Unit 1.3 – Opportunities for
Participation
Concepts & Definitions
Aims
The characteristics & objectives of:
• Play
• PE
• Sport
• Exam question
Pictures
• Look through the pictures.
• Are there any similarities of differences?
Video
• What’s going on?
Play
• Come up with 3-5 words you would use to
describe
Play
• Come up with 3-5 words you would use to
describe
•
•
•
•
•
Intrinsic
Voluntary/sporadic
Less rules
Less skilful
Creative/imagination
Types of play
• Mastery
– Develop muscle control.
• Symbolic
– Make-believe – ‘mummies & daddies’.
• Rule-bound
– Competitive and structured
Sport
• Come up with 3-5 words you would use to
describe
• How is it different from play…?
Sport
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Competitive
Admin
Skilful
+ structured
Serious
Tactical & strategic
Mostly extrinsic
Video
• What’s going on?
• How is it different from Play?
• What values does it show are important in
sport?
Sport
• Benefits
• Problems
• Values
Group Task
• Bearing in mind the differences - create a warmup for:
1. A group of children
2. A group of adults
3. An elite sports team
OPPORTUNITIES FOR PARTICIPATION
The Characteristics and Objectives of Play.
Definition of Play –
“A voluntary activity, never a physical necessity or moral obligation.”
“An activity from which you get immediate pleasure without ulterior motive.”
Why do we play?
• What is the nature of play?
• Discuss with a partner and come up with 5
characteristics.
• Jot down as many reasons you can thing of for
why people play.
Fun/enjoyment
Simple/child like
Spontaneous
Flexible
space/rules/time
The
Characteristics of
Play
Voluntary
Social
Creative/expressive
Freely
chosen
Intrinsic
What are the objectives?
• What do we get from playing?
• Come up with 3-5 things that play develops.
Objectives of Play.
Environmental Skills
-Safety awareness
-Work with/Respect for
surroundings
Moral Skills
-Fair Play
-Sportsmanship
Social Skills
-Co-operation/team
work
-make friends
Objectives of Play for
Children
Cognitive Skills
-decision making/rule
making/leadership
skills
Physical Skills e.g.
Co-ordination
Emotional Skills
-Controlling emotions
-accepting defeat
Video
• What’s going on?
• Is it similar to play or sport?
What do we call play for adults?
Mastery Play
Spontaneous
Symbolic Play
Intrinsic
Voluntary
Creative
Unstructured
+ Rules
Health
Emotional Skills
Rule-bound play
Environmental Skills
Stress Relief
Social
Escapism
- Rules
Imaginative
Escapism
Competitive
Involuntary
Competitive
Cognitive Skills
Leisure
Aims
• Concepts & definitions:
– PE
– Leisure
– Recreation
PE
• What are the characteristics of PE?
• What are the objectives of PE?
• What is the role of the PE teacher?
• Video…
What are the characteristics of PE?
• 3-5 key words to describe?
The Characteristics and Objectives of Physical Education.
Definition – “A formally planned and taught curriculum, designed to increase knowledge and
values through physical activity and experience.”
Compulsory
-no choice
-can create resentment
Characteristics of Physical
Education
Someone in charge
-PE teacher
-Initiated by someone in
authority not self
Formal teaching and
learning
-in educational
establishments
Variety of Sports
-Introduces children to
sports they may not
otherwise experience
Why do PE
• What do we get from doing PE?
Develop social skills
Encourage
participation
outside school
Health/fitness
Objectives of Physical
Education
Introduction to a
variety of sports
Physical skills
Develop decision
making
To develop
leadership skills
Develop
confidence
Encourage
creativity
Learn rules/tactics
What is the role of the PE teacher?
• 3-5 points each.
Encourage sportsmanship
and fair play.
Ensure pupils attend
and participate.
Meet pupils needs –
emotional/physical/psychol
ogical.
The Role of the PE Teacher
Teach mixed ability
levels.
Encourage team work/coTeach a range of activities operation.
School Sport
Extra-curricular
Structured
Voluntary
Choice
Coach not PE teacher
Specialised activity
Recap
• Play
– Characteristics
– Objectives
• Sport
– Characteristics
– Objectives
• PE
– Characteristics
– Objectives
Exam Q
•
Physical activity can be subdivided into the categories of ‘play’, ‘physical
recreation’ and ‘sport’.
•
Play has been defined as ‘an activity from which you get immediate pleasure
without ulterior motive’ (Spencer).
• (i)
Explain this definition of play. (2 marks)
• (ii)
State three ways in which sport differs from play. (3 marks)
Exam Q
•
•
•
•
•
(i) Fun / enjoyment / non-serious.
