• Cumulative Voting
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Range voting - Voting system
1
All candidates should be rated, unlike
cumulative voting where voters are
not permitted to provide scores for
more than some number of candidates
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Dotmocracy
1
This sticker voting approach is more accurately
described as cumulative voting.
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Voting system - Ballot
In voting systems that allow
plumping, like cumulative voting,
voters may vote for the same
candidate multiple times.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Voting system - Semi-proportional methods
An alternative method called
cumulative voting (CV) is a semiproportional voting system in which
each voter has n votes, where n is the
number of seats to be elected (or, in
some potential variants, a different
number, e.g
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Voting system - Semi-proportional methods
Cumulative voting is a common way of
holding elections in which the voters have
unequal voting power, such as in
corporate governance under the one
share, one vote rule. Cumulative voting is
also used as a multiple-winner method,
such as in elections for a corporate board.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Voting system - Semi-proportional methods
Cumulative voting is not fully
proportional because it suffers from the
same spoiler effect of the plurality
voting system without a run-off
process. A group of like-minded voters
divided among too many candidates
may fail to elect any winners, or elect
fewer than they deserve by their size.
The level of proportionality depends on
how well-coordinated the voters are.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Voting system - Semi-proportional methods
1
Limited voting is a multi-winner system that
gives voters fewer votes than the number of
seats to be decided. The simplest and most
common form of limited voting is single nontransferable vote (SNTV). It can be
considered a special variation of cumulative
voting where a full vote cannot be divided
among more than one candidate. It depends
on a statistical distributions of voters to
smooth out preferences that CV can do by
individual voters.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Voting system - Rated voting methods
1
Cumulative voting is used in a number of
communities as well as corporate boards
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Independence of irrelevant alternatives - Voting theory
1
Approval voting and range voting satisfy
the IIA criterion. Another cardinal system,
cumulative voting, does not satisfy the
criterion.
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Mannheim - City council
1
The council has 48 seats and is elected by
direct suffrage for five years. In the local
elections in Baden-Württemberg, voters
are allowed to take advantage of
cumulative voting and Panachage|vote
splitting. Since the Second World War the
SPD, except in the elections of 1999 and
2004, has received more votes than the
CDU. The next municipal election will take
place in 2014.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Gerrymandering - Changing the voting system
1
Semi-proportional voting systems such as
single non-transferable vote or cumulative
voting are relatively simple and similar to
first past the post and can also reduce the
proportion of wasted votes and thus
potential gerrymandering
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Requirement prioritization - Other Prioritization Techniques
1
*100-point method (100P)
also known as Cumulative
voting
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Voting methods in deliberative assemblies - Cumulative voting discouraged
1
TSC similarly states, Cumulative voting
is not permitted unless specifically
authorized in the bylaws, but has
nothing else to say on it, beyond a brief
description of how it works.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Voting methods in deliberative assemblies - Repeated balloting
And Robert's Rules of Order states
that neither alternate voting systems
such as plurality, preferential, and
cumulative voting nor elimination of
last-place candidates is allowable
unless stated in the bylaws; thus, if the
bylaws say nothing, the assembly
must use majority voting with
repeated balloting
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Suspension of the rules - When not permitted
255 (TSC) Thus, it would be illegal to
suspend the rules to allow nonmembers to vote; to authorize absentee
or cumulative voting; to waive the
requirement of a quorum; or to waive
the requirement for previous notice for
a bylaws amendment
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Principles of parliamentary procedure - Significance
1
RONR states that cumulative voting
must be viewed with reservation since
it violates a fundamental principle of
parliamentary law
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Principles of parliamentary procedure - Significance
1
An assembly cannot suspend the rules
that allow only one question to be
considered at a time; nor can it extend
the right to vote to nonmembers, or
authorize absentee or cumulative
voting by suspending the rules
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Canadian corporate law - Board of directors
The articles of incorporation can
provide for different classes of shares
(which may carry the right to elect
separate directors). Like most of the
Commonwealth and Europe, the one
share, one vote principle prevails in
public companies, but cumulative
voting can occur where the articles of
incorporation so provide.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Staggered board of directors
The use of a staggered board can
minimize the impact of cumulative
voting.http://www.stroock.com/SiteFiles/Pu
b341.pdf
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Market system
1
systems like cumulative voting and Tworound system|runoff voting involve a
degree of market-like bargaining and
tradeoff, rather than simple statements of
choice.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Tactical voting - Bullet voting
1
Bullet voting is when a voter votes for just
one candidate, despite having the option
to vote for more than one due to a voting
system such as approval voting or
plurality-at-large voting. A voter helps his
or her preferred candidate by not
supplying votes to potential rivals. This
strategy is encouraged and seen as
sometimes beneficial in the systems of
limited voting and cumulative voting.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Open list - Free list
1
Electors may also give more votes to one candidate,
in a manner similar to cumulative voting
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Majoritarian representation - Decline
1
** the cumulative voting system
allowed the electors to concentrate
their full share of votes on fewer
candidates;
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Center for Voting and Democracy - History and timeline
*1994: Robert Richie appears on
national radio to explain a federal
judge's ruling that cumulative voting
be used to settle a voting rights case
in Cane vs. Worcester County, M.D.
