KIN 481
Biomechanics
M. Christopher Washam, Ph.D.
Professor and Chair
Department of Kinesiology
M. Christopher Washam, Ph.D.
Professor and Chair, Mississippi College
Department of Kinesiology
Office: Cockroft 14
Phone: 925-3302
[email protected]
I.
KINESIOLOGY 481
BIOMECHANICS
II.
PREREQUISITE:
BIO 103/104
III.
COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course is designed to
provide students with an understanding of structural and functional
kinesiology, and focuses on applying the concepts of mechanics to
activity and sports performance.
IV.
RATIONALE: It is imperative that professionals in sports
medicine, exercise science, physical education and related fields have
a comprehensive understanding of the human musculoskeletal system
from an anatomical and biomechanical standpoint. This course will
provide an overview of gross motor muscular and skeletal anatomy,
and then comprehensively assess the biomechanical performance of
the various major joints.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES
1. Explain the properties and function of bones, muscles and
connective tissues.
2. Name and define the fundamental planes and axes.
3. Describe and demonstrate joint movements with respect to plane
and axis of motion.
4. Explain the relationships between joint structure and function.
5. Name and demonstrate the actions possible at each joint.
6. State the factors contributing to joint range of motion and stability.
7. Measure the range of motion in a joint and state appropriate
procedures to improve that range.
8. Analyze human movement patterns in terms of joint action.
9. Name the muscles (with point of origin and insertion) in any given
joint action.
10. Identify the types of muscular contraction (isometric, concentric,
eccentric) occurring in any given joint action.
11. Explain the cooperative actions of muscles in controlling joint
actions identifying the role of individual muscles as agonists,
antagonists, neutralizers or stabilizers.
12. Explain the mechanical characteristics (e.g. force-velocity and
length-tension) of muscle contraction in static and dynamic
movements.
13. Name and define the basic structures of the neuromuscular
system.
14. Observe and describe a basic movement correctly.
15. Determine the anatomical and physiological factors basic to the
performance of an observed movement.
16. Identify factors which limit performance and identify modifications
which may lead to improved performance.
17. Understand basic biomechanical principles such as center of
gravity, balance, and biomechanical levers.
VI.
ACADEMIC INTEGRITY: It is expected that a student
attending Mississippi College will be scrupulously honest. Therefore,
plagiarism and cheating will be dealt with in accordance with the
policies of the university. These policies are stated in the current
Undergraduate Bulletin, Policy 2.19.
VII.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
Energy.
M.
COURSE TOPICS: The major topics to be considered are:
Introduction and terminology
Kinematic Concepts for Analyzing Human Motion
Kinetic Concepts for Analyzing Human Motion
Biomechanics of Human Growth and Development
Biomechanics of Human Skeletal Articulations
Biomechanics of Human Skeletal Muscle
Biomechanics of the Upper Extremity
Biomechanics of the Lower Extremity
Biomechanics of the Spine and Trunk
Linear Kinematics
Angular Kinematics
Linear and Angular Mechanical Concepts of Motion and
Equilibrium, Balance, and Stability.
VIII.
INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS: Methods and activities for
instruction include:
A. Traditional experiences: 1. Lecture/Discussion B. Clinical
experiences: 1. Demonstrations; 2. Movement analysis.
IX.
ASSIGNMENTS:
Students will be expected to read textbook chapters as appropriate.
X.
EVALUATION:
A. There will be five100-point exams—roughly one exam for every two
chapters:
B. Total points for course: 500. Grading scale: 90-100 = A, 80 – 89 = B,
70 – 79 = C, 60 – 69 = D, <60 = F.
C. There is no “extra credit” available in this course.
D. GRADUATING SENIORS: Seniors graduating in the semester that the
class is taken may be exempt from the final if they hold an “A” average
on the first four exams. Seniors must attend all classes up until the
final, or this privilege will be revoked and they will have to sit for the
final exam..
MAKE UP EXAMINATIONS: LATE EXAMS WILL ONLY BE PERMITTED
FOR UNIVERSITY EXCUSED ABSENCES. NO OTHER EXCUSE IS
PERMITTED. THIS IS FINAL. IF YOU CANNOT BE THERE FOR AN EXAM,
PLEASE CALL DR. WASHAM AND LET HIM KNOW THE CIRCUMSTANCES.
