$1,17(5$&7,9(*$0()256(0,$8720$7,&,0$*($1127$7,21
/6HQHYLUDWQHDQG(,]TXLHUGR
0XOWLPHGLDDQG9LVLRQ5HVHDUFK*URXS
6FKRRORI(OHFWURQLF(QJLQHHULQJDQG&RPSXWHU6FLHQFH
4XHHQ0DU\8QLYHUVLW\RI/RQGRQ
0LOH(QG5RDG/RQGRQ(168.
^ODVDQWKDVHEURXOL]TXLHUGR`#HOHFTPXODFXN
$%675$&7
:H LQWURGXFH D QHZ WHFKQLTXH IRU LPDJH DQQRWDWLRQ LQ
ZKLFK VRFLDO DVSHFWV RI KXPDQEDVHG FRPSXWDWLRQ DUH
H[SORLWHG7KHSURSRVHGDSSURDFKDLPVDWZKDWPLOOLRQVRI
VLQJOHRQOLQHDQGFRRSHUDWLYHJDPHUVDUHNHHQWRGRHQMR\
WKHPVHOYHV LQ D VRFLDO PDQQHU 7KLV DSSURDFK IRFXVHV RQ
VRFLDODVSHFWVRIJDPLQJDQGWKHXVHRIKXPDQVLQDZLGHO\
GLVWULEXWHG IDVKLRQ WKURXJK D SURFHVV RI KXPDQEDVHG
FRPSXWDWLRQ ,W GHYLDWHV IURP WKH FRQYHQWLRQDO ³FRQWHQW
EDVHG LPDJH UHWULHYDO &%,5´ SDUDGLJP IDYRUHG E\ WKH
UHVHDUFK FRPPXQLW\ WR WDFNOH WKH SUREOHPV UHODWHG WR WKH
VHPDQWLF DQQRWDWLRQ DQG WDJJLQJ RI PXOWLPHGLD FRQWHQWV
7KLV IUDPHZRUN FRQVLVWV RI D QXPEHU RI
WHFKQLTXHVDOJRULWKP VXFK DV ,PDJH 3URFHVVLQJ 0DFKLQH
/HDUQLQJ DQG *DPH 7KHRULHV WR JHQHUDWH DQ DFFXUDWH
DQQRWDWLRQ7KHIUDPHZRUNDVDUHVXOWLGHQWLILHVOHVVUDWLRQDO
JDPHSOD\HUVDQGHOLPLQDWHVWKHPIURPJHQHUDWLQJLQFRUUHFW
DQQRWDWLRQV 5HJDUGLQJ WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH IUDPHZRUN
ZH FRPSDUHG WKH JDPH SHUIRUPDQFH ZLWK D QXPEHU RI
SOD\HUVDQGWKHLUSV\FKRORJLFDOEHKDYLRUVWRXQGHUVWDQGWKH
EHKDYLRU RI D UHJXODU JDPH SOD\HU DQG KRZ LQ WXUQ WKLV
DIIHFWHGWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIRXUIUDPHZRUN
,QGH[ 7HUPV² 6HPDQWLF DQQRWDWLRQ ,QWHUDFWLYH
JDPLQJ03(*IHDWXUHVDQGREMHFWUHFRJQLWLRQ
,1752'8&7,21
2EMHFW UHFRJQLWLRQ DQG VHPDQWLF LPDJH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV DUH
SUHGRPLQDQW UHVHDUFK WRSLFV LQ WKH FRPSXWHU YLVLRQ
FRPPXQLW\ 'HVSLWH WHFKQRORJLFDO GHYHORSPHQWV LQ UHFHQW
\HDUV IRU PDSSLQJ ORZOHYHO IHDWXUHV ZLWK KLJKOHYHO
FRQFHSWV KDG PDGH VLJQLILFDQW LPSURYHPHQWV LQ LPDJH
VHJPHQWDWLRQ DQG REMHFW UHFRJQLWLRQ +RZHYHU WKH
³VHPDQWLF JDS´ VWLOO UHPDLQV DV DQ RSHQ FKDOOHQJH LQ WKH
FRPSXWHUYLVLRQFRPPXQLW\
