Aug 2012
WILLIAMWOOD HIGH SCHOOL
INTERMEDIATE 2
PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Analysis and Development of Performance
Course Notes
Structures and Strategies
Hockey
Name:
____________________________
Teacher:
____________________________
Structures, Strategies and Composition
0
Contents
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………
2
Cycle of Analysis……………………………………………………………………
3
Structures and Strategies
Information………………………………………………………………………………
Formations…..…………………………………………….…………………...……
Description…………………….………………………………………………………
Benefits & Limitations of Structure….………………………………………………
Roles & Responsibilities……………………………………………………………
5
6
7
8
9
Gathering Information
Why do we gather information……………………………………………………
11
Methods of gathering information…………………………………………………
13
Why methods were appropriate………………………………….…………………… 15
Analysing Information
Principles of Play………………………………………………………………………
Performance Strengths……………………………………………………………
Performance Weaknesses…………………………………………………………
17
18
19
Developing your Weakness (Programme of Work)
Wingers Game………………………………………………………………………
Boxed Out Game………………………………...……………………………………
3 Zone Depth………………………………………………………………………
Small Sided Games............................................................................................
Why were these methods appropriate……………………………………………
21
22
23
24
24
Monitoring and Evaluating
Monitoring your performance………………………………………………………… 26
Importance of monitoring…………………………………….………………………….. 26
Improvements following practice……………………………………………………….. 27
Description of Alternative Structure…………………………………………………... 28
Strengths and Weaknesses of Alternative Structure……………………………….. 29
Mind Map………………………………………………………………………………
Match Analysis Sheet…………………………………………………………………
Match Analysis Grid...…………………………………………………………………
Practice Questions…………..………………………………………………………..
Past Paper Questions…………………………………………………………………
Study Checklist………………………………………………………………………...
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31
32
33
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39
1
Introduction
In this area you will investigate the various structures within hockey.
You will learn about and investigate the following:
 Different structures within hockey;
 The roles and relationships involved in each structure
 The benefit and limitations of each structure;
 How to gather information on your structure;
 How to analyse this information;
 The principles of play;
 A programme of work that will improve the weaknesses of
structure;
 Monitoring and evaluating your structure;
 Reasons for an alternative formation.
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All the topics we will cover in Structures and Strategies are related to
the Cycle of Analysis.
Cycle of Analysis
1
GATHERING
INFORMATION
2
4
MONITOR /
EVALUATE
ANALYSE
3
DEVELOP
1. We GATHER INFORMATION on our performance by videoing our
team’s structure and performance in conjunction with match analysis
sheets.
2. We then ANALYSE the results to identify strengths and
weaknesses.
3. We then create a programme of work to DEVELOP our team’s
structure and performance.
4. Finally we MONITOR/EVALUATE our teams structure which
means we find out if we have successfully improved.
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STRUCTURES &
STRATEGIES
INFORMATION
Structures, Strategies and Composition
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Structures and Strategies Information
Fundamentals
Using space in attacking and defensive situations, for example,
manoeuvring and out-manoeuvring opponents, creating, exploiting
and denying space.
Tempo of play, for example using speed in attack/delay in defence
Principles of individual and team play (width/depth/mobility)
Role and Responsibilies
 Recognising individual strengths and weaknesses in a structure
 Recognising the demands of individual roles during performance
 Select a relevant structure appropriate for individual/team
performance
Formations
 The structure of relevant systems of play
 The benefits and limitations of various systems of play
 The need to cooperate and support others in team situations
 The ability to pre-plan strategies to meet the demands of play
Tactical Elements
 Identifying and exploiting opponent’s weaknesses
 Recognising the need to maximise strengths within chosen
structure
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Formations
Structure: 2-4-1
STRIKER
LEFT
MIDFIELD
CENTRE
MIDFIELD
CENTRE BACK
CENTRE
MIDFIELD
RIGHT
MIDFIELD
CENTRE BACK
GK
2 defenders, 4 midfielders, 1 striker and a goalkeeper
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2-4-1 Description
Formations are selected on the basis of the following considerations:
 The defensive and attacking options.
 The strengths and weaknesses of individual/team.
 In recognition of opposition’s strengths and weaknesses.
 This provided us with 2 players in defence, 4 players in midfield
and 1 striker.
 2 players in defence pick up the opposition’s strikers and put
them under pressure to delay the attack. It also gives clearing
options to the GK meaning that the ball can be passed to a
defender, keeping possession and allowing us to build an
attack.
