A Bi-Annual International
Research journal
Peer Reviewed Research Journal
Volume1 -- Issue IV
PP: 73 -79
ISSN: 2348 - 8921
R. Paper 11/ Design: Experimental
Received on July’2015 - Reviewed on July’2015
ASSESSMENTOF EMOTIONAL STABILITY AMONG PLAYERS AND NONPLAYERS OF CHANDIGARH SCHOOLS
AUTHORS
*Dr. Dalwinder Singh
**Dr. Gurpreet Singh
***Dr. Dolly
*Associate Professor, Department of Physical Education, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
**Director of Physical Education, Govt. Model Sr. Sec. School, Sector 35-D, Chandigarh,India
***Deputy Director Physical Education, Directorate of Sports, Panjab University, Chandigarh
.
ABSTRACT
The present study was designed to determine emotional stability among male national players,
inter-school players and non-players. To obtain data for this study, the investigators had randomly
selected three hundred (N=300) males from different schools of Chandigarh. They were further divided
into three categories i.e. (A) hundred (n=100) national players, (B) hundred (n=100) inter-school players
and (C) hundred (n=100) non-players. The age of the subjects was ranged between15-18 years (class 9th12th). Emotional Stability was assessed by applying Emotional Stability Test for children developed by
Gupta and Singh (2003). One way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was applied to find out the significant
differences among male national players, inter-school players and non-players. Where F-value was found
significant, Least Significant Difference (LSD) Post-hoc test was applied to find out the direction and
significance of differences. The level of significance was set at 0.05. The results showed significant
differences among male national players, inter-school players and non-players with regard to the variable
emotional stability. While calculating the mean values, it has been observed that national players
demonstrated significantly better emotional stability as compared to their counterpart inter-school players
and non-players. Similarly, male inter-school players also showed significantly better emotional stability
than their counterpart male non-players.
Key words: Emotional stability, national players, inter-school players, non-players
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A Bi-Annual International
Research journal
Peer Reviewed Research Journal
Volume1 -- Issue IV
ISSN: 2348 - 8921
INTRODUCTION
In the present scenario, the sports at competitive level become more of psychological phenomenon
than the physical one. Success in competitive sports places high psycho-physical demands on the
participants. They are to be physically fit, technically skillful and tactically sound to have a firm grip over
the competitive situations. However, their psychological aliveness to the situation has been described by
many to be of paramount importance. At the time of competitive struggle, it is the psychological aspects of
the players which move them to their optimum physical fitness, technical and tactical preparedness. The
sportspersons have to be highly vigilant, emotionally stable, socially mature and able to control their nerves
in order to perform at sports competitions. It becomes quite apparent that psychological fitness also needs to
be kept equally in mind to achieve high results in sports competition.
Sport psychology is an interdisciplinary science that draws on knowledge from many related fields
including biomechanics, physiology, kinesiology and psychology. It involves the study of how
psychological factors affect performance and how participation in sport and exercise affect psychological
and physical factors (Weinberg & Gould, 2010).Sports psychology has become one of the most important
sport sciences for improving sports performance in competitive sports. Psychological preparation of an
athlete during training and competition is the most important factor for achieving high performance. Sports
psychology has emerged as a front runner discipline in shaping athletes in world beaters. It has many
psychological aspects which assist an athlete for better performance in every sport.Sports psychology in
many ways is a scientific field of enquiry. Researchers are afforded with ample opportunity to observe,
describe and explain the various psychological factors that influence diverse aspects of sport and physical
activity. Athletes and coaches have often described the crucial ‘Psychological factors’ that resulted in
momentum shift during a game, or explained an important loss on the road as a function of the influential
force of game location. Through scientific methods we can test our hunches about new psychological fact
that influences sports performance or new sport participation that may influence the athlete’s psychological
development (Silva & Weinberg 1984).
Emotion is an important component of total human functioning and critically important for
understanding main core phenomena in virtually every major sub-discipline of psychology.
