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Journal of Exercise Physiologyonline
December 2016
Volume 19 Number 6
Editor-in-Chief
Official Research Journal of
the American
Society
of
Tommy
Boone, PhD,
MBA
Review
Board
Exercise
Physiologists
Todd Astorino, PhD
ISSN 1097-9751
Julien Baker,
PhD
Steve Brock, PhD
Lance Dalleck, PhD
Eric Goulet, PhD
Robert Gotshall, PhD
Alexander Hutchison, PhD
M. Knight-Maloney, PhD
Len Kravitz, PhD
James Laskin, PhD
Yit Aun Lim, PhD
Lonnie Lowery, PhD
Derek Marks, PhD
Cristine Mermier, PhD
Robert Robergs, PhD
Chantal Vella, PhD
Dale Wagner, PhD
Frank Wyatt, PhD
Ben Zhou, PhD
Official Research Journal
of the American Society of
Exercise Physiologists
ISSN 1097-9751
JEPonline
Comparison of Psychophysiological Responses in
Game Simulation and Different Training Sessions in
Female Futsal Athletes
Jonathan Barth1, Yuri Salenave Ribeiro2, Luan Merseburger
Picanço2, Fabrício Boscolo Del Vecchio2
1
Federal University of Santa Catarina, Biomechanics LaboratoryBIOMEC, Florianópolis, Brasil, 2Federal University of Pelotas,
College Physical Education, Pelotas, Brasil
ABSTRACT
Barth J, Ribeiro YS, Picanço LM, Del Vecchio FB. Comparison of
Phychophysiological Responses in Game Simulation and Different
Training Sessions in Female Futsal Athletes. JEPonline 2016;19(6):
10-16. The purpose of this study was to compare the different
modes to quantifying the training load in small-sided game (SSG),
repeated sprint ability (RSA), and simulated match (SM). Ten female
futsal players participated, which was conducted in three sessions.
In all the sessions, heart rate, rating of perceived effort, and total
duration of the session to calculate the training impulse (TRIMP),
and internal load (IL) were recorded. Significant differences in HR
max were observed between SM (196 beats·min-1) and SSG (186
beats·min-1), and also between SM and RSA (185 beats·min-1).
However, no differences were found in HR max. Differences were
found only in IL between SSG (103 a.u) and SM (222 a.u) and also
between SSG and RSA (156 a.u). The RPEBorg presented
difference only between RSA (13.5 a.u) and SSG (9.5 a.u) and SM
(12 a.u). The results demonstrate that sessions with SM and SSG
show similar psychological and physiological responses, but lower
than observed in RSA training sessions. Thus, these procedures can
be employed to improve physical abilities at different periods of
futsal training.
Key Words: Team Sports, Small-Sided Game, Repeated Sprint
Ability, Simulated Match
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INTRODUCTION
Futsal is a team sport with timed game and unlimited substitutions during the match that
requires a high level of physical, technical, and tactical conditioning (3,8). Unlike several
other team sports, players execute offensive and defensive actions during the entire match
(8,22). Beyond the intense, fast, and successive efforts, its dynamic provides rhythm variation
that requires the maximum use of a player’s physical fitness (15).
In this sense, the exercise intensity focused on physical fitness improvement is one of the
main factors in planning the training. Thus, this requires a comprehensive knowledge of the
futsal physiological demands the players are subjected to during the matches that result in
adaptation to the training routines, which empowers the training methods. Consequently, the
players’ training increases the teams competitive performance (11,20). Yet, the reality is that
despite the popularity of futsal as a team sport over the past few years, there is still limited
information about the training and match characteristic.
In particular, the lack of data speaks primarily to simulated matches (SMs) (18), small-sided
games (SSGs) (12), and the repeated sprint ability (RSA) (10), with some information about
physiological parameters such as heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption (VO2), and rating of
perceived effort (RPE) (3,8). In this context, the process of physical conditioning in team
sports employs two common procedures: (a) the SSGs (9); and (b) the RSA stimulus (5). The
SSGs are intermittent activities with high physiological demands that can improve aerobic
and anaerobic fitness (9), elevate team performance (12), and has the advantage of being
highly customizable (9). The RSA is considered one of the most important components of a
futsal player’s physical fitness, mainly because it is a determinant action in decisive moments
of the matches (21).
Thus, in regards to the limited information concerning the biological response measurement
during different training sessions in futsal, especially considering the SSG and RSA in female
athletes, the purpose of this study was to compare the different forms of load quantification
during women’s futsal training sessions.
METHODS
Subjects
Ten line female futsal players who train in a state-level futsal club with 3 to 4 training
sessions per week for ~90 min each participated in this study. The athletes were in a
precompetitive period and were selected because of their participation in a structured and
continuous training process, showing high competitive level with technical and tactical ability.
Additionally, they were free from musculoskeletal injury in the 6 wks prior to the study and,
therefore, were not patients of physiotherapeutic treatment.
The technical committee professionals as well as all the athletes or their legal guardians were
informed about the procedures. Each subject signed an informed consent to participate in the
study (Local Ethics Committee protocol 005/2012).
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Procedures
The research was developed with three on-site visits between 6 and 9 PM in the team court,
during its training, with at least 48 hrs of recovery between sessions.