2YHU WKH ODVW GHFDGH FKDOOHQJHV LQ WKH VHPDQWLF JDS
KDYH DWWUDFWHG UHVHDUFKHUV IURP GLIIHUHQW FRPPXQLWLHV DQG
DV D UHVXOW D ODUJH QXPEHU RI DSSURDFKHV IRU LPDJH
DQQRWDWLRQ KDYH GHYHORSHG 2QH VXFK DSSURDFK LV WR
DFFRPSOLVKDQLPDJHDQQRWDWLRQWDVNE\XVLQJFROODERUDWLYH
978-1-4244-4296-6/10/$25.00 ©2010 IEEE
1254
HIIRUWV&ROODERUDWLYHDQQRWDWLRQDLPVDWVSOLWWLQJDQDFWLYLW\
LQWRUHDVRQDEOHFKXQNVWREHGLYLGHGDPRQJSHRSOHZKRDUH
ZLOOLQJ WR FRQWULEXWH WKHLU UHVRXUFHV RU HIIRUWV $QRWKHU
DSSURDFK LV WR GHVLJQ D XVHUFHQWULF LQWHUDFWLYH IUDPHZRUN
WKDW LV LQVWUXPHQWDO LQ KDUYHVWLQJ KXPDQ LQWHOOLJHQFH 7KH
³(63JDPH´>@DQG³0DQKDWWDQ6WRU\0DVKXS´>@DUHWZR
GLIIHUHQWLQQRYDWLYHJDPHVWUDWHJLHVWKDWDUHLQVWUXPHQWDOLQ
KDUYHVWLQJ KXPDQ EUDLQSRZHU WR DQQRWDWH LPDJHV 6LQFH
KXPDQVFDQLQKHUHQWO\GHVFULEHLPDJHVHPDQWLFVWKHJDPHV
H[SORLW KXPDQ FRJQLWLYH LQWHOOLJHQFH WR DQQRWDWH LPDJHV
)XUWKHUPRUHWKLVDFWLYLW\LVDKLGGHQDFWLYLW\DQGRIWHQXVHUV
GRQRWUHDOL]HWKHFRQWULEXWLRQWKH\KDYHPDGHZKLOHSOD\LQJ
WKHJDPHV
7KH µ(QWHUWDLQPHQW 6RIWZDUH $VVRFLDWLRQ¶ UHFHQWO\
LOOXVWUDWHGWKDWLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVDORQHWKHUHDUHPRUHWKDQ
PLOOLRQ KRXUV VSHQW HDFK GD\ SOD\LQJ FRPSXWHU DQG
YLGHRJDPHV>@0RUHRYHULWVWDWLVWLFDOO\VKRZVWKDWE\WKH
DJHRIDQDYHUDJH$PHULFDQZLOOVSHQGPRUHWKDQ
KRXUVRISOD\LQJFRPSXWHUJDPHVZKLFKLVHTXLYDOHQWWRILYH
\HDUVRIIXOOWLPHZRUNLQJ:KDWLIWKLVWLPHDQGHIIRUWFDQ
EH XWLOL]HG WR DGGUHVV WKH VHPDQWLF JDS LVVXH LQ WKH
FRPSXWHUYLVLRQ FRPPXQLW\" %\ FRQVLGHULQJ FRPSXWHU
JDPLQJDQGFRPSXWHUYLVLRQWHFKQLTXHVZHEHOLHYHWKHUHDUH
QXPHURXV WHFKQLTXHV DYDLODEOH WR RYHUFRPH WKH LVVXH RI
PDQXDOLPDJHDQQRWDWLRQ2QHRIWKHPRVWHIIHFWLYHZD\VWR
RYHUFRPH WKLV LVVXH LV WR GHVLJQ DQ LQWHUDFWLYH IUDPHZRUN
ZLWK FRPELQLQJ KXPDQ EUDLQSRZHU WR FDSWLYDWH JDPH
SOD\HUV7KLVLVDWDVNWKDWKDVWREHGRQHZKLOHFRQVLGHULQJ
WKHSOD\HUVSV\FKRORJLFDODVSHFWVLQJHQHUDOSOD\HUVZRQ¶W
SOD\JDPHVIRUXQUDYHOLQJFRPSXWDWLRQDOSUREOHPVEXWWKH\
GRVRWRHQWHUWDLQWKHPVHOYHV
7KH PDLQ REMHFWLYH RI WKLV SDSHU LV WR SUHVHQW DQ
