2010, Vol. 18, No. 3, 487–495
Advances in Psychological Science
*
1,2
1
1
(1 HIBJKLMNOPQRSJKH, => 100101)
(2 HIBJKB, => 100039)
, , !"#$%&'()*+,-./01*23456789*:;!<=>, ?@,ABC
/DEFG6"#$%3HIJKLM, NO01P, QRSTUV
JWXYZ, [\"#$%, ][^"#$%_`I; a0b, cdefg0b,
hiKL"#$%&'][Dj!
"#$%; ; P01; k01
B849; C912.6
(stereotype)
Lippman 2006)£¤k¥‘<$¦9‘<
1922 §{P/‘<¨©ª 3
!"#$ (%&' , ()* , +,-,
5«¬­®p¡ž¯°±
2005), “./01234567089
1 : ; < = > ? 0 @ A ” (Hamilton & Trolier,
1986, p. 133), “4BC
ž²³, ’
d“BC´µ‘,
DEFGHI
•
2 “¶3¶‘, “\š·¸$¦
JKH7:;”(Weary, Jacobson, Edwards, &
Tobin, 2001)**L
¹I(Clark & Kashima, 2007; Ruscher
!"01, HI
& Hammer, 2006)ºL, ‘a“\»¼—½
MNO567P/JQ67EFRSTU
RS†`, —½RSaG¾™¿ÀÁ¬Â
VWXPYZ[\]^TURS_, `a
†`
L[\bcdRSefgh45
1.1 , [\iCjklmn<opqrsJ
Kt
, u
‘wÁ, “\Ãcdė½<
DTUvvwxyz{
Å(stereotype-consistent, SC)RS, …†
|}~{, kp`€"JKT‚56
<†Å(stereotype-inconsistent, SI)
7EFƒ„, …†‡
†
ˆ‰Š‹Œ
RS(Ruscher, 1998)k¾ÆÇœÈ SI RS, “
Ž, ‘, ’
“‹”‘, •
\ÉÊ·¸Ë¦…†
̧¹I
‘w–—˜‘, 3™, š
(Lyons & Kashima, 2006)³ÍÎL
› h œ  ž 2 Ÿ ¡ ¢ (Ruscher & Hammer,
—ÅÏÐ(stereotype-consistent bias, PÑ
yÎ SC ÏÐ)
1.1.1 TUV: 2009-05-20
* IW/XYZ.[\]: ^_`aHbcOde
R S BC´ µ ‘ Ò¥ 5 “— ½
: fghijSklm (\]n: 70971127)3HI
ÓÔ5“
ÕÖ׳, ØٗÚÛÜ
Bopqrstuvwx\]: “MNyz{|
ȝžÝ™rsÞßà(serial reproduction)á
CMN}~” (\]n: KSCX2-YW-R-130)g€
â㐑Ò, ä哋‘p¡
‚_ƒ: „…†, E-mail: [email protected]
R S — ½ (Clark & Kashima, 2007; Lyons &
** ‡5ˆ‰ŠG‹ŒŽ, S‘’“”•–—˜
Kashima, 2001, 2003, 2006)
—‹Œ€™<š›œžŸS‡
e‹Œ€
487
-488-
¾™rsÞßàŠæ, 4 | 5 5ÍçèE
5rsÞßÒ(serial reproduction chains), Ò
2010 ÅRS, GHòE<Å
Œ(Ruscher, Santuzzi, & Hammer, 2003)
é5ÍçêëÓQìíî, Pï¶ðñ
Ruscher ª“ž²³, fI 2 5“3J
òóôìíõö—½ÓÑ5Íçìí<45
67EFòE53`a, K\CLM–_
÷ø67p¡, ùú_p` SC û
a”å<NJ67pˆ(stereotype-
üÚ SI ûüAEéý5Íçëþé5Íç
congruent)RS, OP<†ˆ(stereotype-
ðñî, P`ãóðñÓé5Íç
incongruent)RS…Q, pˆRSö
Í?L
÷ø57RQ"JK, 2 “3NJ67
hî5Íçðñþ
Kashima ª“‘w„ñಳìí—
wÁ
Q SC ÏЗ—ìíw5
“—½î, –x SC RS͘я,
EFòEHºS³<NJ67
ÅJK(Ruscher, et al., 2003)
N³TßUº, <d“BC´µ‘
… SI RSh, ìíŒ
³ SC ÏÐUº
Å2 “‘÷
x(Lyons & Kashima, 2001, 2003, 2006)Lyons Ú
f3J67EFòE53`V
Kashima (2003) M(1)‘ÒEFŠ‹
IÅ÷ø¾ 2 “3W&pˆ
„Ip`08; (2)‘2?L
RSå„, ºLL 2 “3I, GI08†¶; (3)‘2?
