MOTIVATION
Prof. Dr. Rana ÖZEN KUTANİS
What is motivation?
• «processes that account for an individual’s
intensity, direction and persistance of effort
towards attaining a goal.»
• Intensity: describes how hard a person tries
• Direction: efforts must be channeled in a
direction.
• Persistance: how long a person can maintain
effort.
Model of Motivation
Model of Motivation
• Rewards are two types;
• Intrinsic Rewards: are the satisfactions a
person receives in the process of performing a
particular action (gain knowledge, recognizing
abilities).
• Extrinsic rewards: are given by another
person, such as a manager and include pay
increases, promotions…
Types of Motives
• Primary Motives: Which is necessary for the
organism to survive, eating, drinking, breathing
and so on. Events depends on the primary
motives.Individuals take action to re-balance
towards physiological imbalance. They are innate
and unlearnt.
• General Motives: Those are motives which are
unlearnt but not physiologically based.(Curiosity,
competence, dealing with environmet, activity,
affection...)
Types of Motives
• Secondary Motives: Those are the learnt motives
and unique to humanbeings.They are closely
related to learning concepts.(Power, success, fear
of success, affiliation, security, status)
Power Motive: Stands for the need to manipulate
others or the drive for superiority over
others(Adler). People apply power to suppress
the feelings of inferiority. Managers should have
high power motive but also sholuld work for
organizational purposes. Informal politic
formations in organizations can be explained with
power motive.
Types of Motives
Achievement motive: A desire to perform in terms of excellence or
to be successful in competitive situations. Indirect tests are used to
measure.(Picture, Story tests–TAT Thematic Apperception Test.)
• Features of people who have high achievement motive:
– Engage in moderate risks.
– Immediate feedback. (Like tasks that results easily)
– High sense of achievement. (can choose interesting jobs.)
– Concerning only with job . Lonely, quiet, rarely be proud of their
abilities.)
– Sure of oneself, take responsibility, resistant to social pressure,
energetic, can be neurotic.
Types of Motives
Fear of Success- M. Horner 1970-82: Satisfaction of achievement need
by women with the success of their husbands and their sons.
• Fear of success can explain why women are of secondary
importance in business life.
Affiliation Motive:
• This motive develops early. Development of this motive starts in
family.
• Children wants their peers when they start walking.
• This motive is high in individuals who are brought up dependently
and have close family relations.
• Lindgren (1976) states that achievement motive is opposite of
affiliation motive.
• Power, achievement and affiliation motives are allowed for
personality tests.
Types of Motives
Security Motive:
• Social security, retirement benefits, personal investments
• This motive occurs with individual withhold the possessed.
• Individuals want to be sure that his/her future will be as better as
his/her past.
Status Motive: The individual in a group (business, community) with
the ranking compared to others where it is called status.According
with the status, individual chooses his/her car, home, district and
garment.
• This motive as other learned ones starts to show itself at early ages.
• In which the individual evaluates the status, and then accept or
reject.
• Features that determine status: Family, qualifications, achievements
(Ms, Phd. and so on) , wealth, authority and power
THANK YOU