Interaction of
Academy and Industry
in Computer Research
Intel China Research Forum ‘08
– ICRC 10 Year Anniversary
INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING TECHNOLOGY
Ninghui Sun & Yungang Bao
ICT, CAS
2008.10
Today’s Topic
INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
Turing
Award
Nobel
Prize
Fundamental
Research
Commercial
Benefits
Computer
Research
Applied
Research
Overview

A View on Interaction of
Academy and Industry
INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
4.5
Sources of GDP Growth
Labor Input
Non-IT Capital Input
IT Capital Input
Non-IT Production
4.0
IT Production
INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
Annual Contribution (%)
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
1948-73

1973-89
1989-95
IT Related Sources had increased to
about 42% in GDP growth rate.
1995-04
Source: Information
Technology and the World
Economy, Dale W. Jorgenson
and Khuong Vu, Scandinavian
Journal of Economics,
December 2005.
The Economic Impact of IT
INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY

Economists have recognized the important role that information
technology (IT) can play in a country/region's development.

The IDC’s study found that spending on IT reaches $1.24 trillion in
2007 worldwide and IT drives significant growth in skilled jobs.
Conclusion 1: Information technology (IT) has
already played an important role in global
development.
Source: The Economic Impact of IT,
Software, and the Microsoft Ecosystem on
the Global Economy, IDC White paper,
October 2007.
What guarantee IT’s speed?
INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
Engine
Transmission



Car = IT industry
Engine = Frontier Research
Transmission = Technology Commercialization
Frontier Research
INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY

Fundamental Research (or Basic Research)


Which is research carried out to increase understanding of fundamental principles.
Many times the end results have no direct or immediate commercial benefits. However,
in the long term it is the basis for many commercial products and 'applied' research.
(From wikipedia)
Applied Research

Which is research accessing and using some part of the research communities'
(the academy's) accumulated theories, knowledge, methods, and techniques, for a
specific, often state, commercial, or client driven purpose. Applied research is often
opposed to pure research in debates about research ideals, programs, and projects.

High impact techniques in IT: Mouse, Internet, Micro-processor,
TCP/IP, WWW, …

We adopt the term Frontier Research (FR) to present the
effective computer research.
Source: Frontier Research: The European Challenge
High-Level Expert Group Report, February 2005
Features in Computer Research

Long-term


There is a long, unpredictable incubation period (10+ yrs)
between initial fundamental research and commercial
deployment.
Experimental work


Experimental work plays an important role in IT research.
Principal Investigator: visionary, risky, management


Unanticipated results

The unanticipated results are often as important as the
anticipated results.


E.g., e-mail & IM
Interaction of research ideas

The interaction of research ideas multiplies their impact.


E.g., David Patterson, John Hennessey, ……
E.g. VLSI & RISC, Graphic & Network & Workstation.
Commercialization

IT technologies are easier to be commercialized.
INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
Startup of Computer Research
INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
1965：The Department of
Computer Science were
founded in Stanford University
and CMU.
1961：The IBM Thomas
J. Watson Research
Center was founded.
1946：The ENIAC
was unveiled.
The frontier research in computer
science was booming…
INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
The computer
flourished through
The relationship
the frontier research of academy
between
academy
and industry.
and industry seems
complicated!
Source: Innovation in Information Technology,
National Research Council Press, 2003.
How to classify the arrows?
INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY

Arrows between
universities and
companies

Arrows from FR to
products and
markets

Arrows from one
technology to
other technologies
What do we learn?
INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY

