology to enhance performance, game play and spectatorship in sport has been outlined. For each of the
subheadings an example has been given however these are limited and mainly refer to football. The centre has awarded 4 marks.
Suggested improvements to progress sample learner work to MB2
There needs to be a more detailed description of the use of technology to enhance performance, game play and spectatorship in
sport. There needs to be a wider range of sporting examples for each sub heading demonstrating understanding.
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Learning Objective 2 – Understand the positive effects of sports technology
MB1
SAMPLE LEARNER WORK
The positive effects of sports technology
In performance
Equipment is easier to use – a tennis racket is now easier to use. Tennis rackets were wooden which meant that
they were heavy and could break. Tennis rackets are now made from graphite which is lighter and doesn’t break
so easily. Also the size of the head of the racket is bigger in graphite rackets than wooden rackets this means that
there is a larger ‘sweet spot’ this means you can hit the ball harder.
Reducing injury – football shirts used to be made of cotton now they are made of polyester and they are also
more elastic. This means that they are breathable which means that the players don’t get too hot in them. This
means that they will not get dehydrated which is bad for you as it means you might get injured because you are
not at your best.
Recovery time from injury is reduced – if you do get injured the physios have more equipment that you can use
like fitness equipment – treadmills and weights which means they can get you back to full training quicker so you
won’t lose you fitness.
In game play
Enhances how the sport is played – bikes that are used in the velodrome have become lighter and they are
designed to fit the cyclist better. They are made of carbon. The cyclists also have aerodynamic helmets. This
means the cyclist can go faster which makes the cycling more exciting to watch as they go so fast and because
everyone has the same sort of bikes it makes the race close and exciting.
Increases competition – if you play football you can watch TV footage of the opposition before you play them
which means you can see what they do badly and you can try and find a way of play that means you can make use
of what you have seen so that you can win.
In spectatorship
See all the action – when you are watching football on the TV you can see replays of goals and the build up to
the goals. You can see replays of corners and any other incidents that happen on the pitch like diving. You can see
these from different angles as there are lots of cameras at the match. You can replay these as often as you like. This
means you miss nothing of the game.
Other positive effects
Health care – people participate in the Paralympics with prosthetic limbs like Jonnie Peacock and because
scientists have helped develop these then they can also be used by anybody who has had to have a leg
amputated which means they can walk better.
This learning objective draws upon skills, knowledge and understanding from R041
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Marking commentary on MB1 sample learner work
Some of the possible positive effects of sports technology have been described and all of the effects have been supported with
one sporting example. The centre has awarded 6 marks this is because there needs to be a wider range of possible positive effects
identified.
Suggested improvements to progress sample learner work to MB2
There needs to be more detail in the description and there needs to be more sporting examples for each of the sub headings.
The evidence needs to include information on improved training aids; how technology improves accuracy; how technology has
increased the fan base of sport and how sport technology has been used to improve transport.
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Learning Objective 3 – Understand the negative effects of sports technology
MB1
SAMPLE LEARNER WORK
The negative effects of sports technology
In performance
Rule/regulation changes – a new swimming suit was used which was an all body suit which fitted very close
to the body and it meant a lot of world records were broken because it made the body slimmer the NGB for
swimming banned the suit as they said it helped the swimmers too much.
Another example is in motorcycling as there can only be a certain number of cylinders on the bike otherwise if
would be too powerful which would make racing dangerous.
In game play
Prolongs game duration – when referees in rugby have to look at replays to see if a try has been scored that adds
time to the game which makes it boring as you have to wait a few minutes for the play to start again.
Cost – modern equipment made using technology can be expensive so only elite performers from rich countries
can afford to get the new and latest equipment. For example sailing. You need a lot of money to buy a boat and
only people competing at the top level can afford a high spec boat. This means that poor countries will not have
money to get a boat to compete.
In spectatorship
Decrease in live spectatorship – if people can watch sport for nothing on the tv that will mean that they will not
go to live matches and that will mean that the numbers of people going to matches will go down which is bad for
clubs as they won’t get so much money.
Other negative effects
Breaks tradition – some people do not like the fact that technology has been brought into sport as they liked it the
way it was. Some cricket fans don’t like ‘hot spot’ as they think all decisions should be made by the umpire and his
decision should be final.
Marking commentary on MB1 sample learner work
Some of the possible negative effects of sports technology have been described and all of the effects have been
supported with one sporting example.
The centre has awarded 4 marks this is because there needs to be a wider range of possible negative effects identified.
Suggested improvements to progress sample learner work to MB2
There needs to be more detail in the description and there needs to be more sporting examples for each of the sub
headings. The evidence needs to include information on how skills may deteriorate; how technology detracts from the
ethics of sport and how advances to TV technology mean there is a decrease in live spectatorship.
