ISSN: 2320 - 4230
Journal of Drug Discovery and Therapeutics 1 (7) 2013, 80-83
REVIEW ARTICLE
REVIEW ON VETIVERIA ZIZANIOIDES: A MEDICINAL HERB.
*Satya Prakash Singh, Satish Kumar Sharma, Tanuja Singh, Lalit Singh
Sunder Deep Pharmacy College, Ghaziabad, UP, India
Received 28 June 2013; Revised 07 July 2013; Accepted 10 July 2013
ABSTRACT
About 80% of the world’s population uses folk medicine in traditional medicine states World Health Organisation.
India is one of the richest countries in the world with regard to diversity of medicinal plants.
Herbal medicines are very cheap in comparison with the conventional form of medication. They can be found very
easily from a local drug store. One of the greatest benefit associated with herbal medicine is the non existence of
side effects. the plants are commercial medications used for the treatment of heart disease, high blood pressure,
pain, asthma, and other problems. Vetiveria zizanioides widely used as analgesic, anti-inflammatory and
antipyretics and other problem. There are many activity have been done in this plant such as antioxidant,
antimicrobial. Antibacterial, anthalminitic, Antifungal.and more activity of this plant are unknown.such activity is
analgesic and anti inflammatory. The present review article provides an overview on potent pharmacological
properties exhibited by this plant.
KEYWORDS: Herbal, vetiveria zizanioides, Khas khas, essential oil, potent pharmacological properties.
INTRODUCTION:
the plains and lower hills of India, particularly on the
riverbanks and in rich marshy soil.
CULTIVATION:
Khas grass grows wild in many states, namely
Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Bihar, Orissa
and Madhya Pradesh and throughout South India. It is
systematically cultivated in the North Indian states of
Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab and in the South
Indian states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra
Pradesh. The yield from the cultivated crops, however,
meets only a very small percentage of the requirements of
the country. The bulk of the roots used for cooling
purposes and for the extraction of the oil are obtained
from the wild.
Figure 1: vetiveria zizanioides
*
Corresponding author: Satya Prakash Singh | Email: [email protected]
Page
80
Vetiveria zizanioides (Linn.) Nash, a
member of the family “Poaceae” commonly known as the
Khas-Khas, Khas or Khus grass in India, its synonymously
known as “Chrysopogon zizanioides” it is a perennial grass
with thick fibrous adventitious roots which are aromatic
and highly valued. This tufted grass grows throughout the
plains of India ascending up to an elevation of 1 200 m.
Having wide ecological amplitude, this grass grows in a
wide variety of ecological habitats covering all biogeographic provinces of India. No wonder that this is one
grass which has been extensively used by almost all the
tribes. Vetiveria zizanioides is a densely tufted grass with
the culms arising from an aromatic rhizome up to 2m tall;
the roots are stout, dense and aromatic; leaves are narrow,
erect, keeled with scabrid margins; it is found throughout
Satya Prakash Singh et al. / Journal of Drug Discovery and Therapeutics 1 (7) 2013, 80-83
Dialect/language
Hindi, Bengali
English name
Gujarati
Marathi
Telugu
Tamil
Kannad
Vernacular name
Khas, Khas-Khas, Khus-Khus, Khus
vetiver
Valo
Vala
Kuruveeru, Vettiveellu, Vettiveerum
Vattiver
Vattiveeru, Laamancha, Kaddu,
Karidappasajje Hullu
Ramaccham, Vettiveru
Ushira
Malyalam
Ayurvedic
Table 1: Some vernacular names for Khas grass in India:
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:
The chemical constituents present in the plant are
Vetiverol, Vetivone, Khusimone, Khusimol, Vetivene,
Khositone, Terpenes, Benzoic acid,Tripene-4-ol, ßHumulene, Epizizianal, vetivenyl vetivenate, iso khusimol ,
ß-vetivone, vetivazulene. In the roots, the main component
was valencene (30.36%), while in the shoots and leaves,
they were 9-octadecenamide (33.50%), 2,6,10,15,19,23hexamethyl-2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexaene (27.46%),
and 1,2-benzendicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester(18.29%).
