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N u ) t s i aV o l .6 , N o . 3 ( 1 9 8 8 1
Thollas. Under long wave ultra-violet light, the thallus in most species emits a bfight
lemon yellow fluorescence, due to lichexanthone present in the cortex. This substance
is not produced in Physcia and Dirinario. This is a useful aid for generic identification
of sterile specimens (Swinscow & Krog 1975).
Hypothecium. In vertical sections of a mature apothecium, the region below the
hymenium is composed of dark reddish-brown hlphae forming a lens-shaped
hypothecium. This region also reacts K+ purple. A coloured hypothecium is absent in
Phl.scio and where present in Dirinqrict is K-.
Lawer Surface. The lower surface of the thallus in Pyrlne is always black. Generally a
specimen with a pale lower surface is referable lo Phlscia.
The four speciesofPyrine found in Western Australia are readily separated by the foliowing characters:
Soralia
Medulla
UV Light
Chemistry
coccifera
red
yellow
negative
to white
atranorin &
cocoes
white
white
lemonyellow
lichexanthone
petricola
absent
white
lernonyellow
lichexanthone
subcinerea
white
yellow
lemonyellow
lichexanthone
Key to the Species
2. P. petricoLa
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . .2. . . . . . . .
1 . Soralia absent
S o r a l i ap r e s e n t
Soralia red
S o r a l i aw h i t e
..... 1. P. coccifera
. . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i.J. . . . . . . .
3 . M e d u l l aw h i t e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Medullayellow
. , . . . . . . . . . .3. . .P . c o c o e s
4. P.subcinerea
Taxonomy
1. Pyxine coccifera (Fee)Nyl., Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 5: I08 (7857).Parmeliq
coccifereFee, Essai Cr1pt.:126 (1824).
Thallus on bark of trees, Ioosely attached; Iobes grey; pseudocyphellae red, linear, on
lamina and lobe margins (Figure 1H), frequently developing into soralia with bright red
granular soredia (Figure 1I); medulla creamy-yellow in the upper layers, white below.
Apothecia not seen.
Chemistry. Cortex UV-; atranorin and pyxiferin (red pigment).
AUSTRALIA:
Specimens exemined. WESTERN
Prince Regent River Reserve,
Kimberley, A.S. George12730p.p. (PERTH); Prince Regent River Reserve,Kimberley,
A.S. George12301 p.p. (PERTH).
' r 0 l x , p r p r r o s r E l n u e J Sp d r o l u r p r d o l r ^ d p d e l l d q d \ J o p n d s d
qtr^\ aqol IEudrEtr{ I (OZx) aeleqdtrtopnasd pal leur8rEln qlk\ saqol snlleql IPur;r eI I - H or a}t 1)ttr d u 1r \d
'(0Ix) ErtEros
leu€rettl luepunqE 8ul^\oqs
(ozx) EuIrud Jo soqtled :])urlsrP qll^\ saqol snllel{} IeulFrel'{ I saoru aulr,td
seqol snflEqt Ipu$IeI I-C
'€qeros
Daraunqns aulxld
lEulBrplu Bur^\oqs (OZx) saqol snllEq'l leu€rEl\tr-g
'(00Ix) Ltlnr.aqtod.{rt u.4\orq qslppar
l.rEp ro :}uaur
-dole^ap 8ul.1.oqs urmcaqlode arnlB[r Jo uor]rrs lEuLpnl€uo.I
(olx)
c[ (r3]e$ ur) sarodsorsE arnlEl{-J
D?or?Jlada!?rid I ern8ld
g (ozx.i srqol snllBq] lPur8rEl{-v
se8i1s lbluarudolarep snciue,r ur ercaqlody
s,
..;af
eurr,{d
'.{l!lInES
N
282
Nul,tsiaVol.6. No.3 (1988)
2. Pyxine petricola Nyl. ap. Crombie,J. Bot., Lond. 14:263 (1876).?1.pe:Island of
Rodrigues,Dr. I.B. BaLfour2391,VenusTransit Expedition,9.x.18?4(holo:BM).
Pyxtne meissneriTuck.ex Nyl. var. endoleuca
Muell. Arg., Flora,Jena62:290 (18?9).
?ype: In territorio africano Djur, Seriba Ghattas, Schweinfurfh (holo: G).