The Center for Voting and Democracy
releases the first Dubious Democracy,
its biannual report on the state of
democracy in congressional elections.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Center for Voting and Democracy - United States v. Village of Port Chester (2008)
1
On November 6, 2009, the Court did not
accept choice voting but accepted Port
Chester's remedy of cumulative voting
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Center for Voting and Democracy - Jauregi v. City of Palmdale (2014)
1
FairVote advocated for a number of
alternative methods, such as ranked
choice voting, single voting, and
cumulative voting
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Plurality-at-large voting - Casting and counting ballots
1
Each voter selects up to n candidates
on the ballot (voters are sometimes
said to have n votes; however, they are
unable to vote for the same candidate
more than once as is permitted in
cumulative
voting[http://www.blueridgenow.com
/article/20071019/NEWS/710190361
City of Hendersonville, NC])
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Plurality-at-large voting - Usage of block voting
1
Block voting is often used in corporate
governance|corporate elections to
elect the boards of directors of
corporations including housing
cooperatives, with each shareholder's
vote being multiplied by the number
of shares they own; however,
cumulative voting is also popular.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Illinois House of Representatives - History
This unusual system was even more
distinctive in that the election was
conducted by a modified form of
cumulative voting: each individual voter
was given three legislative votes to cast,
and could cast either one vote each for
three candidates, three votes for one
candidate (known as a bullet vote), or 1½
votes each for two candidates
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Illinois House of Representatives - History
1
The Chicago Tribune editorialized in 1995
that the multi-member districts elected with
cumulative voting produced better
legislators
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Cumulative voting
'Cumulative voting' (also
'accumulation voting', 'weighted
voting' or 'multi-voting') is a multiplewinner voting system intended to
promote more proportional
representation than First-past-thepost|winner-take-all elections.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Cumulative voting - History
1
Among them are Peoria, Illinois for half of
its city council, Chilton County, Alabama
for its county council and school board,
and Amarillo, Texas, for its school board
and College Board of
Regents.[http://www.amarillo.com/stories/0
51108/new_10304035.shtml] Courts
sometimes mandate its use as a remedy
in lawsuits brought under the Voting Rights
Act in the United States; an example of
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Cumulative voting - History
1
A form of cumulative voting has been used by
group facilitators as a method to collectively
prioritize options, for example ideas
generated from a brainstorming session
within a workshop. This approach is
described as “multi-voting” and was likely
derived from the nominal group technique
and is one of many tools suggested within the
Six Sigma business management
strategy.http://books.google.ca/books?id=TG
4P4aGtqP0Clpg=PA114 The Certified Six
Sigma Green Belt Handbook
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Cumulative voting - Voting
1
A cumulative voting election permits
voters in an election for more than one
seat to put more than one vote on a
preferred candidate. When voters in
the minority concentrate their votes in
this way, it increase their chances for
obtaining representation in a
legislative body. This is different from
Plurality-at-large voting|bloc voting,
where a voter may not vote more than
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Cumulative voting - Voting
1
Possibly the simplest ballot uses the
'equal and even cumulative voting'
method, where a voter simply marks
preferred candidates, as in bloc
voting, and votes are then
automatically divided evenly among
those preferred candidates
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Cumulative voting - Voting
1
Furthermore, the ranked choice feature of
the STV ballot makes it unlikely that voters
might split their votes among candidates in
a manner that hurts their interests; with
cumulative voting, it is possible to waste
votes by giving some candidates more
votes than necessary to win and by
dividing votes among multiple candidates
such that none of them win.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Proportional representation - History
1
Cambridge, Massachusetts (STV) and Peoria,
Illinois (cumulative voting) continue to use PR
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Semi-proportional representation - Non-partisan systems
The cumulative voting also allows
minority representation, concentrating
votes over the number of candidates
that every minor party thinks it can
support
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan
There are currently 58 electoral district
(Canada)|ridings in the province which
elect Member of the Legislative
Assembly|MLAs to the Legislative
Assembly. All are currently single-member
districts, although the cities of Regina
City (provincial electoral district)|Regina,
Saskatoon City (provincial electoral