 4 players in midfield allow us to dominate the play whereby
passes can be made up and down the wing.
 The centre midfielders’ move up and down the pitch providing a
link between defence and attack. They work in the centre
channel from D to D.
 This is a flexible structure that allows the 2 wide midfield
players to move up to support the striker or drop back to
support the centre backs when required.
 The strikers role is to hold the ball up in attack to allow the
midfielders to make supporting runs. This creates overload
situations and helps the strikers to score goals.
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Benefits and Limitations of this Structure
Benefits (Why we used it?)
 A 2-4-1 allows domination of the midfield with 2 central players
and 2 wide supporting players on the left and the right providing
‘width’ in attack.
 This stretches the opposition out and creates gaps which can
be penetrated by the attacking team.
 This also gives more passing options creating depth in attack
and allows us to feed the ball through to our striker who was
powerful, accurate and skilful in shooting.
 When we lose possession of the ball, the 4 midfield players
provide a strong wide first line of defence. This causes the
opposition to be stretched/drawn out wide, closing down their
space and options to pass and shoot.
 The 2 wide midfield players also provide support to the 2 centre
backs (defenders) which puts less pressure on the defence.
This also creates early attacking opportunities (counter attack).
Limitations (Disadvantages)
 The 2 defenders often lack width and can therefore be put
under pressure by the opposition.
 The single striker can be isolated and lack support from the
midfield when in attack, reducing passing options and the
opportunity for creating an overload situation.
 This structure puts a lot of pressure and responsibility on the
midfield players and the constant movement from attack to
defence may tire them out and leave gaps in our
attacking/defensive positions.
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Roles and Responsibilities
Within a structure there is a role which each player in that position
must play.
Centre backs
 The 2 defenders work with the GK to defend their own goal.
 One centre back marks the opposition’s striker, the other
remains ‘spare’ and provides the depth needed to provide
cover for the defence.
 They need to delay the opposition’s attacks to give their teammates time to recover.
 They are also responsible for denying space to any attacks
coming down the middle of the pitch.
 They give the GK clearing options on either side when they
gain possession of the ball.
Centre Midfielder
 The centre midfielders’ move up and down the pitch providing a
link between defence and attack.
 They work in the centre channel from D to D.
 The centre midfielders can drop back to support the defenders
providing depth in defence.
 They can also support the striker by making penetrative runs
or passes through the oppositions defence.
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Roles and Responsibilities (cont.)
Wide Midfielders
 Right and left midfielders play on the wings of the pitch.
 They provide width in attack by drawing the opposition out
wide and creating space for their team in attack.
 By sitting behind the striker they can provide depth in attack.
 By supporting or going beyond the striker they can provide both
overload and penetration.
 They can drop back to support the centre backs and provide
width in defence which helps to delay the attack and deny
the opposition space.
Striker
 The striker is responsible for keeping possession of the ball to
allow the centre and wide midfielders to support the attack.
 By coming deep they can provide depth in attack which
creates space and passing options for their team.
 Strikers will make penetrating runs through the opposition’s
defence and score goals.
 Defensively, they are responsible for delaying the opposing
defenders and denying them space.
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GATHERING
INFORMATION
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Why do we gather information on our structure?
Before we design a programme of work it is essential that we gather
information on our team’s performance. This: Allows me to identify my strengths / weaknesses:
o then I can focus on my weakness.
Example  Allows me to make comparisons:
o to a skilled/model performer.
Example –
 Allows me to plan my programme of work so it:
o is focused on weakness;
o is set at the appropriate level of difficulty;
o has appropriate targets.
Example –
 Gives me a permanent record:
o they can be accurately repeated;
o they can be used for monitoring / evaluating later.
Example –
 Can motivate me to improve:
Example -
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Methods of Gathering Information
We will use the methods of gathering information listed below:





Model/Skilled Performance
Match Analysis Sheet
Match Analysis Grid
Video Analysis
Knowledge of Results
Model/Skilled Performance
 A video of a team producing a model performance of your
chosen structure. (2-4-1)
 This shows us what a good performance looked like and gives
us a team performance to compare ourselves to.
Match Analysis Sheet
This uses the criteria from the video of a model/skilled performance to
make up the headings on the Match analysis sheet. The headings
included:







Width in attack – passed ball out wide, runs out wide
Depth in attack – passing options ahead and behind
Width in defence – holding attack ‘out wide’ away from goal
Depth in defence – player drops back to cover & support
Mobility – team moves as a ‘unit’
Penetration – breaking through gaps in defence
Delay – slowing down the attack
We observed our team playing a match and placed a tick under the
appropriate headings as good/ok/poor.