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Learning Objective 4 – Be able to evaluate the impact of technology in sport
MB1
SAMPLE LEARNER WORK
Factors affecting the use of technology in sport
Application of technology - I am going to look at goal line technology in football. This is used to see if the
football has completely crossed the goal line in between the goal posts and underneath the crossbar. There is an
electronic devise in the ball and high speed cameras in the goal line. There is an electronic signal that is sent to
the referee.
Reasons for the introduction of technology – the reason they have brought in goal line technology is so that
referees know when the ball has crossed the line for a goal as sometimes they can’t tell.
History/tradition – this has only just been used because people didn’t want technology in football and they feel
that referees and the lines people should be able to tell if the ball has crossed the line or not.
Reactions of key stakeholders – footballers are happy it has been introduced as they know that if the ball goes
over the goal line they will be given a goal and this will help the referee award a goal when he might think the ball
has not gone over the goal line. Frank Lampard scored a goal which wasn’t awarded as the referee didn’t think the
ball had crossed the line so he is happy it has been introduced.
Features of the technology which affect its use – it will cost a lot to install the cameras and put the chip in the
ball so that is why it is only used for the top division and top competitions.
Impact the technology has had
Has it addressed the issues it sought to – yes it means that if there is doubt as to if a goal has been scored or not
the referee can tell as he receives a radio signal telling him the ball has crossed the line therefore instances like the
one involving Frank Lampard should not happen again.
Has it had unintended positive and/or negative consequences – no.
Developments and adaptations made to the technology – hawk eye which is part of this technology is used in
tennis; cricket and rugby.
Developments and adaptations made to the sport – there aren’t any as it does what the sport wanted it to do
which is make sure people if they score goals have their goals count.
Implications for the future – because it is so expensive it will probably not be used by all clubs and in lower
divisions because they cannot afford the cost.
Overall judgement
It will mean that a player can be sure that when they score a gaol it will be counted and this is a good thing
especially if you are playing in the World Cup.
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Marking commentary on MB1 sample learner work
The evaluation of goal line technology and the impact it has had on football is basic. Goal line technology
has been outlined; consideration of factors affecting its use has been evaluated superficially. There is minimal
information on the impact of the technology. There is a very basic overall judgement. The centre has awarded 6
marks this is because the information given lacks substance and detail.
Suggested improvements to progress sample learner work to MB2
There needs to be a more detailed evaluation of the impact of the goal line technology within the sub-headings.
There needs to be a more detailed description of how goal line technology works. There needs to be a more
detailed evaluation of the factors affecting its use are considered and there needs to be more information
provided on the impact of goal line technology in football. An overall judgement needs to be expanded upon to
cover whether the technology has succeeded in achieving its aims, enhanced particular aspects of the sport(s) it
has been applied to or adapted for other useful means.
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UNIT R046 SAMPLE LEARNER WORK WITH COMMENTARY
Learning Objective 1 – Know how technology is used in sport
MB3
SAMPLE LEARNER WORK
How technology is used in sport
How technology is used to enhance performance
Fitness testing – when you go to a fitness suite and you do some exercise on the running machine you can have
heart rate monitors attached to you and these will monitor your heart rate whilst you are exercising. If you exercise
on a regular basis and you monitor your heart rate all the time you should see an improvement in your heart rate
as you get fitter. If you are undertaking a fitness training programme or a training programme for a specific sport
then by using a heart rate monitor you can see whether or not you are overtraining. Heart rate monitors are worn
by some athletes when they compete and they help to find out how intensely the workout is.
Training aids – one training aid is the use of motion capture software to review performance this is where the
movement of the athlete is recorded. The software used in sport captures facial expressions as well as capturing
the motion and movement of the athlete. The motion will be captured from a lot of angles. The coach can then
look at the images recorded and the data produced from those images and use them to decide what weaknesses
the player has and what training they need to do to improve the weaknesses. For example by filming a tennis
player you can make them practice their service action if you find that that needs improving because of what the
motion software has shown you.
Equipment – one piece of equipment is a tennis racket. Tennis rackets used to be made of wood and now they
are made of graphite. The people who design the graphite rackets look at the physics of the tennis swing. Using
graphite rackets mean that the players swing the racket faster which means the ball moves quicker and allows
them to win the point as it makes it more difficult for the opponent to return the ball.
Another piece of equipment is a javelin which was redesigned as the original design meant that throws were
getting too long and this meant they were becoming dangerous So the centre of gravity was moved 4 cm
forward to make them safer and to make the point stick in the ground.
Clothing and footwear – an example of clothing is clothing that is worn when playing ice hockey. The clothing
has been designed to be lightweight to allow the players to move round easier which means that they can
perform better. The new design also improves body protection and body safety. The material uses four different
materials which also allow the clothing to last longer.
