Research Project Workshop
At SOAS University of London, March 3rd – 4th 2017
DEGRP: DFID-ESRC Growth
Research Programme, Call 3
Delivering Inclusive Financial Development and Growth
(ESRC Reference: ES/N013344/1)
by
Victor Murinde and associates
University of Birmingham and collaborating institutions
Research Project Workshop
At SOAS University of London, March 3rd – 4th 2017
DEGRP: DFID-ESRC Growth
Research Programme, Call 3
Workstream 3.1
Mobile Technology, Financial Inclusion and Poverty-Reduction in
Selected African Countries:
Data Issues in Understanding Financial Inclusion in Africa
by
Fei Jiang, Christopher J. Green, Ahmad H. Ahmad
School of Business and Economics, Loughborough University
INTRODUCTION
Determinants of the take up of mobile finance? At country level/household level?
The impact of mobile finance on financial inclusion and poverty-reduction?
The pricing and market structure of mobile money operators?
……
•
Micro-level data and macro-level data
Micro-level: household surveys, enterprise surveys…
Macro-level: aggregate information, country total
• Demand-side data and supply-side data (Aron, 2015)
Demand-side: data collected from mobile money users, households or firms, field interviews
Supply-side: data recorded by mobile money providers/operators, e.g. administrative telecoms
data
DEGRP: DFID-ESRC Growth Research Programme, Call 3
SOAS Meeting 03/03/2017
DATA ISSUES IN UNDERSTANDING FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN AFRICA
3
DATA SOURCES
Demand-side Data
Database
Global Findex
Financial Inclusion Insight (FII)
Household
Micro- Surveys
Financial Sector Deepening (FSDs)
level
Data
Macrolevel
Data
* FinScope Consumer
* FinAccess
Afrobarometer
Enterprise FinScope MSME
Surveys
World Bank Enterprise Surveys
Supply-side Data
Compiler
Database
World Bank IBRD/IDA,
Gallup World Poll
Mobile Money Deployment
InterMedia
Tracker
FinMark Trust
FSD Kenya
Afrobarometer
Mobile Money Programme
FinMark Trust
World Bank Enterprise
Analysis Unit
Compiler
GSMA
Intelligence
International Telecommunication
ITU
Union Yearbooks (ITU)
Global Findex
World Bank IBRD/IDA,
IMF Financial Access Survey (FAS) IMF
Gallup World Poll
World Bank Global Financial
Development Database (GFDD)
DEGRP: DFID-ESRC Growth Research Programme, Call 3
SOAS Meeting 03/03/2017
DATA ISSUES IN UNDERSTANDING FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN AFRICA
Microlevel
Data
Macrolevel
Data
World Bank
4
DATA COVERAGE
Database
Country
Year
Country
Micro-level Data
Botswana
Household Surveys
2009
2010
2011
1400
148 economies in 2011, 143 economies in 2014
FII Programme
Nigeria, Tanzania, Kenya,
Uganda; Indonesia, Pakistan,
2013-16
India and Bangladesh. * Ghana,
Rwanda
FinScope Consumer
26 countries
Various
FinAccess
Kenya
2006, 09, 13, 16
Afrobarometer
Started from 12 African
countries, gradually expanded
to 36 African countries
6 Rounds during 1999-2016
Madagascar
Malawi
SADC
5040
4993
3005
Mauritius
4000
Mozambique
5028
3928
Namibia
South Africa
2010, 2012, 2014, 2015 - 3900 interviews
Swaziland
2004-2015
3632
3440
3984
4000
Tanzania
Zambia
Ghana
World Bank Enterprise Surveys 148 economies
Other
Africa
3643
Kenya
Nigeria
Rwanda
2000
6150
12480
Togo
Telecoms Data
GSMA
237 countries
2009 - now
ITU
200+ economies
1960, 1965, 1970, 1975-2013
Macro-level Data
189 economies
2004-2015
GFDD
203 economies
1960-2013
DEGRP: DFID-ESRC Growth Research Programme, Call 3
SOAS Meeting 03/03/2017
Uganda
5197
3001
Cambodia
India
Asia
FAS
2016
2000
Zimbabwe
2012 (South Africa 2010)
2015
5000
Lesotho
Enterprise Surveys
7 SADC countries
2014
1503
Democratic Republic of Congo
Global Findex
FinScope MSME
Year/Observation
2008
16000
Lao
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
