Introduction
Dr. Entesar Ganash
1.Fundamentals of computer
programming
1.1 What is a computer?
Main Memory
Input
Central
Processor
Unit
Backing Store
Output
Main Memory (Random Access memory (RAM): a set of device in
which information ( program instruction or data ) may be store.
Central Processor unit (CPU): performs the processes and consists of a
control unit and arithmetic unit.
Out put device: allows user to get information such as a display screen
and printer
Input device: allows user to put information such as a keyboard
Backing store (Disc drive): magnetic media used by all computers to
allow programs and data to be stored in a permanent fashion in the all
computer system, such as hard or floppy discs.
1.2 A Computer System
Hardware
is the physical medium
Such as keyboard, circuit
boards and processors.
Software
could be computer programs
Such as a Fortran program, an
operating system and a
compiler.
1.3 Computer Programs
Computers deal with a binary digit (or bit). Bit is the basic unit of
information in a computer. It has 0 or 1 value or ( off or on), for
example
is called 4 in binary system (HOW?). Each place
is known as a bit. A byte is the amount of computer memory
required for one character and 1 byte= 8 bits
BUT
decimal system is one hundred.
A programming language is the particular set of rules for coding
the instructions to a computer.
There are many different languages as Fortran, Basic, C, C++, Ada
, Pascal and so on.
These are known “high level” languages because a method of
programming allowed a user to write programs without
requires knowledge of computer details itself.
Program name.EXE refers to the execution of program
File is a single unit of program or data. each programming
language has a very specific Syntax, for example
File name.For
File name.F90
File name.Bas
File name.Cpp
As the computers just understand a binary digits,
An executable program which runs on CPU must still be
represent by this digits. So, the high level program is
complied (i.e, translated) by using a compiler that is
special part of software. The compilers understand other
programs as input and produce a binary executable object
file as output. So, object file has the language which is
understood by computer
What are general steps to solve any
computational problem?
•Problem Statement: Understanding this can be made the
Execution and improvement much easy.
•Solution Algorithm: How will the problem be solved?
•Execution: Breaking the algorithm into small parts. This can be
managed the problem and made its solution easy, then putting all
the parts together to solve the main problem.
•confirmation: Checking the execution solves the main problem.
What is FORTRAN?
Fortran has been abbreviated to FOR mula TRANslation.
It was the first “high level” programming language. Often
Scientists and engineers have used it.
In late 1953, John Backus proposed The idea of Fortran
In 1966 the first standard for a programming language: Fortran 66
In 1978: A new standard, Fortran 77
In 1991: Fortran 90 came out
Then Fortran 95/2003/2008
NOTE: in each new revision the basic language does not change.
But improvement and some new features are added.
Why learn FORTRAN?
Fortran is vey useful for scientific computing as it has more
intrinsic mathematical functions and multitalented array
features such as functions on vectors, matrices and higher
dimensional array.
Fortran is extensively used programming language in
physics science therefore, all physics student should have
at least a basic information of it.
Overview in FORTRAN
Start  programs Plato IDE File New  Free Format
Fortran File Open
FORTRAN Toolbar
FORTRAN Toolbar
1. Each student will make a new folder on the Desktop of
computer and call it as your name.
2. Inside this folder you will make another new folder and call it
as lab number, for example lab 1, lab 2 and so on
3. File Save as  chose Desktop on the left your folder
name lab NO folder file name  Save
NOTE :
In step 3:you can save your file in any place but it is very
important to know the path of your file (where is the file)
you will see the file name( Example.f95 ) on Title bar
FORTRAN Toolbar
1. Write your own code
2. File Save very important after any change in your code
Example.f95* before save
Example.f95 and after save is changed
3. BuildBuild compile start Run
.EXE
The path direction
This is step
BuildBuild
Compiling i.e, translating.
Linking i.e, connect all required files together to
solve a problem
This is step
Buildcompile
Compile i.e., we translate to the computer
language and check errors
This is step
Buildstart run
Start Run i.e., Make all required work and the results will be given.
Press ENTER key to close the black window.
In out side we found some fiels as
File name.f95 File name.obj
File name application = File name .EXE
References
•Ellis, T.M.R., 1990, Fortran 77 Programming with an introduction to Fortran 90
standard (2nd Ed.), Addison.Wesley Publishing Company CH1
•Hahn, B.D., 1994, Fortran 90 For Scientists and Engineers, Elsevier
•Fortran 90 Course Nantes, 1997, University of Liverpool , AC Mrshall with help from JS
Morgan & JL Schonfelder
http://scc.ustc.edu.cn/zlsc/cxyy/200910/W020100308600942099665.pdf
•Brief Introduction to the Fortran 90 programming language, Fall2013, , Boston
University, Anders W. Sandvik, Department of Physics
http://physics.bu.edu/py502/lectures1/f90.pdf
•Fortran 90/95 and ComputationalPhysics, University of Iceland, Jens Hjörleifur
Bárðarson
http://www.raunvis.hi.is/~jensba/tolvuedl_h2003/f90.pdf
•MITOPEN COURSEWARE
http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/earth-atmospheric-and-planetary-sciences/12-010computational-methods-of-scientific-programming-fall-2011/lecture-notes/