An example of footwear is rugby boots. They were originally made of leather and had leather studs and came
quite high up on the ankle. Then the studs were made of steel. Today’s rugby boots are made of synthetic
material and the studs are made of aluminium and they do not come up as high on the ankle. This makes them
lightweight and allows the players to move quicker around the pitch which means they can tackle earlier.
Injury prevention and recovery – because clothing has improved and equipment has improved this has helped
injury prevention as safety equipment has become compulsory for many sports. Helmets are now worn in cricket
which helps prevent head injuries. Padding is worn by some players in a rugby team depending on the position
they play and this has helped prevent injuries. When an athlete does get injured there is specialist equipment
which means that they recover from injuries faster which means they can get back playing quicker. Examples
of treatment that an injured athlete can have are shock-wave therapy; pulsed electromagnetic therapy; anterior
cruciate ligament testing and compartment pressure testing.
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SAMPLE LEARNER WORK
How technology is used to enhance game play
Video refereeing – this is where a referee can watch a replay on a TV monitor before making a final decision
about an infringement of the rules. This happens in rugby where the referee can look at a replay to see if a try
has actually been scored as this is sometimes difficult when there is a mass of players over the ball. In hockey
the umpire can ask to see a replay of whether or not a goal has been scored and whether or not a foul has been
committed in play before the goal is scored.
‘Hawk eye’ - this is a system that is used in tennis. A player can challenge a line call three times within a set. Hawk
eye is able to follow the ball and the travel of the ball is shown on a screen and this tells you if the ball was in or
out. This helps the umpire make the correct decision.
Goal-line technology – goal line technology has been used in hockey for quite a while. It is where a replay is
watched to see whether or not the ball has actually crossed the line and to confirm that a goal has been scored.
This has recently been introduced at some levels in football to say whether or not the ball has crossed the line and
a goal has been scored. This is needed as the ball does not always stay in the net when a goal is scored.
‘Hot spot’ - this is where an infra-red image is used to see if the ball in cricket has hit the bat; hit the pad or hit the
batsman. A monitor is looked at and a bright spot shows up on the bat; pad or batsman to show where the ball
hit. This helps the umpire decide whether a batsman is out or not.
Radio – radios are used a lot in sport to allow the officials to communicate with each other during play. The
reason for this is that sometime the referee might not see an incident but one of the lines people might. Also
if there is an incident which might result in a penalty being given in football the referee can consult with the
linesperson to see if they saw the same infringement of the rules.
Stadia – Wimbledon centre court has a retractable roof this means that even if it is raining tennis can still be seen
on centre court. The Millennium Stadium in Cardiff also has a retractable roof so that rugby matches can be played
in the best conditions if the weather is going to be bad.
Many football grounds have under pitch heating as they don’t want a fixture build up because they can’t play
matches if the weather is really bad. The under pitch heating means that if it is icy or if it has been snowing the
pitch will not be frozen – which is dangerous for the players as they might get injured – which will allow the match
to be played on its usual date.
How technology is used to enhance spectatorship
Stadia – many football stadia now have a large screen in the ground. This is used all through the match to
show the score and to show how long the teams have been playing. Before the match it is used to show who is
sponsoring the match it can be used for people to wish happy birthday to someone who is in the crowd. Before
the match starts it will be used to show who is playing in the team that day. When the players come on to the
pitch at the start of the game they will be introduced using the screen. When a goal is scored that will be replayed
on the screen. Other incidents will be replayed as well. At half time and at the end of the match the scores form
other matches in the division will be shown. This gives the spectators a great deal of information.
Another example of stadia and technology is that when new stadiums are built they are designed so that everyone
has a good view that means that there are no pillars which can restrict the view of the spectators.
Officials – when a rugby match is being played the crowd can hear the decisions that the referee is making
because he has a microphone and you can hear what he is discussing with the lines people. You can hear
when the ref is asking for a video replay of a try and you can hear why the ref has awarded a penalty try which
gets you more involved in the game.
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SAMPLE LEARNER WORK
Commentary/punditry – there are channels on the TV where the pundits make commentaries on the matches
either live or on ‘match of the day’ which is replays of matches played that day. When a live football match is
televised and it is half time the pundits use statistical information and graphics to comment on play up to half
term. They also comment using the statistical information and the graphics on what they think the teams need to
do to play better in the second half. They are able to show the position of players during free kicks and during the
build up to a goal so they can comment on where the defence was at fault when the goal was scored.
Television – television improves the viewing experience for the sports fans. Television is now broadcast in HD and
some channels are also broadcast in 3D which means the quality of the picture is better and this makes viewing
better. If you are watching tennis on Sky sport they will show a match on the main screen and there is a red
button option and if you press this you can get a choice of watching matches on a further three screens. You can
also watch the replay of a match using the red button. This means that you can watch the plyer you want to see
playing live and you can watch a match you have missed by that player as well.