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Match Analysis Grid
The grid splits the hockey pitch into nine sections. A mark is placed
on the grid every time a player in your team receives possession of
the ball. The completed grid gives your team an overall indication of
the movement of the ball and therefore the players, throughout their
game.
Video Analysis
 We videoed our performance in our chosen 2-4-1 structure
playing against a team of similar ability.
 It allows you to view a performance repeatedly ie. Fast
forward/rewind/pause etc. and use slow motion which allows
you to analyse your performance in detail.
 The video was useful for compiling evidence because it gives
you a permanent record of your team’s performance.
 A video analysis of your team’s performance allows you to
complete the match analysis sheets.
Knowledge of Results
 Knowing your final score within a game is in itself an indication
of success in the activity.
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Why were the methods you used appropriate?
Model Performer
 This gave us a visual picture of what a good performance
should look like giving us something to aim towards.
 It also gave us headings (criteria) for our Match Analysis Sheet
Match Analysis Sheet/Grid
 It gave me data and statistics that allowed me to analyse our
game and highlight our strengths and weaknesses.
 It also gave me a permanent record of our performance that I
can keep for later to compare.
Video of performance
 This allows you to compare your team’s performance after you
have developed your weakness to see if your teams structure
has improved
 This is used in conjunction with the match analysis sheet.
 A video recording of a performance is very useful for compiling
evidence because it is a permanent record and allows you to
view a performance repeatedly ie. ff/rewind/pause etc.
 You can also use slow motion which allows you to make a
detailed performance analysis.
Knowledge of results
 The score in a game allows us to gather information on our
whole performance. We can play the same team again at a
later date to see if we have improved.
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ANALYSING
INFORMATION
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Principles of Play – Attack
Width – Playing the ball out wide provides space and catches the
opposition off-guard for a quick attack. This pulls defenders wide
leaving gaps for attackers to make penetrating runs through.
Depth - Moving in behind your team-mates in attacking situations to
provide extra support. This creates more passing options and an
overload e.g. 3v2
Penetration – Players move into gaps between the opposition e.g. if
the ball goes out wide it draws out defenders and creates channels.
Strikers move beyond the line of defence in front of them and make
penetrating runs towards the goal.
Mobility - Players should react when the team wins the ball back and
adjust their position appropriately. They should quickly adapt to
changes and work together with all players performing their roles
effectively. Players should ‘run off the ball’ to create passing options.
Principles of Play – Defence
Delay - If you lose possession you should delay the opposition’s
attack to allow your team-mates time to recover. Slowing the
opposition’s attack down by putting pressure on them or stopping the
quick pass, gives your team-mates time to get into position and get
organised.
Width - The left and right wide midfielders provide width in defence
by dropping back to support the 2 centre backs which provides a line
of defence to delay the opposition’s attack and deny them space.
Depth - Players should cover for each other and move in behind their
team-mates to provide depth in defence. E.g. one centre back picks
up the opposition’s striker and the other remains ‘spare’. They move
in behind their team-mate to defend the space and pick up any lose
balls.
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What Strengths did the Checklist Highlight?
Penetration
Our team was strong at moving into gaps between the opposition. If
the ball goes out wide it draws out defenders and creates channels.
Our strikers move beyond the opposition’s defence and make
penetrating runs towards the goal creating good scoring
opportunities.
Delay
In defence, my team delayed the opposition’s attack when we lost
possession of the ball. We slowed the opposition’s attack down by
‘jockeying’ them, putting them under pressure or stopping the quick
pass. This gave my team-mates time to recover and return to their
defensive positions to prevent the opposition from scoring.
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What Weaknesses did the Checklist Highlight?
Lack of width
 In attack, we tended to play the ball up and down the middle of
the pitch. This meant that the central channel was very crowded
and reduced our passing options due to a lack of space. The
opposition were able to ‘close us down’ easily and gain
possession of the ball. The centre backs also cleared the ball
through the middle across the goal, giving the opposition the
chance to intercept and shoot.
 In defence, our wide midfielders did not move out wide when our
team lost possession of the ball. This meant that the two
outside channels were free for the opposition to get the ball up
the pitch. Our defence lacked width and were therefore easily
passed or beaten by the opposition.
Lack of depth
 In attack, we often failed to support our team when they had
possession of the ball. We didn’t move in behind our teammates to provide support/cover and create passing options.
