LAKEWOOD CITY SCHOOL DISTRICT SPORTSMANSHIP, ETHICS & INTEGRITY POLICY 1 Lakewood High, Garfield and Harding Middle School Sportsmanship “A Game Where Everyone Wins” A message from the Athletic Director: The Lakewood High, Garfield and Harding Middle School Sportsmanship Committee was formed during the 2013-2014 school year to address concerns related to behavior at athletic competitions in Ohio and across the nation. As a member of the committee, I learned much about the state of sportsmanship at all sports levels. It is from this guide and other manuals relating to sportsmanship that the Lakewood High, Garfield and Harding Middle School Sportsmanship Guide was written. In the belief that the impact of participation in sports in Lakewood, Ohio, should enhance the character and uplift the spirit of our school and community, we seek to establish a framework of principles and a common language of values that are practiced at all sporting events. It is our belief that the highest potential of sports is achieved when competition reflects the “six pillars of character”-- trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring, and good citizenship. The pillars of character as they relate to sports will be discussed in class meetings, team meetings, parent meetings, and will hopefully be put into practice in all arenas. I ask your support in helping the administration, faculty, staff, students, and supporters of Lakewood High, Garfield and Harding Middle School to promote good sportsmanship throughout the Northeast Region and the State of Ohio. GO RANGERS!!!! Lakewood High School Committee (12) Athletic Director Two assistant Principals Four Current Coaches One Parent Senior Class President Junior Class President Sophomore Class President Freshmen Class President Harding Middle School Committee(12) Athletic Director Two assistant Principals Four Current Coaches One Parent 8th Grade Class President 7th Grade Class President Two Athletes Sean Jackson Lakewood City School District Athletic Director 2 Garfield Middle School Committee(12) Athletic Director Two assistant Principals Four Current Coaches One Parent 8th Grade Class President 7th Grade Class President Two Athletes Table of Contents Cover “A Game Where Everyone Wins.”-Committee Table of Contents Board of Education Policy LHS Mission Statement Keys to Sportsmanship Fundamental Principles RGRY Respect the Game Respect Yourself Taunting Spectator Behavior Expectations Coaches Student-Athletes Cheerleaders Student Body Band Spectators Media Parents Public Address Announcer Announcements Letters: Student-Athletes Letters: Parents Lakewood High School Sportsmanship Activities Garfield and Harding Middle School Sportsmanship Activities 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Sportsmanship, Ethics and Integrity The Lakewood Board of Education recognizes the value of extracurricular activities in the educational process and the values that students develop when they have the opportunity to participate in an organized activity outside of the traditional classroom. Participants and responsible adults involved in School Board approved extracurricular activities are expected to demonstrate the same level of responsibility and behavior at practice and competitions as is expected in the classroom. The School Board further encourages the development and promotion of sportsmanship, ethics and integrity in all phases of the educational process and in all segments of the community, including administrators, participants, adult supervisors, parents, fans, spirit groups and support/booster groups. File: Adopted: 4 Mission Statement Lakewood High, Garfield and Harding Middle School, through their alliance with the High School and Middle School Conference and the Ohio High School Athletic Association, serve their youth by establishing and maintaining standards for student activities and competitions that promote education, personal growth, leadership, sportsmanship, and citizenship. Defining Sportsmanship Sportsmanship is defined as “playing fair, losing without complaint and winning without gloating.” A good sport is a person who plays by the rules of the contest. A person that is courteous and generous in victory or defeat on and off the athletic field. . 5 The Keys to Sportsmanship • Know the rules of the game. • Recognize good play by both teams. • Respect your opponent and its spectators. • View the game with your head instead of your heart. • Realize that bad passes lose more games than bad calls. • Practice the Golden Rule. “Sportsmanship reveals character regardless of the final outcome of the game.” 6 Fundamental Principles of Sportsmanship • To gain an understanding and appreciation for the rules of the contest • To exercise responsible behavior at all times • To recognize and appreciate skilled performance regardless of affiliation • To exhibit respect for authority • To display respect for opponents • To display pride in your actions at every opportunity 7 Lakewood High School will join the 24/7 Sportsmanship, ethics and integrity website for coaches, community members, students, parents, administrators and school staff. Here is what RGRY can do for your school... Reduce Disciplinary Violations Participating administrators report that the RGRY program has virtually eliminated student behavior issues and code of conduct violations by reducing drug, alcohol and