Internet – there are various sites you can look at on the internet which will give you information about sport these
are as follows:
•
Blogs – the Guardian has a sports blog on its webpage which has short sports articles on it.
•
Websites – www.ccfc.co.uk is an example of a football club website this is the website for Coventry City. On
the website you can find out about the fixture, club news, getting tickets and merchandise. www.wasps.co.uk
is an example of a rugby union website where you can also get information similar to that of a football club.
•
Video-sharing - an example of this is YouTube where you share video clips.
•
Social Media – there are groups of sports fans on Facebook where you can talk about your football team. The
other forms of social media which are used for sport are twitter and Instagram.
•
Fan sites – there are fans websites an example of this is www.gmkonline.com is a fans forum for Coventry City
fans where there are match reports and where fans can comment on the team’s performance and they can
discuss any other issues associated with the football club.
•
Live streams – you can watch some live sport on the internet like some tennis matches and some football
matches obviously in some cases it is illegal to live stream events.
Marking commentary on MB3 sample learner work
The use of technology under the three categories has been for the majority of the sub-headings
comprehensively described. A wide range of examples from a wide range of sports have been used to
demonstrate how technology is used to enhance the experience of all involved in sport. The centre has
awarded 9 marks this is because another fitness testing aid and another training aid could be described and
there could be a more detailed description of the use of graphics and statistics in commentaries.
Why it was awarded MB3 not MB2
The majority of the sub headings in the categories have been comprehensively described and the range of
examples relates to how technology is used in sport to enhance the experience of all associated with sport.
They demonstrate understanding of the various forms of technology.
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Learning Objective 2 – Understand the positive effects of sports technology
MB3
SAMPLE LEARNER WORK
The positive effects of sports technology
In performance
Equipment is easier to use - one piece of equipment is a tennis racket. Tennis rackets used to be made of wood
and now they are made of graphite. The people who design the graphite rackets look at the physics of the tennis
swing. Using graphite rackets mean that the players swing the racket faster which means the ball moves quicker
and allows them to win the point as it makes it more difficult for the opponent to return the ball. Also the tennis
racket has a sweet spot on it which is the area on the face of the racket which it the optimum hitting area so that
the player is able to play their best shots effectively.
Another example is a golf club. Golf clubs including the shafts used to be made of wood and anyone could make
them. The iron was introduced in the 1800’s they were crude and heavy. Now the shafts are made of graphite and
the woods as well as the irons are made of metal usually titanium. The clubs are now made by specialists. Because
the clubs are now lighter and of a standard shape it makes them more controllable this makes them easier to use.
This means that the clubs are springier and this means that the ball can travel further. This also means that the
improved clubs make the shots more accurate.
Reducing injury – a piece of equipment that will reduce injury is shoes used for running. Footwear for many
sports used to be plimsolls which were rubber soled. Now footwear is specific to the activity you want to
participate in and it is air cushioned and has gel filled capsules. The change in footwear has meant that the shoes
being shock absorbent means that there is not so much strain on the leg joints and you are less likely to suffer
from leg injuries like shin splints.
Clothing can reduce injury an example is tennis clothing. Originally male clothing was shirts and long trousers.
The material used was cotton. Then shorts replaced long trousers. This clothing made it difficult to move round
in and got cold and clammy when you sweated which could cause you to get dehydration. Now some clothing
is made from brightly coloured lycra shorts. The tennis shirts are also made of tight fitting lycra. The shirts are
now breathable and when the players know they are playing in a hot climate like Australia they will have vents on
the back of the shirts that make them cooler. Because the clothing is now breathable it prevents the players from
getting overheating. If the player becomes overheated there is a danger that they will become dehydrated and
this could lead to them passing out injuring themselves when they fall over.
Recovery time from injury is reduced - When an athlete does get injured there is specialist equipment which
means that they recover from injuries quicker. The physio has access to equipment that they use to assist them
in getting the athlete to recover so that the athlete can get back playing quicker. Fitness equipment that can be
used is exercise bikes; treadmills; rowing machines and other pieces of equipment which can be adjusted to the
requirements of the athlete dependent on what the physio says. When athletes as injured the physio can use
the following to treat them:- shock-wave therapy; pulsed electromagnetic therapy; anterior cruciate ligament
testing and compartment pressure testing. All of which help the athlete to recover quicker and return to playing/
competing earlier. If the athlete can return earlier they will not have lost all of their fitness which is a bonus.
Improved training aids – because physios can treat athletes with a wide range of different forms of therapy
and because clothing and equipment are better athletes can compete for a longer time. Roger Federer is still
competing at the highest level in tennis because he has access to top quality treatment and he can monitor
his fitness by using heart monitors and he can use the equipment in the fitness suite to keep his body in peak
condition. This is good for the game of tennis as Federer is still playing at the highest level even though he is in his
thirties so people can still follow him and he can use his vast experience to win matches.
