1
Appendix A
Materials used in Study 1a
Identification with Québécois
Please indicate the degree to which you agree or disagree with the following statements:
1
Strongly
disagree
2
Disagree
3
Somewhat
disagree
4
Neutral
5
Somewhat
Agree
6
Agree
7
Strongly
agree
1) I feel strong ties to other Québécois.
2) Being a Québécois is an important part of my self-image.
3) In general, I'm glad to be a Québécois.
Appraisals of harm probability, harm severity, and collective efficacy
The protection of the French language in Québec is important for many Québécois. As evidenced
by the Bouchard-Taylor Commission, many Québécois are concerned about the future of the
French language in Québec.
We are going to ask you about your opinion on the likelihood that Québécois culture and identity
will be harmed if the French language disappears in Québec.
0
Not likely
at all
10
20
30
40
50
60
Moderately likely
70
80
90
100
Highly likely
Using the above scale, how likely is it that Québécois culture and identity will be
harmed if …
…the French language loses its significance in Québec.
…the French language is not the first language in Québec.
…the French language is not spoken by the majority of Québécois.
…the French language is not safeguarded by Québécois.
Likelihood
(0-100)
We are now going to ask you about your opinion on how harmful you think that the
disappearance of the French language in Québec would be for Québécois culture and identity.
0
Not at all
harmful
10
20
30
40
50
60
Moderately harmful
70
80
90
100
Extremely
harmful
Using the above scale, how harmful will it be for Québécois culture and identity if
…
…the French language loses its significance in Québec.
…the French language is not the first language of Québec.
…the French language is not spoken by the majority of Québécois.
…the French language is not safeguarded by Québécois.
Degree of harm
(0-100)
2
We are now going to ask you about your confidence in the ability of Québécois, as a group, to
protect and promote the French language in Québec as well as Québécois culture and identity.
0
Cannot
do at all
10
20
30
40
50
60
Moderately can do
70
80
90
100
Highly certain
can do
Confidence
(0-100)
Using the above scale, how confident are you in the ability of Québécois to …
…prevent the French language from losing its significance in Québec.
…prevent the French language from losing its place as the first language of Québec.
…ensure that the French language is spoken by the majority of Québécois.
…safeguard Québécois culture and identity.
Collective angst
This questionnaire consists of statements that you may agree or disagree with, when thinking
about the future of Québécois culture and identity. Please indicate how much each statement
describes your current feelings by selecting the corresponding number on the scale below.
1
Strongly
disagree
2
Disagree
3
Somewhat
disagree
4
Neutral
5
Somewhat
Agree
6
Agree
7
Strongly
agree
1) I feel anxious about the future of Québécois culture and identity.
2) I feel confident that Québécois culture and identity will survive.
3) I feel secure about the future of Québécois culture and identity.
4) I feel that Québécois culture and identity will always thrive.
5) I feel concerned that the future vitality of Québécois culture and identity is in jeopardy.
3
Materials used in Study 1b
Identification with Lebanese Christians
Please indicate the degree to which you agree or disagree with the following statements:
1
Strongly
disagree
2
Disagree
3
Somewhat
disagree
4
Neutral
5
Somewhat
Agree
6
Agree
7
Strongly
agree
1) I feel strong ties to other Lebanese Christians.
2) Being a Lebanese Christian is an important part of my self-image.
3) In general, I'm glad to be a Lebanese Christian.
Appraisals of harm probability, harm severity, and collective efficacy
According to recent reports, Islamic extremist groups, including the Islamic State, Al-Qaeda, and
Al Nusra Front, have infiltrated Lebanon and have threatened to attack Christian communities
throughout Lebanon.
We are going to ask you about your opinion on the likelihood that Lebanese Christians will be
harmed by Islamic extremist groups.
0
Not likely
at all
10
20
30
40
50
60
Moderately likely
70
80
90
100
Highly likely
Using the above scale, how likely do you think it is that Lebanese Christians will be
harmed if …
…Islamic extremist groups continued to destabilize Lebanon.
…Islamic extremist groups established an Islamic Emirate in Lebanon.
…Islamic extremist groups invaded Lebanon.
…Christian communities in Lebanon fail to protect themselves from Islamic
extremist groups.
Likelihood
(0-100)
We are now going to ask you about your opinion on how harmful you think Islamic extremist
groups are for Lebanese Christians.
0
Not at all
harmful
10
20
30
40
50
60
Moderately harmful
70
80
90
100
Extremely
harmful
Using the above scale, how harmful do you think that it will be for Lebanese
Christians if …
…Islamic extremist groups continued to destabilize Lebanon.
…Islamic extremist groups established an Islamic Emirate in Lebanon.
…Islamic extremist groups invaded Lebanon.
…Christian communities in Lebanon fail to protect themselves from Islamic
extremist groups.
