Accepted Book Proposal – Springer
GREENING IN THE RED ZONE
Disaster, Resilience, and Community Greening
23 November 2009
Edited by Keith G. Tidball and Marianne E. Krasny
Rationale and scope
Access to green space and the act of creating green spaces is well understood to
promote human health, especially in therapeutic contexts among individuals
suffering traumatic events. Less well understood, though currently being studied,
is the role of access to green space and the act of creating and caring for it in
promoting neighborhood health and well being as related to social-ecological
system resilience. An important implication of this work lies in specific instances
of greening and the presence of greened spaces in promoting and enhancing
recovery, and perhaps resilience, in social-ecological systems disrupted or
perturbed by violent conflict or other catastrophic disaster. This edited volume
will provide illustration and interpretation of these phenomena through a series of
cases or examples of “Greening in the Red Zone,” which will explore how access
to green space and the act of creating green spaces in extreme situations might
contribute to resistance, recovery, and resilience of social-ecological systems.
Approximate length: 275 pages (18 5000 word chapters + foreword, introduction,
and index)
Keith G. Tidball is Associate Director of the Initiative for Civic Ecology in
Cornell University’s College of Agriculture and Life Sciences and an Extension
Associate in the Department of Natural Resources at Cornell University. He has
experienced the nexus of natural resources management and post-conflict and
post-disaster contexts as a soldier, as a Foreign Service officer, and as an
academic. His current research is focused on the role of community based
natural resource management in “Stability, Security, Transition and
Reconstruction” (SSTR) contexts, within a resilience framework.
Email: [email protected]
Marianne Krasny is Professor and Chair in the Department of Natural
Resources at Cornell University, specializing in environmental, science, and
sustainability education in urban and other settings in the US and internationally.
She has worked on various approaches to environmental education including
incorporating traditional knowledge, participatory action research, social learning,
and socio-ecosystem resilience. Dr Krasny provides leadership for a diverse
group of graduate and undergraduate students, all of whom integrate research
and practice to address the following question: How can we create experiences
for youth and adults that lead to science learning, environmental and cultural
Accepted Book Proposal – Springer
understanding, healthier ecosystems, and more vital democratic communities?
As leader for the Cornell Initiative for Civic Ecology, Dr Krasny’s research and
outreach focuses on asset-based approaches to environmental education and
community development, particularly in urban areas. This work explores the
human, community, and environmental impacts of civic ecology practices in
which youth and adults together engage in activities aimed at enhancing local
environments and communities, such as wetland restoration, community
gardening, community forestry, and biodiversity monitoring. and Europe.
Email: [email protected]
Accepted Book Proposal – Springer
Foreword: Lance Gunderson confirmed
Introduction: Why a book about greening in conflict and disaster zones?
(Keith G. Tidball & Marianne E. Krasny)
As Masten and Obradovic (2008) tell us, “It is often argued that “all disasters are
local,” at least in the short term. In the same sense, it could be said that all
human resilience is local, emerging from the actions of individuals and small
groups of people, in relation to each other and powered by the adaptive systems
of human life and development.” This notion is of particular relevance in areas
that are densely populated, where both catastrophes and recovery from them are
most complex.
Fredrickson et al (2003) hypothesize that A) resilient people are buffered from
depression by positive emotions and B) resilient people thrive through emotions.
In a study entitled “What Good are Positive Emotions in Crisis? A Prospective
Study of Resilience and Emotions Following the Terrorist Attacks on the United
States on September 11th, 2001,” they conclude that A) positive emotions do not
disappear in times of acute and chronic stress...they are present and functional
during crisis, and B) that “efforts to cultivate and nurture positive emotions in the
aftermath of crisis pay off both in the short-term, by improving subjective
experiences, undoing physiological arousal, and enhancing broad-minded
coping, and in the long-term, by minimizing depression and building enduring
resources, the hallmark of thriving.” They suggest that “finding positive meaning
may be the most powerful leverage point for cultivating positive emotions during
times of crisis.”