peer pressure problems both on and off the field, in and out of season. Don't Become Tomorrow's Headlines The last thing you, your sports programs, or your school wants to be remembered for is negative headlines or student code of conduct violations. The RGRY program hammers home the importance of ethics and sportsmanship on a weekly basis, so you’ll never have to worry about negative attention again. Makes Your Job Easier Your school athletes, coaches and parents just follow the program, removing the stress of you having to constantly ride herd on them - a real time saver for you. Turn-Key Simplicity - Done For You Once you initiate it, you get instant access to everything you need to make the Respect the Game Respect Yourself Program a whopping success in your school and sports programs. You will set an example that will be the benchmark for years to come. 8 You Can Be Confident You Are Making The Right Choice In Booking Dr. Mike For Your Next Event… THE TOP 3 REASONS TO CONSIDER BOOKING DR. MIKE FOR YOUR NEXT EVENT #1 Unquestioned Credibility and Experience Dr. Mike Speaking For The Better Business Bureau As one of the country's leaders in sanity, character education and motivation, Dr. Mike knows what he's talking about. With a multitude of specialty products and his experience hosting television specials to back it up, everyone knows Dr. Mike walks his talk. He's the real deal! Having spoken to over 2-million people worldwide (and growing) sure says a lot about his skill at delivering his message for maximum impact! Dr. Mike has a proven track record of presentations and materials responsible for making a real difference with people in the business, healthcare, education, sports, university and parent arenas. Not to mention the thousands of families he has helped around the world through his talks and products. #2 High Energy/Excitement/Motivation 9 Some people were born to take the stage. When you and your audience members expect the best - Dr. Mike delivers! His unique style of edutainment (part education and part entertainment) and his incredible energy and motivation is unequaled. He brings an exuberant energy level guaranteed to leave your audiences breathless. They will be walking on air as Dr. Mike's powerful messages peak their emotions. Everyone always comments on how Dr. Mike infuses them with renewed vigor, dedication, and a solid commitment to excellence. #3 Engaging/Humorous/Customized Audiences appreciate Dr. Mike's engaging, real world, no fluff life examples. People are mesmerized and entertained by his humor, unique use of props, audience participation and his charismatic and captivating personality. Don't expect another boring "canned" presentation. Dr. Mike is the arch-enemy of boredom. The only way you could fall asleep during a Dr. Mike presentation is if you suffered from Narcolepsy. Dr. Mike will get to know your group intimately. His uncanny knack of understanding your specific needs puts him head and shoulders above other speakers. His innate ability to study the goals and objectives you have for your program and then work with you to define the focus of his talks will amaze you. Dr. Mike captivates your audience while coordinating everything with your main objectives in mind. In other words, he will always make you look good in front of your peers. 10 Taunting-A Game for Losers A recent trend in sports threatens the educational mission of high school athletics. The trend of taunting, trash-talking and intimidating “in your face” behavior has become widespread in college and professional sports—even idolized with celebrated individuals or groups of athletes. This kind of behavior is the biggest threat to athletics in some time. It is present at all levels of competition starting with the little leagues. Already, some call the disrespect shown by taunting and trash talking just “a part of the game.” If schools and communities across this nation, are to justify programs, they must unite now to let students, student-athletes, parents, spectators and communities know that disrespectful behavior will not be tolerated in our athletic programs. For all sports, at all levels, taunting, trash-talking, and intimidating behavior can be cause for a player or coach to be ejected from a contest and miss the next day of competition or the remainder of the season. During tournaments, a spectator can be ejected from an event by the security officer, tournament management, and/or the administrator in charge of the building. A lot of authority to give an official? Not at all. In fact, the referee or tournament director is the last line of defense in a game. It is up to the administrator, coach, students, and our spectators to understand appropriate behavior at a school athletic event. If we all do our jobs and practice sportsmanship, the officials will not have to worry about crowd control. And our students will understand that respectful behavior is a part of “the game.” Taunting includes any actions or comments by coaches, players, or spectators which are intended to bait, anger, embarrass, ridicule, or demean others, whether or not the deeds or words are vulgar or racist. Included is conduct that berates, needles, intimidates, or threatens based on race, gender, ethnic origin, or background, and conduct that attacks religious beliefs, physical body, economic status, speech, family background, special needs, or other personal matters. At all LCSD contest sites and tournament venues, management may give spectators one warning for taunting. Thereafter, spectators who taunt players, coaches, game officials, or other spectators are subject to ejection. 