pˆRScöÍ3459?X, IA
LG67–xEF3?X¬
2 “ ò E 3 I (Ruscher & Hammer,
a, ‘cö³ SC ÏÐ
2006)
, BC´µ‘oGPC
ʅ, Ruscher Ú Duval (1998) ŠæX
³ SC ÏÐ, †
ºL SC RS! SI RScö
hœ†ã@Y: VIZ[\]Œ^Ñ,
"m *, …
ºL‘
¦I†`RS 2 5“Lœb_`G0ab
¢
#$%Lyons Ú
Kashima (2006) ²³, Í璐‘
#, e&
JRS, CLcd'(å SI RS, ‘.
'("mìía, )*³ SC ÏÐÂ*
3÷ø67Hc, Ex+,
³ † Å Ï Ð (stereotype-inconsistent
YZXd, VIZ[\](÷ø)IXW¨©
bias, PÑyÎ SI ÏÐ); t
ÍçI‘
#
‘ SC ÏÐ
(ôìíðñÓÑ5)a, i³œ+,
1.2 SC ÏкL‘
!"#
#k‘2-f÷ø
—½p¡RSwÁ, ‘2
¾‘.4/0|:1„2EÅ, …
vvS³efrg"¿ÏНž²³,
`67|BCEFG3I08
ÏÐ3—½<$¦nhf™
(Lyons & Kashima, 2001), GP<Å
(Wenneker, Wigboldus, & Spears, 2005; Wigboldus,
RScöÍ`67RSÆÇ245Ú?
Semin, & Spears, 2000)
XÂi
6, ‘ SC RSd SI RS
 žÃ iÍ çj ñ<4 5 a, .cö2EÅ, ‘2cöþE
p¡FL|ìí, ‘w:kÍçjñ¿À
2EÅ÷ø57Â¥ž8œ9
"”Æ:l§{¿À"
¦":;: ‘Ò<=, ‘>?Ñðñ
!"m>?cLÅ(Lyons & Kashima, 2006)
1.1.2 u r sÞß à ž d@A ï¶ ‘ òóä嗽/0, ³Šcd
¶3¶BCDEʅ, .“°F¶3¶
BC‘a, ÂC³cdė½9å
*
XE¡¢£¤¥¦ SC §¨©œ SI §¨’“ª–—«
(Lyons & Kashima, 2006)€
Ãù¿x
ám(Linguistic category model, y
Î LCM)_{5ámô¿À"xL 4
5ªn(Wigboldus & Douglas, 2007; Wigboldus,
et al., 2000): H7jñ"\\o, jñz
5X:kFL(Ø, “A Ú B pq”); 6+"\\
o, jñ5JQí?9
FL(Ø, “A rA
B”); st\o, jñŒust(Ø, “A vw B”);
ÚÀòöo, jñ“|íx"y, st
ÚJK(Ø, “A Õz{”)
18 3 ¬Oˆ‰ŠG­®¯y°±²b
1.2.1 $%&'()!*+
-489-
al., 2003) Douglas Ú Sutton (2003) ž, Ó
“ \ jñõ 67 EF |“ FL ÚJ 6
Íç‹\Œ, -“S³Ž"|€"
7EF†|“FLa, ¾™òöo(Ø, “The
FL, iÍç; LCM »¼jñ@Y
in-group member is helpful”, “The out-group
²³, <€"‘÷ø(™€Q"B‘jñ-
member is aggressive” (Wigboldus, et al., 2000)),
“)èp!, Ž"‘÷ø(™ŠQ"B‘j
¿À"; …jñõ67EF†|“FL
ñ-“)èÍç, cd¾™œÀŽ"j
ÚJ67EF|“FLa, ¾™\jñ"
ñÚH7€"jñNž@YS+, ‘wI
\ o (“The in-group member pushes some-one”,
8ÄO‘÷ø, IXW¨©‘¿
“The out-group member opens the door for
ÏÐ, °…¨©º…Nŗ½
someone” (Wigboldus, et al., 2000)), ¿À"