LQWHUDFWLYH IUDPHZRUN ZKLFK LV FDSDEOH RI DQQRWDWLQJ
LPDJHV E\ WKH DFFRXQW RI KXPDQEDVHG FRPSXWDWLRQ :H
SURSRVHG D IUDPHZRUN FDOOHG µ7DJ)XQ¶ DQ LQWHUDFWLYH
JDPH GHVLJQHG XVLQJ D ' JUDSKLF LQWHUIDFH 7KH JDPH¶V
REMHFWLYH LV WR DQQRWDWH LPDJHV DFFRUGLQJ WR WKHLU YLVXDO
FRQWHQWV 7KHUHIRUH WKH ,PDJH VXEMHFW IRU DQQRWDWLRQ LV
GLVSOD\HGE\WKHJDPHLQWHUIDFHDQGSOD\HUVDUHH[SHFWHGWR
FRPPHQWRQWKHP
ICASSP 2010
352326('$3352$
$&+
2XU SURSRVHG DSSURDFK LV D JDPH WWKDW FRPHV ZLWK D
SXUSRVH ZKLFK LV LPDJH DQQRWDWLRQ $V
$ VKRZQ LQ )LJ
JDPH IUDPHZRUN LV GLYLGHG LQWR D QXP
PEHU RI VXEVHFWLRQV
7KHLPDJHVXEMHFWIRUDQQRWDWLRQLVYLVX
XDOL]HGE\WKH9LVXDO
*DPH ,QWHUIDFH DQG SOD\HUV DUH H[SHFFWHG WR FRPPHQW RQ
WKHP7RLPSURYHDFFXUDF\WKHJDPHSOOD\HU¶VQH[WPRYHLV
SUHGLFWHGE\WKH8VHU,QSXW3UHGLFWLRQDDOJRULWKP7KH&KHDW
3UHYHQWLQJ VHFWLRQ LV DOVR XVHG WR
R SURYLGH YDOXDEOH
LQIRUPDWLRQ WR IXUWKHU JHQHUDWH DQ DFFXUDWH
D
DQQRWDWLRQ
3D\RII &DOFXODWLRQ LV XVHG WR DJJUHJ
JDWH DOO WKH YDULRXV
LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG SURYLGH YDOXDEOH RXWSXW RQ SOD\HU
FRQILGHQFH LQ UHODWLRQ WR LPDJH DQQRWDWLRQ 6FRUH
FRPSXWDWLRQ LV XVHG WR PRWLYDWH SOD\HHUV E\ JLYLQJ WKHP
SRLQWV WKXV DFNQRZOHGJLQJ WKHLU FRQWULE
EXWLRQ 7KLV VFRUH LV
XVHG DV D JDPH DFWLRQ WR FDOFXODWH WKH SD\RII IXQFWLRQV RI
WKHJDPH
PHZRUN
)LJ³7DJ)XQ´*DPHIUDP
*DPH)UDPHZRUN
,Q WKLV VHFWLRQ ZH GHVFULEH WKH EHKDYLR
RU RI WKH IUDPHZRUN
DQGLWVFRQWULEXWLRQWRLQGLYLGXDOVHFWLRQ
QV
9LVXDO*DPH,QWHUIDFH
7KH YLVXDO JDPHLQWHUIDFHLVVLPLODUWR DZHOONQRZQ JDPH
µ7HWULV¶ EXW LQVWHDG RI XVLQJ GLIIHUHQW VVKDSHV DQG EXLOGLQJ
EORFNV 7DJIXQ XVHV D QXPEHU RI VSLQ
QQLQJ FKDUDFWHUV WKDW
GURS IURP WKH WRS WR WKH ERWWRP RI WK
KH VFUHHQ 7DJ)XQ
JDPHSOD\HUVDUHVXSSRVHGWRFROOHFWFKDDUDFWHUVWRSHUIRUPD
VLQJOH ZRUG VWULQJ )RU H[DPSOH LI LP
PDJH FRQVLVWV RI D
³EXWWHUIO\´ WKH XVHU LV VXSSRVHG WR FR
ROOHFW LWV LQGLYLGXDO
OHWWHU FKDUDFWHUV WR FUHDWH WKH ZRUG VWDDUWLQJ ZLWK WKH ILUVW
FKDUDFWHU³E´DQGVRRQ)RULPSURYHP
PHQWVLQHIILFLHQF\RI