11 Spectator Behavior Expectations The purpose of sportsmanship education is to make students and fans aware that: • The unacceptable behavior witnessed at various sporting events must be altered. • Concern over this inappropriate behavior is shared by school administrators, parents, students, central office, and the Board of Education. • After-school programs are an extension of the regular school day with all school rules and regulations in effect. • The school’s and community’s reputation should not be placed in jeopardy because of unsportsmanlike behavior. Expectations: • During the National Anthem, all should face the flag, refrain from talking, and remain respectful until the end of the anthem. • No swearing or offensive language will be tolerated. • Obscene gestures are unacceptable. • The throwing of object (even toilet paper) at any person in attendance or onto the playing surface is unacceptable. • Be concerned with anyone who is injured. • Work together with cheerleaders for positive cheers and avoid obscene, degrading or elitist cheers. • Do not rush the playing surface when the game is over. • After the game, do not tease or belittle the opponent or officials, regardless of your emotions. What the School Wants Most?? The school wants a large student and community turnout for the sporting events; exemplary sportsmanship from players and fans; and pride in its teams and supporters. Quotes to remember: “When in doubt----Be a good sport and always remember to Respect the Game.” “One person practicing good sportsmanship is far better than fifty others preaching it.” 12 Coaches: Suggested Guidelines for Behavior From Coaches: • Make sports fun. • Always exemplify professional behavior and leadership with strong ethical standards. • Be aware of your responsibilities to the school, community, parents, athletes, and the coaching profession you represent. • Set a good example for players and spectators to follow. • Respect officials’ integrity and judgments. • Help players develop positive self-images. • Abide by the rules of the game in letter and in spirit. • Encourage players to participate in a variety of athletic activities. 13 Student-Athlete: Suggested Guidelines for Behavior From the Student-Athlete Student-athletes who are good sports are positive role models within the school and the community. A good sport knows that athletic competitions build character and shape lifetime attitudes. Athletes, in turn, experience additional educational leadership benefits that come from participation in sports. As an athlete at school, sportsmanship goals should include: • Developing a sense of dignity under all circumstances • Respecting the rules of the games, the officials who administer the rules, and their decisions • Respecting opponents as fellow students; and acknowledging them for striving to do their best while you seek to do your best at the same time • Refraining from disrespectful behavior, specifically taunting, trash talking, and other forms of intimidation • Looking at athletic participation as a learning experience whether you win or lose. The display of good sportsmanship by athletes reminds others that in the end “sports are meant to be fun.” “Good Sports----Good Citizens” 14 Cheerleaders: Suggested Guidelines for Behavior From Cheerleaders: The role of cheerleader for any athletic team is an important one. The support provided can help shape the atmosphere of any contest. As a student-leader, the benefits of athletic involvement are the same for cheerleaders as for those participating on the playing surface. Integrity, fairness, and respect are lifetime values, and the basis for good sportsmanship. As a cheerleader, sportsmanship goals should include: • Realizing that athletics are part of the educational experience and that the benefits of involvement go beyond the final score of a game • Leading spectators in positive cheers that encourage our athletes while discouraging any cheers that would redirect that focus— including those that taunt and intimidate opponents, their fans and officials • Respecting cheerleaders and athletes from opposing schools as fellow students, and acknowledging them for striving to do their best • Developing a sense of dignity under all circumstances • Behaving in a manner that is representative of your school and family When to cheer: • As your team comes onto the floor or field • When the team or a player makes a good play • As encouragement and tribute to an injured player • As encouragement to your own team in a drive for a score • As encouragement to your own team in defense of a score When not to cheer: • When an opposing player makes a mistake • When an opposing player is awarded a free throw and is in the act of shooting • When the opposing cheerleaders are performing on the floor/field • When an opposing player is injured • When important announcements are being made over the public address system 15 Student Body: Suggested Guidelines for Behavior From the student body: During the school year, everyone wants students to be involved in the events in which they show interest and enjoy. Students are encouraged to exhibit exemplary behavior on these occasions and to show pride and school spirit. These activities will present opportunities for students to grow academically and socially. Students will be expected to dress appropriately at all athletic events. Shirts and shoes are required. Students will refrain from making gestures that are uninviting to the visiting team and fans. Newspapers or any other items or gestures used to show disrespect while the opposing team is introduced will not be allowed. 