1.3 . / 0 1 2 3 4 (situated-functional
}·¸, ÍÎL¿"6‹ÏÐ(Linguistic
account of communication content)
intergroup bias)ÏÐ,~, “\ÕXW‘w
¥„ñž­®†’‹, “\‘
¿ÀÁ¬—½Å<†
€—½ÅRS, “‘÷ø
ÅRS, k™cÀ¿—½Å
(\])§{LœO‰‘÷ø<‘õö”
RSºL, J67õö, 3J6
¡r, Clark Ú Kashima 2007 œ‘õö
7EFJ"9FL€Q"jñcÖ×
Œ^VW6N4?L, SC RSÚ SI RSx
Maass ª“(1999)ž²³, “\jñ<
D ” ™  ‘ • 5 V W ——B C q ‘ V W
=>ÅFLa, ¿À‚jñ<
(social connectivity function) Ú R S " V W
=>†ÅFL`ƒÈ<†ˆ÷
(informativeness function)‘Œ^†`, Œ^
ø“xp!, 3<pˆ÷ø“xj
GfI‘VW——‘2÷øÂC†`
ñ, À‚c·¸, ÍÎL¿"
Wc{–—NŒ^GfI‘VWRS
=>ÏÐ(Linguistic expectancy bias)p¡ž°
cIXWÍDEp3 SI RS, SC RScHI
„²³, ‘wÁ, “\—½I¡J67
BCq‘", tRS"†˜‘÷
L
EFRSa, cö¾™ÀÁ¬¿,
œc{Ä°FBCq‘, kBC¡r(Ø, 2
…ÆÇãRS“Âcö3NJ67E
5“òE34÷ø“xÅ?8)a, L
F ° F ó … † (Wigboldus,
‘.3I0893I™š SC RSiC
Dijksterhuis, & Van Knippenberg, 2003; Wigboldus,
! SI RShcd—½p¡žÂ²³, <
et al., 2000; Wigboldus, Spears, & Semin, 2005),
›?8t¡r†œ“p!, ›?8t¡rœ
GƛRS“x<RSÆÇ2£
 2 5“, CLMcda”åp
ƒ67ƒ‡†`a, kRS“x67ƒ‡
ˆJy, GHòEcL3I, P
+,aˆ(Wenneker, et al., 2005)<H7jñ
$ ¦ œ  ¡ r (Ruscher, Cralley, & O'Farrell,
p!, ÀjñCNÅ3÷øí?Ã{, k
2005; Ruscher, et al., 2003)t‘÷
L
—½5“"‰JKRSd…Œ^JKRSZG
œ²žRSVW(Ø, Ó3bZ[RS
P, ™À¿—½J67EFRSIA
\])a, SI RSiCºRS"„Ÿ cö
RSÆÇ23J67EFòEó
͗½
|°Fó…†, Âi
6, ¿Ï
¡¤­®6+, ‘, “\cö—½
Ð C — ½ G $ ¦ ¹ I (Karasawa &
RS, ¥…¾¹IP$¦
Suga, 2008; Wigboldus, et al., 2003)
G͟ —, EL“\3I0893I™š
1.2.2 ,-&$%
L3I0893I™š, ¢wC
ž²³, H7+[‘÷ø(Ø, 3‘
RS“x°FŠQ"|€Q"jñ)3
¿ Ï Ð I  ™ (Douglas & Sutton, 2003;
Douglas, Sutton & McGarty, 2008; Wigboldus, et
£°‘E¤", rA‘2þEBC
¡r÷ø
ʅ, ‘ÂC$%, ¾
õö²ß̧
-490-
2 2010 &x¿a, keI45EFI¢R
¥dž,~, 67õ‘
å,
Sa, X†C³¦={³p¢, ¦I
cö¾3J67§¦={; …6
¢RS“, pRRSb’ý,
7”‘, 67””Ɛ‘, 3Y§
G?L_`IÃÄbbJÅ«, fÆ(Ç
¨©¨©“\3J67EFIQ
hZ[’ÈŒÑ, kIZ[\]ŒÑ,
ªY
CLcda”<KEFå¢R
2.1 56.