The word “cultivation” in the last sentence above has both metaphoric and
material meaning, and its nod towards the notions of Biophilia1and Topophilia2,
among others, is appropriate. “Cultivation” has it roots in the transitive verb
“cultivate” which is defined3:
a. To improve and prepare (land), as by plowing or fertilizing, for
raising crops; till.
b. To loosen or dig soil around (growing plants).
2. To grow or tend (a plant or crop).
3. To promote the growth of (a biological culture).
4. To nurture; foster. See Synonyms at nurture.
5. To form and refine, as by education.
1
E. O. Wilson, 1984. Biophilia. Harvard University Press.
Y. Tuan, 1974. Topophilia: a study of environmental perception, attitudes, and values. Prentice-Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ
2
3
http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/cultivate;_ylt=Al3kDE0jJEFvFFovLHdfB2CsgMMF
Accepted Book Proposal – Springer
6. To seek the acquaintance or goodwill of; make friends with.
It is interesting, following this logic, to contemplate the literature on positive
emotions and greening, or more broadly, nature. In a study of positive emotions
in residential environments in post-war settlements in Germany, Graff (2006)
found a strong collective positive response to greenery, confirming yet again the
work of pioneers Ulrich, Kaplan and others. Similarly, and intriguingly,
evolutionary psychologist Haviland-Jones and others hypothesize that:
“cultivated flowers fit into an emotional niche - their sensory properties
elicit human positive emotions. The flowering plants are thereby rewarding
to humans and in return, the cultivated flowers receive propagation that
only humans can provide. Demonstration of such a phenomenon fills
several gaps in the literature. It supports the basic significance of emotion
for survival. As a corollary it supports the adaptive function of positive as
well as negative emotion. Finally it opens an area of investigation into the
psychological relationships between humans and other species through
their sensory properties that have been relatively neglected.”
Finally, still another study (Lohr & Pearson-Mims, 2006) tells us that people
report:
“more positive emotions, such as friendliness, and fewer negative
emotions, such as sadness, when looking at urban scenes with trees than
when looking at the same scenes containing inanimate objects. In some
cases, the positive emotions reported were magnified when viewing [a]
spreading tree. Scenes with inanimate objects were rated the least
attractive, while those with the spreading trees were rated the most
attractive. People tended to be more relaxed when looking at scenes with
trees than those with inanimate objects, and the response was
accentuated with the spreading tree form.”
These provocative studies provide an interesting context and “jumping-off” point
for investigating the role of community greeners (the people), community
greening (the practice) and community green space (the places) in building and
demonstrating resilience in the face of catastrophic surprise and change. This
book will explore how people and their relationship with and positive dependence
upon nature, i.e., their expressions of Biophilia, might enhance individual and
community resilience, and perhaps even contribute to social-ecological system
resilience, in chaotic post-disaster or post-conflict contexts.
In so doing we hope to take very initial steps to address gaps in the resilience
literature dealing with the surprisingly few resilience studies focused on cultural
systems (Wright and Masten 2005) as well as the striking absence of “work that
embeds human development in ecosystems that include interactions among
species and nonhuman systems” and integrates the theory and science of
individual human resilience in development with broader ecological systems
Accepted Book Proposal – Springer
theory and research exemplified by resilience scholarship (Masten and
Obradovic 2008).
This book is not intended to be “the answer” or the proverbial “silver bullet” for
post-conflict and post-disaster situations, nor for advocates of urban community
forestry and greening. We don’t intend to communicate that community greening
is the “panacea.” However, we have increasingly heard from post conflict
planners in military and development assistance agencies, in urban community
development contexts, and among post-disaster first responders that there is
something important about the role humans’ relationship with nature plays in
survival situations, when the threat of loss of life, of home and hearth is real and
looms large, or after disaster strikes when one is trying to put the pieces back
together again.