LPDJH DQQRWDWLRQ WKH IUDPHZRUN XWLOLVHHV WKUHH FROXPQV RI
FKDUDFWHUV ZLWK D QXPEHU RI UDQGRP PDJLF
P
FKDUDFWHUV WKDW
DUH IOH[LEOH IRU DQ\ WH[W FKDQJHUV 7K
KLV DSSURDFK IXUWKHU
KHOSVXVHUVWRPLQLPL]HRIWKHWLPHWDNHQ
QWRFRQVWUXFWDNH\
ZRUGZKLFKLQWXUQLVXVHGWRLPSURYHWWKHHIILFLHQF\RIWKH
IUDPHZRUN 7KH VSLQQLQJ VSHHGV RI WKH FKDUDFWHUV DUH
1255
RQWULEXWLRQ RI D SOD\HU ZKR LV
DGMXVWDEOH WR KDUYHVW WKH FR
VXIIHULQJIURPDSK\VLFDOFRQ
QGLWLRQZKHUHWKH\DUHXQDEOHWR
UHDFWLQWKHVDPHZD\DVDµUHHJXODU¶SOD\HU
)LJ7DJ)XQYLVXDOJDPHLQWHUIDFH
8VHU,QSXW3UHGLFWLRQ
7KLV IUDPHZRUN ZDV GHVLJQ
QHG WR SUHGLFW 8VHU DWWLWXGH E\
WDNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW WKH FR
RQWULEXWLRQ RI +LGGHQ 0DUNRY
0RGHOV +00 >@ DQG 9LWHUEL >@ DOJRULWKP ,QLWLDOO\ WKH
IUDPHZRUN IHHGV SOD\HUV ZLWWK D QXPEHU RI IXOO\ DQQRWDWHG
LPDJHVLWDQDO\]HVWKHSOD\HUUFRPPHQWVLQRUGHUWRPHDVXUH
SOD\HU FRQILGHQFH 8VLQJ WK
KLV LQIRUPDWLRQ WKH IUDPHZRUN
FRQVWUXFWV D 0DUNRY 0RGHO DQG FDOFXODWHV LWV PRVW OLNHO\
VWDWH RI DQ REVHUYDWLRQ E\ SUUHGLFWLQJ WKH ORDGLQJ RI D QRQ
DQQRWDWHG LPDJH IRU WKH QH[W URXQG 7KLV SURFHVV
GHPRQVWUDWHVWKHSUHGLFWLRQ RIDFKLHYLQJDJRRGDQQRWDWLRQ
IRU D QRQDQQRWDWH LPDJH LQ WKH QH[W JDPH URXQG 7R
REDELOLWLHV RI WKH +00 ZH
FDOFXODWH WKH HPLVVLRQ SUR
LQWURGXFHWKHIROORZLQJFRVWIIXQFWLRQV
&RVW)XQFWLRQ ܲሺܴȁܴሻሺͳ െ ܲሺܷሻሻ ܲሺܴȁܹሻܲሺܷሻ &RVW)XQFWLRQ ܲሺܹȁܹሻሺͳ െ ܲሺܷሻሻ ܲሺܹȁܴሻܲሺܷሻ
7KHVH WZR FRVW IXQFWLRQ
QV ZHUH XVHG WR FDOFXODWH WKH
HPLVVLRQSUREDELOLWLHV/)$,RIWKH+00
)LJ+00IRU8VVHUDWWLWXGHUHFRJQLWLRQ
KQLTXHV
&KHDW3UHYHQWLQJ7HFK
7KLVSDUWRIWKHIUDPHZRUNG
GHPRQVWUDWHVDQXPEHURIFKHDW
SUHYHQWLQJ WHFKQLTXHV WR HOLPLQDWH OHVV UDWLRQDO JDPH
SOD\HUV7KLVIUDPHZRUNZDVVGHVLJQHG WRIHHG XVHUVZLWKD
QXPEHU RI IXOO\ DQQRWDWHG LPDJHUV ZKLFK ZHUH XVHG WR
DQDO\]H WKHLU SUREDELOLVWLF DFFXUDF\ 7KH IUDPHZRUN
FDOFXODWHVXVHUFRQILGHQFHLQUHODWLRQWRJDPHSOD\DQGXVHV
WKLVWRXSGDWHLWLQHDFKJDPHURXQG
7KLVIUDPHZRUNXVHVLPDJHFODVVLILFDWLRQWHFKQLTXHVWR
IXUWKHUDQDO\]HSOD\HUFRQILGHQFH$VDUHVXOWZHXVHG&RORU
