What makes a sentence?
Sentences have two parts
SUBJECT
Noun or Pronoun
Answers: Who or what?
PREDICATE
Verb
Answers: What about it?
Type 1:
• Draw a picture that depicts an
independent person and a
dependent person.
OR
• List five differences between an
independent person and a
dependent person.
Grammar Lesson:
Independent and Dependent
Clauses.
Clause:
a group of words with a
subject and a predicate.
Unless it rains today
Clause example #1
Although his zipper broke
Clause example #2
When the teacher fainted
Clause example #3
Wait a minute…
• Did you notice that each of those
clauses left you hanging?
• Did you find yourself saying, “Yes, go
on”?
• That’s the natural reaction because none
of those clauses expresses a complete
thought.
• They were all dependent clauses!
Dependent Clauses
• A clause that expresses an incomplete
or partial thought.
• It is not a complete sentence; it can’t
stand on its own.
– Why?
• It depends on another group of words to
express a complete thought.
We are going on a picnic
unless it rains today.
Although his zipper broke,
he wore the pants anyway.
When the teacher fainted,
I called Mrs. Scheibe.
•All of those added groups of
words can stand on their own…
– We are going on a picnic.
– I called Mrs. Scheibe.
– He wore them anyway.
•These are independent
clauses!
Independent Clauses
• A clause that expresses a complete
thought; it can stand on its own.
• Does NOT depend on another group of
words to express a complete thought
(hence the name independent).
What part is a dependent clause
and an independent clause?
1. The Trojans were winning the war until
Achilles returned to battle.
–
The Trojans were winning the war until Achilles
returned to battle.
2. When Sojourner Truth spoke, her powerful
words moved everyone in the audience.
–
When Sojourner Truth spoke, her powerful words
moved everyone in the audience.
Conjunctions review
A conjunction joins words or word
groups.
There are 7 coordinating
conjunctions:
For
And
Nor
But
Or
Yet
So
Remember these conjunctions
with the acronym: FANBOYS.
Simple Sentence
-an independent clause
Examples:
Leslie will sing in the talent show.
Joe camped with his Boy Scout troop.
Aaron draws very well.
Simple Sentence
A simple sentence may contain a compound
subject, a compound predicate, or both.
Examples:
Leslie and Mark will sing in the talent show.
Joe camped and hiked with his Boy Scout
troop.
Aaron and Susan draw and paint very well.
Compound Sentence
-two or more independent clauses
-may be joined by a comma and coordinating conjunction
Examples:
Leslie will sing in the talent show, and we expect her to win
first place.
Joe camped with his Boy Scout troop, but they had to come
home early.
Aaron draws very well, so he was selected to enter the
poster contest.
Compound Sentence
-two or more independent clauses
-may be joined by a semicolon ( ; )
Examples:
Leslie will sing in the talent show; we expect her to win first
place.
Joe camped with his Boy Scout troop; he loves the outdoors.
Aaron draws very well; he was selected to enter the poster
contest.
Sentence combining
Combine two simple sentences that are related to make
a compound sentence. Add a conjunction between them,
and replace the period of the first sentence with a
comma.
• Peter plays tennis. He sings in the choir.
 Peter plays tennis, and he sings in the choir.
• Katie practiced her spelling words for an hour. She got 100% on her test.
 Katie practiced her spelling words for an hour, so she got 100% on her test.
• Wendy ran to catch the train. She got there too late.
 Wendy ran to catch the train, but she got there too late.
• Stores in town were decorated. The holiday season was coming quickly.
 Stores in town were decorated, for the holiday season was coming quickly.
• It rained hard last night. They still held the soccer game in the morning.
 It rained hard last night, but they still held the soccer game in the morning.