Imagine, what would it be like if a program or approach existed that one could
implement in urban post-conflict or post-disaster scenarios that simultaneously
restored individual and community morale, engaged survivors in collaborative
asset based community planning and development, put people on the path to
food security or provisioned ecosystem services, and restored the socialecological balance in symbolic and real ways, all while creating positive feedback
loops that trend towards desirable resilient states? Impossible one might say.
Yet there are examples of urban community greening doing exactly this and
more. In New York City and New Delhi, in Baton Rouge or in Bosnia, the power
of people acting together to restore their homes and neighborhoods with
something alive, something green, has had seemingly transformative effects.
Here we bring together authors from a breadth of disciplines and
experiential backgrounds to present and interpret iterations of “Greening in the
Red Zone” and to explore the edges of the field, figuratively and otherwise. We
include chapters focused on new approaches to thinking about the environment,
security, and resilience as well as chapters describing a series of case studies
that illustrate the potential of greening to increase or enhance individual,
community, and social-ecological system resilience . We conclude with a
synthesis chapter that projects how “greening in the redzone” may be employed
in future post-conflict and post-catastrophe scenarios at various scales, including
caveats and areas for further study.
SECTION ONE- Chapters 1-11 introduce and lay out some key arguments,
theoretical and empirical, for valuing greening in the red zone. These chapters
accomplish this by describing the benefits of greening in contexts characterized
by significant human concentrations and activity, while depicting increasingly
intense versions of the “red zone,” culminating with actual combat environments.
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1. The Re-greening of the Grey-Sandra Dark (confirmed)
Most people take the urban forest for granted, never realizing that trees are an
integral part of the fabric of our lives and environment--until disaster lays them
low. Along with that social blind spot is a too-common fundamental ignorance of
the basic needs of trees--an educational shortcoming that can have a direct
bearing on the severity of damage that a disaster inflicts on a community's living
canopy. The complex integration of trees, people, and urban structures demands
at least a passing knowledge of basic arboriculture practices that include proper
watering and pruning procedures; mitigation techniques for a broad spectrum of
natural and man-made stressors ranging from ice to wind to wildfire to
diseases/pests to root restrictions; and a keen awareness and understanding of
influential microclimates in the landscape. Another crucial educational
consideration dealt with in this chapter involves the need to wisely select
replacement tree species that are most tolerant of the extreme conditions that
resulted in the deaths of their predecessors. Major natural disasters that cause
extensive tree damage and destruction provide opportunities to teach
populations to be tree-wise, thus serving two key purposes: to promote good
arboriculture practices that strengthen the immune system of an individual or
group's interactive part of the greater urban forest--and to enhance the inherent
resilience of both the urban forest and its human/emotional component.
2. “Urgent Biophilia and Resilience” – Tidball (confirmed)
Researchers in the field of systemic therapies have theorized alternative
approaches to therapy, conducted in creative ways in nature, that address the
environment not merely as a setting but as a partner in the process4. Others
have argued for the role of nearby nature, green space, and the value of nature
in promoting attention restoration to address a host of individual ills associated
with trauma. These notions are consistent with Wilson’s Biophilia Hypothesis, in
which he suggests that biophilia describes "the connections that human beings
subconsciously seek with the rest of life.” He proposed the possibility that the
deep affiliations humans have with nature are rooted in our biology. More
recently, Richard Louv introduced the world to the term “Nature-deficit disorder”
among children, which refers to the alleged trend5 that children are spending less
time outdoors,6 resulting in a wide range of behavioral problems.7 However, the
possibility of nature deficit disorder existing more widely within social–ecological
systems has received relatively little attention. This is especially true when
focusing specifically on social-ecological systems perturbed by a disaster. This
4
Berger, R. & McLeod, J. 2006. Incorporating Nature into Therapy: A Framework for Practice. Journal of
Systemic Therapies, volume 25, issue 2.
5
For more children, less time for outdoor play: Busy schedules, less open space, more safety fears, and lure
of the Web keep kids inside by Marilyn Gardner, The Christian Science Monitor, June 29, 2006
6
U.S. children and teens spend more time on academics by Diane Swanbrow, The University Record
Online, The University of Michigan.