The results showed that there were many terpenoids in the
volatils. In shoot volatiles, there existed 3 monoterpenes, 2
sequiterpenes and 1 triterpene. Most of the volatiles in
roots were sesquiterpenes.(Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao
2004 Jan ;15(1) :170 -2.)
Apart from the medicinal uses, the culms along with the
panicles form a good broom for sweeping. The culms and
leaves are also extensively used by the tribes and villagers
for thatching their huts, mud walls, etc. Some tribes (in
Kerala) use the mats of the roots and leaves as bed for a
cooling effect.
MULTIPLE USES OF KHAS GRASS IN INDIA:
Traditional medicine
Roots as water flavouring agent
Root mats for door, window screens during summer for
cooling effect
For desert coolers in summer in North India
As eco-friendly soil binders
Roots for preparing Sharbat (sherbet) or soft drink during
summer, especially in North India
MEDICINAL USE OF VETIVERIA ZIZANIOIDES:
Socio-economic life of the rural population in India
Various tribes use the different parts of the grass Dried roots for scenting clothes
for many of their ailments such as mouth ulcer, fever, boil, Dried culms as brooms and for thatching
epilepsy, burn, snakebite, scorpion sting, rheumatism, Pulp of the plant for paper and straw board.
fever, headache, etc.
Plant part
Root decoction
Root paste
Tribe
Santhals
Lodhas
Root ash
Root juice
Root vapour
Leaf paste
Vetiver oil
Root and stem juice
Oraons
Tribe of M.P.
Tribe of varanasi
South Indian tribes
Most tribe
South Indian tribes
Ailment
As cooling in high fever, inflammation, sexual diseases, etc
Headache, fever, Ayurvedic preparation “Brihat Kasturi”,
“Bhairava Rasa” for fever, diarrhoea, chronic dysentery
Acidity
Anthelmintic
Malarial fever
Rheumatism and sprain
Stimulant, diaphoretic and refrigerant
Boil, burn, epilepsy, scorpion sting, snakebite, and
mouth ulcer
Vol.1 Issue 7. July-2013
Page
PHARMACOLOGICAL USE OF VETIVERIA ZIZANIOIDES:
expectorant, diuretic(Chen F et al Dec 2005) ,stimulant,
The roots are aromatic, antifungal action(Dixit A et hysteria ,insomnia, skin diseases,(Thakur R.S. et al
al 1984) cooling, antiemetic, diaphoretic, haemostatic, 1989)asthma, amentia, amenorrhoea, antispasmodic(aon
81
Table 2: Some traditional uses of Vetiveria zizanioides-(14)
Satya Prakash Singh et al. / Journal of Drug Discovery and Therapeutics 1 (7) 2013, 80-83
1976) ,kidney problems(Chen F et alDec 2005), gall stones,
The test organisms used were Escherichia coli
mosquito repellant (Nuchuchua et al )tonic
and NCIM 2118; Bacillus subtilis NCIM 2063, P. aeurogenosa
antioxidant.(V S Ubhradevi et al April 2010),(Luqman S NCIM 2036 and Staphylococcus aureus NCIM 2079.
kumar et al Feb 2009).
Vetiveria
zizanioides (vetiver)
against Staphylococcus
aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli and
TAXONOMICAL POSITION OF VETIVERIA ZIZANIOIDE:
Corynebacterium
ovis were
evaluated.
Against S.
aureus, vetiver oil was superior to the other two oils in the
Botanical Name(s): Vetiveria Zizanoides
pure state and diluted with dimethyl sulphoxide 1:10,
Family Name:
Poaceae
1:100, 1:1000 and 1:10000; inhibition by the pure oil was
Kingdom:
Plantae (Plants)
60-70% that by penicillin or streptomycin.
Subkingdom:
Tracheobionta (Vascular Plants)
Superdivision:
Spermatophyta – Seed plants
3. ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY:
Division:
Magnoliophyta (Flowering plants)
The test organisms used were Asperigulls nigar,
Class:
Liliopsida (Monocotyledons)
Asperigulls clavatus and Candida albicanus. All the stock
Subclass:
Commelinidae
cultures were obtained from Microbiology department
Order:
Cyperales
Karpagam University, Coimbatore, India.