16 Band: Suggested Guidelines for Behavior From the Band: Members of marching bands set the tone for other members of the student body. Their work ethic, dedication, and leadership stand out in the educational setting as well as during their performances. They practice many hours per week to prepare a program to present at the athletic events and during weekend band competitions. Band members should conduct themselves in an exemplary manner at all times whether they are wearing the school uniform or street clothes. They represent their school band with pride and dignity, as an athlete represents the school athletic team. 17 Spectator: Suggested Guidelines for Behavior From the Spectator: As an educational institution, the school is committed to teaching young people to set goals, to strive for excellence, and to properly handle whatever adversity they encounter along the way. Spectators can help the school reach these goals by being supportive in victory and defeat. The greatest challenge to good sportsmanship is adversity. When things are not going well, the easy response is to shift the blame-- particular, to shift it away from ourselves to our opponents, or, more often, to blame the officials or the coach. When this is done, the focus is always from the positive, “to play harder or better,” to the negative, “how can we possibly overcome the bad calls or bad coaching.” It is essential that our athletes maintain a positive approach to handling adversity. Everyone needs the support of the parent-body as role models, if this is to be accomplished. When parents loudly criticize officials, opposing players, and sometimes their own coaches, this abusive behavior is counter-productive to what sports are intended to teach. This behavior creates a very uncomfortable environment for the fans and can be an embarrassment to the school and the young people on the playing field. As a school we have a contract with the officials association to supply game officials during the regular season, and we hire coaches who are deemed competent by our coaching staff and administration. Officials and coaches are not perfect. The official’s interpretation of the action occurring on the field may be different from yours. A coach’s decision on who plays and what play to call may also differ from a spectator’s view. Spectators/parents should strive to pay less attention to the performance of the officials and coaches and more attention to the skills of the young athletes. Spectators should: • Cheer enthusiastically for their team. Also, show interest in the contest by applauding the good play or performances of both teams. • Remember that school athletics are learning experiences for students and that mistakes are sometimes made. • Understand that a ticket is a privilege to observe the contest, not a license to verbally attack others or be generally obnoxious. • Refrain from booing, stamping the bleachers, or making disrespectful remarks toward players, officials, or coaches. • Obey officials, school administration, and other faculty supervisors who are responsible for keeping order. • Avoid conflict at the gate by purchasing a ticket for the event rather than attempting to use an unacceptable pass. • Use noisemakers outdoors but know they are not appropriate for indoor events. • Respect public property by not walking in seats or standing on bleachers that are intended for seating. • Know that school officials reserve the right to refuse attendance to anyone whose conduct is not proper or who may have used or be in possession of a controlled substance. • Resist throwing items onto the playing field. • Show respect for coaches, officials, cheerleaders, school officials, and the student athletes. 18 Media: Suggested Guidelines for Behavior From the Media: As members of any media, reporters have a role to play in promoting good sportsmanship at the school level. • Promoting the ideas and fundamentals of good sportsmanship, which include acknowledging that disrespectful behavior, such as taunting, trash talk, and intimidation, has no place in school athletics • Reporting acts of sportsmanlike behavior without giving undue publicity to unsportsmanlike conduct • Refraining from making negative comments towards participants, coaches, or officials • Reporting facts without demonstrating partiality to either team 19 Parents: Suggested Guidelines for Behavior From Parents: Parents are asked for their support in the effort to promote good sportsmanship by emphasizing to their son or daughter what is expected of them as a competitor or spectator at an athletic event. Athletic events are an extension of the school day, and we should expect the same respectful behavior exhibited in the athletic arena as we do in the classroom or in our homes. Parents should regularly discuss sportsmanship, ethics and integrity in all areas of life with children at the earliest possible age. With all the attention in this world given to poor behavior, it is essential that good sportsmanship be applauded at all times. Children from an early age are bombarded daily with the concept—that winning is considered everything. Parents should help them to realize that winning as a goal is failure-oriented, because at least half of the participants will not achieve it. Success is the development of a skill. To learn skills and to continue to improve those skills will enhance one’s self-concept. Winning is an added bonus. Winning is for a day, good sportsmanship is for a lifetime.” 