SmartGrid
RTD 2013
GECN: Primary Voltage Control for Active Distribution
Networks via Real-Time Demand-Response
K. Christakou, D.-C. Tomozei, J.-Y. Le Boudec, M. Paolone
Laboratory for Communications and Applications LCA2 ,Distributed Electrical Systems Laboratory DESL
Voltage Problem in ADNs
Voltage Control via Demand-Response
HV network
Why?
Network voltage profile [p.u.]
1.15
 PQ variations can control voltage
Δ 𝐸 ≈ 𝐾𝑃 Δ𝑃 + 𝐾𝑄 Δ𝑄
CP
1.10
CUB 1
CUB 2
1.05
G1
𝑬
𝒎𝒂𝒙
=1.05 p.u.
G3
G4
𝑬
𝒎𝒊𝒏
Distribution
Substation
Distribution
Substation
 Increased availability
(small residential loads)
 Flexibility of control
(Spatially distributed resources)
Feeder #1
0.95
Distribution
Substation
Benefits
1.00
G2
Feeder #1
passive
Feeder #2
Primary Substation
=0.95 p.u.
0.90
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Feeder #2
active
Problem: Point-to-point communication not tractable
Solution: Design of control schemes based on broadcast signals
Distance from primary substation
The Grid Explicit Congestion Notification Mechanism
Network Controller (Generic)
Local Controller Design (e.g., TCL)
Every S seconds
 Operating Modes
𝐸𝑖 , 𝑃𝑖 , 𝑄𝑖
Measure
∀ 𝑏𝑢𝑠 𝑖
1.
Obtain network state (e.g., via state estimation)
2.
Compute optimal PQ and OLTC variations that lead to the desired operating point
min
∆(𝐏,𝐐,𝐧)
2
𝜇𝑖 ∆(𝐏, 𝐐)𝑖 − ∆(𝐏, 𝐐)𝑓𝑖
+
𝑖
𝜆𝑖
𝐸𝑖 + (𝐾𝐏,𝐐,𝐧 𝑡 Δ 𝐏, 𝐐, 𝐧 )𝑖 − 𝐸
2
− 𝑎2
+
1
ℎ(1, 𝜃)
0
Start
𝑖
Map ∆𝑃 𝑡 to GECN signal 𝑔(𝑡)𝜖[-1,1]
(+ inhibits consumption, - encourages consumption)
∗
∆𝑃 (𝑡)
𝑓 ∆𝑃
∆𝑃∗ (𝑡 − 1) +
∗
G= 𝑒
∆𝑃(𝑡 − 1) −
∗
− ∆𝑃∗ /𝑏
)
𝑡−1 −∆𝑃(𝑡−1))
1
𝑔(𝑡)
−1
𝜃
𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥
Participate? 𝑌~𝐵𝑒𝑟𝑛( 𝑔 𝑡 )
Y=0
= 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛(∆𝑃 )(1 − 𝑒
𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛(∆𝑃∗ (𝑡−1))(∆𝑃∗
𝜃𝑚𝑖𝑛
 GECN control
+ 𝜓Δ𝐧2
∗
3.
---- OFF mode
ℎ(0, 𝜃)
ON mode
B-cast
Normal
Operation
(i.e., do Z=0
nothing)
(reflects DNO’s desire)
Y=1
React? 𝑍~𝐵𝑒𝑟𝑛(𝑞(𝜃 𝑡 , 𝑔(𝑡)))
(accounts for internal state)
Z=1
Switch mode and ignore signal
for T steps (avoids mini-cycles)
Simulation Results
Setting




IEEE 13-Node Test Feeder
Non dispatchable PV production
10% and 30% of elastic demand
GECN signals sent every 16’’
10% of elastic demand
30% of elastic demand
24hr Voltage profile
24hr Voltage profile
Primary
substation
Slack bus 1
bus 2
bus 5
bus 6
200 Kva,
20kV/0.4kV
400 Kva,
20kV/0.4kV
600 Kva,
20kV/0.4kV
400 Kva,
20kV/0.4kV
200 Kva,
20kV/0.4kV
GECN signal
TCL Power
GECN signal
TCL Power
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bus13
bus 4
bus 7
bus 10
bus 11
bus 3
bus 8
bus 9
500 Kva,
20kV/0.4kV
300 Kva,
20kV/0.4kV
200 Kva,
20kV/0.4kV
200 Kva,
20kV/0.4kV
800 Kva,
20kV/0.4kV
400 Kva,
20kV/0.4kV
200 Kva,
20kV/0.4kV
bus12
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Further Applications
 Aggregated response of mixed
populations under the same
signal (e.g., storage/loads)
 Inclusion of different ancillary
services (e.g., lines congestion)
References
1. K. Christakou, D.-C. Tomozei, J.-Y. Le Boudec, and M. Paolone, GECN: Primary Voltage Control for Active Distribution Networks via Real-Time Demand-Response, IEEE Trans. on Smart
Grids, vol.5, no.2, pp.622-631, March 2014
2. K. Christakou, D.-C. Tomozei, M. Bahramipanah, J.-Y. Le Boudec and M. Paolone, Primary Voltage Control in Active Distribution Networks via Broadcast Signals: The Case of Distributed
Storage, in press, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grids, 2014