7
Are your kids really spending enough time outdoors? Getting up close with nature opens a child's eyes to
the wonders of the world, with a bounty of health benefits. by Tammie Burak, Canadian Living.
Accepted Book Proposal – Springer
chapter explores two questions. First, what are the implications for socialecological system resilience to disaster of heightened interest in and expression
of biophilia after a disaster strikes? Second, given the answer to the first
question, how can communities and policy-making institutions “learn” to
intentionally plan for the availability of opportunities for the expression of
biophilia, or the mitigation of nature-deficit disorder, as a manifestation of
individual, community, and social–ecological system resilience?
3. Greening as crisis response: A retrospection Chuck Geisler (confirmed)
Greening as a crisis response has precedents that go back to the Roman Empire
and afford room for needed reflection on the meaning of crisis as well as the
response of crisis from above (pacification) as well as below (resistance) over
time. Three long-term or “systemic” crises will be reviewed in this chapter: the
breakdown of overextended empires; government insolvency during war yielding
army recruitment/payment difficulties; and the specter of unsustainable
capitalism as prophesized by socialists, anarchists, and religious sects. The first
takes us to the late Roman dominion of European provinces pacified in part
through land grants and entitlements. This precedent (the land grants used to
enlist the military support) leads to the later use in the United Kingdom and the
United States of military land script or land in lieu of cash payment for service.
Such arrangements first populated armies and landscapes thereafter, giving
former tenants and/or landless members of various societies access to freehold
and citizenship. The third crisis is the looming dystopia described by antagonists
of capitalism, chiefly in England and Europe. Contemporary concepts of garden
cities, factories in the field, kibbutz settlements and (perhaps) Mormon enclaves
all have lineages going back to crisis scenarios of denatured industrial capitalism.
4. The American Victory Garden Program (Laura Lawson- confirmed)
Abstract forthcoming
5. The role of urban green in children's resilience: A cognitive perspective
Nancy Wells (confirmed)
A combination of literature review and theoretical integration -- attempting to
merge Attention Restoration Theory with youth resilience theory to examine how
nature might contribute to resilience by serving as a protective factor for youth.
Final abstract is forthcoming.
6. Children’s Engagement with the Natural World as a Ground for Healing
Louise Chawla (confirmed)
A growing body of research shows that nature is a restorative environment where
people are likely to experience reduced levels of stress, better concentration and
more positive emotions, and these benefits extend to young people of all ages,
from early childhood through adolescence. After reviewing this research, this
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chapter considers its implications for fostering resilience in children who have
survived conditions of conflict and disaster. It suggests that engagement with
nature through play, gardening, tree planting and other projects to restore the
earth can build children’s sense of competence, sense of self-worth, social
connection, and feeling of being part of a meaningful universe. Through
examples from different parts of the world, it illustrates how these principles can
be applied in projects dedicated to children’s healing and community
development.
7. Sowing Seeds of Resilience Through Community Gardening – Heather
Okvat & Alex Zautra (confirmed)
Even under extreme stress, some people are resilient—they can regulate and
recover from negative events, thoughts, and feelings, and sustain positive
emotions, cognitive clarity, and a sense of purpose in life. This begs the question
of how to bolster such resilience responses in a post-disaster context. Human
contact with green space has been associated with cognitive clarity and
enhanced mood. We review the research literature on the cognitive, affective,
physiological, and social effects of contact with green space and what this means
for resilience under stress. In particular, we focus on the potential of community
gardening—a type of greening that involves a group of people cultivating a piece
of land together to grow vegetables, fruits, herbs, or other plants—to enhance the
resilience of individuals, communities, and the natural environment in a postdisaster context.