No rules – incorrect.
Intrinsic value / no tangible / extrinsic rewards.
Do not accept ‘no rewards’.
2
•
(ii) Sport has more / play has less:
Extrinsic rewards; accept trophies / prizes.
Competition / fixtures / leagues; accept winners / losers.
Commitment / effort;
Highly structured / time constraints / boundaries / equipment / kit; accept organised /
institutionalised / NGBs.
Rules / regulations / officials / tactics;
Tactics / skills required.
•
•
•
Exam Q
•
Outline the main differences between ‘physical
education’ and ‘active leisure’.
• How does school sport differ from physical education?
Exam Q
Physical education:
If not identified; assume student refers to PE
Response says PE is ..., but active leisure is ...; – could be worth 2
marks.
Compulsory / School time / lessons;
Formal teaching & learning / National Curriculum / syllabus / key
stages;
Teacher in Authority;
Foundation level;
Highly structured / pre-planned times-sessions / activities /
organised.
Active leisure:
Voluntary / choice / no obligation;
In leisure / free / own time;
Informal / relaxed / casual;
Individual / participants control activity / self-regulated;
Participation level;
Limited / simple organisational structure.
Exam Q
Sport – Extra-curricular / after school / lunchtimes and PE in lessons
Must give both sides of differences
accept opposites from other points, eg ‘sport after school but PE
compulsory’
Sport – Structured / competitive / rules / winning and PE less so
Accept ‘but PE is not’ / eq
Sport – voluntary and PE compulsory
Accept ‘but PE is not’ / eq
Sport – for chosen / few and PE for all
Sport – coach and PE teacher
Sport – single / specialised activity and PE is many activities
Leisure
• What is leisure?
• What are the characteristics?
• What are the objectives?
Characteristics and Objectives of Leisure.
Definitions - “Spare time during which people can choose
what to do.”
“The period of free time which is left after work.”
Your day?
7am – wake (if lucky!)
8:30am – work
5:45 – home
6pm – dinner
7pm – Isobel bed
8:30pm – leisure time
10pm – bed
Leisure time = 1.5hours
What is leisure?
• Adult play?
• Why do adults do this?
What do adults get from this?
Functions of leisure for:THE INDIVIDUAL
SOCIETY
Functions of leisure for:THE INDIVIDUAL
SOCIETY
Learn new skills
Physical health
Mental well-being
Re-create energy for work
Helps society mix
Promotes leisure industry
Make new friends
Stress relief
Relaxation
Keeps people occupied
Strengthens cultural traditions
Self fulfilment
ACTIVE LEISURE
How has opportunities for leisure
increased?
• Women?
• Men?
• Children?
• Old?
What factors limit leisure (time)?
Exam Q
• What are the similarities and the differences
between recreation and play?
Exam Q
Similarities
Both voluntary / choice / free will.
NOT leisure time
Both social / friendship groups.
NOT non-competitive
Both develop skills / suitable egs.
Both develop health / fitness.
Both can be creative / expressive.
Both self-officiating / few pre-set rules.
NOT no rules
Both informal learning / not taught / assessed.
Both non-serious end product / intrinsic rewards / fun.
Differences (based on recreation)
Adults = recreation and children = play.
Sub max 3 marks
Accept reverse
Recreation = time free from work and children don’t work.
Recreation organised / some pre-set / modified rules / etc and play is spontaneous / eq.
Adults escape reality / stress relief / Cathartic and children model / master reality.
Culture?
• What sports is synonymous with high culture?
• What sport is synonymous with low culture?
• Post-it!
HIGH CULTURE ACTIVITIES
LOW CULTURE ACTIVITIES
HIGH CULTURE ACTIVITIES
LOW CULTURE ACTIVITIES
Polo/ Show jumping etc
Boxing/Football etc
Traditional pursuits of higher
social classes
Traditional pursuits of lower
social classes
More money/free
time/education/etiquette
Less money/free time/not a
privileged education
Refined activities
Less refined activities
Require understanding
Less understanding required
Recreation
• What is recreation?
• What are the characteristics?
• What are the objectives?
Characteristics and objectives of recreation.
DEFINITIONS OF RECREATION.
“The active aspect of leisure.”
“An activity voluntarily engaged in during leisure and motivated by the personal satisfactions
which result from it.”
Recreation derives from the Latin word ‘RECREATIO’ – to restore health.