Family:
Poaceae (Grass family)
Genus:
Vetiveria Bory (vetivergrass)
4. ANTITUBERCULAR ACTIVITY:
Species:
Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash
Extracts
and fractions were evaluated for
(vetivergrass)
antimycobacterial
activity
against
Mycobacterium
Popular Name(s): Khas Khas, Cuscus and Vetiver
tuberculosis H(37)Rv and H(37)Ra strains using radiometric
Parts Used:
Roots and Essential oil
BACTEC 460 TB system. The ethanolic extract of intact as
Habitat:
Cultivated in plains and low hills of
well as spent root were showed potent antituberculosis
India.
activity at a minimum concentration of 500μg/mL
2. ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY:
Micro organisms are heterogeneous group of
several distinct classes of living beings. Bacteria are
prokaryotic microorganisms, which do not contain
chlorophyll. They are unicellular and does not show true
branching, expect in the so called higher bacteria
(Actinomycetales)2. To treat chronic and infectious
diseases plants used in traditional medicine contain a wide
range of ingredient(5). Many plant leaves have
antimicrobial principles such as tannins, essential oils, and
other aromatic compounds(7).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:
I extend my sincere thanks to libraries, NISCARE,
NML and BHU in collecting the data and I am thankful to
my teachers for my guidance.
REFERENCE:
1. Anon. 1976. The Wealth of India 10: 451-457. CSIR,
New Delhi, India
2. Ananthanarayanan R and Paniker CKJ (2000). Text
book of microbiology 6th ed. Orient Longman private
limited: 7-22.
Vol.1 Issue 7. July-2013
82
1. ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY:
The essential oil of vetiver root has been shown to
posses antioxident activity. Recently antioxidant activity of
vetiver oil has been attribute to β-vetinine, β-vetinone and
α-vetinone7.
Vetiveria zizanioides useful in the rehabilitation of
metalliferous mine wastelands. As the presence of pb and
zn greatly enhanced the activity of superoxidase dismutase
(SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT)4 implying different
mechanism to detoxify active oxygen species exist in
different part of the plant(10). These result shows that
vetiver oil and some of its component can be potential
alternative natural antioxidants
CONCLUSION:
This study is undertaken medicinal plants (vetiveria
zizanioides) used in the treatment of analgesic and antiinflammatory activity in different parts of the world. The
present study revealed anti-inflammatory and analgesic
activity of some medicinal plants.
In conclusion, the medicinally important plant
species, listed in the present paper appear to be
promissory sources of anti-inflammatory and analgesic
agents. The future outlook for the development of new
antiinflammatory drugs derived from these medicinal
plants is therefore positive and this review can help others
to explore herbs to further extent and its use in various
other disease and toxicity studies along with clinical trials.
Page
KNOWN PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES:
Satya Prakash Singh et al. / Journal of Drug Discovery and Therapeutics 1 (7) 2013, 80-83
8. Luqman S, Srivastava S, Darokar M P, Khanuja S P S,
Pharma Biol 43,2005,732-73
9. Singh, K.K.; and Maheshwari, J.K. 1983. Traditional
phytotherapy amongst the tribals of Varanasi district
U.P. J. Econ.Tax. Bot. 4: 829-838
10. Pang J, Chan G S, Zhang J,Liang J,&Yong M H (2003)
chemosphere 52,1558-1580.
11. Thakur, R.S.; Puri, H.S.; and Akhtar, H. 1989. Major
Medicinal Plants of India, pp. 521-7. CIMAP, Lucknow,
India
12. vertiveria
zizanioides
online
available
from
URL:http//www.herbal online pharmacy.com
13. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2004 Jan ; 15(1) :170 -2
14. R. R. Rao and M. R. Suseela National Botanical
Research Institute Lucknow, India 1-4.
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83
3. Dikshit, A. and Husain, A. 1984. Antifungal action of
some essential oils against animal pathogens.
Fitoterapia 55: 171-176
4. Han L, Zhang X and Liu B(2005) Ying Yong Sheng Tai
Xua Bao 16, 2178-2182
5. Hassan A, Rahman S, Deeba F and Mahmud S.
Antimicrobial activity of some plant extracts having
hepatoprotective effects. J medicinal plant research,
2009. 3 (1), 020-023.
6. Jayaraman S, Manoharan M S and Illanchezian S. In
vitro antimicrobial and anti tumor activities of Stevia
rebaudiana. Tropical J Pharmaceutical Research, 2008.
7(4), 1143-1149
7. Kim H J, Chen F, Won X, Chung H Y & Zin J (2005) J agric
food chem. 53, 7691-7695.
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