/D\RXW 'RPLQDQW &RORU DQG (GJH +LVWRJUDP >@
GHVFULSWRUV LQ D PHUJH IXVLRQ ZD\ >@ WR WUDLQ D 6XSSRUW
9HFWRU0DFKLQH690>@>@FODVVLILHUWRFUHDWHDQXPEHU
RISUHWUDLQHGPRGHOVSULRUWRLPDJHFODVVLILFDWLRQ
3UHDQQRWDWLRQ UHVXOWV DUH DQRWKHU IDFWRU XVHG E\ WKH
IUDPHZRUN WR IXUWKHU JDLQ LWV DFFXUDF\ 7KH )UDPHZRUN
FDOFXODWHV WKH DYHUDJH SUREDELOLW\ RI D JLYHQ DQQRWDWLRQ RI
DQ LPDJH DQG XVHV LW WR FDOFXODWH JDPH SD\RII >@ ,Q WKH
QH[W VHFWLRQ ZH IXUWKHU FODULI\ WKH EHQHILWV RI RXU &KHDW
SUHYHQWLQJWHFKQLTXHV
7ZR3OD\HU*DPH0RGHO
7R DFTXLUH WKH FRQWULEXWLRQ RI SUHFLRXV JDPH WKHRULHV ZH
DVVXPHG WKLV JDPH VKRXOG UHSUHVHQW D WZR SOD\HU JDPH
PRGHO7KHUHIRUHZHLPSOHPHQWHGWKHSD\RIIIXQFWLRQVIRU
WKHJDPHE\DVVXPLQJWKDWWKHµUHDO¶JDPHSOD\HUUHSUHVHQWV
WKHUROHRISOD\HUDQGWKHIUDPHZRUNUHSUHVHQWVWKHUROHRI
SOD\HU,QHDFKURXQGDVVRRQDVSOD\HUFRPPHQWVRQDQ
LPDJHZHDQDO\]HGWKHDFFXUDF\RIKLVFRPPHQWVWRGHFLGH
ZKHWKHUWRXVHRUQHJOHFWKLVDQQRWDWLRQV
&RQVLGHULQJWKH SD\RII IXQFWLRQV ZKHUH ܽଵ DQG ܽଶ DUH
UHSUHVHQWLQJ WKH SOD\HU DFWLRQV OHW WKH DFWLRQ RI SOD\HU WDNHQLQHDFKURXQGEHܽଵ ZKLFKUHSUHVHQWVWKHXVHUDWWLWXGH
E\LQGLFDWLQJWKDWWKHXVHUZRXOGH[HFXWHDJRRGDQQRWDWLRQ
LQWKHQH[WURXQGRUQRW:KHUHܽଵ LQGLFDWHVWKDWSOD\HU
LV ZLOOLQJ WR FRQWULEXWH KLPVHOI E\ H[HFXWLQJ D JRRG
DQQRWDWLRQLQWKHJDPHURXQG/HWܽଵ ൌ ͲLQGLFDWHVWKDWXVHU
ZLOO FRPSOHWH DQ LQFRUUHFW ZURQJ DQQRWDWLRQ 7KLV
LQIRUPDWLRQ ZDV IRXQGHG E\ WKH 8VHU ,QSXW 3UHGLFWLRQ
DOJRULWKP6LPLODUWRSOD\HUܽଶ GHILQHVSOD\HU¶VDFWLRQ
ZKHUH ܽଶ ൌ Ͳ GHQRWHV WKH SOD\HU VFRUH WKUHVKROG VFRUH
ZKLOHܽଶ ൌ ͳLQGLFDWHVWKDWSOD\HUVFRUH!WKUHVKROG VFRUH
/HW ܲሺሻ GHQRWH WKH SUREDELOLW\ RI XVHU FRQILGHQFH ܲሺሻ
GHPRQVWUDWH WKH SUREDELOLW\ RI LPDJH FODVVLILFDWLRQ
UHVXOWVܲሺሻ GHQRWHV WKH SUREDELOLW\ RI D JLYHQ DQQRWDWLRQ
FRVWGHPRQVWUDWHVWKHWRWDOFRVWRISOD\HUDFFRUGLQJWRWKH
0DUNRY0RGHO DQG 1$ GHQRWHVWKH QXPEHURIDQQRWDWLRQV
RIDJLYHQLPDJHDQGWKHFRVWIRUDQDQQRWDWLRQLV GHILQHG
E\ WKH FRQVWDQW *LYHQ WKLV LQIRUPDWLRQ ZLWK DFWLRQ
SURILOHሺܽଵ ǡ ܽଶ ሻ ERWKSOD\HUV¶SD\RIIDUHFDOFXODWHGXVLQJWKH