Stress Relief
Freely Chosen
Socialisation
Escapism
Characteristics of
Recreation
Sense of Well Being
Cultural Values
Relaxation
Non Serious
Develops sense of
fair play/etiquette
-stresses importance
of taking part as
opposed to winning
Increases
conformity
-adhering to rules
-benefits society as a
whole
-people more well
behaved
More creative
More relaxed
Benefits of
Recreation
Health/fitness
improvements
Higher Self Esteem
Social Benefits
-Make Friends
What is Active Leisure?
ACTIVE LEISURE.
Definition – “Takes place in leisure time and involves the individual personally participating in
a physical activity.”
Active leisure includes a wide range of activities – walking/swimming/running etc
Whereas sedentary leisure may be someone watching TV or sport or reading etc.
Outdoor & Adventurous Activities
• What are O & A A (e.g.)?
• What are the characteristics?
• What are the objectives?
• Note the difference between the 2 videos…
Why do them?
The Characteristics and Objectives of Outdoor and Adventurous Activities.
Definition – “ The achievement of educational objectives via guided and direct experiences in
the natural environment.”
Develop leadership
skills
Develop decision
making
Develop team work and
social skills
To gain self fulfilment
Create a respect for
oneself
Objectives of
Outdoor and
Adventurous
Activities
Create a respect for
others
Create a challenge to be
overcome
Experience
adventure/excitement
How do OAA’s become negative?
Benefits Gained from Outdoor and Adventurous Activities
Safety
Appreciation of
environment
Leadership
Escape
Self
discovery/fulfilment
Decision making
Team work
For the Individual
Self Respect
Adrenaline Rush
Challenge
Risk
Knowledge of
environmental
issues
Sense of Freedom
Sport
• What is sport (e.g.)?
• What are the characteristics?
• What are the objectives?
Characteristics and objectives of sport.
DEFINITIONS.
-“A contrived competitive experience”
-“Institutionalised contests using physical exertion between human beings or teams of
human beings.”
Characteristics of Sport.
-Skilful
-Tactical
-Competitive
-Clear outcome – winners/losers
-Goal orientated – the will to win
-Physical exertion
-Serious
-Strict rule structures
-Rewards for success
-Have National Governing Bodies e.g. The FA
-Have officials e.g. Referees
-Involves element of luck
Sport
• What are the benefits of sport:
– To the individual?
– To society?
Sport Participation Pyramid
• Links to
voluntary /
involuntary
Elite
Performance
Skill level
• Skill level
Participation
Foundation
Number of people taking part
Recap
•
•
•
•
•
•
Play;
PE;
Leisure & recreation;
Active Leisure;
Outdoor & Adventurous Activities;
Sport.
The relationships & benefits
• The relationships between the concepts (play,
leisure, rec, sport etc) & comparisons and
contracts between them;
• The benefits of the above to the individual &
society.
SPORTSMANSHIP
GAMESMANSHIP
SPORTSMANSHIP
GAMESMANSHIP
Fair play
Use of unfair play to gain
advantage
Respect for opponents
Lack of respect for
opponents
Stick to the rules
Can be within the rules of
the game but is often on
the boundaries
Show etiquette
Disregard etiquette
Sportsmanship v gamesmanship
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Th4b1Lqmo
Mo&feature=autoplay&list=PL8678CAF1360DC3
3F&index=4&playnext=2
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NOMN__oz
GSI&playnext=1&list=PL8678CAF1360DC33F
The Relationship between these Concepts.
Physical Education & Play.
Comparison of Play & Recreation
Play
Recreation
•
•
Used generally in reference to children.
Used generally in reference to adults.
Comparison of Play & Recreation
Play
Recreation
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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•
•
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Used generally in reference to children.
Mimics reality.
Intrinsic values.
Voluntary/choice.
Social development.
Fun/enjoyment.
Non serious.
Creative.
Informal Structure.
Sense of well being.
Develop physical skills.
Develop cognitive skills.
Develop emotional skills
End product not important.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Used generally in reference to adults.
Used as a break from reality.
Intrinsic values.
Voluntary/choice.
Social development.
Stress relief/recuperation/relaxation/is still
fun.
Non serious.
Re-creative.
Informal structure – more organised than
play.
Sense of well being.
Develop physical skills.
Develop cognitive skills.
Develop emotional skills.
End product not important.
Comparison between Physical Recreation & Sport
Recreation
• Flexible rules.
Sport
• Strict code of rules.
Comparison between Physical Recreation & Sport
Recreation
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Flexible rules.
No umpires/referees.
Enjoyment/fun.
Fair play and Sportsmanship.
Low skill.
Low commitment.
No real competition.
Sport
• Strict code of rules.