Also graphics are used to see how a player actually plays his shots. This information can be used if the player
becomes injured and needs to change their playing style so that the injury does not reoccur. Andy Murray
will have had to change his tennis serve so that his back doesn’t become injured again.
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In game play
Enhances how the sport is played – as can be seen previously, in tennis with the use of the graphite racket
speeds up the game and makes it more exciting for people to watch. Also with the improvements in golf clubs
this means that the shots are more accurate which makes the matches much closer and makes the game more
exciting to participate in and to watch.
Another example of how technology enhances sport is by the use of streamlined swim wear as this helps the
swimmer move quicker in the water which makes the races closer therefore making them more exciting for the
performer and the spectator.
A further example is how wheelchairs have developed to enable athletes to play a variety of sports. In wheelchair
basketball the wheelchairs have been adapted for sport with the wheels being angled and with the centre of
gravity being lower down so that the players don’t ‘tip’ so easily. The game of wheelchair basketball is exciting to
play as it is fast moving and gives them a thrill.
Increases competition – there is software that analyses your own performance; the performance of the team
that you play in (if you play in a team) and the performance of your opposition. The analysis will provide you
will information on the strengths and weaknesses of yourself and your opposition. You can use the analysis on
yourself to work on your weaknesses and improve your play. You can use the analysis on the opposition to target
their weaknesses when you play them and develop strategies to beat them. This makes sport more tactical and
increases the standard of competition.
Improves accuracy – with the use of microphones between officials in football and rugby this has meant that the
game doesn’t have to stop for so long for the officials to meet and talk to each other therefore the infringements of
the rules can be acted on quicker as the officials can describe what is happening as it happens rather than having
to recall it. With the use of video play back for rugby and cricket then the officials can look at the replays quickly
and make sure they make the right decisions like awarding a try in rugby or a catch or lbw in cricket. This makes
the officials decisions more accurate and the players feel that the rules are being applied more fairly which makes
competition fairer.
In spectatorship
Increased fan base - Some football clubs now have their own television channels for example Liverpool Football
Club and Chelsea Football Club. This means that the fans from both clubs can see replays of their matches. All
football league clubs have a website for example www.ccfc.co.uk is an example of a football club website this is
the website for Coventry City. On the website you can find out about the fixture, club news, getting tickets and
merchandise. www.wasps.co.uk is an example of a rugby union website where you can fixture, club news, getting
tickets and merchandise. By having their own websites and TV channels individuals who support these teams can
have unlimited access to all the latest information at any time of the day or night, therefore teams can increase
their fan base. Also when matches are live on the TV the pundits will look at the in-play statistic like how many
accurate passes; how many corners etc. there will be a post-match analysis using statistics and there will be the use
of graphics to demonstrate passes in football. Tennis has statistics in terms of services in; the number of unforced
errors; the number of winners and the number of break points. Pundits will also look at graphics of the point of
landing of the ball when receiving the serve. All of these make sport more interesting to watch and it increases
the fan base.
You can now have an app on your mobile phone will also allow you to access details of the club you support and it
will allow you to purchase tickets.
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SAMPLE LEARNER WORK
See all the action – spectators at a live match can see instant replays of goals scored and corners taken in football
on a large screen at the ground. The same will apply to tries in rugby and ‘6’s in cricket. If you watch live sport on
TV you will also be able to see the same replays as you would see on the big screen in the stadia.
You can see more of the action on the replays on the TV as they are able to edit the recordings and they have a
large number of cameras around the stadia giving different views. For example if you are watching athletics on
the TV you can see replays of all the races and the field events. You can see close ups of the take-off lines for long
jump to see if the athlete has done a good jump and how close to the end of the board they have taken off from.
All of this information means you can see all the action and it makes it more interesting for the spectators. If you
are watching the event on TV you can pause it if you are interrupted for any reason this means you won’t miss any
of the action.
Other positive effects
Health care – heart monitors and body fat monitors are used both for athletes and for the general public.
Wheelchairs have been redesigned for sporting activities and the technology has been transferred to the
production of better wheelchairs for the general public which makes them lighter and easier to manoeuvre.
Prosthetic limbs have been developed for athletes for example in archery if the archer has no arm below the elbow
then they have to wear a devise designed with hook fingers archers also have to have a prosthetic which will
slightly rotate with precision when releasing the string and this design is now available to the general public.
Prosthetic leg limbs have been designed for runner and these are called ‘blades’ these allow the athletes to run
at speed around the track. Blades were originally designed for athletes however young children inspired by the
success of Jonnie Peacock have also got blades so that they can emulate their heroes. This shows that technology
designed for sport can benefit the general public.