IROORZLQJSD\RIIIXQFWLRQV
ߨଵ ሺܽଵ ǡ ܽଶ ሻ ൌ ܽଶ ܲሺሻ െ ܽଵ ܿݐݏ
ߨଶ ሺܽଵ ǡ ܽଶ ሻ ൌ ܽଵ ൫ܲሺሻ ܲሺሻ ܲሺሻ ൯ െ ܽଶ ሺܰͲܣǤͲͺ͵ሻ
$ERYHSD\RIIIXQFWLRQVDUHFRQVLVWLQJZLWKWZRWHUPV7KH
ILUVW WHUP ܽଶ ܲሺሻ DQG ܽଵ ൫ܲሺሻ ܲሺሻ ܲሺሻ ൯ UHSUHVHQW WKH
XVHU¶VSD\RIIRUWKHVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKUHVSHFWWRRWKHUXVHU¶V
1256
DFWLRQ :KHUH WKH VHFRQG WHUP ܽଵ ܿ ݐݏDQG ܽଶ ሺܰͲܣǤͲͺ͵ሻ
UHSUHVHQWV WKH SOD\HUV RZQ FRVW ZLWK UHVSHFW WR WKHLU RZQ
DFWLRQ
1DVK(TXLOLEULXP5HSUHVHQWDWLRQ
'XHWRWKHQDWXUHRIWKLVJDPHWKHUHDUHDQLQILQLWHQXPEHU
RI1DVK(TXLOLEULXPVWKDWH[LVW+RZHYHUDOORIWKHPGRQRW
UHSUHVHQW UDWLRQDO JDPH SOD\HUV WKXV LW LV XVHG WR UHSUHVHQW
ERWK UDWLRQDO DQG OHVV UDWLRQDO JDPH SOD\HUV 7KLV FDQ EH
FOHDUO\H[SODLQHGXVLQJWKHEHORZ)LJZKLFKUHSUHVHQWVWKH
SD\RII SURILOHV IRU WKH JDPH UHSUHVHQWLQJ DOO VWUDWHJLF
DFWLRQVWKDWFRXOGEHPDGHE\ERWKJDPHSOD\HUV
)LJ YLVXDOL]HV WKH UHJLRQV RI WKH IHDVLEOH DQG
HQIRUFHDEOHUHJLRQVRIWKLVJDPH7KHHQIRUFHDEOHUHJLRQ$
LV WKH UHJLRQ WKDW ZH DUH LQWHUHVWHG LQ 7KH UHJLRQ $$
UHSUHVHQW WKH IHDVLEOH UHJLRQV RI WKH SD\RII SURILOHV ,W
UHSUHVHQWV DOO W\SHV RI JDPH RXWFRPHV IRU GLIIHUHQW XVHU
DFWLRQV7KLVIHDVLEOHUHJLRQLVLQVLGHDFRQYH[KXOORI
ሼͳǤ ሺͲǡͲሻǡ ʹǤ ሺܲሺሻ ǡ െሺܰͲܣǤͲͺ͵ሻሻǡ ͵Ǥ ሺܲሺሻ െ ܿݐݏǡ ሺሺܲሺሻ
ܲሺሻ ܲሺሻ ሻȀ݅ሻ െ ሺܰͲܣǤͲͺ͵ሻሻǡ ͶǤ
ݐݏǡ ሺܲሺሻ ܲሺሻ
ܲሺሻ ሻȀ݅ሻሽ
)LJ3D\RIISURILOHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQIRUDOOXVHUDFWLRQV
)URP)LJRQHFDQVHHWKDWWKHUHDUHDQLQILQLWHQXPEHURI
1DVK (TXLOLEULXPV WKDW H[LVW DQG LQ WHUPV RI LPDJH
DQQRWDWLRQ QRW DOO RI WKHP ZRXOG SURYLGH DQ DFFXUDWH
DQQRWDWLRQ 3D\RII SURILOHV WKDW DUH LQVLGH WKH DUHD RI $
FRXOGGHILQHWKHOHVVUDWLRQDOSOD\HUVZKRDWWHPSWHGWRFKHDW
PRVWRIWKHWLPHZKHQDQQRWDWLQJLPDJHV7KHUHIRUHSD\RII
SURILOHVWKDWDUHO\LQJRQWKHDUHDRI$ZLOOEHXVHGE\WKH
IUDPHZRUNIRULPDJHDQQRWDWLRQ
3(5)250$1&(0($685(
7R DQDO\VH WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI RXU IUDPHZRUN ILUVW ZH
PHDVXUHWKHSHUIRUPDQFHVRIWKHFODVVLILFDWLRQSURFHVV1H[W
ZH PHDVXUH WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI RXU IUDPHZRUN DJDLQVW D