DATA ISSUES IN UNDERSTANDING FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN AFRICA
5100
4014
Source: https://www.finmark.org.za/finscope/
5
MOBILE MONEY – VARIABLES
Global Findex
• Global Findex 2011
– Used a mobile phone to pay bills/ send money/ receive money
• Global Findex 2014 included further variables
– How people receive wages, government transfers, and payments for agricultural products
– How people make utility and school payments
– How people send or receive domestic remittances
DEGRP: DFID-ESRC Growth Research Programme, Call 3
SOAS Meeting 03/03/2017
DATA ISSUES IN UNDERSTANDING FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN AFRICA
6
MOBILE MONEY – VARIABLES
FII
Comprehensive mobile money related questions
– Access to and ownership of mobile technology
– Digital financial services/mobile money: mobile money awareness and sources of information,
mobile money adoption and drivers
– Point-of-service (POS)/mobile money agent-related experiences of mobile money users
FinScope
– Access to and ownership of mobile technology
– Mobile money awareness, mobile money adoption and drivers
DEGRP: DFID-ESRC Growth Research Programme, Call 3
SOAS Meeting 03/03/2017
DATA ISSUES IN UNDERSTANDING FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN AFRICA
7
MOBILE MONEY – VARIABLES
GSMA
– Data collected from mobile phone operator
– The number of live and planned mobile money services for the unbanked
– The providers, name of the mobile money service, its launch date, the financial products
offered, partners involved
– Further information on mobile insurance, mobile credit and savings services since 2014
ITU
– Data collected from annual questionnaire, usually from the regulatory authority, the ministry in
charge of telecommunication and ICT, operators
– Mobile phone subscriptions, quality of service, internet (fixed- and mobile-broadband
subscription data), traffic, staff, prices, revenue, investment and statistics on ICT access and use
by households and individual
DEGRP: DFID-ESRC Growth Research Programme, Call 3
SOAS Meeting 03/03/2017
DATA ISSUES IN UNDERSTANDING FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN AFRICA
8
MOBILE MONEY – VARIABLES
FAS
– Administrative data, from traditional financial service providers (e.g. commercial banks,
microfinance institutions, other deposit-taking institutions), and providers of digital financial
services (e.g. mobile money)
– Mobile money: MM accounts, MM agent outlets, MM balance value, and MM transactions at
country level
GFDD
– Indicators measure depth, access, efficiency, and stability of financial systems
– Other indicators, e.g. measures of concentration and competition in the banking sector
– Two indicators concerning mobile money: mobile phone used to send money (% age 15+),
mobile phone used to pay bills (% age 15+)
DEGRP: DFID-ESRC Growth Research Programme, Call 3
SOAS Meeting 03/03/2017
DATA ISSUES IN UNDERSTANDING FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN AFRICA
9
SUMMARY
Various survey data
• Gaps and overlaps among surveys
• Survey methods: e.g. definition of adult age
• To aggregate household survey for region-level or macro-level study??
Challenge
• Availability of countries vs. years vs. variables
• Balanced/unbalance panel
• Missing data
• Costs
Going Forward
•
From these sources, we aim to build data files for our empirical work on Financial Inclusion in Africa
DEGRP: DFID-ESRC Growth Research Programme, Call 3
SOAS Meeting 03/03/2017
DATA ISSUES IN UNDERSTANDING FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN AFRICA
10
THANK YOU!
DEGRP: DFID-ESRC Growth Research Programme, Call 3
SOAS Meeting 03/03/2017
DATA ISSUES IN UNDERSTANDING FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN AFRICA
11