Transport – Formula 1 cars are made of carbon fibre and this technology has been used to made road cars. BMW
have a car made out of carbon fibre as have Lotus. Once again this is an example of technology from sport being
transferred to something you could use every day.
This learning objective draws upon skills, knowledge and understanding from R041
Marking commentary on MB3 sample learner work
A wide range of possible positive effects of sports technology have been described and for each one there is
a relevant sporting example. A range of sports have been mentioned. The centre has awarded 13 marks this is
because there needs to be a greater focus in some instances on the positive effects of sports technology.
Why it was awarded MB3 not MB2
All of the sub headings have been included and there are relevant sporting examples for each of the sub
headings with an explanation as to why the examples demonstrate the positive effects of sports technology.
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Learning Objective 3 – Understand the negative effects of sports technology
MB3
SAMPLE LEARNER WORK
The negative effects of sports technology
In performance
Skills may deteriorate – as tennis rackets have a larger ‘hot spot’ and they are made of graphite they make it
easier for the player to hit the ball with speed and accuracy. This can have a negative effect of the game as you
don’t need to be as skilful as when the racket was made of wood meaning that now the games are over quicker.
Another example is the development of golf clubs because they are lighter and all made of metal and a standard
shape then that means that the golfer doesn’t need to strike the ball so accurately this means that they don’t have
to be so skilful which means that there are not so many bad shots which takes away the fun of watching someone
get out of the trees; out of the very rough and out of other awkward positions which takes some of the fun out of
watching it.
Rule/regulation changes – swimming suits are a good example of this. Full body suits were designed for
swimmers out of polyurethane. It was thought that these trapped air around the swimmers body making them
more buoyant however this was not the case. Then it was said that they compressed the muscles and this added
extra buoyancy and helped propel the swimmer forward easier. They were banned anyway and now swimmers
have to wear non polyurethane clothing. The men have to wear shorts and the women suits above the knee and
with a shoulder strap. The NGB for swimming found that it had to put rules in place so that there is a fair playing
field for all competitors. This is a negative effect of sports technology.
Another example is when the Cameroon football team wanted to play in an all in one suit this was deemed
unsuitable by FIFA as it was against the rules. Another instance of football not allowing something was when
players wanted to wear a snood this was deemed against the rules. So in both these cases the rules were not
changed to allow these technological advances as they were deemed unacceptable.
A further example is in Formula 1 where there is so much technology that the rules have to be frequently changed
so that no one team has a higher advantage over another otherwise the race would always be won by the same
type of car which would not be good for the sport as it would be boring to watch.
In game play
Prolongs game duration – in cricket the umpire looks at certain instances as replays on a screen. This can affect
the flow of the game and if the replay takes too long to show the incident then people will start to complain as the
match will last a lot longer.
Another example is in tennis when a player challenges a call and hawk eye is used to determine whether or not
the all is in. This also breaks the flow of the game and in some cases players challenge a call just to break the
rhythm of an opponent, especially if a player is serving well and has a good rhythm. This is the negative side of
technology.
Detracts from the ethics of sport – one of the problems with the increased use of technology is that the winner
might not be the best at the sport but because of the equipment they are using it helps them to win. This means
that the winner is not always the best player but is the one that can use the equipment better.
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SAMPLE LEARNER WORK
Cost – the cost of the equipment can have a negative effect on some sports which reply heavily on either a high
cost piece of equipment or if they participate in sport which requires several pieces of specialist equipment.
The cost of equipment can mean that only the elite performers from wealthy countries can afford some of the
equipment. An example of this is athletes with a disability who want to take part in wheelchair sports. Each
wheelchair sport – rugby; tennis; basketball; athletics – have a different design of wheelchair. If you compete
for a wealthy country you will be able to get the wheelchair designed specifically for your sport however if you
come from a developing country they might not have the money to allow you to get the specialist chair therefore
you will be at a disadvantage when performing at international competitions this means that there will be a gulf
between the teams not on ability but on equipment which is not right.
Another example is those with a disability who use prosthetic limbs. Athletes from wealthy countries can afford
the specialist prosthetic limbs required for competing whilst those from poorer countries cannot and this was
evident at the 2012 Paralympic games where competitors from Cambodia did not have the same standard of
equipment so although they took part they didn’t stand any chance of winning as their equipment was so inferior.
In spectatorship
Decrease in live spectatorship – when the winter is bad - cold; wet; windy; snowy and icy – then you need to be
a true fan to go and watch your team play in the bad weather. If the match you were going to see is televised then
you will probably watch it on TV instead. This is not good for your team as they will lose money as you won’t be
spending anything at the ground.
Also because there is so much TV technology – statistics; replays from a variety of angles; graphics and the views of
the pundits – this might encourage you to stay at home and watch the game especially if you would have to travel
a long way to see the match. Once again this will affect crowd numbers and will be bad for the team and the
game – this is a negative effect of technology on sport.