20 Announcer: Suggested Guidelines for Behavior The Public Address Announcer’s role: The announcer is a key figure and carries a great responsibility. What is said and the way it is said will influence the crowd. Announcers may find it necessary to make special announcements in case of emergencies. The announcer should: • Be impartial. Announce the contest with no show of favoritism. • Use proper language at all times. • Be enthusiastic but calm. • Never anticipate or second-guess calls made by the officials. • Be aware of the entire playing area in order to give calm directives in the event of an emergency. • Be in charge of the microphone at all times. • Make only approved announcements requested by the school officials. 21 Pre-game announcements: A. Good evening. Lakewood High School welcomes the (name of opposing school and mascot) and you to the Lakewood stadium (gym, field, pool, etc.) One of the goals of interscholastic athletics is learning lifetime values outside the classroom setting. Sportsmanship is one such value that makes high school competition an educational experience. Remember, Sport a Winning Attitude! Now let’s meet the starting lineups! Mini-announcement-make several times per event Please be reminded that smoking or use of tobacco products is prohibited at this facility and all other Lakewood City School facilities. B. We are pleased to welcome the (name of school and mascot ex. John Battle Trojans) and you the supporters to the game tonight between Lakewood High and ___________________. Please be reminded that good sportsmanship is one of the primary goals of interscholastic athletic programs. Our student-athletes recognize that judgment calls are made in good faith and that they must abide by the decisions of the officials. Spectators can support these sports programs by refraining from derogatory remarks or cheers. We hope that you will enjoy the game and that you will support all the participants in a positive sportsmanlike manner. Now let’s meet the starting lineup. C. Good evening. Lakewood High welcomes (name of school) and you to (name of arena) for tonight’s game. The number one reason students play high school sports is to have fun. Good Sports Are Winners!!!—Because it is not only HOW you play the game, but THAT you play the game. And now, let’s meet the starting lineups….. (If it is a basketball game, please ask the fans from both schools to please refrain from booing or yelling when a free throw is being attempted). After the lineups are introduced, introduce the coaches and officials. The officials for tonight’s game are: name them. These officials are enrolled by the LCSD. Their experience and integrity qualify them to administer the rules of the game. Good luck, athletes. National Anthem Introduction: At this time, we ask that you stand, and gentlemen, please remove your caps, as we pay honor to America with the singing/playing of our National Anthem. Announcements during breaks: 1. The LCSD encourages you to support your high school athletic teams throughout the school year by being a good sport! 2. Admission to an interscholastic event is a privilege, and with it comes responsibility— responsibility to conduct oneself in a manner whereby the game is enjoyable for other fans and participants. Lakewood High School reminds you to sport a winning attitude!! –on the arena floor and in the stands. 3. The LCSD thank you for your support of their educational and sports programs! 4. Responsible role models are those who practice good sportsmanship every day. You can be a player, coach, administrator, spectator, or parent and be a role model for all. 22 Dear Student-Athlete, Student-athletes who are good sports are positive role models within Lakewood High School/Garfield and Harding Middle School and the city of Lakewood, Ohio. A good sport knows that athletic competition builds character and shapes lifetime attitudes. You, in turn, will experience additional educational and leadership benefits that come from participation in sports. Integrity, fairness and respect are inherent principles of good sportsmanship. With them, the spirit of competition thrives, fueled by honest rivalry, courteous relations and graceful acceptance of the results. As an athlete at LHS/HMS/GMS, your sportsmanship goals should include: • Developing a sense of dignity under all circumstances • Respecting the rules of the games, the officials who administer the rules and their decisions • Respecting opponents as fellow students and acknowledging them for striving to do their best while you seek your best at the same time • Looking at athletic participation as a potentially beneficial learning experience regardless of the results • Educating other students and fans to understand the rules of the game and the value of sportsmanship