University  Company
Need 3~5 years

FR  Products
Need 5~10 years

FR  $1B Market
Need 10~15 years
Some Conclusions
INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
Conclusion 2: The interactions between
Universities/Labs and Companies on FR
advance IT’s development.
Corollary 1: Never Fight Alone!
Conclusion 3: It takes 10+ years to make FR’s
outcomes grow up to $1B markets.
Corollary 2: Be patient!
From Berkeley View
r
C ke
a le
lt y
C ec
E h
R
C N
M
U
Il
li
n
M oi
IT s
P
u
r
R du
o e
ch
S e
ta s
t.
n
T fo
o
k rd
U yo
C
L
U A
ta
W h
is
c.
Universities’ Efforts in FR
e
INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
B
$1B+ Industry
Timesharing
Client/server
Graphics
Entertainment
Internet
LANs
Workstations
GUI
VLSI design
RISC processors
Relational DB
Parallel DB
Data mining
Parallel computing
RAID disk arrays
Portable comm.
World Wide Web
Speech recognition
Broadband last mile
Total
7
2
2
3
2
5
1
2
4
1
3
1
3
From ICT View
IB
M
X
e
ro
B x
e
ll
D
E
C
In
te
M l
ic
S ros
G o
I f
t
N
in
IC ten
L d
o
Li
n
k
S ab
m i
a t
P ll
u ta
p l
k
…
…
Companies’ Efforts in FR
INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
$1B+ Industry
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Timesharing
Client/server
Graphics
Entertainment
Internet
LANs
Workstations
GUI
VLSI design
RISC processors
Relational DB
Parallel DB
Data mining
Parallel computing
RAID disk arrays
Portable comm.
World Wide Web
Speech recognition
Broadband last mile
Total
9
5
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 …
Some Corollary
INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
Conclusion 4: FR is a luxury human actions.
University/Institute have inherent advantages
in FR. Companies’ R&D mainly focus on
product development.
Corollary 3: Except for IBM, Companies who
take great zeal for FR may be split, purchased
or disappeared.
Criteria of FR Contribution

Two general criteria to evaluate the FR’s
contributions

Paper Citations


CiteSeer, Google Scholar, Microsoft Libra
Industry Impact

FR’s outcomes are adopted by industry directly.
INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
41 papers with high industry impact
selected from 25 years of ISCA (ACM,1998)
INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY

Average citation ≈ 160.8


8 times of avg. citations of all ISCA papers (20.3).
Conclusion 5: Paper citation indicates
industry impact
Papers
Proportion
Avg.
Citation
Company
7
17.0%
154.1
111.6
Univ. & Comp. collaboration
5
12.2%
129
120
Company Related
12
29.2%
143.7
120.3
University
29
70.8%
179.2
158.6

Avg. Citation (Highest
& Lowest Removed)
INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
University is the main force and has higher
citations.
Conclusion 6: University focus on long-term
fundamental research. Company focuses on
short-term but pivotal research.
Lifetime of Industry Impact
INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY

Computer industry makes fast progress
dramatically, so the impact lifetime of FR
varies.
Citation of “Active Message: A Mechanism for
Integrated Communication and Computation”
Impact-Lifetime
Limin Xiao, Mingfa Zhu,
Active Messages on the Dawning-1000 ,1996
A Case Study: ICT

Phase 1: 1950s~1980s


For missions of national strategy. No interaction.
Phase 2: 1980s~2000s


INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
ICT transferred the FR technology to China industry.
Single arrow.
Phase 3: Y2000 ~ Now