district)|Saskatoon and Moose Jaw
City|Moose Jaw have been represented by
Cumulative voting|multi-member
constituencies in the past.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Pat Quinn (politician) - Political activism
1
This also earned him some enemies
among reformers and long-time
observers of the legislature, since
multi-member districts and the
cumulative voting system enabled
insurgents to break even with
machine-affiliated incumbents with
the support of only half the number of
voters
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Elementary Education Act 1870 - Principles
Board Members were elected by the
ratepayers under a system of cumulative
voting. (The number of Board Members
was determined by
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Norfolk Legislative Assembly - Membership
1
The assembly has 9 members, elected for
a three-year term. The assembly is elected
by a popular vote for a term of not more
than three years. Electors each have nine
equal votes, which can be divided in any
way between candidates, but no more
than two votes may be given to any
particular individual candidate. Some call
this variation of cumulative voting the
weighted first past the post system.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Gerrymander - Changing the voting system
1
Semi-proportional voting systems such as
single non-transferable vote or cumulative
voting are relatively simple and similar to
first past the post and can also reduce the
proportion of wasted votes and thus
potential gerrymandering
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Port Chester, New York - Government
1
Local Elections in Port Chester occur
in March. The next election is March
2015. Only the Mayoral seat will be up
for election at that time. As part of a
recent United States Department of
Justice|Justice Department decision,
Port Chester now employs Cumulative
Voting for trustee
positions.http://portchestervotes.org/
The Mayoral position is not affected
by cumulative voting. One vote per
person.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Port Chester, New York - Legal challenges to Port Chester's electoral system
On March 2, 2007, federal court judge
Stephen C. Robinson ruled in favor of the
Department of Justice and placed an
injunction on the March trustee elections
scheduled to take place. This ruling did not
affect the mayoral election, but it was
expected to result in Port Chester being
broken down into election districts. Instead,
village officials came up with an alternative
plan to address the problem by using
cumulative voting. This plan was approved by
the federal judge on November 6, 2009.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Richard Child, 1st Earl Tylney - Political career
1
He subsequently represented Essex (UK
Parliament constituency)|Essex from 1710
to 1722, having been supported in his
election by the Church Party, with over
90% of his vote consisting of Cumulative
voting|Plumpers, denoting his high
popularity, and was classed as a Tory in an
analysis of the returns
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Gulf Oil - Demise
Gulf, therefore, sought to resist Pickens by
various means, including refiling as a Delaware
General Corporation Law|Delaware corporation,
voiding the ability of shareholders to Cumulative
voting|cumulatively vote (fearing that Pickens
would use his shares to gain control of the board)
and listening to offers from Ashland Oil (which
would double Gulf's price from its pre-Mesa level),
General Electric (two years before it would shock
the financial world by taking over the media
company NBC/RKO) and finally Chevron to act as
its White knight (business)|white knight in late
1984
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Government of Libya - General National Congress
1
The General National Congress was
composed of 200 members of which 80
were elected through a Party-list
proportional representation|party list
system of proportional representation,
and 120 were elected as Independent
(politician)|independents in
Cumulative voting|multiple-member
districts
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Libyan government - General National Congress
The General National Congress was
composed of 200 members of which 80
were elected through a Party-list
proportional representation|party list
system of proportional representation, and
120 were elected as Independent
(politician)|independents in Cumulative
voting|multiple-member districts
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Libyan General National Congress election, 2012 - Electoral system
Further changes were later made,
changing the ratio to 120 Cumulative
voting|constituency seats and 80 list
seats, reportedly in an attempt to
reduce the Muslim Brotherhood's
influence in the new parliament
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
Gerrymandered - Changing the voting system
1
Semi-proportional voting systems such as
single non-transferable vote or cumulative
voting are relatively simple and similar to
first past the post and can also reduce the
proportion of wasted votes and thus
potential gerrymandering
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cumulative-voting-toolkit.html
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m/the-cumulative-votingtoolkit.html
The Art of Service
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