These are the expectations that give us a roadmap to follow toward a more productive atmosphere for interscholastic athletics. You are the spokesperson for LCSD when you represent us in athletic competition. Your actions are viewed by family and friends, opposing fans, the local community and the media. Your display of good sportsmanship will show the most positive things about you and our school and will hopefully, remind us all that in the end, sports are meant to be fun. Good luck and good health for a rewarding season of play. LCSD Administration 23 Dear Parents, The role of the parent in the education of a youngster is important. The support shown in the home is often manifested in the ability of the student to accept the opportunities presented at school, in the classroom and through school activities. There is a value system—established in the home, nurtured in the school—that young people are developing. Their involvement in classroom and other activities contributes to that development. Integrity, fairness and respect are lifetime values taught through athletics, and these are the principles of good sportsmanship. With them, the spirit of competition thrives, fueled by honest rivalry, courteous relations and graceful acceptance of the results. As a parent of a student at our school, we ask that your sportsmanship goals include: • Realize that athletics are part of the total educational experience and the benefits of involvement go far beyond the final score of the game • Encouraging our students to perform their best, just as we would urge them on with their class work, knowing that others will always turn in better or lesser performances • Participating in positive cheers that encourage our students and discourage any cheers that would redirect that focus • Learning, understanding and respecting the rules of the game, the officials who administer them and their decisions • Respecting the task our coaches face as teachers and supporting them as they strive to educate and coach our youth • Respecting the opponents as students (someone’s son or daughter) and acknowledging them for striving to do their best You can have a major influence on your child’s attitude about academics, athletics and sportsmanship. The leadership role you take in sportsmanship will help influence your child and our community for years to come. Thank you for your support of LCSD programs. LCSD Administration 24 Lakewood High School Sportsmanship Activities 1. LHS joining the 24/7 RGRY program online 2. RGRY T-shirt exchange at sporting events 3. LHS SEI Committee meetings 4. LHS morning announcements regarding good sportsmanship 5. Alert Now messages to the community regarding sportsmanship events 6. League SEI meetings hosted at LHS or attended by our athletes 7. Hanging posters in support of RGRY program throughout the school 8. Mentor program between the LHS athletes GMS and HMS athletes 9. LHS athletes speaking at the lower schools about what is good sportsmanship. 10. Announcements at athletic events regarding good sportsmanship 11. Encouraging athletes to great visiting schools and be respectful “Welcome to Lakewoodd High School.” 12. LHS Cheerleaders create good sportsmanship cheers 13. Recognize a Sportsmanship day for the LCSD 14. Create a sportsmanship slogan for LCSD 15. Award students with sportsmanship awards at fall, winter and spring athletic awards programs. 16. All LHS athletes attend and assembly to view the NFHS Sportsmanship Course 17. Cheerleaders decorate the opposing team’s locker room with good luck posters and RGRY posters 18. Present fans with good sportsmanship certificates at athletic events. 19. Invite rival school athletes to the school for lunch 20. Create a video public service announcement regarding sportsmanship for the community 21. Conduct a sportsmanship poster contest for elementary school students and honor winners at a high school event. 22. Apply for the OHSAA Harold A. Meyer Award at the end of each school year. 25 Garfield and Harding Middle School Sportsmanship Activities 1. GMS/HMS joining the 24/7 RGRY program online 2. RGRY T-shirt exchange at sporting events 3. GMS/HMS SEI Committee meetings 4. GMS/HMS morning announcements regarding good sportsmanship 5. Alert Now messages to the community regarding sportsmanship events 6. Hanging posters in support of RGRY program throughout the school 7. GMS/HMS school athletes being mentored by LHS athletes 8. GMS/HMS athletes speaking at the lower schools about what is good sportsmanship. 9. Announcements at athletic events regarding good sportsmanship 10. Encouraging athletes to great visiting schools and be respectful “Welcome t0o Garfield and Harding Middle School.” 11. GMS/HMS Cheerleaders create good sportsmanship cheers 12. Recognize a Sportsmanship day for the LCSD 13. Create a sportsmanship slogan for LCSD 14. Award students with sportsmanship awards at fall, winter and spring athletic awards programs. 15. All GMS/HMS athletes attend and assembly to view the NFHS Sportsmanship Course 16. Cheerleaders decorate the opposing team’s locker room with good luck posters and RGRY posters 17. Present fans with good sportsmanship certificates at athletic events. 18. Invite rival school athletes to the school for lunch 19. Apply for the OHSAA Harold A. Meyer Award at the end of each school year. 26
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