Although
emotions represents an important aspect of one’s involvement in sport and a critical factor in either
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A Bi-Annual International
Research journal
Peer Reviewed Research Journal
ISSN: 2348 - 8921
Volume1 -- Issue IV
enhancing or impairing individual or team performance. For instance, most sport psychology research during
the last two decades has been negatively biased, focusing on anxiety-performance relationships and using
models initially developed in non-sport settings. Balance in the study of emotions and athletic performance is
clearly missing at this point (Hanin, 1997).
Thorndike and Hagen (1979) consider that emotional stability of a person is characterized by
evenness of moods, intent, interests, optimism, cheerfulness, composure, feeling of being in good health,
freedom from feeling of guilt, worry or loneliness, freedom from day dreaming, freedom from perseveration
of ideas and moods.
Pavlenko et al. (2009) observed that emotionally stable person has the ability to cope with general
changes in the environment, without responding with an intense emotional reaction, The signs of an
emotional stability are calmness of mind and freedom from anxiety and depression (Hay & Ashman, 2003).
An emotionally stable person has the attributes of emotional maturity, self-confidence, and stability in their
plans and affections; these subjects look boldly ahead for facts and situations and do not give into occasional
fluctuations in their mood.
Emotions are present in all aspects of human life, including sport and exercise. Athletes may be
anxious before the game, coaches may be disappointed by an athlete for bowling an easy play, fans may be
sad following the loss of the local team, or participants may feel embarrassed or incompetent during an
exercise routine in a group setting. But such emotions are not merely interesting phenomena; they may also
have important consequences that go beyond mere emotional experience. Athletes who are too anxious may
not perform an optimal level and the embarrassed exercise participant may stop going to exercise class
altogether. Hence, emotional phenomena play an important part in sport and exercise from both an intra and
an interpersonal perspective (Vallerand, 1983).
Therefore, keeping the above psychological perspectives in mind, the present study was designed to
assess the emotional stability among players and non-players of Chandigarh schools.
METHODS AND PROCEDURE
Selection of subjects
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A Bi-Annual International
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Peer Reviewed Research Journal
ISSN: 2348 - 8921
Volume1 -- Issue IV
The sample consisted of 300 students (male) which include players (national and inter-school) and
non-players studying in class 9th-12th at different schools of Chandigarh. Random sampling technique was
applied to select the national players, inter-school players and non-players.
Figure-1
Break-up of the total sample
National players=100
Players=200
Inter-school players=100
Total Sample: 300
Non- Players=100
INSTRUMENTATION
To assess the Emotional Stability Test among players and non-players, the investigators had used
emotional stability test for children developed by Gupta and Singh (2003). There are two types of items in
this test, that is, positive and negative. High score on the test indicates low emotional stability or control and
whereas low score on the test indicates high emotional stability or control.
DATA PROCESSING METHODS
One way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was applied to find out the significant differences among
male national players, inter-school players and non-players. Where F-value found significant, Post-hoc test
i.e. Least Significant Difference (LSD) was applied to find out the direction and significance of differences.
To test the hypothesis, the level of significance was set at 0.05.
RESULTS
Table-1
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results with regard to the variable Emotional Stability among male
national players, inter-school players and non-players
Source of Variance
Sum of
DF
Mean
F-value
Sig.
Squares
Square
163.887
2
81.943
Between Group
24.765*
.000
982.710
297
3.309
Within Group
1146.597
299
Total
*Significant at 0.05
F0.05 (2,297)
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It can be seen from table-1 that significant differences were found with regard to the variable
emotional stability among male national players, inter-school players and non-players as the P-value
(Sig.).000 was found smaller than 0.05 level of significance (p<0.05).
Since the obtained F-value was found significant, therefore, Post-hoc test i.e. Least Significant
Difference (LSD) was employed to study the direction and significance of differences between paired
means among male national players, inter-school players and non-players on the variable emotional
stability. The results of Post-hoc test have been presented in Table-2
Table-2
Significance of difference among male national players, inter-school players and non-players with
regard to the variable Emotional Stability
Groups
National
Inter-School
Non-Players
Mean
Sig.
Players
Players
Difference
2.51
3.88
1.37*
.000
2.51
4.22
1.71*
.000
3.88
4.22
0.34*
.000
* Significant at 0.05
It has been observed from table-2 that mean difference between male national players and interschool players was found 1.37.
