Bijdrage Dirk van Damme
Onderzoek, onderwijs en
innovatie: de drie-eenheid
van het hoger onderwijs
Dirk Van Damme
Head of the Centre for Educational
Research and Innovation - OECD
Vragen
Stimuleert het HO ook zijn
eigen innovatie?
Onderzoek
In welke mate ontwikkelt
het HO de competenties
voor employability, sociale
participatie en innovatie?
Hoger
onderwijs
Onderwijs
Welke rol speelt het HO in
de creatie van nieuwe
kennis?
In welke mate draagt het
HO bij tot innovatie?
Innovatie
2
Basisstelling
• Het Nederlandse HO doet het qua
onderzoek, innovatie en onderwijs vrij
goed, maar er is ruimte voor verbetering,
ook gezien de groei in andere landen, en
sommige zaken dienen echt aangepakt
om een duurzame kwaliteit te garanderen
in de toekomst.
3
1.
ONDERZOEK
4
Researchers, per thousand
employment
R&D Volumes in 2000 USD - constant
prices and PPP
1 Billion
16,0
FIN
BRIICS
North America
EU27
10 Billion
14,0
ISL
DNK
100 Billion
12,0
JPN
NOR
NZL
SWE
USA
10,0
KOR
PRT
CAN
GBR
8,0
EST
ESP
SVK
6,0
IRL
FRA
BEL
SVN
AUT
AUS
DEU
LUX
RUS
HUN
GRC
ITA
POL
4,0
CHE
NLD
CZE
TUR
2,0
MEX
ZAF
CHN
CHL
0,0
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
Gross domestic expenditures on
R&D as a percentage of GDP
5
4,0
6
0,0
Luxembourg (2001-08)
Russian Federation
Mexico (1998-2007)
Slovak Republic
China (1998-2007)
Argentina (1998-2007)
Romania
South Africa (2001-07)
Poland
Slovenia
Hungary
Czech Republic
Greece (1999-2007)
Turkey
United States
Spain
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
2008
New Zealand (1999-2007)
Korea
Italy
Ireland
OECD
France
Belgium
EU27
Germany
Japan (1998-2007)
United Kingdom
Portugal
Norway (1999-2008)
Netherlands
Australia (1998-2006)
Singapore
Israel
Austria
Canada
Finland
Iceland
Denmark
Switzerland
Sweden (1999-2008)
1998
%
Higher education expenditure on R&D as % of GDP
Regionale kennisclusters
Share of region in
country's
biotechnology patents
100
(log scale) %
Hovedstaden (DK)
West-Nederland (NL)
Ontario (CA)
Ile de France (FR)
Bayern (DE)
Capital Region (KR)
Southern-Kanto (JP)
Zuid-Nederland (NL)
California
(US)
Chungcheong
Region
Tokai (JP)
(KR)
Rhône-Alpes (FR)
Baden-Wuerttemberg
Nordrhein-Westfalen
(DE)
(DE)
Massachusetts (US)
Hessen (DE)
10
Maryland (US)
New Jersey (US)
Pennsylvania (US)
North Carolina (US)
Washington (US)
Illinois (US)
1
Michigan (US)
New York (US)
Texas (US)
Minnesota (US)
0
0
1
10
100
Share of region in country's nanotechnology patents (log scale) %
7
Wetenschappelijke publicaties en co-authoring 1998-2008
1998
2008
Sweden
Poland
Belgium
Sweden
Poland
France
Belgium
Russian Federation
Italy
Italy
Netherlands
Netherlands
Switzerland
Switzerland
Germany
Japan
France
Russian
Federation.