We also didn’t cover if a team-mate went out of position. This
resulted in an overload situation where there were more
defenders than attackers and we therefore struggled to score
e.g. 1v2 situations.
 In defence, we failed to provide the depth needed to give cover
for the defence. The centre midfielders did not drop back to
support the defenders and the centre backs did not move in
behind each other to cover. This left gaps in our defence that
the opposition could penetrate.
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DEVELOPING
YOUR WEAKNESS
(PROGRAMME OF WORK)
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Wingers Game – Width
1. Encourages ball to be played out wide away from ‘busy’ middle.
2. Allows midfielder to dribble ball forward into space.
3. Draws defence out wide which creates gaps allowing for
penetrating runs.
xx
Team in possession use wide players to
open up play. These players receive
the ball and dribble up and down their
channel unopposed. They can then
cross the ball in front of the goal area for
a striker or centre mid to shoot.
Progressions
 Begin with winger on the right hand side of each team, unopposed
and allow for delivery into box. This is also the players ‘strong’ side
as the ball is played to their forehand grip.
 Open up middle third of park and allow the winger to be opposed in
this area only. This encourages the winger to pass, move on, and
then receive the return pass in unopposed section (encourages
mobility and ball retention).
 Place a winger on the left side of the field and allow them to defend
the opposition also ie. ‘wingers’ on both left and right therefore
creating a 1V1 in the channel which is more ‘game like’.
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Boxed Out Game (to improve width)
 Encourages ball to be played out wide
 ‘Box zone’ is out of bounds for players.
 Players may only pass the ball across the box.
 Builds communication as players have to signal for passes through
the middle zone.
Progression
 Increasing the size of the box makes the practice more difficult,
 Decreasing the size of the box makes it easier.
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3-Zones – Depth
X--------O
O
X
---- X
O
O
X-----
X
O
--
O
X
X = Attacker
O = Defender
 3 areas defence, midfield and attack. 2 players in each area.
 1 of the two players can move one box forward to support the
attack and create an overload in the box- ie a 3 v2.
 The player that passed the ball forward into the next box is the
player that moves forward into that area.
 Depth in attack
 Depth in defence -
one player from defence can support midfield.
one player from midfield can support strikers
one player in attack can support midfield.
one player from midfield can support defence.
Progressions
 Increase number of players permitted to support
 Players can support in attack and defence.
 Apply practise to 2-4-1 formation
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Small-Sided Games
 Reduced number of players means less options for passing and
more touches of the ball which forces players to ‘pass and move’
to support team-mates.
 It encourages cover of team-mates of which communication is
vital.
 Also helped us to work on ‘closing down’ opposition and manmarking.
 Work on zone principles getting players behind the ball
 3 - Man to man – continually change markers to make task more
difficult
Why were these Practice Methods Appropriate?
Because they:
 helped us to practice specific parts of our 2-4-1 structure that was a
weakness e.g. width
 allowed us to improve both our hockey skills and fitness levels at
the same time.
 could be easily adapted or progressed to make them easier or
more difficult.
 improved our knowledge and awareness of our own and each
others roles and responsibilities.
 improved our teamwork skills by encouraging us to work and
communicate together as a team.
 were all game-like which meant we were used to an opposition and
could transfer our improvements easily back into the game.
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MONITORING
&
EVALUATING
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Monitoring your Performance (How?)
The effectiveness of your programme of work is monitored by redoing
and comparing each of the methods used to gather information every
3-4 weeks. (During training)
 Model Performer
 Match Analysis Sheet
 Match Analysis Grid
 Video Analysis
 Knowledge of Results
Importance of Monitoring/Evaluating your Performance (Why?)
Monitoring your progress is carried out part way through your
training programme, evaluating is carried out at the end.
 to allow comparisons to previous information gathered;
 to check what progress has been made;
 to check if targets have been met;
 to see if my programme has been appropriate (principles);
 to see if I need to make any changes / adaptations to my
programme (progressions);
 to identify any new strengths / weaknesses;
 to motivate me to keep working or to work harder.
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Improvements Following Practice
Width in Attack
More width in attack meant my team used the wings of the pitch and
the ball is played out to the wide midfielders more often. This drew
out the opposition, leaving gaps in their defence which my team could
run into to pass and receive the ball. The extra space also meant that
we could dribble the ball closer to the goal and shoot without being
tackled. This therefore increased our scoring opportunities and
improved team moral due to increased success.
