Outline
Definitions
Branches of AI Research
Artificial Intelligence?
Alice E. Fischer
September 10 and 15, 2015
Artificial Intelligence?. . .
1/21
The Big Questions
Outline
Definitions
Branches of AI Research
Definitions
Branches of AI Research
The Big Questions
Artificial Intelligence?. . .
2/21
The Big Questions
Outline
Definitions
Branches of AI Research
The Big Questions
Definitions
I
Technology: any tool or clothing that we use.
I
Human being: an ape that creates and uses tools and
language.
I
AI: A technology that applies strategies and heuristics to
solve a complex problem.
Artificial Intelligence?. . .
3/21
Outline
Definitions
Branches of AI Research
The Big Questions
AI is...
Artificial Intelligence is a multidisciplinary field encompassing
computer science,
neuroscience,
philosophy,
psychology,
robotics, and
linguistics,
and devoted to the reproduction of the methods or results of
human reasoning and brain activity.
amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/browse
Artificial Intelligence?. . .
4/21
Outline
Definitions
Branches of AI Research
The Big Questions
Behaving like a human.
A.I. is...
The use of programs to enable machines to perform tasks which
humans perform using their intelligence.
www.filosofia.net/materiales/rec/glosaen.htm
A.I. is...
Making a machine behave in ways that would be called intelligent
if a human were so behaving.
(This definition was put forth by John McCarthy in his 1955
Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project On
Artificial Intelligence.)
www.artpolitic.org/infopedia/ar/Artificial_Intelligence.html
Artificial Intelligence?. . .
5/21
Outline
Definitions
Branches of AI Research
The Big Questions
Behaving like a human.
A.I. is...
The ability of a computer to perform tasks, such as reasoning and
learning, that human intelligence is capable of doing.
www.amp.com/support/technical/glossary.stm
A.I. is...
Computer systems which perform functions normally associated
with human reasoning and learning, processes such as imagination
and intuition.
old.ihets.org/consortium/ipse/fdhandbook/glossary.html
Artificial Intelligence?. . .
6/21
Outline
Definitions
Branches of AI Research
The Big Questions
Behaving like a human.
A.I. is...
An algorithm by which the computer gives the illusion of thinking
like a human. Also, the action of a character in a game as it reacts
to other objects in the game.
www.makegames.com/sidescroller/glossary.html
A.I. is...
A set of code or algorithms designed to simulate the actions of an
intelligent being - such as a human or animal (Tamagochi)
www.playstationpro2.com/dictionary.html
Artificial Intelligence?. . .
7/21
Outline
Definitions
Branches of AI Research
The Big Questions
Behaving like a human.
A.I. is...
The ability of a machine to learn from experience and perform
tasks normally attributed to human intelligence, for example,
problem solving, reasoning, and understanding natural language.
web.idrc.ca/es/ev-30734-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html
Artificial Intelligence?. . .
8/21
Outline
Definitions
Branches of AI Research
The Big Questions
Behaving like a human.
A.I. is...
A generic term commonly used to indicate the inclusion in software
of some type of automated application of rules, the results of which
give the appearance of “intelligence” on the part of the computer.
An example would be a computer which uses language rules to
carry on a conversation with the human using the computer.
www.fas.org/spp/military/docops/usaf/2020/app-v.htm
Artificial Intelligence?. . .
9/21
Outline
Definitions
Branches of AI Research
The Big Questions
AI is a Branch of Computer Science.
1. . . . concerned with creating or mimicking intelligent behaviour
or ’thought’ in computers.
abc.net.au/pipeline/radio/programs/gloss.htm
2. . . . that deal with writing computer programs that can solve
problems creatively; “workers in AI hope to imitate or
duplicate intelligence in computers and robots”
wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn
3. . . . that studies the computational basis of intelligent behavior.
www.cs.utexas.edu/users/novak/cs307vocab.html
4. Computational techniques to automate tasks that require
human intelligence and the ability to reason. library.ahima.org/
xpedio/groups/public/documents/ahima/pub_bok1_025042.html
Artificial Intelligence?. . .
10/21
Outline
Definitions
Branches of AI Research
The Big Questions
A Branch of Computer Science.
Artificial intelligence includes diverse areas:
1. language comprehension and production, and translation
2. voice recognition and speech recognition
3. vision and image recognition
4. robots and motion planning
5. adaptive systems and automated learning
6. the composition of music or art by a computer program
7. problem solving and game playing
8. expert systems and medical diagnosis
9. data mining: the production of information from masses of
data
Artificial Intelligence?. . .
11/21
Outline
Definitions
Branches of AI Research
The Big Questions
Language Comprehension and Conversation.
Each year, we get better at this.