Germany
Spain
Spain
Japan
Korea
Korea
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
United States
United States
Canada
China
Canada
China
Australia
Australia
Brazil
Brazil
India
India
8
Luxembourg
Slovak Republic
Iceland
Mexico
Hungary
Czech Republic
Portugal
New Zealand
Greece
Ireland
Turkey
Poland
Russian Federation
International co-authorship
Norway
Brazil
Finland
India
Austria
Korea
Denmark
Belgium
Sweden
Single author
Spain
Switzerland
Australia
Japan
48.8
Netherlands
%
Italy
China
Canada
France
Germany
United Kingdom
United States
Internationale onderzoekssamenwerking
Highly cited (top 1%) scientific articles by type of collaboration, 2006-08
Domestic co-authorship
20,00
18,00
16,00
14,00
12,00
10,00
8,00
6,00
4,00
2,00
0,00
9
10
Internationale co-authoring toppublicaties
Country 1-10
Belgium
Sweden
Austria
Switzerland
Denmark
Finland
France
Italy
Brazil
Netherlands
Index
3.48
3.41
3.39
3.24
3.10
3.02
2.67
2.66
2.46
2.15
Country 11-20
Canada
Spain
Australia
Germany
United Kingdom
Korea
Japan
China
India
United States
Index
2.05
2.01
2.00
1.95
1.80
1.19
1.10
0.82
0.64
0.58
11
Science & Engineering doctorates
As percentage of all doctorate degrees
%
70
36 37
34 38 33 38 38 33 45 35 35 45 34 32 30 31 46 37 37 34 15 33 39
36 34 64 29 19 41
41
38 49 38 33
60
Science
Engineering
50
40
30
20
10
0
12
2.
INNOVATIE
13
European Innovation Scoreboard
14
European Innovation Scoreboard
15
European Innovation Scoreboard
16
3.
ONDERWIJS
17
45
Canada
United States
New Zealand
Estonia
Finland
Australia
Norway
Sweden
Netherlands
Switzerland
United Kingdom
Denmark
Japan
Germany
Iceland
Belgium
OECD average
Luxembourg
EU19 average
Ireland
France
Spain
Hungary
Slovenia
Greece
Austria
Poland
Korea
Slovak Republic
Czech Republic
Italy
Mexico
Chile
Brazil
Turkey
Portugal
Growth in university-level qualifications
Percentage of the population that has attained tertiary-type A education in the age groups 25-34 years,
35-44 years, 45-54 years and 55-64 years
2000's
1990's
1980's
1970's
50
%
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Korea
Canada
Japan
Russian Federation1
Ireland
Norway
New Zealand
Luxembourg
United Kingdom
Australia
Denmark
France
Israel
Belgium
Sweden
United States
Netherlands
Switzerland
Finland
Spain
OECD average
Estonia
G20 average
Iceland
Poland
Chile
Slovenia
Greece
Germany
Hungary
Portugal
Austria
Slovak Republic
Czech Republic
Mexico
Italy
Turkey
Brazil
Educational attainment
Percentage of population that has attained tertiary education, by age group (2009)
%
70
60
55-64 year-olds
25-34 year-olds
50
40
30
20
10
0
19
Proportion of population with tertiary education and potential growth (2009)
20
Percentage of 25-64 year-olds in employment, by level of education (2009)
Tertiary education
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
Norway
Switzerland
Slovenia
Iceland
Sweden
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Austria
Germany
Brazil
Poland
Luxembourg
United Kingdom
Finland
Czech Republic
Australia
Belgium
New Zealand
OECD average
France
Slovak Republic
Estonia
Israel
Greece
Ireland
Canada
Mexico
Spain
United States
Japan
Italy
Hungary
Chile
Korea
Turkey
%
Upper secondary and post-secondary nontertiary
Countries are ranked in descending order of the employment rate for individuals with tertiary education.
Source: OECD. Table A7.3a. See Annex 3 for notes (www.oecd.org/edu/eag2011).
21
Tertiary graduates in science-related fields among 25-34 yearolds in employment, by gender (2009)
Number of graduates per
100.000 employed
5.000
4.500
Total
Men
Women
4.000
3.500
3.000
2.500
2.000
1.500
1.000
500
0
Note: Science-related fields include life sciences; physical sciences, mathematics and statistics, computing;
engineering and engineering trades, manufacturing and processing, architecture and building.