ANY MAKE UPS WILL BE ADMINISTERED THE NEXT TIME YOU SHOW
UP FOR CLASS.
XI.
OTHER COURSE INFORMATION:
A.
Class absentee/tardy policy: Please see the university
attendance policy which is included on page 54 of the undergraduate
catalog. .
B.
NOTE: DOOR WILL BE CLOSED AND LOCKED WHEN
INSTRUCTOR BEGINS CLASS. DO NOT KNOCK ON DOOR. IT WILL NOT
BE OPENED. ALSO NOTE THAT 8 ABSENCES (EXCUSED OR UNEXCUSED)
RESULTS IN AUTOMATIC FAILING GRADE.
C. Special Accommodations: Please see the special accommodations
section on Dr. Washam’s web page.
NOTE ON CELL PHONES IN CLASS: ACTIVE CELL PHONES ARE NOT
PERMITTED IN CLASS. IF A CELL PHONE IS BROUGHT OUT DURING AN
EXAM, THIS CONSTITUTES A VIOLATION OF TEST SECURITY AND WILL
RESULT IN AN AUTOMATIC GRADE OF ZERO ON THE EXAM.
XII.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY:
A.
The textbook adopted for this course is:
Hall, Susan J. Basic Biomechanics (6th ed.) McGraw Hill, New York.
ISBN 978-0-07-337644-8
Forms of motion
Types of Motion
• Linear (translation)
– rectilinear
• Curvilinear
• Angular (rotary)
• General
Standard Reference Terminology
Anatomical Directional
Terminology
•
•
•
•
•
Anterior - posterior
Superior - Inferior
Medial - Lateral
Proximal - Distal
Superficial - Deep
Joint Movement Terminology
• Anatomical reference position
• Movement is defined from this position.
Anatomical Reference Planes
• Front to back: sagittal (or anteroposterior)
• Side to side: frontal (or lateral or coronal)
• Round and round: transverse (or horizontal)
Anatomical Reference Axes:
Each plane has a corresponding
axis
• Sagittal plane = frontal (lateral, coronal)axis
• Frontal plane = AP (sagittal) axis
• Transverse plane = longitudinal (vertical)
axis
• the axes run perpendicular to the planes.
Movement takes place along a
plane, and around an axis.
Sagittal plane movements
•
•
•
•
•
Flexion
extension
hyperextension
dorsiflexion
plantar flexion
Flexion
• Decreasing the angle of a joint
• shoulder, hip, and elbow = forward
movement.
• Knee = bending
• spine and trunk = bending
Extension
• Increasing the angle of a joint.
• Shoulder, hip, elbow = straightening or
returning to ARP
• knee = straightening
• spine and trunk = straightening or return to
ARP
Hyperextension
• Movement beyond the point of extension.
Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
• Movements at the ankle (tibiotalar) joint.
• Dorsiflexion: toes move up toward nose.
• Plantar flexion: pointing toes downward;
standing on tip-toes.
Frontal Plane Movements
•
•
•
•
•
•
Abduction
Adduction
Eversion
Inversion
Radial flexion
Ulnar flexion
Abduction
Movement laterally away from
midline. Shoulder, hip, wrist
Adduction
• Movement from abducted position back
toward midline.
Eversion
• Raise lateral side of foot. Takes place at the
sub-talar joint of foot.
Inversion
• Raise the medial side of foot at sub talar
joint.
Radial Flexion (wrist abduction)
• Movement at wrist away from midline.
Wrist Adduction (ulnar flexion)
• Movement toward midline at wrist from
abducted position.
Transverse Plane Movements
•
•
•
•
•
•
Internal (inward or medial) rotation
External (outward or lateral) rotation
pronation
Supination
horizontal adduction
horizontal abduction
Internal Rotation
(Inward or Medial)
• Rotation around long axis of bone toward
the midline.
External Rotation
(Outward or Lateral)
• Rotation around long axis of bone away
from midline.
Pronation (forearm)
• Rotation of radius over ulna from ARP.
Turning hand over so back of hand is
showing.
Supination (forearm)
• Returning to ARP from pronated position.
Roll forearm so palm is forward. (Ask for a
dime).
Horizontal Adduction
• Forward movement of shoulder from side
horizontal (abducted) position.
Horizontal Abduction
• Return movement to side horizontal
position from horiz. Adduction.
Other movements
Circumduction
Diagonal movements