8. Greening of Correctional Facilities: Therapeutic Landscapes for the
Incarcerated (Amy L. Lindemuth-Confirmed)
Landscape architects have investigated the potential health benefits of access to
nature and intentionally designed therapeutic landscapes for many years. Yet,
the application of therapeutic landscapes and restorative environments has been
primarily explored within the contexts of medical facilities, such as hospice and
trauma units, or other urban and suburban environments such as office buildings
and residential developments. Therapeutic landscapes have rarely been
considered within the correctional facility context despite the large population of
people in the United States that could benefit. The following chapter explores the
potential benefits landscape can offer to the individuals working and living within
correction settings and to the greater community.
All access to nature seems to offer some amount of psychological benefits to
viewers and users, yet the degree of benefit that a green space offers seems
contingent on the content and complexity, both physical and visual, of the
landscape. Although the psychological atmosphere of American prisons could
greatly improve if the landscapes within these facilities were intentionally
designed to be therapeutic and restorative, therapeutic landscapes are inherently
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more complex in terms of plant species than the typical landscape solutions
applied to most corrections sites. For most prison complexes, landscape design
is rarely developed beyond the programmatic site security requirements and
often involves little more than lawn with concrete walkways. While it is possible
to design therapeutic landscapes within prisons, the prison setting poses unique
challenges to implementing therapeutic designs. The later portion of this chapter
considers several contemporary prison gardens whose development and
implementation suggests strategies for creating therapeutic landscape designs
that address both the institution’s needs as well as the needs of the population
that the design is intended to serve.
9. How Disaster Survivors Value the Urban Forest: Lessons from
Charleston post-Hugo - Bruce Hull confirmed
Affects/benefits of green spaces on disaster survivors
10. From Risk to Resilience: Expanding the Role of Community Greening
and Civic Ecology in Urban Stability, Security, Transition and
Reconstruction Contexts Tidball & Krasny (confirmed)
In this chapter, we argue that urban community greening and other “civic
ecology” approaches that integrate natural, human, social, financial, and physical
capital in cities, and that encompass diversity, self-organization, and adaptive
learning and management leading to positive feedback loops, have the potential
to reduce risk from disaster in cities through helping communities to develop
resilience before a disaster, and to demonstrate resilience after disaster strikes.
11. Defiant Gardening - Kenneth Helphand (confirmed)
How Defiant Gardening as described in Helphand’s book Defiant Gardens in 20th
century wars continues into the 21st century’s conflicts.
SECTION TWO- This section, Chapters 12-16, includes case studies
12. Case Study 1- Trees and Rebirth: Urban Community Forestry in New
Orleans Post-Katrina Resilience Tidball (confirmed)
This chapter explores how the presence of trees, and the act of planting and caring
for trees, played a role in the recovery of New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina.
The piece will focus on how the tree and the urban forest of New Orleans came to
symbolize recovery and rebirth, and how a community of practice around this
symbol evolved, bolstering social well being as well as restoring tree based
ecosystem services.
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13. Case Study 2- Streetcorner shrines and community space: Emergent
Living Memorials to September 11, 2001 Erika Svendsen and Lindsay
Campbell (confirmed)
This chapter investigates how people use trees, parks, gardens, and other
natural resources as raw materials in and settings for “living memorials” to
September 11, 2001. In particular, we focus on emergent memorials and public
shrines that were created shortly after the event in New York City’s parks and
streetscapes. These memorials are created as part of traditional mourning
rituals, but are not limited to formally consecrated sites or the site of the tragedy.
They are dispersed throughout the city in everyday and highly public landscapes
such as traffic islands, sidewalks, waterfronts, and front yards, demonstrating
how ordinary spaces can become sacred. Created by individuals, informal
groups, organizations, and government agencies, these memorials served as
immediate, publicly visible reactions to, remembrance of, and response to the
tragic events that occurred. We consider the emergence of these memorials part
of a socio-ecological process of disturbance and resilience. These memorials
are the result of spontaneous, self-organizing acts that are motivated by
stewards’ sense of community, need for healing rituals, and expressed through
myriad relationships with nature.