FRQYHQWLRQDOJDPHIUDPHZRUN
7KH SHUIRUPDQFH DQDO\VLV RI WKH FODVVLILFDWLRQ SURFHVV
ZDVFRPSOHWHGE\XVLQJVL[WUDLQHHFRQFHSWV7KHFODVVLILHU
ZDV WUDLQHG IRU LPDJHV SRVLWLYHV DQG QHJDWLYHVIRUHDFKFRQFHSWEXWWHUIO\FRXJDUWUHHEXLOGLQJ
FORXG DQG WLJHU 7DEOHǿ GHPRQVWUDWHV WKH SHUIRUPDQFHV RI
WKH FODVVLILHU IRU WKHVH FRQFHSWV IXUWKHU LW VKRZV WKDW WKH
PHUJHGHVFULSWRUSHUIRUPDEHWWHUFODVVLILFDWLRQWKDQXVLQJD
VLQJOHGHVFULSWRULQLPDJHFODVVLILFDWLRQ
7$%/(ǿ
3HUIRUPDQFHRIWKH690FODVVLILHU
3UHFLVLRQ
%XWWHUIO\
&RXJDU
7UHH
%XLOGLQJ
&ORXG
7LJHU
&/'
'&'
(+'
0HUJHG
GHVFULSWRU
)RU WHVWLQJ SXUSRVHV WKLV JDPH ZDV LQWURGXFHG WR D
JURXS RI JDPH SOD\HUV 7KH\ KDYH EHHQ JLYHQ QRQ
DQQRWDWHGLPDJHVWKHLUDQQRWDWLRQVZHUHDQDO\]HGDJDLQVWD
FRQYHQWLRQDOIUDPHZRUNWKDWZDVRQO\GHVLJQHGWRDQQRWDWH
LPDJHV EDVHG RQ XVHU LQSXWV 7KH FRQYHQWLRQDO IUDPHZRUN
ZDV QRW GHVLJQHG WR XVH DQ\ W\SH RI DOJRULWKPV RU
WHFKQLTXHV WR LQFUHDVH WKH DFFXUDF\ RI LWV DQQRWDWLRQV
%HORZ )LJ GHPRQVWUDWHV WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI RXU
IUDPHZRUNDJDLQVWWKHFRQYHQWLRQDOJDPHIUDPHZRUN
ϭϬϬ
$FFXUDF\
ϴϬ
ϲϬ
ϰϬ
&RQYHQWLRQDO)UDPHZRUN
ϮϬ
2XUIUDPHZRUN
Ϭ
ϭ
Ϯ
ϯ
ϰ
ϱ
ϲ
ϳ
1XPEHURI*DPH3OD\HUV
ϴ
ϵ
ϭϬ
)LJ*DPHSHUIRUPDQFHDQDODVLVDJDLQVWDFRQYHQWLRQDO
IUDPHZRUN
FDSDEOH RI SURYLGLQJ DQQRWDWLRQV ZLWK D KLJK GHJUHH RI
DFFXUDF\
5HVXOWV REWDLQHG E\ RXU IUDPHZRUN VKRZ FOHDUO\ WKDW
RXU IUDPHZRUN LV FDSDEOH RI RXWSHUIRUPLQJ D FRQYHQWLRQDO
ODERULQWHQVLYH JDPH IUDPHZRUN ZKLFK LV PDLQO\ EDVHG RQ
WKHSOD\HUV¶LQSXW2XUIUDPHZRUNH[WHQGVWKHEHKDYLRURID
FRQYHQWLRQDO ODERULQWHQVLYH JDPH WR HOLPLQDWH WKRVH OHVV
UDWLRQDO SOD\HUV DQG KDUYHVW WKH DFFXUDWH LQIRUPDWLRQ WR
DFKLHYHDSURPLVLQJUHVXOWLQLPDJHDQQRWDWLRQ
2XU IXWXUH UHVHDUFK ZLOO PDLQO\ IRFXV RQ
RSWLPL]LQJ RXU IUDPHZRUN WR DFKLHYH D KLJK GHJUHH RI
DFFXUDF\LQLPDJHDQQRWDWLRQ
5()(5(1&(6
>@ /XLV 9RQ $KD DQG /DXUD 'DEELVK ³/DEHOOLQJ LPDJHV
ZLWK D FRPSXWHU JDPH´ $&0 &RQIHUHQFH RQ +XPDQ
)DFWRUVLQ&RPSXWLQJ6\VWHPV&+,