Pyxine subueJltaStirtoa, Trans. Proc. N.Z. Inst. 30: 396 (7897). Type: Queensland,
Jirrrbouron HaheaoLeifoLium,
F. M. Bailey,June 1895(iso:BM).
Thallus on bark of shrubs,rarely on rocks,firmly attached,lobeswhite to grey-white;
pruina laminal, shiny, t-owardsmargins of lobes; soralia absent (Figure lA); hedulla
white. Apothecia abundant, black, plane with distinct thalline maigins at first, becomingstronglyconvexat maturity (Figure1B); hypotheciumdark reddish-brown,lensshaped(Figure 1E), sometimesthis colouration extendsdownwardsto producean,,in
ternal stipe";ascospores
brown,bilocular,16-18x 5.2 6.5 pM (Figure1C).
Chemistry.Cortex UV+; Iichexanthoneonly.
Specimensexqmined.WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Houtmans Abrolhos, Suomi I.. M
Sg4gry s n JPIRTH, hb. Sammy); HoutmansAbrolhos, E. Wallaby I., M Sammy s.n.
(PERTH,_hb.Sarnmy);HoutmansAbrolhos,Shark I., M Sorum3rs.n.
(PERTH, hb.
Sammy); Lake MacIEod, near Carnarvon,N. Sammy s.n. (PERTH, hb. Sammy);
Monkey-Mia, Pero_n
_Peninsula,Sh,ar\ Bay, N. Sammy s.n. (hb. Sammy); Beverl"ey
SpringsHomestead,Kimberley,B.G. Muir s.n. (hb. Sammy);Head of Witsamunsun
C r e e k .K i m b e r l e y B
. . G . l \ 4 u i rs . n . t h b . S a m r n y t :H i d d e n V a l l e y .K u n u n u " r r aW
, esr
K i m b e r l e yC
. . G .S m i t hs . n .{ h b .S a m m v ) .
3. Pyxine cocoes (Sw.) Nyl., Mem. Sco.Sci. Nat. Cherbourg5;108 (I8b7).Ltchen
cocoesSw.,Nova Gen. Sp. Pl.: 146 (1788).
Pyxine meissneriTuck. ex Nyl. subsp.conneclansVainio, Acta Soc.Fauna Flora fenn.
7 ( 1 ) :1 5 4( 1 8 9 0 ) .
(Vainio)Vainio,Suomal.Tiedeakat.Toim., Ser.A: 70 (1914).?ype:
Pyxi.ne
connectans
Vainio Lich. Brasil. Exsicc.62,Rio de Janerio,1885(iso:BM).
Pyxine cocoesf. sorediigeraMuell Arg., Bot. Jb. 20; 262 (7894).?ype: Usambara,I{olsf
1423(holo:G).
Pyxine o-ceanica,
Zahlbr. ap. Rock, Coll. Hawaii publ. Bull. 4: 37 (7976). Type:
ZalhbrucknerLich. Rar. Exsicc.207,Oceania,insula Palmyra,/. liocA (iso:BM).Thallus on bark of trees and shrubs,firmly attached;lobesashy-whiteto grey-white,
flat,_crowded
and plicate;pruinaIaminal,shiny,towardsmarginsofthallus (Figure1F);
soraliaabundant,marginal,crowdedtowardscentre of thallus (Figure 1G); soralia
granular; medulla white. Apothecia not seen
Chemistry.CortexUV+; lichexanthoneonly.
Specimensercmjned. W_ESTERNAUSTRALIA: Geraldton, Chapman River Bridge,
N. Sammys.n. (PERTH, hb. Sammy);HoutmansAbrolhos,Suomi I., N. Sommr Jn.
(PERTH, hb. Sammy);HoutmansAbrolhos,Shark I., M Sommy s.n. (PERTH, hb.
Fqql*yl; HoutmansAbrolhos,E. WallabyI., N. Sammy s.n. (PERTH, hb. Sammy);
(hb. Sammy).
NW of Lake Log'ue,S of Eneabba,M. BLqchu)elil2873
4. Pyxine subcinerea Stirton, Trans. Proc.N.Z. Inst.30: 396 (189?).?ype:Queensland,F. M. Baitey22 (holo:BM).
PyxinemeissneriTuck. ex Nyl. var..soredlctaMuell. Arg., Flora,Jena62:290 (1879).
?ype: Djur, Brauneisenstein,Seriba Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 1877 (holo: G).