• Officiated by
referees/equivalent.
• Serious/competitive.
• Sportsmanship and
gamesmanship.
• High skill.
• High commitment.
• Competitive.
The difference between Outdoor Education &
Outdoor Recreation.
Outdoor Education
• Canoeing/abseiling/sky
diving/climbing etc.
Outdoor Recreation
• Canoeing/abseiling/sky
The difference between Outdoor Education &
Outdoor Recreation.
Outdoor Education
• Canoeing/abseiling/sky
diving/climbing etc.
• School trip.
• Educational setting.
• Compulsory.
• Learning takes place.
Outdoor Recreation
• Canoeing/abseiling/sky
diving/climbing etc.
• Weekend away with
friends/equivalent.
• Social setting.
• Freely chosen.
• Learning still takes place.
Leadership Skills
Team work
Learn own personal
limits
-push boundaries
Survival skills
-respect for natural
environment
Appreciation of the natural
environment
Educational Benefits of
Outdoor and
Adventurous
Education/Recreation
Cross curricular
benefits e.g.
Geography/biology
Map reading
Conservation/protection
of environment
Stress relief
Active Leisure
Self
Fulfilment/intrinsic
values
Health
Free time
Recreational Values of
Outdoor and
Adventurous Activities
Choice
Opportunity
Fitness
What is required for an Outdoor Adventurous Activity to become a Competitive Sport?
ACTIVITY REQUIRES
RULES
SCORING SYSTEM
OFFICIALS
GOVERNING BODY
REWARDS
Stress relief
Develop moral
skills
Escape from reality
Develop Physical Skills
The Benefits of Play
to the Individual
Relaxation/
recuperation
Develop social skills
Develop emotional
skills
Develop
cognitive
skills
Develops respect for
surroundings
-understanding of
conservational issues
Develops control of
emotional skills
-helps people to behave
properly
-less problems in society
Benefits of Play to
Society
Helps to develop the
values of sportsmanship
and fair play
Helps to develop leaders
Benefits of Physical Education to the Individual.
- Develops:
physical skills.
social skills.
cognitive skills.
leadership skills.
team work skills.
health/fitness
confidence.
- Learns rules of sport.
- Learns to be creative/expressive.
- Experiences a variety of sports.
- Benefits from guidance of an experienced teacher.
- Helps to choose a sport for future Active Leisure.
Fitness/health levels
improved
-less drain on health
service
-less absence form
work/school
Leadership skills
developed
-produces leaders in
society
Benefits of Physical
Education to Society
Helps develop cognitive
skills
-decision and problem
solving
-useful in work place
Social Skills
developed
-Team work
-helps in the
work place
Can produce future sports
stars
-interest first awakened at
school
Benefits of Leisure to the Individual.
- To relax
- To socialise
- Health/fitness improvements
- Mental stability
- Learn new skills
- Self Fulfilment
- Enjoyment/fun
- Stress release
- To learn creativity
- Self Realisation
Give people more
energy therefore
better work force
Strengthens cultural
traditions
-national/local/class
Social Control
-keeps people
occupied
-less trouble in society
Promotes the leisure
industry
-puts money into
society
Benefits of Leisure
to Society
Helps society
integrate
-common
interests
Promotes health and
fitness
-better work force
-less strain on the
health service
Exam Q
• Apart from improved health and fitness, how
might taking part in sport benefit an individual?
Exam Q
Fulfilling potential / developing talent / develop skills.
Accept ‘see how good you are’.
Challenge oneself / discover strengths and weaknesses /
leadership.
Achieve success / increase self-esteem / self-confidence /
rewards / trophies / fame.
Accept ‘win’.
Working with others / teamwork / social / communication skills.
Show determination / perseverance / courage / commitment .
Sense of fair play / sportsmanship / learn to accept rules /
decisions of others.
Exam Q
• Describe how schools can provide extracurricular opportunities to increase participation
rates for their pupils.
(4 marks)
Exam Q
4 marks for 4 of :
Clubs / societies / school club links;
Team / practices / matches / competitions;
Voluntary / participation / anybody can take part
/increased numbers;
Lunchtime / after-school / weekends;
Wide range of activities / choice;
Cater for wide range of abilities;
On-site / off site;
Peripatetic teachers / coaches / instructors.
Exam Q
• What problems do schools face in offering
outdoor and adventurous activities?
Exam Q
Lack of time / curriculum pressure;
Lack of finance / transport costs;
Not just lack of transport
Lack of suitable situations / facilities / inner city /
location;
Lack of suitably qualified / experienced / motivated
staff;
Safety concerns / legislation.