Degree of harm
(0-100)
4
We are now going to ask you about your confidence in the ability of Lebanese Christians, as a
group, to protect Lebanon and their communities from Islamic extremist groups.
0
Cannot
do at all
10
20
30
40
50
60
Moderately can do
70
80
90
100
Highly certain
can do
Using the above scale, how confident are you in the ability of Lebanese Christians to…
Confidence
(0-100)
…stop Islamic extremist groups from destabilizing Lebanon.
…stop Islamic extremist groups from establishing an Islamic Emirate in Lebanon.
…prevent Islamic extremist groups from invading Lebanon.
…protect Christian communities in Lebanon from Islamic extremist groups.
Collective angst
This questionnaire consists of statements that you may agree or disagree with, when thinking
about the future of Christians in Lebanon. Please indicate how much each statement describes
your current feelings by selecting the corresponding number on the scale below.
1
Strongly
disagree
2
Disagree
3
Somewhat
disagree
4
Neutral
5
Somewhat
Agree
6
Agree
1) I feel anxious about the future of Christians in Lebanon.
2) I feel confident that Christians in Lebanon will survive.
3) I feel secure about the future of Christians in Lebanon.
4) I feel that Christians in Lebanon will always thrive.
5) I feel concerned that the future vitality of Christians in Lebanon is in jeopardy.
7
Strongly
agree
5
Materials used in Study 2a and 2b
Identification with Americans
Please indicate the degree to which you agree or disagree with the following statements:
1
Strongly
disagree
2
Disagree
3
Somewhat
disagree
4
Neutral
5
Somewhat
Agree
6
Agree
7
Strongly
agree
1) I feel strong ties to other Americans.
2) I find it difficult to form a bond with other Americans.
3) I don't feel a strong sense of being connected to Americans.
4) I have a lot in common with other Americans.
5) Being an American has little to do with how I feel about myself in general.
6) Being an American is an important part of my self-image.
7) The fact that I am an American rarely enters my mind.
8. I often think about being an American.
9) In general, I'm glad to be an American.
10) Generally, I feel good about myself when I think about being an American.
11) I don't feel good about being an American.
12) I often regret being an American.
Vignettes used to manipulate appraisals of harm probability, harm severity, and collective
efficacy
On the following page, you will view a screenshot of a recent news article published in the Wall
Street Journal. The news article is about America’s battle against the Islamic State of Iraq and
Syria (ISIS).
After you read the article, you will be asked some questions about the content of the article and
your own views.
6
Vignette 1. High probability, high harm severity, and low collective efficacy
Vignette 2. High probability, low harm severity, and low collective efficacy
7
Vignette 3. Low probability, high harm severity, and low collective efficacy
Vignette 4. Low probability, Low harm severity, and low collective efficacy
8
Vignette 5. High probability, high harm severity, and high collective efficacy
Vignette 6. High probability, low harm severity, and high collective efficacy
9
Vignette 7. Low probability, high harm severity, and high collective efficacy
Vignette 8. Low probability, Low harm severity, and high collective efficacy
10
Manipulation check questions
We are now going to ask you about your opinion about the United States’ battle with the Islamic
State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS).
1. Using the scale below, please indicate how likely you think that ISIS will attack the United
States in the near future.
0
Not likely
at all
10
20
30
40
50
60
Moderately likely
70
80
90
100
Highly likely
2. Using the scale below, please indicate how harmful you think that an attack by ISIS on
American soil will be for the United States.
0
Not at all
harmful
10
20
30
40
50
60
Moderately harmful
70
80
90
100
Extremely
harmful
3. Using the scale below, please indicate how confident you are in the ability of the United
States to stop attacks by ISIS on American soil.
0
Cannot
stop at all
10
20
30
40
50
60
Moderate ability to stop
70
80
90
100
Highly able to
stop
Collective angst
This questionnaire consists of statements that you may agree or disagree with when thinking
about the future of the United States. Please indicate the degree to which you agree or disagree
with the following statements:
1
Strongly
disagree
2
Disagree
3
Somewhat
disagree
4
Neutral
5
Somewhat
Agree
The article I read made me feel…
1) …anxious about the future of the United States.
2) …confident that the United States will survive.
3) …secure about the future of the United States.
4) …that the United States will always thrive.
5) …concerned that the future vitality of the United States is in jeopardy.
6
Agree
7
Strongly
agree
11
Prejudice towards Muslims questionnaire
Please indicate the degree to which you agree or disagree with the following statements:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly
Disagree
Somewhat
Neutral
Somewhat
Agree
Strongly
disagree
disagree
Agree
agree
1) I would accept a suitably qualified Muslim person as my boss.
2) I would not like to have Muslims as my neighbors.
3) If I were single, I would consider marrying a Muslim person.