Define what is meant by
 1 (a)Decision support system
Computer based information systems that help managers select one of many solutions
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Automate some of decision making process
Sophisticated and fast analysis
Used at all management levels
 1(b)Decision support Tools
Corresponds to the mathematical Tools and methods Or Mathematical Models used in the decision making
& taking .
Examples for that tools
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What-if analysis
Sensitivity analysis
Goal seeking
Spreadsheets
 (c) Structured system
Proven set of steps for solution like algorithms
 (d) Decision making and decision taking
Decision making: is the obtaining of different alternatives satisfying the
mathematical constraints the best optimum is the best decision from the
alternatives set of decision
Decision taking: one a best solution chosen according to higher authority views
 (e) i- One stage decision
One stage decision depend on the finding of optimality by considering a
decision at time well understood situations can be handled directly
 Ii- Multiple stage decision
Multiple-stage decisions refer to decision tasks that consist of a series of interdependent
stages leading towards a final resolution. The decision-maker must decide at each stage
what action to take next in order to optimize performance
 Iii - Dynamic decision
Dynamic decision: is that one taken step by step using previous decision and changes with situation
and time
 (f) i- Database
A database is an organized collection of data. The data is typically organized to model
aspects of reality in a way that supports processes requiring information
 Ii- Database with fixed contents
Referred to as permanent data, reference data, archival data, or fixed-content data)
is data that is not, under normal circumstances, subject to change
 Iii- Database with variable contents
Referred to the data that changes over time
 (g) i- Parallel system
Parallel system is the simultaneous use of multiple compute resources to solve a
Computational problem:
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A problem is broken into discrete parts that can be solved concurrently
Each part is broken down to a series of instructions
Instructions from each part execute simultaneously on different processors
An overall control/coordination mechanism is employed
 Ii- Series system
The system has been written for serial computation:
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A problem is broken into a discrete series of instructions
Instructions are executed sequentially one after another
Executed on a single processor
Only one instruction may execute at any moment in time
 Iii- Mixed system
Some tasks can be executed in parallel and other executed by series
 (h) i- Expert Group
The Expert Group is group contains most of the elements of DSS plus software to
provide effective support in group decision – making settings
 Ii-- The decision support S/W: collection of s/w that used in assisting of
decision making process .
 Iii- Complete integrated IT System
 (I) i- Decision-Making Process:
get all possible alternatives
2. Arrange the alternatives
3. Choose the best alternatives to get
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Three decision-making phases
 Intelligence
Collect data from inside and outside organization
And collect information of possible ways to solve the problem
 Design
1. Organize the data select a model to process the data
2. Produce reasonable, potential courses of action
 Choice
Select course of action
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 Iii- Characteristic of DSS:
1- Performs different types of analysis:- What if analysis
- Simulation
- Goal seeking analysis
2- Support optimization
3- Performs complex
4- Provides report and presentation flexibility
5- Supports drill down analysis
 Iv - The job of the Expert Group in the integrated IT system
for d-making and taking
The expert group will support the decision makers of which the software will
be used and choose the suitable solution and its database and makes data
mining to support to take a decision
Q (B)
 1- Web-based DSS
Web based of DSS: decision support system software provides business intelligence
through web browser clients that access databases either through the internet or a
corporate intranet
 2- Model Base
Provides decision makers with the access to variety of models and assist them in
decision making
2- Models
- Financial model
- Statistical analysis model
- Graphical models
- Project management model
 Expert Group related for all the decision types and related to the database and
the software while the Group D.S.S deal with one decision only
 3 – 1- - i- Decision Room:
For decision makers located in the same geographic area or building
Use of computing devices, special software, networking, capabilities.
Collect, coordinate, and feedback organized information to help group make a
decision
 Combines face-to-face verbal interactions with technology-aided formalization
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 Ii- Decision network
Wide Area Decision Network:
 Characteristics :
a- Location of group members is distant
b- Decision frequency is high
c- Virtual work groups
 Groups of workers located around THE world working on Common problems
via a GDSS
iii- Executive support system ESS
A specialized DSS that includes all the hardware, software, data, procedures, and people
used to assist senior-level executives within the organization.
 Characteristics of ESSs:
- Tailored to individual executives
- Easy to use
- Drill down capabilities
- Support the need for external data
- Futures orientation
- Linked with value-added business processes
 Capabilities of an ESS:
Support for
- Defining overall vision
- Strategic planning
- Strategic organization and staffing
- Strategic control
- Crisis management
Q (C)
 1- Give 2 examples describing math. Model
Ex1
The first step we will formulate it to starting model and transform it to a standard model
Ex2
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2- Decision tree
is a graphical representation of the decision process indicating decision alternatives ,state
o nature , probabilities attached to the state of nature
ex
 3-The production in pharmaceutical company is a multi-stage fixed or a
corrective multi stage mention why ?
Corrective multi stage because the market follow up with a survey that is depend on
it to take a decision
Q (D)
The first step we will formulate it to starting model and transform it to a standard model
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