A Framework For Defining Agent Behavior

SPT: Hierarchical Agent Control: A Framework For
Defining Agent Behavior
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Marc S. Atkin
Gary W. King
David L. Westbrook
University of Massachusetts
140 Governor’s Lane
Amherst, MA 01003
University of Massachusetts
140 Governor’s Lane
Amherst, MA 01003
University of Massachusetts
140 Governor’s Lane
Amherst, MA 01003
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
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ABSTRACT
1.
INTRODUCTION
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2.
AFS: THE ABSTRACT FORCE SIMULATOR
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3.
HAC: HIERARCHICAL AGENT CONTROL
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actions
Primitive
Actions
Harass
control, context
Physical
Schemas
Mobile Offense
errors, messages
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Follow
Attack
Move-to-Point
Move Move ...
...
Apply-Force
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APPENDIX
A. ONLINE DEMOS
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I+O?+:I+80:pŽkC'@/F<@?+:[email protected]@C'=!L/H3T$g9I+80:UC'@?+F/:$TfIBgNl0=!cW=!T.=!LH3T$d >H3=]I+T
83@Bc:iC!='hi=]I+:Bl
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A.1
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A.1.1 Game Control
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L/I+80:%?+T$d
A.1.2 Agent Control
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A.2 Particle-Spring Model for Blobs
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A.3
n; DGJYb0C'Reactive
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A.4
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u2H}I+83:MJ9Planning
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