&'()!789
S, åî67EF3¢RSlmE
Thompson ª“‘w67õåòóäå
ÉÂc{…Q, 3¢RSåa”
œ67õ‘3õö$%(Thompson,
ÊË, H…†GÌExÊZ
Judd, & Park, 2000)å>?Ñ, 4 5ÍçLè,
(Brauer, et al., 2001)6+, º67õ‘…T
2 5Í竬­I¡ A 67®¯, ÔJ
ߦ={³, ¢RS&
2 5Í竬I¡ B 67®¯«¬î, Íç
x¿ŒÑ, XP›h¨©
°ÑK\3 A | B 67, Êî 4 “nå
2.2 5:
&'()!;<
±©>?Ñ, ‚5Í皫¬ A9B •­®
“\ÍÎ<467Ï\æ(Ø, Æ
¯, t†°Få@Y²³: å>?Ñ, ²è
Ð9‘)a, CÑ@<ZúEFDÒG8
EF3 A9B 67cL¦=, Ic
æÓA3N67(Hilton & von
ZX§RSÚcBCÅ"†w, N
Hippel, 1996)ã, U£e
675D³,
ž³I5/0——èõÍ竬
†`
ºÍȜ5, iÍÔLO567!",
67RS³, IXWCx´Í
¨©efÕdÖ!67EF, šôׄ
ç?0µ¶, ¾K\¢
(†W&45
„†W·¸, º?0€¹wh(k†ºº
ºL‘), NÅó…†XW"
ãøØÔJ, ùÍΜ5, “\3J67
, ՒÚ3«¬„ÛÜ
ÂÕöTßÙ
/ 0 , Â Õ ’ 4 5 3 G ¡ í Œ (Pettigrew
Brauer ª“3 Thompson ª“Šæ³°
& Tropp, 2008)Xd, ÍÎ6‹‘
F»Ì(Brauer, Judd, & Jacquelin, 2001)K\
Í {Úݖ5hfUº, ‘w††6‹
Šæ, ‚²è 3 ¼Íçšêë`÷ø6
‘XW»ŽÚÏdƇÆ/
7RS, ÊîåK\3N÷ø67
6‹‘<̧ž÷¡ÞZ, t
@Y< Thompson ª“²³Å, å¾Íç
I¡6‹ÆÐ(intergroup contact)–_žX
3÷ø67cT¦={6+, P
Lbœ:;ºLÆÐ]Êßà‘, ’
åó°F67õ‘, [ŠCNÅ
¿‘•
ῐ‘
¸¦={²±(Kashima, Klein & Clark, 2007;
2.2.1 =>>?@@ A
BCD
Klein, Tindale & Brauer, 2008)
†w, Š‹67õ‘, 67EF†
º3IÈJ67RS, •XW½_
ÆÆÐ, kÆ<J67EF°F¶3¶
ÆА‘
ÆÐ
6‹ÆÐ❞
m, 㝞àäXPxL•
žå
0aȢ(counterstereotypic)RS
iÍçæç_`P¡<J67ÆЌ, Ç&
È67, XW‚“š|d|Z0aÈ¢
Íçå¡6‹ÆЁ‚, ÊîèÍç3p¡
RS, …ÔÈ67, XWeI5
J67t¬, äå<J67ÆÐéêØë$
D“¾0a¢RS¢R
%3p¡J67ìí
ž£y„!
S†`x¿, 3åGTߦ={ªÀCT
p¡žÔ
ß$%¢RS‚Áx¿a, k‚5
<5J67EFî¶G°F‘Ï\, ÊîÞ
EFšÂp–_RSÚx¢
l_Íç3NJ67t¬
RSa, å, K\-fDE9¦
!Šæ"ž
;, åî, K\3÷ø67
C§cT¦=ʅ, ¢RS
ž
å°FÆÐ, iÍç
G †
GI
žu£„š
ÆÐ šWY § <ÏdAllport œ6‹ÆÐYZ6‹Ïd
18 3 ¬Oˆ‰ŠG­®¯y°±²b
ï>?, k: .fI‚ªÄð; I3`
ñ(÷ø; .Lœ2h3`÷øpω; I
-491-
2.2.2 E>>?üü AF6BCDGH
IJ
òó9àô|¬õ9¦(d Pettigrew & Tropp,
ù ÆÆÐ ö ›h 6‹ ܪ º 2006)Nö÷_P, ø²œ–_îù
†Ý$%, Žž2ž‘w½”ÆÆ
žÚåPettigrew Ú Tropp (2006) 3 515 úI
Ð, kP½˜7L­°F6‹‘, ¨©
¡6‹ÆНž°Fœûxü, ./_
<Ïd, °6‹¡rºL”ÆÆÐ,
38 5ýþ 25 Íç@Y²³, ˜ Allport
¾“cZ7æhƐ‘6‹Ü(Ortiz &
ï>?ÆÐWc–Á¬ÄYZÏd, GQ
Harwood, 2007)ÆÐ(extended contact)Ú
È>?{
L5O7³; tÈ>?
4ÆÐ(vicarious intergroup contact)
”ÆÆÐ
G†
ÏdYZ]º, Ș Allport
IS"•
>?ÆÐÂTߜŽ"@Y; ¢
ÆÐà
ÆÐö6?L, œ5õ67EF<J6
, 94%žšS+6‹ÆÐÊd, 6‹Ïd
7EFz{p
‚Ê}, 6‹ÆÐÚÏdp¡rú(‚Áª
"t¬(Wright, Aron, McLaughlin-Volpe, & Ropp,
À)2hœ−0.21
RS, W!3J67Ž
1997)ö6½†`Œ^šhœæ
Ïd, -f~3J67€¶ŒuP/
: , ØÌ°3’"t¬ (Cameron, Rutland, &
p¡€¶?0, …–dš~3J
Brown, 2007; Cameron, Rutland, Brown, & Douch,
67€¶?0º, Ïd§{IXW\
2006), YZ3Jý“Ú#$%Ïd(Pettigrew,
ào²ß§{ÂIžÆäåœ6
Christ, Wagner, & Stellmacher, 2007) ª ‹ÆÐ367Á¬$%, @Y²³
Cameron Ú Rutland (2006) ž, 293 5Ž
‘w6‹ÆÐÌ, `ã
f>?