Other negative effects
Breaks tradition – Britain started many of the games that are played in the world today like cricket; rugby union;
golf; football and tennis – the first lawn tennis club was in Leamington Spa. These games and in particular cricket
are steeped in tradition and many people who watch cricket do not like ‘hawk eye’ and ‘hot spot’ being used as
they say it breaks with tradition and the game should just rely on the decisions of the umpire rather than involving
technology.
Another example is goal line technology in football. This is now available and is used in Premiership match and
the World Cup. It is not yet used in all football matches as it is expensive. Many people feel that it should not be
used as they don’t want the match stopped for any reason as it will affect the flow of the game and traditionally
football has been a flowing game and the referee’s decision would be quicker.
Marking commentary on MB3 sample learner work
A wide range of possible negative effects of sports technology have been described and for each one there is
a relevant sporting example. A range of sports have been mentioned. The centre has awarded 9 marks this is
because there needs to be a greater focus on how the use of technology detracts from the ethics of the sport.
Why it was awarded MB3 not MB2
All of the sub headings have been included and there are relevant sporting examples for each of the sub
headings with an explanation as to why the examples demonstrate the negative effects of sports technology.
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Learning Objective 4 – Be able to evaluate the impact of technology in sport
MB3
SAMPLE LEARNER WORK
Evaluate the impact of technology in sport
Factors affecting the use of technology in sport
•
Application of technology – I am going to evaluate the use of ‘hawk-eye’ in the game of tennis. ‘Hawk-eye’
is the name of the company who produces the technology used to make decisions in tennis as well as other
sports.
•
The ‘hawk-eye’ system is based on triangulation. This uses timing and visual image provided by ten high speed
cameras situation around the court at different angles. The system then quickly processes the information it
has received from the cameras to show the track of the ball. The system then shows in graphics the path of
the ball and the playing area and the image is seen by the umpire there is also either IN or OUT shown on the
screen which helps the umpire determine whether or not to agree with the call from the linesperson.
•
Players are allowed three challenges per set and the number is only reduced if the challenge is incorrect. If
there is a tie break in the set each player gets one more challenge. The challenge must be made immediately
the player thinks the call is made.
•
Reasons for the introduction of technology with particular reference to performance, game play and
spectatorship – One of the reasons for the introduction of ‘hawk-eye’ in tennis is that during a quarter final
match in the 2004 US Open Serena Williams was playing Jennifer Capriati some of the important calls were
challenged by Serena Williams. TV replays confirmed that the calls were incorrect however because they
were just TV replays the calls could not be reversed. This incident led to a discussion about introducing an
electronic system to aid decision making. ‘Hawk-eye’ became widely used in tennis in 2006.
•
With ‘hawk-eye’ being introduced this means that players will now have confidence in the decisions being
made by the umpire and the lines people.
•
With ‘hawk-eye’ being introduced this means that spectator’s feel that the decisions are correct and that
human error has been taken out of the officiating.
•
History/tradition – traditionally players if they thought the ball was out would say so and they would
concede the point – this is sportsmanship. Then when there were umpires and lines people the players would
just accept the calls made by the officials even if they thought the calls were wrong – this was just part of the
game. Tennis is known as being traditional as they still wear only white at Wimbledon. However it was seen
that the introduction of ‘hawk-eye’ as being a good thing.
•
Reactions of key stakeholders – when ‘hawk-eye’ was first introduced it was used in different ways by
different tournaments until the use of it was formalised in 2008. Once it was formalised all people associated
with the sport – players; spectators; officials and the governing bodies of tennis – all thought it would improve
decision making and would ensure the right player won.
•
Features of the technology which affect its use – the cost of installing ‘hawk-eye’ is expensive this means
that even all of the courts of major tournaments do not have it on them. It has a good reputation when it is
used as being accurate and reliable.
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SAMPLE LEARNER WORK
Impact the technology has had
•
Has it addressed the issues it sought to? - Yes it has helped umpires as they can now see whether or not
the ‘hawk-eye-’ agrees with the decision made by the linesperson. However this can only be checked when a
player challenges the call otherwise the umpire has to go with the linesman decision even if they doubt the
accuracy of the linesman decision. Sometimes there is an over rule by the umpire but they have to have a
clear sight of the ball to overrule the linesperson call.
•
The use of ‘hawk-eye’ has not made any difference to the performance of the player or the game play as before
‘hawk-eye’ players were still aiming for the lines.
•
The spectators also like ‘hawk-eye’ as they can watch the replay and see whether or not the call was correct. If
they are watching the tennis on the TV they like to see all of the graphics to see where the ball landed when
being served etc. and they like to see all the statistics that are produced at the end of the set/game.