Pyxine chrysanthaVainio, Cat. Afr. PI. Welwitsch 2: 412 (7907).?ype: Golungo.Alto,
Angola,ad truncosarb.vigent.in sylvisprimaevispropeSange,Weliitsch,1857(lecto:
BM).
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JuaJJnr ]luEato urJB,\\p Jo acuase.rdaql ,{q paureydxe aq {€ru (luputruop sur€J Ja}ur,\\)
suor8al uJa_qlnosur auTrf.dJo sareadsaa.rq1;oacuauneto aqJ .(gg6I .{iuuregl sarc5di
uaqcrl lBf,rdot] JoJ a8nJar B aq ol palDadxa aq ue3 ,erJ€rlsnv uJelsa]!\ Io trlaq I€DrdoJl
oql urqlr.'id 's[alJaqulry aq] Jo uo€ar (luEururop sutBr rawurns) la,r\ dllBuosEas arlJ
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aql qr Jo uorlpla8a^ IElseoJ uo'lsaroJ-ur€J,ft€puocas uado ur punoJ aq uBJ lI .lsarol
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uos[d) salElA qlnos idaN ur JnoJ puE puElsuaanb JoJ papJorar alp sarrads gI EtlpJl
-snv uI BrsV ls€a-qlnos ul JnoJpu€ ef,rJaurvr{lJoN ur xrs,Ecuaulv qJnos pup €aurn0
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'uaas
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Erparo_slpadpqs dlrpln€aJr ol JBIncrqro 'JeurtJEur ErTpros:saJrds aqol sp.re.,'ro1
pasn;grp
Burnrd :uear8-,{ar8 apd saqol :(trI
arn8rd)
paqcBllB ^lurq ,saarl Jo {rPq uo snlleqJ
'(UnJ :olcol) orr?D 'a5noE auroJ,{'salllqy
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Nuytsia Vol. 6, No. 3 (1988)
Myoverseas
traver
r" .,"-,""1J"";:i:iill'13.."
byagrant
riomthe
"ossibre
Scienceand Industry Endowment Fund (CSIRO).The curatorsof the British Museum
(Natural History), the Conservatoireet Jardin Botaniques,Genevaand the Western
Australian Herbarium are thanked for permission to examine specimens.I wish to
thank Mr Peter James (British Museum) for many useful and relevant discussions;Mr
Gordon Smith (University of Western Australia), Mr A.S. George(previouslyof the
WesternAustralian Herbarium) and Mr R.B. Filson (National Herbarium of Victoria)
who critically read the manuscript and suggestedimprovements;Dr M. Sargent,Department of Chemistry,University of WesternAustralia, who donatedsamplesofauth
entic lichen acids and discussedlichen chemistry.
I am grateful to my previous employer, Dampier Salt (Operations) Pty Ltd for
allowing me time and facilities to complete this study.
References
Awaslhi,D-D- (1975).A monographof the lichen gcnnsDirinaria. BiblthcsLich. 2: 1,108.
Culberson,C.F. (1972).Improvedconditionsand new data lbr the identification of lichen productsby a stan
dardisedthin-layer chromatographicmethod. J. Chromat. ?2: 113 125.
Culberson,C.F. & Kristinsson, H. (1970).A standardisedmethod for the identification oflichen products.J.
Chromat.46:85-93.
Culberson,W.L. & Hale,M.E. (1965).Plrine caesiopr&inoso
in the United States.Bryologist68: 113 116.
Filson,R.B. (1983)."Checklistof Australian Lichens."(National Herbarium of Victoia, Department of Conservation,Forests& Lands: Melbourne).
Imshaug,H.A. (195?).The lichen genusPl.r.inein North and Middle America.Trans. Am. microsc.Soc.?6:
246 269.
Menlove,J.E. (19?4).Thin layer chromatographyfor the identification of iichen substances.Br. Lich. Soc.
Bull. il,t:3 5.
Poelt,J. (19?3).In Ahmadjian,V. & Hale,M.E. (eds.)"The Lichens."Pp.599632.(Academic
Press:London
and New York.).
Sammy,N. (1985).
The distributionoflichensin WestemAustralia.W. Austral.Herb.Res.Notest1:b3 11J.
T.D-V. & Krog, H. (1975).The genusP-yxinein East Africa.Norw. J. Bot.22: 43-68.
Swinscorv,