v&'è, êëj()*&'ڎv&'o”
Wolsko ª“úž, 5 ¼Íçè
z+ìíìí)*ڎv&'šh
þE5²èė, ‚èè˚
“(Š
Ž"jñëþìí, &'²èõå@Y²
æ2`), èFL“GI²èHšÍç0
³, ëwìí(ÆÐ)Žv&'3)*“
EVþEœÄ—²è, èËS³<
Ž"Jyìíd, €"JyìíYZ; `a, K
“Å, …Ô²è, è
\Âc,
ËS³<†Å@Y²³, þE
ìí̧6+, XWºÂḩ
<)*&'n-<½.\Jy
²èėoî, ’ƒ>?Ñ, Íç3
4ÆÐö6?L, ‘w½˜­—½6
“ì횜; ʅ, eIèËS
‹ÆЎ¶RS, ÂW2h¨©<
³<
“67†Å, GÍ
Ïd÷(Gomez & Huici, 2008)4ÆÐI
?L
N67mSa, Íç3
“
•à, ‘w/Å9/$±~<J67
¬¾CÑ6+, f̧
¹IÆÐ, Ô
áâÚ"04H7Œ^
, ]^˜•5>?: åÆÐhJ67E
6‹ÆÐ, Êî±~Nö6ÂhœŠ:
FfS³<†ÅFL, ž9¦Ortiz Ú Harwood (2007) è²³,
5EF•fÍ?L
NJ67mEF
v‹¢1Ž"6‹ÆÐ/Å(Ø, `"2<
(Wolsko, Park, Judd, & Bachelor, 2003)
#"2DÒ, á3ý“Ú“z+), ?X
ʅ, Æ6‹ÆÐÕöTßܪ€
“x, GôL½_67S"EF“,
"ŒPettigrew Ú Tropp (2006; 2008) M, <J67(`"2|á3ý“)EFDÒa ,
ÜYZڌªŒuº, ‘w6‹ÆÐYZ
u › h Ü Á ¬ c } , B C 4 5 (social
Ïdhf­º@Ortiz Ú Harwood (2007)
distance, NžL6‹t¬Mø)cŽ…
°„²³, ÕZ°F6‹ÆГ, 6‹Æ
Gomez Ú Huici (2008) ™Šææ:œ4ÆÐ
ÐcöuhÜ, ¥…°„6‹Æ
™Šæ, Íç(467879)å:‹
Ð; ܕC¾K\…†ac“º
­_`vw78ÚÔ978:;0<
, ÆÆÐ
I
0<•87FpÏ=‰þE•5;¬GS³
-492-
2010 pªW(, Êîìí•8S³@Y²³,
(Karasawa & Suga, 2008), ÂXPELYZ9¨©
p3’ÆÐ>?(†‹0<), 46‹ÆÐ(‹
<ÏdIÝUH
0<)>?Íç3J6778Ž"JKìí
¢
, 67õ徦
d, €"JKìíYZ, JD
4ÆЛ
={
ºL67EFË=å
3I
hòó“x($;)9¦ŒÑ6+, 4Æ
RS, …ÆНžS+, ØY67
ÐQÁ¬„XP̧óìí
õEFšœ5hcdI¡J67Ž"RS, Þ
O7‹, 6‹ÆÐ, JD
4ó6‹Æ
°F67õåaiW3J67UI
Ð, 3ÏdYZÚÌI>¦
ìí(Ø, Cameron & Rutland, 2006)Xd, W€
™†w, {wÁ
Ø?@, PÅ[
̧, ՖÁ¬„GR“\
€W
\†WAB>•ÆÐ9‘iW̧
œ5h˜d<†ÅRS
3J67€"tG†W€?6‹
‘Ž"™, ßàC††‘<ÆÐ, HÂC²ß§{…Ø밄!6‹‘
™, Â
DGfÛÜ/0o
3 4 ¥67õ‘«¬‹, ‘vvCT
3÷ø67ʅ, ;‘õö
VWŒš6, €—½p¡RS, “
‘Œ^ºL, “\C;Œ^fI»¼
¡¤­®S+, 67õ‘, ’
ï¶
‘õöGP, Dîp¡ž, 3½
•
BC„, ºRS»¼Ú¿ÏÐ, cö
Œ^ºäå,Lhf, …QcHI³Š
—½ÅRS, °…—9$¦¹I
HIØ, Ruscher ª“(2005)žS+, `a, Påó°F67õ
¯?8 2 “, p3œ 1 3, op3†
‘, ºåCÓÅRScdh
œ 1 3, CLcda”åJ
Å, ö¾§cL¦=…67õ
y, GHòEœcLƒJ, ¹
‘oGPö—9$¦G¾
œ¡r‘2o”(Ø, Kz9þ“9L
¦={, ºL“\‘-f÷o
Lœ
ߪ)cö—½MJãRSNOK\
—½
2E‘.Åvv
`67
ÅRS•
†ÅRS, €C“
EF3I08, —½ÅRS, IA
‘Œ^P/ºŒ^…Tߐ‘÷øNO
“\Š³‘÷ø…“\I, EØ
¹œ¡r‘2—½†
—½I¡J67Ž[|Ž¶RS‘÷ø
ÅRS
€cöÍƛOȚ
Dî
a, “\C¡¢G—½†ÅRS
žf5R
<‘õöŒ^VW6-(