14. Case Study 3- Defiant Gardens and the Military Families Project Krasny, Helphand, & Tidball (confirmed)
15. Case Study 4 – Boundaryscapes. Recasting the Green Line of Cyprus
Anna Grichting (confirmed)
“Boundaryscapes” examines contemporary territorial disjunctures and the
resulting liminal spaces that are created. Ecoscapes, mindscapes, landscapes,
cityscapes, seascapes, mediascapes, ethnoscapes, ideoscapes and
financescapes are proposed as a framework for examining boundaries in their
multiple facets. Envisioned as an ecological and cultural landscape of memory,
as a backbone for reconstruction and reconciliation, the liminal interstitial space
is proposed as: an agent of territorialisation; a landscape of unexpected natures
and biodiversity; and a locus for the emergence of innovative strategies of
environmental planning and reconciliation.
This paper will present research and visions for the Green Line Buffer Zone that
divides the island of Cyprus and its capital city Nicosia into a de-jure Greek
Cypriot and de-facto Turkish Cypriot territory. The proposal will be argued and
illustrated with a number of case studies at different territorial scales - from
Transboundary Environmental Peace Parks (the Iron Curtain Green Line, the
Korea Demilitarized Zone) to the divided cities of Berlin, Beirut, and Belfast.
16. Case Study 5- Developing a Safe, Nurturing and Therapeutic
Environment for Children: Two “design-build” case studies from
Guatemala and Bosnia and Herzegovina- Daniel Winterbottom, confirmed
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17. Case study 6- War and trees: The destruction and replanting of the
urban and peri-urban forest of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina - Igor
Lacan- invited
SECTION THREE- This section, Chapters 18-20 features hypotheses,
challenges, future research and synthesis.
18. Community greening as a catalyst for sustainability-oriented social
learning in multi-cultural urban areas Arjen Wals and Marlon E. van der Waal,
(confirmed)
This chapter explores the utilization of social cohesion and diversity in creating
more sustainable multi-cultural communities. Community greening is not so much
seen as a result or purpose but rather as a means or catalyst for sustainabilityoriented social learning. Social learning is introduced as a process that builds
social cohesion and relationships in order to be able to utilize the different
perspectives, values and interests’ people bring to a sustainability challenge. A
key assumption underlying this perspective - one that will empirically tested in the
chapter – is that breaking with current unsustainable practices, routines and
systems requires creativity, agency, risk-taking and high levels of motivation.
Questions that are addressed are: how can we create a ‘transformative culture of
change’ that cultivates these qualities in people, organizations and communities?
How can diversity and social cohesion be used in building sustainable practices,
lifestyles and systems?
The chapter is empirically grounded in the Dutch city of Rotterdam. The city of
Rotterdam is the second largest city in the Netherlands. It has over half a million
inhabitants and together with the suburbs it forms the most urbanized area of the
country. In 2008 Rotterdam had an incredible population density of 2.822 people
per square kilometer. Rotterdam is also a very colorful city with 167 different
nationalities, making up around 30% of the cities population, living together.
Among these nationalities the largest groups (apart from the original Dutch
population) are people from Suriname, Morocco, Turkey, Dutch Antilles and
Aruba, Cape Verde Islands.
As can be expected in such a dense populated area, Rotterdam is facing major
social, economical, socio-cultural, ecological and environmental problems. The
Rotterdam Environmental Center (RMC ) aims ‘to change the city of Rotterdam
into a more nature- en environmental friendly city where people can live in safety,
well being and in social harmony’. In order to accomplish this mission the RMC
yearly organizes over one hundred activities for their main target groups; youth,
ethnic minorities and fellow nature- and environmental organizations. It also
supports over 60 groups in the city that show interest in nature-, environmentaland sustainability issues.
In this chapter we will zoom in on four of the RMC’s long term projects: the
‘Environment Diversity’ project, the ‘Green Inside, Green Outside’ project, the
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Atlanta project, and the ‘Green Iftars’ project8. These projects will be described
an analyzed using the social learning perspective and questions raised above.