1. Doctor (Eliza) written by Joel Weizenbaum in about 1966
emulates a psychaitrist talking to a patient using a
combination of neutral prompts, keyword triggers and
grammer transformations.
2. A.L.I.C.E : The first self-aware computer program.
www.pandorabots.com/
A program that engages in a conversation with a human by
applying some heuristical pattern matching rules to the
human’s input. It was inspired by Joseph Weizenbaum’s
classical ELIZA program but takes a quite different approach.
It is one of the strongest programs of its type and has won the
Loebner Prize three times (in 2000, 2001 and 2004).
3. Watson won Jeopardy in 2011.
Artificial Intelligence?. . .
12/21
Outline
Definitions
Branches of AI Research
Pattern Recognition.
How well can we currently do these jobs?
1. OCR (OCR-Epson, 2 files)
2. Face recognition (iPhoto)
3. Speech recognition (Blackberry)
4. Authentication through voice recognition
Artificial Intelligence?. . .
13/21
The Big Questions
Outline
Definitions
Branches of AI Research
The Big Questions
Intelligence?
Can computers think? (Can apes speak?)
1. 1946: Yes, because ENIAC, can do calculations massively
faster than mechanical machines.
2. Today: No, because we continually redefine “thinking” to
exclude what machines do. Machines just follow algorithms
and consult databases.
3. Can a computer program have emotions? Can it emulate
emotions? Her
What would you say? We will come back to these questions later.
Artificial Intelligence?. . .
14/21
Outline
Definitions
Branches of AI Research
The Big Questions
The Turing Test
Can a computer successfully imitate a human?
1. Put a human in one room, a computer running an expert
system in the room next door.
2. The experimental subject is in a third room, communication
with both of the others through a computer workstation.
3. The subject poses a series of questions.
4. The computer and the human both answer them.
5. After the questions, the subject identifies which is the
computer and which is the human.
Artificial Intelligence?. . .
15/21
Outline
Definitions
Branches of AI Research
The Big Questions
The Turing Test
How might you tell the difference?
1. Alice and eliza often use bad grammar, bad sense, or get
somewhat off-topic.
2. Ask a question that depends on image recognition or language
comprehension.
3. Ask the same simple question several times in different forms
and note whether there is a pattern in the responses. Uniform
responses would indicate a bot.
4. Ask an emotional question ”Do you have a gorgeous
girlfriend?” ”Tell me the best thing about your mother.”
5. Ask a self-referential question such as ”How many
punctuation marks are in this sentence?”
6. Ask for an opinion on Hitler. A good indicator is how the
answer is formed.
Artificial Intelligence?. . .
16/21
Outline
Definitions
Branches of AI Research
The Big Questions
The 1940 Laws of Robotics, Isaac Asimov
1. First Law: A robot may not injure a human being, or, through
inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
2. Second Law: A robot must obey orders given it by human
beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First
Law.
3. Third Law: A robot must protect its own existence as long as
such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.
Publication of this conceptual framework opened up the field of
robots in science fiction.
Artificial Intelligence?. . .
17/21
Outline
Definitions
Branches of AI Research
Fun and Sex with Robots?
1. The Stepford Wives
2. Her
3. Robot and Frank
Artificial Intelligence?. . .
18/21
The Big Questions
Outline
Definitions
Branches of AI Research
The Big Questions
Hazardous or Inhuman Conditions
These machines are called “Robots” because they must make
decisions and take some actions in less time than it takes to
interact with a human.
1. We use robots as first-responders in emergencies.
2. NASA’s Voyager spacecraft is now in outer space. Its radio
transmissions take 17 hours to reach us and are becoming
very difficult to capture and decode.
3. Surgical robots are used by remote doctors.
Artificial Intelligence?. . .
19/21
Outline
Definitions
Branches of AI Research
The Big Questions
Intelligence?
Are programs capable of making flexible decisions under unusual
circumstances?
1. Would you want a robotic doctor or surgeon?
2. Would you ride in a computer-controlled car on the freeway?
Who is responsible for the decisions a program makes?
Artificial Intelligence?. . .
20/21
Outline
Definitions
Branches of AI Research
The Big Questions
The Singularity
Will computers become smarter than humans and take over the
world?
1. The Singularity is Near, Ray Kurzweil
“The Singularity is an era in which our intelligence will
become increasingly nonbiological and trillions of times more
powerful than it is todaythe dawning of a new civilization that
will enable us to transcend our biological limitations and
amplify our creativity”
2. A Cyborged World, Benford and Malartre
3. Robopocalypse, Daniel H. Wilson
“A story of war between humans and robots. It’s the robots’
world, we just live in it...for now. ”
Artificial Intelligence?. . .
21/21