Åt
,
ÔJ, †`¤{™š“\»¼—½
³Šß.“\vvf‘w‘2h<K
ÅRSÁ¬
€C†`OÂ
5
“2EÅ÷, kBC¡r÷, …
äå/0<öIbj_[:“(Ø,
Ž
YZ|¨©F’oG
ý“)p!, öIpϓ_[:“(Ø,
Ô¶, Æ°F6‹‘¾‘2u
hÜ, 3J67EFTßÙ
ý“9P£“), ÕXWchՑBCq`
, †öTßY
VW(Kashima & Yeung, in press)ƒJ, Ip
Z9¨©4gªY; …”Ɛ‘, Ø,
ϓ_[:“
€‘cö—½
‘w/Å9/$ª˜7—½67”ÆÐ>¦R
ÅRSNO
S㖐‘ó, XPÜ$%,
¥6‹‘«¬‹: å, ÷¡36‹
IA̧“\3J67€¶t¬, °…Y
‘ڝž, –d•Qèý2o
Z9¨©“\3J67ùXd, ˜
”p¡R„, ÕZW./ý2”H7ºY
7, †º
—9ÏdUH*
wÁ;¹Iž@Y, YZ6‹Ü
‘w
* SD³´µMN¶·, /X¸X¹NµMNH
et al., 2009; Pettigrew & Tropp, 2008)º, Øë
6‹‘Ì6‹¡r5¡Sº(Binder,
º»¼½ˆ‰ŠGO¾¿€
Wc{ÄYZ6‹‘, JD
ÆÆÐXW
18 3 ¬Oˆ‰ŠG­®¯y°±²b
-493-
Tß6‹Ü, i,‰Jhf5u£
Binder, J., Zagefka, H., Brown, R., Funke, F., Kessler, T.,
Ui
fAÓ5‚ª9œ…TI‰"
Mummendey, A., et al. (2009). Does contact reduce
‘U^, tcLH7…FoIªàf
prejudice or does prejudice reduce contact? A longitudinal
D°„äV, ³Iž–dW
ådú673Zú67, OÅ
test of the contact hypothesis among majority and minority
groups in three European countries. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 96, 843–856.
œZú673dú67ʅ, dú
Brauer, M., Judd, C. M., & Jacquelin, V. (2001). The
67ÚZú6736‹‘?896‹‘
communication of social stereotypes: The effects of group
S³ÕXW
†`: dú67EF‘v
discussion and information distribution on stereotypic
IcBCÄð, K\<Zú67‘
ÒÒX;-\, Â¥c¢
S³3Zú
67YÅ; p¢, Zú673_dú67
appraisals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
81, 463–475.
Cameron, L., & Rutland, A. (2006). Extended contact
through story reading in school: Reducing children's
YÅávZu, Äëu0hYŚÍ?L
prejudice toward the disabled. Journal of Social Issues, 62,
K\BCÄð}:+p¡žS+, 6‹
469–488.
‘3ÏdYZ™, cdÄ7³dú673
Cameron, L., Rutland, A., & Brown, R. (2007). Promoting
Zú67Ïd, …3YZZú673dú6
children's positive intergroup attitudes towards stigmatized
7Ïd, ‘ªYG†,; eI6‹
‘dú67͋Ç
N67m
EFa, ¾IXWYZZú673dú67Ï
groups: Extended contact and multiple classification skills
training. International Journal of Behavioral Development,
31, 454–466.