The P-value (Sig.) .000 showed that the male national players had
demonstrated significantly better emotional stability than their counterpart male inter-school players.
The mean difference between male national players and male non-players was found 1.71. The P-value (Sig.)
.000 revealed that the male national players had exhibited significantly better emotional stability than their counterpart
male non-players.
The mean difference between male inter-school players and male non-players was found 0.34. The P-value (Sig.) .000
revealed that the male inter-school players had exhibited significantly better emotional stability than their counterpart
male non-players.
The graphical representation of mean scores with regard to the variable Emotional Stability among
male national players, inter-school players and non-players has been exhibited in Figure-2.
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Figure-2
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF MEAN SCORES WITH REGARD TO
THE VARIABLE EMOTIONAL STABILITY AMONG MALE NATIONAL
PLAYERS, INTER-SCHOOL PLAYERS AND NON-PLAYERS
4.22
3.88
2.51
NATIONAL PLAYERS
INTER-SCHOOL
PLAYERS
NON-PLAYERS
DISCUSSION
The obtained results presented in tables (1–2) showed significant differences among male national
players, inter-school players and non-players with regard to the variable emotional stability. While
calculating the mean values, it has been observed that national players demonstrated significantly better
emotional stability as compared to their counterpart inter-school players and non-players. It is summarized
that national players get more exposure in different sports environments during higher level of competitions
and are able to manage their emotions as they face different type of situations in the competitions, sometimes
they lose and sometime they win which enabled them to channelize their emotions accordingly and hence
found more emotionally stable than their counterparts inter-school players and non-players. Singh (1982)
revealed that badminton player with higher level of proficiency demonstrated significantly better on the
variable emotional stability than their counterpart lower level proficiency badminton players. Butt (1987),
Cox (1994) and Saint-Phard et al. (1999) reported that athletes showed higher emotional stability when
compared with the non-athletes. On the contrary Bal and Dureja (2012) revealed insignificant differences
among omnivores combative players on the variable emotional stability.
CONCLUSION
It is concluded that significant differences were found among male national players, inter-school
players and non-players with regard to the variable emotional stability. While calculating the mean values, it
has been observed that national players demonstrated significantly better emotional stability as compared to
their counterpart inter-school players and non-players. Similarly, male inter-school players also showed
significantly better emotional stability than their counterpart male non-players.
REFERENCES
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A Bi-Annual International
Research journal
Peer Reviewed Research Journal
Volume1 -- Issue IV
ISSN: 2348 - 8921
Bal, B.S., & Dureja, G. (2012). Sport imagery and mental health among omnivorous combative players: A
psychological probe. International Journal of Psychology and Counselling, 4(2), 18–23.
Butt, D.S. (1987). Psychology of sport: the behaviour, motivation, personality and performance of athlete (2nd ed.).
New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Cox, R.H. (1994). Sport psychology: concepts and applications. 2nd edition. Dubuque: Brown & Benchmark.
Gupta, A.S., & Singh, A.K. (2003). Emotional stability test for children (ESTC). National Psychological
Corporation, 4/230, Kacheri Ghat, Agra-282004 (Uttar Pradesh).
Hanin, Y. L. (1997). Emotions and athletic performance: Individual zones of optimal functioning model. In
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Hay, I., & Ashman, A.F. (2003). The development of adolescents’ emotional stability and general selfconcept: the interplay of parents, peers, and gender. International Journal of Disability,
Development and Education. 50 (1), 77-91.
Pavlenko, V.S., Chernyi, S.V., & Goubkina, D.G. (2009). EEG correlates of anxiety and emotional stability in adult
healthy subjects. Neurophysiology,41(5), 400-408.
Saint-Phard, D., Van, D. B., Marx, R.G., & York, K.A. (1999). Self-perception in elite collegiate female gymnastics,
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Singh, T. (1982). Comparative analysis of personality profiles of highly and poorly skilled male and female badminton
players (Unpublished Master of Philosophy Dissertation). Jiwaji University.
Silva, J. M., & Weinberg, R. S. (1984). Psychological foundations of sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
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Weinberg, R.S. & Gould, D. (2010). Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Champaign, IL: Human
Kinetics.
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