A Sophisticated
Compound Sentence
-two or more independent clauses
-may be joined by a semicolon( ; ), conjunctive adverb, and
comma
Common Conjunctive Adverbs
Also
Anyway
Besides
Consequently
Finally
Furthermore
incidentally
indeed
instead
likewise
meanwhile
moreover
next
nonetheless
otherwise
still
then
therefore
However
nevertheless
thus
Proper Punctuation:
How do you punctuate this compound sentence
correctly?
• WRONG: We should leave early otherwise we
will miss the start of the movie.
• CORRECT: We should leave early; otherwise,
we will miss the start of the movie.
conjunctive
adverb
A Sophisticated
Compound Sentence
-two or more independent clauses
-may be joined by a semicolon( ; ), conjunctive adverb, and
comma
Examples:
Leslie will sing in the talent show; furthermore, we expect her to win
first place.
Joe camped with his Boy Scout troop; consequently, he loves the
outdoors.
Aaron draws very well; therefore, he was selected to enter the poster
contest.
Sentence combining
Practice Sheet
Day 2…
•
•
Go over Practice Sheet
Review:
Clause
Independent clause
Dependent clause
Simple Sentence
Compound Sentence
Coordinating Conjunctions
Conjunctive adverbs
Proper Punctuation:
How do you punctuate this compound sentence
correctly?
• WRONG: We should leave early otherwise we
will miss the start of the movie.
• CORRECT: We should leave early; otherwise,
we will miss the start of the movie.
conjunctive
adverb
Let’s add on…
•Dependent Clauses often
begin with words like if,
whether, since, when, etc. These
are called subordinating
conjunctions.
• What does the prefix sub- mean?
Common Subordinating
Conjunctions:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
after
although
as
as if
as much as
as though
because
before
how
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
if
in order that
provided
since
so that
than
that
though
unless
•
•
•
•
•
•
until
when
whenever
where
wherever
while
A Subordinating
Conjunction…
• might be located in between the clauses
it joins:
– I gasped when I saw the headline.
IC
DC
• might be located at the beginning of a
sentence:
– When I saw the headline, I gasped.
DC
IC
Comma Rule:
Subordinating conjunction +
dependent clause at the beginning
of a sentence = comma before the
independent clause.
Ex: When I saw the headline, I gasped.
DC
IC
Find the dependent and
independent clause. Decide if a
comma is needed.
1. While some scientists map the human
genome others map the genes of worms.
2. After they had worked for about eight years
scientists had sequenced 99 percent of a
worm’s genes.
3. Scientists can learn much from this particular
worm because it shares many genes with
humans.
Where would you put a comma?
1. While some scientists map the human genome
others map the genes of worms.
,
,
2. After they had worked for about eight years
scientists had sequenced 99 percent of a worm’s
genes.
3. Scientists can learn much from this particular worm
because it shares many genes with humans.
(No comma needed
because the dependent clause is essential to the meaning of the sentence.)
Based on your Persuasive
Writing…
– Subordinating Conjunction + Dependent
Clause + comma + Independent Clause
– Independent Clause + “because” +
Dependent Clause (no comma needed)
New: Complex sentences
Independent clause + Dependent clause(s) =
A complex sentence!!
– Subordinating Conjunction + Dependent
Clause + comma + Independent Clause =
A complex sentence
– Independent Clause + “because” +
Dependent Clause (no comma needed) =
A complex sentence
IC Complex sentences DC
We will go on the roller coaster while they ride
the log flume.
After you eat your cotton candy, we can meet
by the carousel, which will be our last ride.
Complex Sentences
Use these clauses to create three complex
sentences.
1. although they made me dizzy
2. the freefall is her favorite one
3. when I finally screamed
Compound-Complex
sentences
2 or more Independent clauses
+ Dependent clause(s)
_____________________________
A compound-complex sentence!!
IC Compound-Complex DC
Sentences
We will go on the roller coaster while they ride
the log flume, and mom will sit and watch.
If you look to your left, you can see the
carousel, and you will hear its pipe organ.
Compound-Complex
sentences
Practice sheet