Cameron, L., Rutland, A., Brown, R., & Douch, R. (2006).
d(Binder, et al., 2009)ƒJ, 6‹‘Zú6
Changing Children's Intergroup Attitudes toward Refugees:
7m"3‘ªYäIMJã$
Testing Different Models of Extended Contact. Child
%NOZú67
€]^
N67m
S¾IÝ6‹‘Zú67Tßc–
$%NO•I[ž°„\æ
Development, 77, 1208–1219.
Clark, A. E., & Kashima, Y. (2007). Stereotypes Help People
Connect With Others in the Community: A Situated
Functional Analysis of the Stereotype Consistency Bias in
J, D•ÀT–]¸V^!I, _`6
Communication.
‹‘™†
•ÆÐiW7³
Psychology, 93, 1028–1039.
‘./J67EF˜d, GQ
¡r!I
Haˆ(Ø<J67EFEL
Kz), Æ6‹ÆÐcIXWYZ
(Tropp & Pettigrew, 2005)
î, ž•ÀN3‘¿™
Journal
of
Personality
and
Social
Douglas, K. M., & Sutton, R. M. (2003). Effects of
communication goals and expectancies on language
abstraction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
84, 682–696.
Douglas, K. M., Sutton, R. M., McGarty, C. (2008). Strategic
language use in interpersonal and intergroup communication.
aPcdhÅ67”(Ø, †`ýþEFo
In Y. Kashima, K. Fiedler, & P. Frytag (Eds.), Stereotype
”)Ɛ‘a, vvÍb¾™ác
dynamics: Language–based approaches to the formation,
°F‘¾™ác°F‘a, €ÂC—
maintenance,
½cdÅRS(cG6
189–212). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
, M3‘.6š
J67
)Oácd;Á¬
€3RS—½I$
%OØ먩ác‘a—½O
3È/0äå, †ºIávhf³Š
and
transformation
of
stereotypes.
(pp.
Gomez, A., & Huici, C. (2008). Vicarious intergroup contact
and the role of authorities in prejudice reduction. Spanish
Journal of Psychology, 11, 103–114.
Hamilton D. L., Trolier T. K. (1986). Stereotypes and
stereotyping: An overview of the cognitive approach. In J.
H, …Qp¡ž@Y>e`ãIA[\3
F.
67”‘wÁ°„45
discrimination and racism. (pp. 127–163). Orlando, FL:
KLMN
ÀÁÂ, ÃÄÅ, ÆÇÈ. (2005). Ɉ‰ŠG£ÊË,Ì
­. , 28, 636–638.
Dovidio
&
S.
L.
Gaertner
(Eds.),
Prejudice,
Academic Press
Hilton, J. L., & von Hippel, W. (1996). Stereotypes. Annual
Review of Psychology, 47, 237–271.
Karasawa, M. & Suga, S. (2008). Retention and transmission
-494-
of socially shared beliefs: The role of linguistic abstraction
2010 Social Psychology, 30, 243–307.
in stereotypic communication. In Y. Kashima, K. Fiedler,
Ruscher, J. B., Cralley, E. L., & O'Farrell, K. J. (2005). How
& P. Frytag (Eds.), Stereotype dynamics: Language–based
Newly Acquainted Dyads Develop Shared Stereotypic
approaches to stereotype formation, maintenance, and
Impressions through Conversation. Group Processes &
transformation (pp. 241–262). New York: Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates.
Intergroup Relations, 8, 259–270.
Ruscher,
Kashima, Y., Klein, O. & Clark, A. E. (2007). Grounding:
J.
B.,
&
Duval,
L.
L.
(1998).
Multiple
communicators with unique target information transmit
Sharing Information in Social Interaction. In K. Fiedler
less stereotypical impressions. Journal of Personality and
(Ed.), Social Communication. (pp. 27–77). New York:
Social Psychology, 74, 329–344.
Psychology Press.
Ruscher, J. B., & Hammer, E. D. (2006). The Development of
Kashima, Y., & Yeung, V. W.–L. (in press). Serial
Shared Stereotypic Impressions in Conversation: An
Reproduction: An Experimental Simulation of Cultural
Emerging
Dynamics. Acta Psychologica Sinica.
Cross–Group Settings. Journal of Language and Social
Klein,
O.,
Tindale,
S.,
Brauer,
M.
(2008).
The
consensualization of stereotypes in small groups. In Y.
Model,
Methods,
and
Extensions
to
Psychology, 25, 221–243.
Ruscher, J. B., Santuzzi, A. M., & Hammer, E. Y. (2003). Shared
Kashima, K. Fiedler, & P. Frytag (Eds.), Stereotype
impression formation in the cognitively interdependent dyad.
dynamics: Language–based approaches to the formation,
British Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 411–425.
maintenance, and transformation of stereotypes (pp.