The subjects performed three practice sessions with a randomly determined order of
application. In two of these sessions, general (RSA) and specific (SSG) stimuli were
conducted, with one of the two in the first part and the other stimulus in the second part after
a 10-min passive recovery. The third session consisted of an official futsal match simulation
(Figure 1).
Figure 1. Experimental Design.
The HR-related variables were recorded in beats·min-1 using individual heart-monitoring
straps and a pulse monitor (RS800CX, Polar™). The RPE was carried out at the end of each
exercise effort using the 6 to 20 point scale (RPEBorg) (5). At the end of the session, the 0 to
10 point scale (RPEFoster) was used (13). For the analysis effect, the SM was divided into
two 20-min periods and subdivided in four 10-min subperiods. The training IL was quantified
from the multiplication of the RPEFoster score for the duration of the time played in minutes.
The following equation (1) was used to determine training impulse (TRIMP):
TRIMPBanister = training duration • (HRRES • 0.64) • e1.92 • HRRES
Statistical Analyses
The data used are from the second part of each proposed training session (SSG or RSA) to
extract information related to the moment with the higher physical and technical fatigue, when
there is a higher incidence of goals and that determines the match outcome (16).
For the analyses, the data normality with the Shapiro Wilk test was first tested. After this
procedure, which confirmed the non-normal data distribution, the data were presented in
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median and 25th and 75th percentiles. In the analysis between the first and second time from
the SM, the Mann Whitney test was used. The Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted to compare
the following: (a) different training stimulus; (b) SSG block differences; (c) RSA successive
bouts; and (d) the four SM 10-min subperiods. Significance level was set at 5%.
RESULTS
Table 1. Median (25-75%) of Psychobiological Variables in Different Training Sessions
in Futsal (N = 10).
HR max (beats·min-1)
HRAVERAGE (beats·min-1)
TRIMP
RPE Borg
RPE Foster
IL
SM
SSG
RSA
196 (191.5 - 201)ac
186 (183.8 - 188.8)
185.5 (182.3 - 193)
156 (148.5 - 159.8)
153.5 (140.3 - 163.8)
160 (159 - 166)
108.6 (75.9 - 125.5)
79.5 (57.1 - 109.4)
98.8 (90.3 – 110.1)
12 (11 - 12.8)c
9.5 (7.3 - 11.5)e
13.5 (13 - 14)
3 (3 - 4)
3 (2 - 4)d
4 (3.3 - 5)
222 (193 - 249.3)b
103 (76 - 142.5)d
156 (123.5 - 190)
HR = Heart Rate; RPE = Rating of Perceived Exertion; IL = Internal Load; RSA = Repeated Sprint Ability; SM =
Simulated Match; SSG = Small-Sided Game; TRIMP = Training Impulse; a = difference between SM and SSG,
P<0.01; b = difference between SM and SSG, P<0.001; c = difference between SM and RSA, P<0.05; d =
difference between SSG and RSA, P<0.05; e = difference between SSG and RSA, P<0.001
DISCUSSION
The main finding of the present study is the lack of significant differences in physiological and
psychological variables between different training sessions in young female futsal athletes.
Regarding the training prescription variables, which represent physiological characteristics,
the results show a single difference when the three types of effort used in this research were
compared: the HRMAX presented higher values in the SM. This may have occurred because,
even in the case of match simulation, the atmosphere created was close to a competitive
scenario, which at certain times can generate considerable stress and fatigue (17). For
HRAVERAGE and TRIMP, statistical differences were not found. This finding points to the
similarity between both stimuli (SSG and RSA) and SM, which strengthens the principle of
sports training specificity (14). With professional soccer players, no differences were found in
the TRIMP and HR when the SSG protocol and exhibition game were compared (2).
With respect to the psychological variable involved in the training load control, similarities in
RPE Borg between SM and SSG were identified. However, when the three types of stimuli
were compared, it is suggested that the RSA training session can generate greater
psychophysical fatigue. The reason for these results is the fact that in various short-duration
and high-intensity stimuli, short recovery period is not sufficient for the replacement of
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phosphocreatine. This outcome increases the rate of the glycolytic pathway, which is limited
by the formation of H+ ions that accelerate the process of muscle fatigue (4).
In soccer, the increase in field size is acknowledged that influences RPE (7,19). However, in
the present study, the RPE registered during the SSG was not statistically lower than that
found in the SM. This suggests that in futsal the increase in individual coverage area (57 m²
in SSG to 68.1 m² in SM) did not influence the RPE scores.
According to the findings in the present study, the training sessions involving RSA generated
higher perceived exertion compared to those that involved SSG. However, it is important to
note that when the IL is analyzed, SSG and RSA stimuli are apparently different from SM
demands. This is probably because of the difference between SM training duration.
CONCLUSIONS
It is concluded that training methods that involve SSG, RSA, or SM generate similar
physiological responses while the RSA training session results in a higher RPE score when
compared to the SM or SSGs. This indicates a greater psycho-physiological impact with the
internal load affected mainly by the training duration. These training methods can be used for
improving physical fitness associated with futsal performance.
Address for correspondence: Jonathan Barth, Department of Biomechanics, Federal
University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil, 88040-900, Email:
[email protected]
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The opinions expressed in JEPonline are those of the authors and are not attributable to
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