Width in Defence
More width in defence kept the opposition away from the goal by
drawing them away from the centre. The wide midfielders now
dropped back to support the centre backs. This reduced the pressure
on the defenders and led to a more effective defence. We were able
to close down and delay the opposition’s attacks and deny them
space.
Depth in Attack
We are now better at supporting our team-mates when they have
possession of the ball. The midfielders move up to support the striker
resulting in an overload situation e.g 3v2. We also now move ahead
of the ball providing depth in attack and creating passing options.
This allows us to make penetrating runs through the opposition and
create goal scoring opportunities.
Depth in Defence
Our centre backs are now better at providing support and cover for
each other creating depth in defence. This means that if one
defender is beaten by the opposition, there is another defender who
can close them down and deny them space. The centre midfielders
also drop back to support the defenders to provide a strong first line
of defence. This gives us the opportunity to stop an attack early and
play the ball up the pitch quickly, before the opposition have a chance
to get back.
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Alternative Structure
An alternative structure may be chosen because:
 The benefits of the alternative structure are better than the
chosen structure
 The type of players we have may be better suited to the
alternative structure
 Ability of certain players in various positions make an
alternative structure better suited
 The attacking qualities of your team are better suited to an
alternative structure
 Defensive qualities are better suited to an alternative structure
 The changes in your teams principles of play mean you will
have to switch to your alternative structure
 Structure played by opponents mean that you will have to
switch to your alternative structure
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Alternative Structure: 3-3-1
FORWARD
STRIKER
MIDFIELDERS
LEFT
MIDFIELD
CENTRE
MIDFIELD
LEFT
BACK
CENTRE BACK
RIGHT
MIDFIELD
RIGHT
BACK
DEFENDERS
GOALKEEPER
GK









Benefits (why we would use it)
Strong defensive formation with one central defender
Clear channels from defence to midfield
3 players in midfield – allow for central area to be covered allowing
team to win the ball and create goal-scoring opportunities.
The 3 defenders can easily overload the 1 attacker
Limitations (why I didn’t use it)
Limited depth in attack on occasions
Can be difficult to get midfield players forward
Can be caught in flat positions which affects mobility particularly in
defence (flat back 3)
Midfielders must move up and down to provide support. Wide left /
right can often be caught out of position.
One striker normally up against 3 or 4 defenders which puts odds
against them due to overload.
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Questions
Choose an activity:
Choose a structure:
1a)
Describe your chosen structure.
1b)
Give two reasons you chose this structure?
1c)
Explain the benefits and limitations of your structure.
1d)
Describe the role you played within your structure.
1e)
Describe how…
(i)
(ii)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
decision making
roles and relationships
formations
using space
width/depth/mobility
…is important to your structure.
1f)
Describe a situation where each of the following is important to your
structure:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
making decisions under pressure
problem solving
being able to adapt/alter
2a)
Why is it important to gather information your structure?
2b)
How did you gather information on/monitor the effectiveness of the
structure?
2c)
Why were the methods you used appropriate?
3a)
How effective was your structure?
3b)
Describe two strengths of your team’s structure.
3c)
Describe two weaknesses of your team’s structure.
3d)
What effect did these have on your whole performance?
3e)
In your role, describe one weakness you had within the structure.
Structures, Strategies and Composition
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4a)
How have you tried to develop the weaknesses within the structure?
4bi)
What action did you take to reduce the effect of these weaknesses?
4bii)
Why were the steps you took effective in improving your performance?
4c)
What effect did this have on your whole performance?
5a)
How did you evaluate the effectiveness of your structure within your
whole performance?
5b)
What are the next steps in the development of your structure?
6a)
Describe an alternative structure.
6b)
Describe the benefits / limitations of an alternative structure.
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Past Paper Questions 2012
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PAST PAPER QUESTIONS - 2011
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PAST PAPER QUESTIONS – 2010
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PAST PAPER QUESTIONS – 2009
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PAST PAPER QUESTIONS – 2008
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Study Checklist – Structures and Strategies
1.
a)
Description of Structure (2-4-1)
b)
Benefits and Limitations of 2-4-1 (reasons for using)
2.
Roles and Responsibilities
3.
Gathering Information
4.
Principles of Play
5.
Strengths of our 2-4-1
6.
Weaknesses of our 2-4-1
7.
Programme of Work
8.
Monitoring
9.
Effect on Whole Performance
10.
Alternative Structure
a)
Why?
b)
How?
c)
Appropriate methods?
a)
Why?
b)
How?
a) Description of 3-3-1
b) Strengths of 3-3-1
c) Weaknesses of 3-3-1
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