>@ 9LOOH + 7XXORV -XUJHQ 6FKHLEOH DQG +HOL 1\KROP
³&RPELQLQJ :HE 0RELOH 3KRQHV DQG 3XEOLF 'LVSOD\V LQ
/DUJH6FDOH0DQKDWWDQ6WRU\0DVKXS´/1&6YROSS
±
>@ : 6DEULQD /LQ + 9LFN\ =KDR DQG . - 5D\ /LX
³,QFHQWLYH &RRSHUDWLRQ 6WUDWHJLHV IRU 3HHUWR3HHU /LYH
0XOWLPHGLD 6WUHDPLQJ 6RFLDO 1HWZRUNV´ ,((( 7UDQV
0XOWLPHGLD9RO1R$SULO
>@ /XLV 9RQ $KQ DQG /DXUD 'DEELVK ³'HVLJQLQJ JDPHV
ZLWK D SXUSRVH´ &RPPXQLFDWLRQV RI WKH $&0 YRO 1R
7KH UHVXOW FOHDUO\ VKRZV WKDW RXU IUDPHZRUN LV FDSDEOH RI
RXWSHUIRUPLQJ WKH FRQYHQWLRQDO JDPH IUDPHZRUN WKDW LV
XVHG WR DQQRWDWH LPDJHV WDNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW RQO\ XVHU
LQSXWV 2XU IUDPHZRUN H[WHQGHG WKHLQWHQVLW\ RI XVHU LQSXW
LQIRUPDWLRQ WR ILOWHU WKRVH FRPPHQWV PDGH E\ OHVV UDWLRQDO
JDPHSOD\HUVWRJHQHUDWHDYDOXDEOHDQQRWDWLRQ
&21&/86,216$1')8785(:25.
:H KDYH SUHVHQWHG D ODERULQWHQVLYH DSSURDFK ZKLFK LV
FDSDEOH RI KDUYHVWLQJ KXPDQ EUDLQ SRZHU WR DGGUHVV WKH
LVVXH RI VHPDQWLF JDS LQ WKH FRPSXWHU YLVLRQ FRPPXQLW\
7KLV DSSURDFK FRQVLVWV RI D JDPH WKDW LV HQWHUWDLQLQJ
PRWLYDWLQJ DQG HQFRXUDJHV SOD\HUV WR SHUIRUP WKH WDVN RI
PDQXDO LPDJH ODEHOLQJ %HVLGHV WKH IXQ IDFWRU WKLV
IUDPHZRUNLVFDSDEOHRISUHGLFWLQJXVHUFRQILGHQFHLWLVDOVR
1257
>@$QGUHZ:0RRUH³+LGGHQ0DUNRY0RGHOV´&DUQHJLH
0HOORQ8QLYHUVLW\1RYWK
>@ /LQGVH\ $ )RUHPDQ ³*HQHUDOL]DWLRQ RI WKH 9LWHUEL
DOJRULWKP´,PSHULDO&ROOHJH/RQGRQ
>@ &KLK:HL +VX &KLK&KXQJ &KDQJ DQG &KLK-HQ /LQ
³$ 3UDFWLFDO *XLGH WR 6XSSRUW 9HFWRU &ODVVLILFDWLRQ´
1DWLRQDO7DLZDQ8QLYHUVLW\
>@ &KLK&KXQJ &KDQJ DQG &KLK-HQ /LQ ³$ /LEUDU\ IRU
6XSSRUW9HFWRU0DFKLQHV´1DWLRQDO7DLZDQ8QLYHUVLW\
>@(YDJJHORV6S\URX+HUYDH/H%RUJQH7KHRDORV0DLOLV
(GGLH&RRNH<DQQLV$YULWKLVDQG1RHO2
&RQQRU³)XVLQJ
03(* YLVXDO GHVFULSWRUV IRU LPDJH FODVVLILFDWLRQ´
,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ $UWLILFLDO 1HXUDO 1HWZRUNV
>@ % 6 0DQMXQDWK -HQV5DLQHU 2KP DQG 9LQRG 9
9DVXGHYDQ ³&RORXU DQG 7H[WXUH 'HVFULSWRUV´ ,((
7UDQVDFWLRQRQFLUFXLWDQGV\VWHPVIRUYLGHRWHFKQRORJ\
9RO1R-XQH
© Copyright 2026 Paperzz