The chapter will conclude with a reflection on the overarching questions of this
book: how and whether these projects are able to utilize ‘green’ and ‘greening’ in
extreme situations and in this way contribute to resistance, recovery, and
resilience of social-ecological systems?
19. Sense of Place, Topophilia, and Greening in the Red Zone Richard
Stedman (confirmed)
The premise of the book is multifaceted: first, that access to green space (and
the active re-creation of greenspace) contributes to or plays a role in recovery
through processes such as Biophilia, or the emotional affinity humans have for
nature; second, that Biophilia and expressions of it may be related to increases in
human resilience (positive emotions are crucial for predisposing individual and/or
collective action to build or rebuild places); and third; emphasizes resilience in
systems that have been impacted by catastrophe and recovery.
Our work embraces this charge and expands on it in several ways. We present a
theoretical framework for integrating Biophilia within what we assert is a broader
and more inclusive set of positive emotions, Tuan’s (1980) notion of Topophilia
(literally “love of place”). The natural biotic environment core to the Biophilia
hypothesis represents a crucial (and often-overlooked in urban areas) element of
‘place’ or neighborhood, but there are other elements—neighbors, relationships,
memories, landmarks, the built environment--that are emotion-laden and can
serve as the basis for action that promotes rebirth and recovery.
Topophilia emphasizes attachment to place and the symbolic meanings that
underlie this attachment. Any place embodies a multiplicity of meanings,
although some places exhibit a wider range than others. Post-disaster
reconstruction of place thus involves the re-building of attachment-affirming
meanings that characterized the place pre-disaster and/or the freedom to rebuild
spaces in such a way that new, desirable meanings are created and obsolete or
threatening meanings jettisoned. It is crucial to remember that these meanings—
including those that have Biophilia-based roots--are fundamentally social and
cultural, and therefore often political, in that they vary across social groups, and
that these social groups have different types and levels of power. In short, some
sets of meanings will have an easier path to reconstruction than others.
We place “Red Zone” settings in a comparative framework, as one of many types
of threats: it is widely recognized that resilience is not a general principle, but
must always be asked as “resilience of what to what”? As such, communities
that have experienced violent conflict or catastrophic disaster may exhibit
8
During the holy month of Ramadan, Muslims over the world fast from sunrise until sunset and by doing
this learn qualities as discipline, endurance, self-control and respect for fellow humans and the Creator.
After sunset the fast is broken and people come together to thank the Creator and share a meal.
Accepted Book Proposal – Springer
different immediate challenges vis-à-vis resilience than (for example)
communities that have faced slow erosion of community capacity through
outmigration of industry, jobs, services, and youth. However, these challenges
may shift over time in such a way as to be more consistent with those faced by
eroding communities. We feel that interesting comparisons may be made across
these community types.
20. Synthesis and Conclusions (Tidball, Weinstein & Krasny)
Afterword- xxxx
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Positive Emotions in Crisis? A Prospective study of Resilience and
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September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2003, Vol.
84, No. 2, 365–376. http://www.unc.edu/peplab/publications/good_crises.pdf
Graff, B. 2006. Positive emotions in residential environments, part of a
workshop entitled The Residential Context of Health at the European Network for
Housing Research "Housing in an expanding Europe: theory, policy, participation
and implementation" conference. Ljubljana, Slovenia,2 - 5 July 2006.
Haviland-Jones, J., H. Rosario, P. Wilson, and T. McGuire. 2005. An
Environmental Approach to Positive Emotion: Flowers. Evolutionary
Psychology 3: 104-132.
Lohr, V.I. and C.H. Pearson-Mims. 2006. Responses to scenes with
spreading, rounded, and conical tree forms. Environment & Behavior
38(5):667-688.
Masten, A. S., and J. Obradovic. 2007. Disaster preparation and recovery:
lessons from research on resilience in human development. Ecology and
Society 13(1): 9.
Wright, M. O., and A. S. Masten. 2005. Resilience processes in development:
fostering positive adaptation in the context of adversity. Pages 17-37 in S.
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Academic/Plenum, New York, New York, USA