Lyons, A., & Kashima, Y. (2001). The reproduction of culture:
Communication processes tend to maintain cultural
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 567–599.
Tropp, L. R., & Pettigrew, T. F. (2005). Differential
Relationships Between Intergroup Contact and Affective
stereotypes. Social Cognition, 19, 372–394.
Lyons, A., & Kashima, Y. (2003). How Are Stereotypes
Maintained Through Communication? The Influence of
Stereotype Sharedness. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 85, 989–1005.
and Cognitive Dimensions of Prejudice. Personality and
Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1145–1158.
Weary, G., Jacobson, J. A., Edwards, J. A., & Tobin, S. J.
(2001).
Lyons, A., & Kashima, Y. (2006). Maintaining stereotypes in
communication:
Thompson, M. S., Judd, C. M., & Park, B. (2000). The
Consequences of Communicating Social Stereotypes.
263–292). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Investigating
memory
biases
and
coherence–seeking in storytelling. Asian Journal of Social
Psychology, 9, 59–71.
Chronic
and
temporarily
activated
casual
uncertainty beliefs and stereotype usage. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 206–219.
Wenneker, C. P. J., Wigboldus, D. H. J., & Spears, R. (2005).
Biased Language Use in Stereotype Maintenance: The
Maass, A. (1999). Linguistic Intergroup Bias: Stereotype
Perpetuation through Language. Advances In Experimental
Social Psychology, 31, 79–122.
Role of Encoding and Goals. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 89, 504–516.
Wigboldus, D. H. J., Dijksterhuis, A., & Van Knippenberg, A.
Ortiz, M., & Harwood, J. (2007). A social cognitive theory
(2003). When stereotypes get in the way: Stereotypes
approach to the effects of mediated intergroup contact on
obstruct stereotype–inconsistent trait inferences. Journal
intergroup attitudes. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic
Media, 51, 615–631.
of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 470–484.
Wigboldus, D. H. J., & Douglas, K. (2007). Language,
Pettigrew, T. F., Christ, O., Wagner, U., & Stellmacher, J.
stereotypes and intergroup relations. In K. Fiedler. (Ed.),
(2007). Direct and indirect intergroup contact effects on
Social
prejudice:
Psychology Press.
A
normative
interpretation.
International
Journal of Intercultural Relations, 31, 411–425.
communication
(pp.
79–106).
New
York:
Wigboldus, D. H. J., Semin, G. R., & Spears, R. (2000). How
Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta–analytic test
do we communicate stereotypes? Linguistic bases and
of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and
inferential consequences. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 90, 751–783.
Social Psychology, 78, 5–18.
Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2008). How does intergroup
Wigboldus, D. H. J., Spears, R., & Semin, G. R. (2005).
contact reduce prejudice? Meta–analytic tests of three
When Do We Communicate Stereotypes? Influence of the
mediators. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38,
Social Context on the Linguistic Expectancy Bias. Group
922–934.
Processes & Intergroup Relations, 8, 215–230.
Ruscher, J. B. (1998). Prejudice and Stereotyping in
Wolsko, C., Park, B., Judd, C. M., & Bachelor, J. (2003).
Everyday Communication. Advances In Experimental
Intergroup contact: Effects on group evaluations and
18 3 ¬Oˆ‰ŠG­®¯y°±²b
-495-
perceived variability. Group Processes & Intergroup
(1997). The extended contact effect: Knowledge of
Relations, 6, 93–110.
cross–group
Wright, S. C., Aron, A., McLaughlin-Volpe, T., & Ropp, S. A.
friendships
and
prejudice.
Journal
of
Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 73–90.
The Impact of Communication on Stereotype Maintenance,
Transformation and Inhibition
ZHAI Cheng-Xi 1,2 ;
LI Yan-Mei1 ;
LI Shu1
(1Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China)
(2 Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China)
Abstract: Communication is a tool for humans to exchange information, which establishes and maintains
mutual relationship and social behavior. A stereotype can be defined as “a cognitive structure that contains
the perceiver’s knowledge, beliefs, and expectations about a human group”. In recent years, researchers
have explored various effects of communication on stereotype maintenance, stereotype transformation and
stereotype inhibition. Results of these studies showed that 1) ingroup communication maintained stereotypes
or led to a polarization of stereotypes with strategic choice of information and biased language; 2)
intergroup communication, especially the vicarious intergroup communication, may constitute a possible
approach to stereotype inhibition. Identification of these impacts would help to further understand the
intergroup communication.
Key words: stereotypes; communication; ingroup; outgroup