Interactions of academy and industry have been arising in China.
More coordinates with international companies.
1956
Phase 1
中国计算机事业的摇篮
Established in 1956
First computing research institute in China
1956
1958
103机
INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
夏培肃院士
“有了”
第一台小型通用数字电子计算机
First Computer in China
1800次/秒（磁心内存）
1958年8月
1956
1958
1960
107机
电子管
第一台自行设计的小型通用数字电子计算机
First Self-Design Computer in China
250次/秒
1960年5月
1956
1958
1960
109乙机
1965
晶体管
第一台自行研制的晶体管大型通用数字电子计算机
First Transistor Computer in China
6万次/秒（浮点）
1965年6月
1956
1958
1960
109丙机
1965
1967
“功勋机”
自行研制的晶体管大型通用数字电子计算机
(115KFlops)
Contribute to Design of Atom Bomb/Satellite in China
1967年9月
1956
1958
1960
111机
1965
1967
1971
集成电路
第一批小规模集成电路通用数字电子计算机
First LSI Computer in China
18万次/秒
1971年5月
1956
1958
1960
757机
1965
1967
1971
高庆狮院士
向量机
1983
大型向量中规模集成电路数字电子计算机
中国最快的大型计算机
Vector Computer
1000万次/秒（向量）
1983年11月
1956
1958
1960
KJ8920机
1965
1967
1971
石油行业
1983
1991
大型计算机系统
Mainframe Computer
2000万次/秒（主处理机+向量机）
1991年9月
1956
1958
1960
Phase 2
LX-PC
1965
1967
1971
倪光南院士
1983
1987
1991
联想式汉字微型机系统
Legend Personal Computer
1987年
1956
1958
1960
INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
1965
1967
1971
李国杰院士
LI Guojie
1983
1987
1990
1991
智能中心从这里起步
Established in 1990
Supported by 863 High-Tech
Program of China
1956
1958
1960
Dawning-1
INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
1965
1967
1971
SMP
1983
1987
1990
1991
1993
第一台SMP服务器
First SMP Server in China
168 VAX MIPS
1993年10月
1956
1958
1960
Dawning-1000
INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
1965
1967
1971
MPP
1983
1987
1990
1991
1993
1995
第一台MPP超级计算机
中国最快的超级计算机
First MPP Supercomputer in China
25亿次/秒
1993年10月
1956
1958
1960
Dawning-2000
INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
1965
1967
1971
Cluster
1983
1987
1990
1991
1993
1995
1998
第一台Cluster高性能计算机
First Cluster HPC in China
200亿次/秒
1998年12月
1956
1958
1960
INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
1965
1967
1971
曙光3000
4032亿次/秒
2001年2月
曙光2000-II
1117亿次/秒
2000年1月
1983
1987
1990
1991
1993
1995
1998
2000
2004
TOP10
曙光4000-L
3万亿次/秒
2003年3月
曙光4000-A
11.2万亿次/秒
2004年6月
1956
1958
1960
Dawning-5000
INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
1965
1967
1971
1983
Blade
Cluster
1987
1990
1991
1993
1995
1998
2000
2004
2008
中国最快的高性能计算机
The Fastest HPC in China
233.5万亿次/秒
2008年11月
Phase 3
Interaction with Intel
ORC: A successful joint project
for frontier research
INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
Open Research Compiler
(ORC, 2000~2002)
INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY

Objective


Joint efforts among




Provides a leading open source compiler of Intel Itanium
to the compiler and architecture research community
Programming and System Lab (PSL)/ICRC, Intel CTG
Advanced Compiler Technology (ACT) Lab, ICT
Sharing IP (arch-independent and arch-dependent)
ORC 2.1 got better: 5% than ECC 7.0 and 30%
than GCC 3.1
Contribution to Research Community
INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY

University groups using ORC


Industry




U. Del, U. Minn, U. Ghent, Georgia Tech, U. Maryland, Rice U.,
U. Houston, Princeton U., TsingHua U., Peking U., U. Alberta,
MIT, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, INRIA, UPC, CAS.
Tensilica: compiler for extensible embedded processor
STMicro electronics: compiler for embedded ST200 processor
Intel: Research on Speculative multi-thread compiling
Over 15,000 downloads till now at
http://ipf-orc.sourceforge.net/
What is ICT’s gain
Papers



Liu Yang, Sun Chan, G.R.Gao., Roy Ju, Guei-Yuan Lueh, Zhaoqing
Zhang, Inter-Procedural Stacked Register Allocation for Itanium Like
Architecture ,Proc. of ACM SIGARCH International Conference of
Supercomputing, San Francisco, CA, June 23th -26th, 2003.
More joint projects between ICT and Industry



INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
Shangri-la project (ICT & Intel)
Open64 compiler project (HP, ICT, UDel, and
Tsinghua)
Parallel compiler for multi-core and HPC
China’s Puzzle
INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
What China has
done in the past
decades is filling
gaps which means
that developing the
second-class
technologies to
meet the needs of
the Chinese people.
-- Prof. Kai Li
Princeton Univ.
Technology
Commercialization
Applied
Research
Frontier Research
(adopted from world)
Suggestions
INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY



International companies treat
the FR affairs with Chinese
university/Institute not only as
the Market Activities.
International collaboration is a
significant and essential way
for Chinese academy to reach
world-class.
Industry should provide more
supports for Chinese frontier
research, especially facilities.
China Solving
the Issues
proposed by
International
Advanced Issues
proposed by
China
INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
Thanks！