Message Oriented Middleware
and Hierarchical Routing
Protocols
Smita Singhaniya
Sowmya Marianallur Dhanasekaran
Madan Puthige
1
Wireless Sensor Networks

increasing development of wireless sensor
networks (WSNs)

scarce resources (memory, battery, processing
capacity)

thousand of nodes

event-driven

traditional middleware systems are heavyweight

request/reply communication is not adequate
2
WSN [Scenario]
observation region
sensor nodes
sink node
user application
3
Message Oriented Middleware

MIRES – Middleware for WSNs

enables communication between sensingbased applications

provides a set of middleware services

hides the complexity of communication
underlying mechanisms from the sensingbased applications
4
MIRES [Basic Facts]


message-oriented middleware

publish/subscribe service

asynchronous communication
encapsulates network-level protocols


routing and topology control protocols
aggregation service

collects and integrates data generated from a large and
physically dispersed set of nodes

API (Application Programming Interface)
5
MIRES [Architecture]
Node
NodeApplication
Application
MIRES
Routing
Routing
Aggregation
Service
Service1
Service
ServiceN N
Publish/subscribe service
Operating System
Sensors
CPU
Radio
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MIRES [Publish/Subscribe Service]

a publish/subscribe
middleware

publishes (“sender”) and
Sender
Receiver
subscribers (“receivers”)
applications

asynchronous
communication

sender and receiver may
MOM
Queue
Operating System
Hardware
not be present in the
network at the same time

topics (subject)
7
MIRES [Publish/Subscribe Service]

allows the communication
Node
NodeApplication
Application
between middleware
services

responsible for advertises
MIRES
Routing
Routing
Aggregation
Service
Service
1
Service
ServiceN
N
topics

maintains the list of
Publish/subscribe service
topics subscribed by the
node application

Operating System
Sensors
CPU
Radio
publishes messages
containing data related to
the advertised topics
8
MIRES [Publish/Subscribe Service]
Node Application

TinyOS

nesC language

component-based
programming model

MIRES
Aggregation
Routing
Routing Service
Service
1
Service
ServiceN
N
Publish/subscribe service
Operating System
Sensors
CPU
Radio
each component provides
and uses services

component’s interface is
made up of commands
(procedures)
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MIRES [Publish/Subscribe Service]

publish/subscribe service > other components

Node application advertises
its ability of sensing data
sink
node
user application
related to a topic

the publish/subscribe
services sends that
information to the network
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MIRES [Publish/Subscribe Service]

message arrival from the
network

all messages are addressed to
the sink node

MultiRouter signalises an
sink
node
user application
intercept an event

the publish/subscribe service
updates its internal control

the publish/subscribe services
returns an indication that the
message can be forwarded
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MIRES [Publish/Subscribe Service]

topic subscription

user application
broadcasts subscribed
topics to the network

sensor
nodes
sink
node
user application
BCast signals a receive
event

the publish/subscribe
service notifies
services attached to it
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MIRES [Publish/Subscribe Service]
sensor
nodes
sink
node
user application
13
MIRES [Aggregation Service]

the aggregation of data
collected from sensors
Room 1
Room 2
Room 3
Room 4
reduces the number of
transmissions

performed in each node

configuration parameters

aggregation function (e.g.,
suppression, min, max,
sink
user application
average)

stop criteria
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MIRES [Aggregation Service]
Room
Node
application
Sensor
readings
Publish
messages
Mires
TinyOS
Incoming
messages
user application
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MIRES [Routing]

Multi-hop routing algorithm

Clustering-based Hierarchical Routing
Protocols
16
Hierarchical Protocol





Multi hop communication with network
clustering
Data Aggregation and Fusion
LEACH
PEGASIS
TEEN and APTEEN
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Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering
Hierarchy

Cluster head for the current round if the
random number is less than the following
threshold



p is the desired percentage of cluster heads
r is the current round
G is the set of nodes that have not been cluster
heads in the last 1/p rounds
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Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering
Hierarchy
Cluster Heads at time t
Cluster Heads at time t + d
19
Drawbacks of LEACH


Single-hop routing – each node
transmits directly to the cluster-head
and cluster-head directly to the sink
Dynamic clustering – extra overhead
20
Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor
Information System [PEGASIS]




Eliminates dynamic cluster formation
Minimizes distance non-leader nodes must
transmit
Limits the no. of transmissions and
receptions among all nodes
Only one transmission to the BS per round
21
Chaining in PEGASIS
C0,C1,C3,C4 - Non-leader
nodes
C2- Leader Node


Each node communicates only with the closest neighbor
Gathered data moves from node to node, get fused and
sent to the BS by the designated leader node
 Nodes take turns being the leader ( I mod N)
 Chaining is done using the greedy approach
 When a node dies chaining is done again
22
Hierarchical PEGASIS with
CDMA



Constructs a chain of nodes, that forms a
tree like hierarchy
Data transmitting in parallel
Tree is balanced, the delay will be in
O (log N)
23


Nodes at even positions transmit data to their right
Nodes receiving at each level rise to next level in hierarchy
24
Comparison of PEGASIS with
LEACH

PEGASIS has been shown to outperform
LEACH by about 100 to 300% for different
network sizes and topologies
25
Threshold sensitive Energy Efficient
sensor Network protocol
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Threshold sensitive Energy Efficient
sensor Network protocol


Responsive to sudden changes in the
sensed attributes such as temperature
Cluster head broadcasts to the nodes




Attributes
Hard threshold
Soft threshold.
TEEN is not good for applications where
periodic reports are needed
27
Adaptive Threshold sensitive
Energy Efficient sensor Network
protocol




Captures both periodic data and reacts to
time-critical events
Historical, to analyze past data values
one-time, to take a snapshot view of the
network
Persistent, to monitor an event for a
period of time
28
Threshold sensitive Energy Efficient
sensor Network protocol

Time line for the operation of TEEN and
APTEEN
29
Drawbacks of TEEN and
APTEEN



Overhead and complexity of forming
clusters in multiple levels
Implementing threshold-based functions
Dealing with attribute-based naming of
queries
30
Conclusion


publish/subscribe paradigm –
asynchronous communication model
multi-hop routing algorithm – hierarchical
routing algorithm
31
Questions ????
Thank You
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