1. Year of reference 2008 for the number of graduates.
Countries are ranked in descending order of the percentage of tertiary science-related graduates in tertiary-type A
22
Shanghai-China
Korea
Finland
Hong Kong-China
Canada
Singapore
Estonia
Japan
Australia
Netherlands
New Zealand
Macao-China
Norway
Poland
Denmark
Chinese Taipei
Liechtenstein
Switzerland
Iceland
Ireland
Sweden
Hungary
Latvia
United States
Portugal
Belgium
United Kingdom
Germany
Spain
France
Italy
Slovenia
Greece
Slovak Republic
Croatia
Czech Republic
Lithuania
Turkey
Luxembourg
Israel
Russian Federation
Austria
Chile
Dubai (UAE)
Serbia
Mexico
Romania
Bulgaria
Uruguay
Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Colombia
Jordan
Montenegro
Brazil
Tunisia
Argentina
Indonesia
Albania
Kazakhstan
Qatar
Peru
Panama
Azerbaijan
Kyrgyzstan
PISA Reading score 2009
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
23
PISA science score and research intensity
24
Trends in PISA
Mean score in
reading 2009
Number of years
for which PISA
results are
available
Reading
Mathematics
Science
Korea
539
9
1.6
0.7
5.3
Finland
536
9
-1.2
-0.6
-3.1
Hong Kong-China
533
8
1.0
0.7
2.3
Canada
524
9
-1.1
-0.9
-1.9
New Zealand
521
9
-0.9
-0.7
0.5
Japan
520
9
-0.3
-0.9
2.7
Australia
515
9
-1.5
-1.7
0.1
Netherlands
508
6
-0.8
-2.0
-0.9
Belgium
506
9
-0.1
-2.3
-1.3
Norway
503
9
-0.2
0.5
4.4
Estonia
501
3
0.1
-0.8
-1.2
Switzerland
501
9
0.7
1.2
1.7
Poland
500
9
2.4
0.8
3.4
Iceland
500
9
-0.7
-1.4
1.6
United States
500
9
-0.5
0.8
4.4
25
Science score and interest in science in PISA
Interest in Science Topics
640
620
HIGH SCORE
HIGH INTEREST
LOW SCORE
HIGH INTEREST
IDN
MEX
600
BRA
CHL
580
PRT
560
GRC
540
TUR
ESP
RUS
ITA
520
ISR
500
480
460
440
FRA
SVK
LOW SCORE
LOW INTEREST
380
400
420
440
460
HUN
AUT
LUX
HKG
MAC
DEU
SVN JPN
EST
POL BEL CHE
CZE
KOR
IRL
USA
CAN
NOR
GBR AUS
ISL
NZL
DNK
SWE
NLD
480
500
520
540
FIN
560
HIGH SCORE
LOW INTEREST
580
600
620
PISA 2006 Science Score
26
4.
TOTAALBEELD
27
University of Twente
Erasmus University Rotterdam
University of Amsterdam
Utrecht University
Wageningen University
VU University Amsterdam
Leiden University
NL universiteiten in THEWUR ranking
Europe – total score
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
28
5.
EN INNOVATIE IN HET HO
ZELF?
29
Indicators of Innovation in education
Proportion of professionals in the education sector
working in a very highly or highly innovative organisation
80
Knowledge or method
70
60
50
50
40
50
51
53
55
59
60
61
61
62
63
64
64
43
36
30
20
10
0
Source: OECD, based on REFLEX (2005) and HEGESCO (2008)
66
67
68
71
72
Innovation in Education is Mainly about Knowledge and
Methods
Percentage of graduates working in the education sector perceiving
innovation intensity in their organisation as very high or high in 2005
80%
70%
59%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Knowledge or method innovation
Product or service innovation
Technology, tools or instruments innovation
Source: REFLEX (2005) and HEGESCO (2008)
Year 2008 instead of 2005 for Slovenia, Turkey, Lithuania, Poland and Hungary
31
Educational Research and Development
Science-driven innovation in education
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Public budget for education research per student (2008)
(2000 Dollars - Constant Prices and PPPs)
35,0
27,0
23,7
17,8
13,0
10,7 10,4
8,5 7,8
7,1 6,6
6,2
5,1
3,4 3,3 2,9 2,9 2,8 2,8 2,7
2,4 2,4 2,3 2,1 2,1
0,4
Dank voor uw
aandacht !
[email protected]
www.oecd.org/edu/ceri
33