•
Has it had unintended positive and/or negative consequences? - ‘hawk-eye’ was introduced as an aid to
support the work of the officials in particular the line judges who have a difficult job sometimes because of
the speed of the tennis ball. However, if ‘hawk-eye’ disagrees with the line judge and this happens on several
occasions during the match then it looks as if the technology is undermining the line judge and this puts the
line judge in a bad light to the spectators who will think that all the decisions they make are wrong.
•
Developments and adaptations made to the technology – the technology has been developed and
adapted so that it can be used for a variety of sports other than tennis.
•
‘Hawk-eye’ is being introduced to assist officials in Hurling in Northern Ireland when deciding whether or not a
point has been scored between the posts.
•
It is used in cricket it has been used to assist the umpires mainly in helping them decide whether or not an
lbw has happened. Also because the system is used throughout the match the pundits are able to use the
statistics provided by the data to enhance the viewing experience of the spectators and provide them with a
better understanding of the game.
•
After years of rejecting goal line technology football at the highest level has now introduced goal line
technology which is based on the ‘hawk-eye’ system. There are sensors on the goal line and under the cross
bar and there is a sensor in the ball. When the ball crosses the goal line a signal is sent to the referee who
knows a goal has been scored.
•
Snooker uses ‘hawk-eye’ this has been adapted so that the spectator can see along the line of vision of the
player so that they can see what the player sees. This is called a ‘players eye view’.
•
Developments and adaptations made to the sport - there is a ‘hawk-eye’ coaching system and this is used
in tennis. This is where ‘hawk-eye’ records all of the match and then coaches and players can look in-depth at
the player’s strokes; the rallies they play and their overall match strategies. Coaches can use this information
to improve their play in the areas identified as weaknesses by ‘hawk-eye’. This has helped the tennis player to
become fitter and more skilled.
•
This system is also used in cricket where the batsmen and bowlers are analysed and coaches use the
information to improve the fitness and skills of the players.
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•
Implications for the future – in tennis the use of ‘hawk-eye’ is often restricted to the main show courts in the
three grand slams apart from the French Open; the Masters Series events and the other major events in the
tennis calendar. There have been calls for the technology to be used on all courts in major championships
however the cost of installing this would be great and as the venue is only used once a year it would not be
cost effective.
•
There have also been calls for ‘hawk-eye’ to be used at the French Open – the reason it is not is because it is
played on a clay court and the ball leaves a mark. However I feel it would be useful as the umpire would not
have to get of their chair to go and look at the mark which would keep the game flowing.
•
There have also been suggestions that all linespersons could be replaced by ‘hawk-eye’ so everything is
electronic. This might mean that all calls are accurate however there could be a problem with this idea if the
system broke down.
•
Obviously because of the cost of the technology it is not used by ordinary clubs and I don’t see this changing.
•
Overall judgement
•
‘Hawk-eye is a successful tool for officiating and for use by coaches and athletes as well as being liked by the
majority of fans.
•
‘Hawk-eye’ has won some honours like 2 Baftas; 3 Royal Television Society Awards; 1 Emmy and 1 Logie as well
as ‘Best Technology’ by the British Computer Society.
•
‘Hawk-eye’ was introduced to make sure that all calls were correct and the no player lost a match that they
should have won because of incorrect line calls. It has proved to be reliable and the players like it. There have
been suggestions that the number of challenges should be increased. This would be a bad idea as the game
would take longer to complete. Also it has been suggested that the lines people are completely replaced by
‘hawk-eye’ this would also be wrong.
•
‘Hawk-eye’ has achieved its aims by eliminating bad calls and making sure that the correct player wins the
game and the winner is the best player rather than the one who had the least bad calls.
•
It has enhanced the viewing of the sport as all the graphics and statistics make it more interesting and people
like to guess whether or not the ball is in before they see the replay.
•
As ‘hawk-eye’ has been successful in tennis and cricket it has been introduced in football and hurling and
in the future there might be other sports that look to introduce it.
Marking commentary on MB3 sample learner work
There is a comprehensive evaluation of the impact of ‘hawk-eye’ on tennis and other sports. The use of ‘Hawk-eye’ has
been described and evaluated. The factors affecting its use and its impact have been discussed and considered.
An overall judgement has been made and justified. The centre has awarded 13 marks this is because there could be
more information on whether or not ‘hawk-eye’ has had any unintended positive and/or negative consequences and the
developments and adaptations made to sport. Also pictorial portrayal of ‘hawk-eye’ could have been included.
Why it was awarded MB3 not MB2
There is a great deal of information with regard to all of the sub-headings within the specification. The reason for the
introduction of ‘hawk-eye’ and the impact it has had have all been described demonstrating an understanding of the use
of technology and the benefits it has brought to sport.
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